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Bell Ringer: 1.In groups answer

your manifest destiny questions. 10 minutes

2. Using the PPT on class page, fill in chart. This must be completed for Tomorrow

Agenda and Objective: Through homework review students will identify the impact of Manifest Destiny in Western Politics

Bell Ringer:What does this picture mean in regards to Manifest destiny?Who coined the phrase?

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

Bell Ringer:What does this picture mean in regards to Manifest destiny?Who coined the phrase?

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

Chapter 18 Rising Sectionalism

Manifest Destiny

Manifest DestinyThe spread of settlers beyond U.S.

borders led to widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled lands

The term “Manifest Destiny” was 1st used in 1845 by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan, who said:– God wants the USA (“His chosen

nation”) to become stronger– Expansion of American

democracy & economic opportunities were a good thing

Western TrailsThe Santa Fe Trail allowed the U.S. to sell goods to Texas

The Oregon Trail led to massive immigration of western farmers in 1840s & demands to end the

joint U.S.-British occupation of Oregon

The California Trail allowed traders & ranchers to move to

California in 1830s & 1840sJoseph Smith founded the Mormon

Church in 1830, but were persecuted in the East for their unorthodox beliefs

Joseph Smith’s murder led to resettlement in Salt Lake, Utah where Brigham Young built

a Mormon community (“Deseret”)

In 1857, Mormon Utah became a U.S. territory &

Young was named governor

The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869

Overland Immigration to the WestOverland Immigration to the West

Between 1840 & 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek

westward

Between 1840 & 1860, more than 250,000 people made the trek

westward

1919thth Century US Century US Territorial Expansion:Territorial Expansion: MaineTexas OregonCalifornia

Maine

Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th CenturyCanadaCanada•In 1839, fighting broke out between residents in Maine & Canada over the disputed Maine border

• Webster-Ashburton Webster-Ashburton TreatyTreaty (1842):

•The U.S. received ½ the disputed land

•Established a clear border in Maine

Texas

Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th CenturyTexasTexas

•In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain

•The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade policy with USA

•Thousands of U.S. speculators moved to Texas

The Texas RevolutionIn the 1820s, Mexico encouraged

U.S. immigration to Texas but problems emerged between “Anglos” & the new Mexican gov’t–Texans never fully accepted

Mexican rules–In 1834, Santa Anna became

dictator & was viewed as threat to Texans’ interests

An armed rebellion broke out in 1835, led by Stephen F. Austin

“Texans” ignored the Mexican ban on slavery

“Texans” wanted self-rule like in the U.S.

“Texans” refused to pay import duties

“Texans” refused to convert to Catholicism

In 1836 Texans declared their independence from Mexico & wrote a national constitution

But the war for independence still had to be fought

The Republic of Texas (1836-1845)

Texans were defeated at the AlamoTexans were defeated at Goliad

But…Texans won at San Jacinto & captured General Santa Anna

In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas’ independence & its territory to the

Rio Grande

The Battle of the Alamo

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna recaptures the Alamo

Davey Crockett’s Last StandDavey Crockett’s Last Stand

The Republic of TexasSam Houston was the 1st president

of the Republic of Texas & asked the U.S. to make Texas a state

Presidents Jackson & Van Buren both refused to annex Texas (to avoid arguments over slavery)

Texas offered free land grants to U.S. settlers; white families in search of land & opportunity moved to Texas in 1830s & 1840s

Texas’ population soared from 30,000 to 142,000 by 1845

Tyler and TexasIn 1844, President Tyler called for

the annexation of Texas:–Tyler (Whig) & Calhoun (Dem)

created a propaganda campaign that England wanted Texas

–Northern Senators did not fall for it & refused to ratify the treaty to annex Texas

–Tyler was not nominated by either party in the 1844 election

Tyler needed to make Texas a campaign issue in the election of 1844 because he had been kicked out of the Whig Party & hoped to appeal to the

common man

Polk & Texas AnnexationIn 1844, the Whigs nominated

Henry Clay & the Democrats nominated James Polk

Polk won on expansionist platform– Called for Texas annexation – Called for an end to the joint

U.S.-British control of Oregon Polk & Congress interpreted the

election as mandate for expansion & Texas was quickly made a state

Appealed to the North

Appealed to the South

Mexican-American WarCauses of the Mexican War:

–Mexico recognized Texas’ independence & U.S. annexation, but disagreed over Texas’ southern border

–In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to the Mexican-American War

The Mexican-American WarZachary Taylor won in northern Mexico

John C Fremont won in California

Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico

Winfield Scott captured Mexico City

The disputed area of Texas

Opposition to the Mexican WarNot everyone supported the Mexican-American War

Whigs opposed it

Northerners saw it as a Southern “slave-power” plot to extend

slavery

Ending the Mexican WarIn 1848, U.S. & Mexico ended the war

with the Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:

The Rio Grande became the recognized U.S. southern border

The U.S. grew 20% by adding the Mexican Cession (present-day NM, AZ,

CA, Utah, NV, & parts of CO & WY

Added the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 to build a southern transcontinental railroad

Oregon

Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th CenturyOregonOregon• U.S. & Britain

jointly occupied Oregon (Spain relinquished its claims to Oregon in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819)

• Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade)

The Oregon Boundary Dispute

In 1846, President Polk notified Britain that the U.S. wanted full control of Oregon

Oregon residents demanded the

entire territory: “54º40’ or

fight!”

But, the USA & England

compromised & divided Oregon

along 49th parallel in 1846

Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century

Benefits of OregonBenefits of Oregon: the U.S. gained its 1st deep-water port in

the Pacific & Northern

abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance to slave-state Texas

California

Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th CenturyCalifornia

•In 1833, the new Mexican gov’t awarded land grants to rancherosrancheros who quickly replaced the missionary padres

•In 1830s, the U.S. was eager to enter the cowhide trade

California settlers used John Fremont’s occupation of California during the Mexican-American War as an opportunity to revolt from Mexico in 1846

The Bear Flag RepublicLike Texas, California operated as an independent

nation; the California Republic existed for one month from June 1846 to July 1846 when it was annexed by

the United States

California became a U.S. state as part of the Compromise of 1850

The California Gold RushThe discovery of gold in 1848 led

to a massive influx of prospectors in 1849 (the “forty-niners”):–Few miners struck it rich–The real money made in CA was

in supplying miners with food, saloons, & provisions

–The gold rush led to a population boom, increase in agriculture, & multicultural Californian society

Where the 49ers Came From80%

13%7%

UnitedStates

Europe &Asia

LatinAmerica

ConclusionsConclusions: The Costs of Expansion

The Costs of ExpansionThe impact of territorial expansion:

–Historian Fredrick Jackson Fredrick Jackson TurnerTurner noted in the 1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an adventurous, optimistic, & democratic people

–But, expansion created sectional conflicts between the North & South, especially over slavery

U.S. Territorial Expansion

Sectionalism: complete chart

The Beginnings of SectionalismAs Americans expanded West in

the 1840s, conflicts intensified between the North & the South regarding the issue of slavery

But…the existence of two strong political parties (Democrats & Whigs) that were both popular in the North, South, & West helped keep America from splitting apart

The Slave Question Reemerges The Constitution gave no definite

authority to abolish slavery other than voluntary state action–Abolitionists knew it would be

impossible to get enough votes to pass an amendment outlawing slavery

–But, northerners in Congress could forbid slavery in new states as they were added to the Union

The Slave Question ReemergesThe slavery issue in the West

had been settled by the Missouri Compromise in 1820…

But the new states added in the 1840s & 1850s led to problems:–Texas (slave state) balanced by

Oregon (free territory)–What about California & New

Mexico? Both were south of the Missouri Compromise line

Slavery was not entrenched in either territory

The Wilmot ProvisoThe Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso was presented

by Northerners in 1846 to: –Ban all blacks (free & slave) from

the Mexican Cession in order to preserve land for white farmers

–Attempt to limit the perceived “pro-Southern” Polk presidency

The Wilmot Proviso did not pass in Congress but its debate revealed sectional (not party) divisions

A major shift in politics is looming involving sectional political parties

Activity…With your neighbor, and textbook

fill out the charts that deal with sectional events that lead to the civil war.

Rank in importance the eventWhat were the effects felt by both

the North and South regarding these issues?

The Election of 1848Slavery in the West was a key

issue in the Election of 1848:–Democrat Lewis Cass proposed

popular sovereigntypopular sovereignty to allow territorial settlers (not Congress) to decide slavery in the West

–Whig candidate Zachary Taylor evaded the slavery issue

–The Free Soil PartyFree Soil Party was created by Northern abolitionists who nominated Martin Van Buren

Northern Democrats liked it (let settlers decide)

Southern Democrats liked it (let state conventions decide)

Northern Whigs supported Taylor because he promised to let Congress

decide slavery in the territories

Southern Whigs supported Taylor because he owned slaves

Free Soilers were not abolitionists; They were against the expansion of

slavery into the West

Taylor won the election, but Free Soilers did well in the North

The Compromise of 1850

Reasons for Compromise of 1850Southerners were mad when

Taylor proposed admitting New Mexico & California as states– Popular sovereignty would make

California a free state– New Mexico had no slaves or a

climate adequate for slavery–John C Calhoun led the

Nashville Convention to discuss Southern secession

The Debate Over SlaveryCalhoun: The South must protect slavery &

will “peacefully” secede

Webster: The North will never accept secession

Clay: We must compromiseThe Compromise of 1850

was the last debate of the “Great Triumvirate”

The Compromise of 1850

California was admitted as a free state

Popular sovereignty would decide slavery in

Utah & New Mexico

A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was

created to appease the South

Ended the slave trade in Washington DC (but not slavery)

Taylor threatened to veto the compromise but his death in 1850 allowed VP Millard Fillmore to sign the Compromise of 1850

Political Upheaval & the Rise of Sectional

Political Parties

The Party System in CrisisWith slavery (temporarily) under

wraps, the parties needed new issues for the election of 1852:–Whigs nominated Mexican War

general Winfield Scott; Whigs had difficulty finding an issue

–Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, claimed credit for national prosperity, & promised to defend the Compromise of 1850

The Election of 1852

By 1852, the Whig Party was in trouble

Had no significant platform issues

Had difficulty appealing to voters in the North & SouthSouthern Whigs were angry over the dominance of the

anti-slave Whig faction

The Know-Nothing PartyThe collapse of the Whigs allowed

for the rise of the “Know-Nothings” (the American Party)–Fueled by nativism & a desire to

reduce immigrant influence–Hoped to strengthen the

naturalization process to decrease immigrant voting

Appealed to ex-Democrats, ex-Whigs, & industrial workers

The Know-Nothing PartyIn 1854, the American Party took

control of state legislatures in New England, Maryland, Kentucky, & Texas; seemed on the verge of challenging the Democratic Party

But, by 1856 the Know-Nothings collapsed due to a lack of experienced leadership & had no response to slavery (which was the REALREAL issue in America)

Shift in Party Power 1852-1855

The Kansas- Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska ActIn 1854, Democrat Stephen

Douglas hoped to organize the Kansas & Nebraska territories with the Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act:– The Missouri Compromise line

was repealed & popular sovereignty was applied to slavery in Kansas & Nebraska

– Many Northerners were now convinced that compromise with the South was impossible

Northern abolitionists were outraged because it allowed slavery in an area

where slavery was already prohibited

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Southern Whigs defected to the Democratic Party which became an

exclusively Southern party

Coalition of Whigs, Northern Democrats, & Free-Soilers formed the Republican Party;

became exclusively Northern by 1856

The Kansas-Nebraska Act changed American politics & increased sectionalism

The Rise of the RepublicansThe Republican Party appealed to

Northerners:

–Believed in “free soil” & fought against a “slave power” scheme

–Vowed to protect free white workers & boost the economy

–Made up of seasoned politicians who effectively built up the power of the party by 1856

The Shift to Sectional Political Parties

Watch American party politics become sectional, rather than national, from

1848 to 1860

In 1848, both parties have national appeal

In the election of 1852, both parties have national appeal

Look at the Republicans in the North & the Democrats in the South by 1856!

By 1860, the Republicans elected Lincoln without even campaigning in the South!

ConclusionsAmerican politics experienced a

significant change in the late antebellum era (1800 to 1860):

–In the early antebellum era, sectional rivalries were evident but national parties kept the U.S. united

–In the 1840s & 1850s, westward expansion forced the North & South to protect their regional values against an unseen conspiracy

Chapter 18 and 19 The Nation Divided (1856-1860)

Manifest Destiny intensified sectional differences between the North & the South regarding slavery in the 1840s & early 1850s

But…the sectional quarrel between the North & the South became “irreconcilable” in the mid-1850s, especially under James Buchanan (1857-1860)

Political Upheaval in the 1850s

The Compromise of 1850

Popular sovereignty & the Kansas-

Nebraska Act in 1854

Texas & Oregon in 1845 & 1846

The Mexican Cession in 1848

Dred Scott decision in 1857

The Lecompton Controversy in 1857

Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858

John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry in 1859

Impending Crisis in 1859

Lincoln’s election in 1860

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s account of slavery became the best selling book of the 19th century:–Uncle Tom’ Cabin depicted the

harsh reality of slavery

–The book became a vital antislavery tool among abolitionists

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

Lincoln said to Beecher Stowe in 1861, “So you're the little woman who wrote the

book that made this great war!”

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) proposed popular sovereignty

–The vote to determine slavery in Kansas turned into a bloody small-scale civil war

–Republicans benefited from the fighting by using “Bleeding Kansas” propaganda to support their anti-slave cause

“Bleeding Kansas” (1854-1858)

Pro-slavery residents created Kansas’ first territorial legislature

& wrote laws protecting slavery

Free soilers created a rival territorial gov’t that was not

recognized by President Pierce

Free-soilers from Kansas voted against slavery

Thousands of pro-slavery Missouri residents crossed the

border & voted for slavery

The vote revealed a pro-slavery victory which led to a violent civil war in

Kansas

This incident became known as “Bleeding Kansas”

“Bleeding Sumner”

SC Senator Preston Brooks beat Senator Charles Sumner because of a speech

Sumner had made criticizing President Pierce & Southerners who supported the

pro-slavery violence in Kansas

1856 was the first clearly sectional presidential election in U.S. history– Republican John C. Frémont

campaigned only in free states– Know-Nothing Fillmore called for

sectional compromise– Democrat James Buchanan endorsed

popular sovereignty & the Compromise of 1850

Buchanan beat Frémont in the North & beat Fillmore in the South

Sectionalism in Election of 1856

The Election of 1856Southerners were relieved by the victory but were threatened by the

existence of a party devoted to ending slavery

Northerners realized that the free-states had a large majority in

the Electoral College so a Republican could become

president by only campaigning in the North

When Buchanan was elected, he wanted the Supreme Court to resolve the slavery question

In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), Taney & the Supreme Court ruled:– Dred Scott had no right to sue because

blacks are not citizens– Congress had no authority to prohibit

slavery in western territories so the Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional

The Dred Scott Case (1857)Dred Scott was Missouri slave transported to Wisconsin where slavery was outlawed; Scott argued he should be

freeThis ruling strengthened the Republican fear of a “slave power

conspiracy”in all branches of the U.S. gov’tAccording to the Supreme Court,

Congress can not prohibit slavery because the government cannot

deny citizens their right to property (slaves)

In 1857, Kansas held an election for delegates to write a constitution & apply for statehood◦A rigged election led to a pro-slavery

Lecompton ConstitutionLecompton Constitution ◦Buchanan tried to push Kansas’

admission through despite the fraud but Congress refused

◦Kansas was made a free territory, not a slave state

The Lecompton Controversy

Douglas viewed this as a perversion of popular sovereignty & opposed Southern

Democrats

Republicans were enraged over President Buchanan’s attempt to “force” slavery

upon Kansas

Democrat Stephen Douglas ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln for the 1858 Illinois Senate

In these Lincoln-Douglas debates:Lincoln-Douglas debates:

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln argued that popular sovereignty is wrong because it supports the spread of

slaverySlavery is an acceptable evil in the South but

it must be kept out of territories where slavery is not protected by the Constitution

Douglas accused Lincoln of favoring racial equality & a radical plan to extinguish

slavery that would force the U.S. into a civil war

Lincoln lost the election, but the debates gained him a national reputation & reaffirmed the Republicans’

uncompromising commitment to the free-soil position

“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.”

—Abraham Lincoln, 1858

Two events in 1859 increased Southern fears of North:

John Brown’s raidJohn Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, VA; he & 18 men planned to end slavery in the South by leading slave insurrections:◦Brown was caught & executed, but he

was perceived by many in the North to be a martyr

◦Witch-hunts, vigilante groups, & talk of secession grew in South

The South's Crisis of Fear

John Brown: Northern Martyr or Southern Villain?

John Brown the martyr

John Brown’s BodyJohn Brown's body lies

a-mouldering in the grave,

John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the grave,

But his soul goes marching on

Glory, glory, hallelujah, Glory, glory, hallelujah,His soul goes marching

on

Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis of the South in 1859:– Helper was a white southerner who

argued that slavery hurt the South & small farmers

– Southerners saw the book as a plot to rally yeoman against the elite & end slavery

The South's Crisis of Fear

The election of 1860 was the final straw for the South

Republicans nominated Lincoln:– Illinois was a crucial swing-state– Lincoln was seen as a self-made man who

represented equality – His platform of high tariffs for industry, free

homesteads in the West, transcontinental railroad widened the party’s appeal

The Election of 1860

Democrats were fatally split:◦Northern Democrats nominated Stephen

Douglas who ran on a platform of popular sovereignty

◦Southern Democrats nominated John Breckenridge who swore to protect slavery in the West

Ex-Whigs & Know-Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party & ran John Bell on a compromise platform

The Election of 1860

During election, 4 nominees ran:

–Republicans

–Douglas Democrats

–“Southern Rights Dems

–Constitutional Unionists

The Election of 1860

Competed in South

Competed in North

North: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen

Douglass

South: Breckenridge vs. Bell

The 1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart

The Election of 1860

Lincoln won & the South immediately launched a campaign for secession from the

Union

The most significant underlying cause of the Civil War was slavery; slavery (more so than economic differences) divided the U.S. into 2 irreconcilable factions

The North & South argued for two very different ideals of liberty & independence but by the 1850s, the sectional ideologies made any form of compromise impossible

Explaining the Crisis

What was the most important causes of the Civil War??

Class Discussion: