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HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLee

ForStudentsofHumanPhysiology BIOLUA4Summer2015~Tues Thurs(9:00AM10:50AM)

Dr SusanLee([email protected])


Human body has 10 physiological organ systems

1. Integumentary system - protective boundary2. Musculoskeletal system support / body movement3. Respiratory system- exchanges of gases4. Digestive system takes up nutrients / water and eliminates

wastes5. Urinary system removes water ad excretes wastes6. Reproductive system produces eggs / sperms7. Immune system protecting internal environment for foreign

invaders8. Circulatory / Cardiovascular system9. Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System10. Endocrine system

Four systems are involved in the exchange of materialsbetween external and internal environments


Organ Systems of the Body


Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values

What is the set point for body temperature?

Homeostasis

98-98.8oFSet Point:The ideal normal value of a variable

65oF

110oF

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLee Negative Feedback

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLeeChanges in Blood Pressure During Exercise

Deviation from the usual range of values helps meet changing demands

120 mmHg

80 mmHg

180 mmHg

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLee Positive Feedback

Positive Feedback:When a deviation occurs, response is to make deviation greater Leads away from homeostasis and can result in death


Body Planes


Spinal cordvertebrate

Body Cavities


Abdominal Subdivisions


Cover the organs of trunk cavities & line them Parietal lines cavity walls Visceral covers organs Serous fluid secreted for

lubrication by membranes

Named for their specific cavity & organs Pericardium refers to heart Pleura refers to lungs and

thoracic cavity Peritoneum refers to

abdominopelvic cavity

Inflammation of the serous membranes

Serous Membranes


Serous Membranes


Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry:Generally substances that do not contain carbon Water Oxygen

Organic Chemistry:Study of CARBON-containing substances

Any organic molecules associated with living organisms are called Biomolecules.

Biomolecules consist of 3 elements: C H O


Water

Inorganic Stabilizes body temperature Necessary for many chemical reactions of life Mixing Medium

Mixture: Substance physically but not chemically combined


Acids and Bases; Salts and Buffers

Acid: A proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions

Bases: A proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions

Salts: A cation consisting of other than a hydrogen ion (H+) and other than an anion or hydroxide ion (OH-)

Buffers: A solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and base component occur in similar concentrations

pH was originally written by Dr Srensen as pH (1909), and it stands for pondus hydrogenii which means "potential Hydrogen". The terminology refers to acidity due to a predominance of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous (water containing) solution.


Refers to the Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution Neutral: pH of 7 or

equal H+ and OH-ions

Acidic: a greater concentration of hydrogen ions

Alkaline or basic:a greater concentration of hydroxide ions

The pH Scale


There are 4 kinds of biomolecules1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids 3. Proteins4. Nucleotides


Organic Chemistry Carbohydrates (C, H, O)

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Lipids (C, H, O) Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Proteins (C, H, O, N) Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups


Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides Two simple sugars bound together by

dehydration: sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides Long chains of many monosaccharides:

glycogen in animals; starch and cellulose in plants


Monosaccharides


Disaccharide and Polysaccharide

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLee Lipids Lipids: Can be dissolved in non-polar organic solvents as alcohol or

acetone but relatively insoluble in polar solvents like, water

Fats: Ingested and broken down by hydrolysis

Triglycerides: composed of glycerol and fatty acids

Phospholipids: Important structural component of cell membranes

Eicosanoids: Derived from fatty acids

Steroids: Cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

Fat-soluble Vitamins


Steroids


Proteins

Amino acids: The building blocks of protein

Peptide bonds: Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis

Structure Primary, secondary, tertiary, quartenary

Enzymes: Protein catalysts Lock-and-key model Active site Cofactors Coenzymes


Peptide Bonds


Proteins are made up of amino acids (20 different AA commonly occur in natural proteins) and are the building blocks.

All amino acids have a similar core structure:A central C atom is linked to H atom, an amino group (-NH2)a carboxyl group (-COOH) anda different amino acid (-R)

COOH - C-NH2

H

R

PeptidesPolypeptidesProteins

Conjugated proteins: glycoproteins / glycolipids / lipoproteins


Proteins are made up of amino acids (20 different AA commonly occur in natural proteins) and are the building blocks.

All amino acids have a similar core structure:A central C atom is linked to H atom, an amino group (-NH2)a carboxyl group (-COOH) anda different amino acid (-R)

CO - C- NH2H

R2COOH - C- NH

H

R1

- HOH


Peptide Bonds


Structures & Symbols of the 20 amino acids

A R N D C

E Q G H I

L K M F P

S T W Y V

Alanine A

Arginine R

Asparagine N

Aspartic Acid D

Cysteine C

Glutamic Acid E

Glutamine Q

Glycine G

Histidine H

Isoleucine I

Leucine L

Lysine K

Methionine M

Phenylalanine F

Proline P

Serine S

Threonine T

Tryptophan W

Tyrosine Y

Valine V


Humans can synthesize all but 9 out of 20 amino acids.Those 9 amino acids must come from dietary groups

Essential Amino AcidsIsoleucineLeucineHistidineThreonine Tryptophan MethionineLysineValinePhenylalanine

A mnemonic used to remember these acids runs: I Like Humans To Try Making Life Vibrant & Pleasant !

PVT TIM HaLL

Phenylalanine ValineThreonine Tryptophan IsoleucineMethionineHistidineLeucineLysine


Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next Composed of 2 strands of nucleotides

Each nucleotide contains one of the organic bases of adenine or guanine which are purines andthymine or cystosine which are pyrimidines

RNA: Ribonucleic Acid Similar to a single strand of DNA

Four different nucleotides make up organic bases except thymine is replaced with uracil (pyrimidine)


Nucleotides and Nitrogenous Bases

A=T A=UC=G


DNA Structure


Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Energy currency of the body Provides energy for other chemical reactions as anabolism or drive cell processes

as muscle contraction All energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when there is inadequate ATP


Organic molecules associated with living organisms are called BIOMOLECULES

This is involved in the structural components of:

- genetic material (DNA / RNA)

- compounds that carry energy (ATP)

- regulates metabolism (cAMP)

4 kinds of Biomolecules

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleotides

CH2O CHO CHONR

These are used by the body for energy and as the building blocks for cellular components


Carbohydrates carbons with water(CH2O) is the basic formula

Ex: Glucose (C6H12O6) smallest type of carbohydrate

Simple sugars end in OSEEnzymes end in ASE


Lipids (fats) are also made up of CHO but as a rule they contain much less O2

There are not soluble in water since they are nonpolar structure.

Lipid are called FATS if it is solid at room tempare called OILS if its is liquid at room temp

If lipids are derived from animal source = LARD / ButterIf lipids are derived from plant source = OIL

Saturated = bad fat (meat)Unsaturated = good fat (olive oil)


Diet which lacks essential amino acids result in a protein deficiency. The body tends to deaminate (removal of N) the amino acids and convert proteins into fats & carbohydrates.

A balance of essential amino acids is necessary for a high degree of net protein utilization. Eating a balance diet is mixing foods that provides a mixture of essential amino acids thus, limiting the loss of nitrogen through deamination and increases overall net protein utilization.

While there are no protein-deficiencies among populations consuming adequate calories, it is common among populations that are chronically undernourished (i.e., eating disorders).


CELLS AND TISSUES


Cell Structure and Function


Extracellular fluid

The cell is composed of:

cytoplasmnucleus cell membrane

Non-membranous organelles cytoskeleton

centriolescentrosomes

flagellaribosomes

cilia

membranous organellesMitochondria

ERGolgi apparatus

Lysosomesperoxisomes

cytosol / Intracellular fluid


Cell Characteristics & Functions of the cell

Plasma Membrane - Outer cell boundary

Cytoplasm Cytosol / Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton

Organelles Specialized structures that perform specific functions

Functions Basic unit of life Protection and support Movement Communication Cell metabolism and energy release Inheritance


Intracellular versus extracellular Membrane potential Glycolipids and glycoproteins Fluid-mosaic model

Plasma Membrane


Phospholipids

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLee Membrane Lipids

Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads Hydrophobic (water-fearing) non-polar heads

Cholesterol: Determines fluid nature of membrane

Membrane Proteins Integral or intrinsic

Extend from one surface to the other

Peripheral or extrinsic Attached to either the inner or

outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer


Glycoproteins as Marker Molecules

Allow cells to identify on another or other molecules

Glycoproteins Glycolipids

Examples: Immune system Recognition of oocyte

by sperm cell


Channel Proteins

Non-gated ion channels Always open

Ligand gated ion channel Open in response to

small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins

Voltage-gated ion channel Open when there is a

change in charge across the plasma membrane

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLee Receptors

Receptor molecules Exposed receptor site

Linked to channel proteins Acetylcholine

Linked to G proteins Alter activity on inner

surface of plasma membrane


Enzymes and Carrier Proteins


Membrane Transport


Movement through the Plasma Membrane

Penetrating vs Non-penetrating particles (solutes)

Passive Transport or Diffusion Osmosis Mediated transport mechanisms

Facilitated Transport / diffusion Active transport


Diffusion

Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in solution

Concentration or density gradient Difference between two points

Viscosity How easily a liquid flows


Diffusion


Osmosis

Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane

Important because large volume changes caused by water movement disrupt normal cell function

Cell shrinkage or swelling Isotonic: cell neither shrinks nor swells Hypertonic: cell shrinks (crenation) Hypotonic: cell swells (lysis)


Osmosis


OSMOLARITY AND TONICITY

Osmolarity is the total concentration of solutes of BOTH penetrating and non-penetrating solutes

Tonicity is the total concentration of solutes of ONLY non-penetrating solutes

A normal osmolarity of a cell is 300mOsm.


OSMOLARITY AND TONICITYIsosmotic A solution having the same total solute

concentration (osmolarity) as another solution regardless of its composition of membrane-penetrating and non-penetrating solutes

Hyperosmotic A solution containing greater than 300 mOsm/L of solutes regardless of its composition of membrane-penetrating and non-penetrating solutes

Hyposmotic A solution containing less than 300 mOsm/L of solutes regardless of its composition of membrane-penetrating and non-penetrating solutes


OSMOLARITY AND TONICITY

Isotonic A solution containing 300 mOsm/L of solutes of non-penetrating solutes regardless of its concentration of membrane-penetrating solutes that may be present

Hypertonic A solution containing greater than 300 mOsm/L of solutes of non-penetrating solutesregardless of its concentration of membrane-penetrating solutes that may be present

Hypotonic A solution containing less than 300 mOsm/L of solutes of non-penetrating solutes regardless of its concentration of membrane-penetratingsolutes that may be present


Osmosis


Mediated Transport Mechanisms

Involve carrier proteins

Characteristics Specificity

To a single type of molecule

Competition

Saturation Rate of transport

limited to number of available carrier proteins


Saturation of a Carrier Protein


Passive, Facilitative Transport & Active Transport

Conc. gradient Carrier? Energy?

Passive transport (Simple Diffusion) Down No No

Facilitated Transport Down Yes No

Active Transport Up Yes Yes


DNA dispersed throughout Consists of :

Nuclear envelope: Separates nucleus from cytoplasm and regulates movement of materials in and out

Chromatin: Condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

Nucleolus: Assembly site of large and small ribosomal units

Nucleus


Chromosome Structure


DNA Structure


Overview of Protein Synthesis


Cytoplasm

Cellular material outside nucleus but inside plasma membrane

Cytosol: Fluid portion

Cytoskeleton: Supports the cell Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments


Organelles

Small specialized structures for particular functions

Most have membranes that separates interior of organelles from cytoplasm

Related to specific structure and function of the cell


Non-membranous organelles

cytoskeletoncentrioles

centrosomesflagella

ribosomescilia

membranous organelles

MitochondriaER

Golgi apparatusLysosomes

peroxisomes

cytoplasm cytosol intracellular fluid

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLee Centrioles

In specialized zone near nucleus: centrosome

Each unit consists of microtubules

Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and become spindle fibers


Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis

Composed of a largeand small subunit

Types Free Attached to

endoplasmic reticulum


Non-membranous organelles

cytoskeletoncentrioles

centrosomesflagella

ribosomescilia

membranous organelles

MitochondriaER

Golgi apparatusLysosomes

peroxisomes

cytoplasm cytosol intracellular fluid

Membranous organelles are separated from the cytosol by one or more phospholipid membranes similar to the cell membrane. Many membranous organelles, have hollow interiors (lumen).


Overview of Protein Synthesis

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLeeOverview of Protein Synthesis

Transcription Copies DNA to

form mRNA tRNA carries

amino acids to ribosome

Translation Synthesis of a

protein at ribosome


Types Rough

Attached ribosomes Proteins produced

and modified Smooth

Not attached ribosomes

Manufacture lipids

Cisternae: Interior spaces isolated from rest of cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

HumanPhysiologySummer2015 Dr SusanLee Golgi Apparatus

Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipidsfor secretion or internal use

Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other


Function of Golgi Apparatus


Action of Lysosomes


Peroxisomes and Proteasomes

Peroxisomes Smaller than lysosomes Contain enzymes to break down fatty and amino

acids Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of breakdown

Proteasomes Consist of large protein complexes Include several enzymes that break down and

recycle proteins in cell


Cell organelleMitochondriaMetabolism

Glucose anabolism and catabolism


Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell

Outer membrane Inner membrane Inner membrane folded = cisternae Center of inner membrane = matrix (contains enzymes,

ribosomes, granules and DNA) Between outer and inner membrane = inter-membrane

space (where ATP production occurs).


Mitochondria

Provide energy for cell

Major site of ATP synthesis (inter-membrane)

Membranes Cristae: Infoldings of

inner membrane Matrix: Substance

located in space formed by inner membrane (enzymes, ribosome, DNA)


Energy currency of the body Provides energy for other chemical reactions (such as

anabolism or catabolism) and drive cell processes (such as muscle contraction) All energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when there is

inadequate ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)


Overview of Cell Metabolism

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