• MANIFEST DESTINY: (316)– Manifest Destiny: 1845, John L.

O’Sullivan, a magazine editor, coined the phrase MANIFEST DESTINY

– Manifest Destiny – God intended the United States to expand westward

– O’Sullivan argued that the United States should extend its western boundary all the way to the Pacific Ocean

• MANIFEST DESTINY: (316)– The idea of manifest

destiny appealed to many Americans

• Northerners troubled by economic problems and urban crowding hoped that western expansion would lessen population pressures and create new markets for industrial products

• Southerners wanted western lands for increased cotton production

• MANIFEST DESTINY: (316)– Not all Americans supported

manifest destiny.– Some objected to expansion

because many western lands were already claimed by other nations

– Others feared that expansion would make the United States too large to govern effectively

• MEXICAN TEXAS: (317-318)– The growing presence of U.S.

settlers in foreign territory was particularly visible in Texas. This immigration increased significantly after Mexico won it’s independence from Spain in 1821

– Mexican officials wanted to boost the non-American Indian population of Texas. To do this, they offered extremely cheap land and freedom from taxation to U.S. citizens who agreed to settle in the territory

• MEXICAN TEXAS: (317-318)– Mexican officials feared that the

United States, which had twice tried to purchase Texas, would one day take the territory by force

– The few thousand Tejanos – native Mexicans who lived in Texas – stood little chance of blocking an invasion

– If Mexico could recruit enough U.S. settlers and turn them into loyal Mexican citizens, the country might be able to build a defensive force large enough to prevent a U.S. invasion

• MEXICAN TEXAS: (317-318)– To reduce the cultural influence of

U.S. settlers in Mexico, the Mexican government also tried to recruit settlers from other foreign countries.

– It also did not offer land to every person who wanted it. Rather, it gave generous land grants to empresarios, people who agreed to recruit and take responsibility for new settlers.

– These empresarios attracted thousands of people to Texas during the 1820s

– Stephen F. Austin established a colony on the Gulf Coast of Texas in 1821

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– By 1830 non-Mexicans in

Texas outnumbered Tejanos, native Mexicans who lived in Texas, by out 2 to 1

– Most of the new arrivals made little effort to learn Spanish or adapt to Mexican culture

– Although required to become Catholic, most privately continued to practice their own faith

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– Fearing a rebellion in Texas as

well as a U.S. invasion, Mexico closed the Texas border to additional immigration from the United States in 1830

– The Mexican government also prohibited the importation of slaves to Texas

– ALL THESE MEASURES DID LITTLE TO SLOW IMMIGRATION.

• By 1835 about 30,000 U.S. settlers, including some 3,000 slaves, lived in Texas. Many had entered illegally

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– Trouble Brews: (318-319)

• U.S. immigrants to Texas deeply resented the 1830 measures.

• Slaveholders feared that Mexican authorities would soon restrict the practice of slavery

– Although Mexican legislature had banned slavery, Texans had negotiated a special law that classified their slaves as indentured servants

– Many Texans feared that the cotton industry would collapse if the government overturned the law

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– Trouble Brews: (318-319)

• Tensions grew worse in 1833. After being elected president, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna established dictatorial control over the Mexican government

• This angered residents of many Mexican territories, including Texans

• Mexican authorities jailed Stephen F. Austin, who had gone to Mexico City hoping to resolve Texans’ conflict with Mexican authorities peacefully.

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– Trouble Brews: (318-319)

• By the time Stephen F. Austin was released from jail in 1834, he had given up hope of a peaceful settlement. He said, “War is our only recourse [option],” he advised his fellow Texans.

• Outraged US settlers and Tejanos rose up in revolt the following year.

• Isolated clashes with the Mexican military quickly grew into a full-scale rebellion known as the Texas Revolution

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– The Alamo and Goliad:

(319-320)• Alamo: a mission-fort built

by the Spanish, at least 189 Texas rebels led by William Travis and Jim Bowie fought off repeated attacks by Santa Anna’s, leader of Mexican troops, army

• On March 6, 1835, Mexican troops finally overran the fort, killing all of the Texas rebel fighters.

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– The Alamo and Goliad: (319-320)

• Alamo:– Susanna Dickinson, a released civilian,

had her husband had been killed in the fighting.

– Dickinson’s account of the final days of the Alamo became widely known throughout Texas. She claimed that at one point William Travis had drawn a land in the sand saying that if wanted they could cross over and not fight. According to legend, all stayed

– The story added to the status of the Alamo defenders and spurred other Texans to support the cause of independence

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– The Alamo and Goliad: (319-

320)• Goliad: After Mexican troops

defeated a rebel army near Goliad, some 400 surviving Texans surrendered.

• General Santa Anna, of the Mexican Army, ordered that the prisoners be executed:

• Francita Alavez, a wife of a Mexican officer, saved some Texans by hiding them from Mexican soldiers. She became known as the “Angel of Goliad.”

• BOTH THE ALAMO AND GOLIAD FURTHER FUELED ANTI-MEXICAN FEELINGS

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– Victory at San Jacinto: (320)

• Even though the Texans declared their independence from Mexico on March 2, 1835, the Texan army was badly shaken by the defeats at the Alamo and Goliad

• Led my Sam Houston, commander of the Texas army, a force of approximately 900 rebels surprised Santa Anna and his troops.

• The Mexican soldiers were taking an after-noon nap near the San Jacinto River. They were shouting “Remember the Alamo!” and “Remember Goliad!”

• The Texans tore through the Mexican lines, killing some 630 Mexican troops and taking Santa Anna prisoner in the Battle of San Jacinto

• TEXAS REVOLUTION: (318-320)– Victory at San Jacinto: (320)

• With his army weakened and supplies low, Santa Anna signed a treaty granting Texas its independence

• A short time later in 1836, Texans elected San Houston as the first president of the independent Republic of Texas

• The Mexican government refused to recognize the Republic of Texas arguing that Santa Anna was forced to sign the San Jacinto agreement illegally.

• LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS: (320-322)– Texas petitioned the U.S.

Congress for annexation in 1837. However, northern opposition to admitting another slave state as well as a cautious foreign policy toward Mexico prevented Texas from being accepted into the Union immediately

– From 1835-1845 Texas existed as an independent republic. THAT IS WHY TEXAS IS KNOWN AS THE LONE STAR STATE

• LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS: (320-322)– French and German Immigration: (320-

321)• One of the Republic’s first tasks was

to increase its population– Henri Castro, a French banker

of Portuguese descent, was granted an empresario, land grant, in central Texas by the Texas government. Two years later Castro brought 35 French colonists – many of them from the German-speaking region of Alsace in France

– Over the next few years more than 7,000 German immigrants cane to live in what they called the “Paradise of North America.”

– MANY GERMANS SETTLED IN TEXAS

• LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS: (320-322)– Discrimination against Tejanos:

(321)• Tejanos: Native Mexicans who lived in

Texas• The Tejanos did not do as well as the

German settlers in the Lone Star Republic.

• After Texas achieved the Tejanos became victims of violence and discrimination.

• Many of their lands and property were seized by white Texans; some were even kicked-out of the country

• Juan Seguin, a leading Tejano figure in the Texas Revolution, helped the Texans against the Mexicans in the Battle for the Alamo.

• Even though he fought with the Texans he faced discrimination because he was a Tejanos.

• LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS: (320-322)– The Economy and

Defense (322)