Wcdma&Hspa Fundamentals

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1

Course Content

WCDMA & HSPA fundamentals

Radio network planning fundamentals

Coverage dimensioning

Capacity dimensioning

Coverage & capacity improvements

NSN radio network solution

Site Optimization Aspects

Initial Parameter Planning


Module Objectives

At the end of the module you will be able to:

• Understand the main cellular standards & allocated frequency bands

• Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface

• Explain the HSPA principles

• List the HSPA Physical Channels and their tasks


WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals

• Standardisation & frequency bands

• Standardisation of UMTS/HSPA (3GPP Rel. 99, 4 – 10)

• IMT-2000 / UMTS frequency bands

• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

• HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels

• HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels

• HSPA+ Features (RU20)


UMTS Release 99

• 3GPP is responsible for the standardisation of UMTS.

• In December 1999, the first UMTS Release, the so-called Release 99, was frozen.

• UMTS Rel. 99 is based on the large experience of GSM/GPRS standardisation, taking over many principles of the matured GSM/GPRS network, protocol and service architecture.

• The UMTS Rel. 99 network consists of a slightly modified, advanced and matured GSM/GPRS Core Network (CS & PS Domain), the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UTRAN and the User Equipment UE.

UMTS Release 4

Continuing the 3GPP evolution, Release 4 enhanced UMTS 2001 via several features, e.g.:• Bearer independent CS Core Network• CAMEL Phase 4• UTRA FDD repeater function• low chip rate TDD mode • 700 MHz support for GERAN• Transcoder Free Operation

UMTS Release 99 & Release 4


3GPP Release 5 & 6

UMTS Release 5

UMTS Release 5 has been closed end of 2002, including several Core Network and Radio Interface enhancements such as:

• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); peak rates up to 14 Mbps

• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

• Wideband AMR

• Location Services enhancements

• UMTS in 1800/1900 MHz bands

UMTS Release 6

UMTS Release 6 was frozen 09/2005, containing features such as:• FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA); peak rates up to 5.76 Mbps

• WLAN-UMTS Interworking

• IMS Phase 2

• Multimedia Messaging (MMS) enhancements

• Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)

• UE Receive Diversity


UMTS Evolution / 3GPP Releases

Year1999 2001

matured GSM/GPRS CN+ UTRAN+ WCDMA Air Interfaceup to 384 kbps (2 Mbps)

• Bearer independent CS CN• CAMEL Phase 4• UTRA FDD repeater• low chip rate TDD mode

• HSDPA (14 Mbps)• IMS Phase 1• W-AMR• enhanced Location Services• 1800/1900 MHz

• HSUPA (5.76 Mbps)• IMS Phase 2• WLAN-Interworking• MBMS• Push-services

Release 99 Release 99

Release 4Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Release 6

2002/03 2005


3GPP Release 7 & 8

UMTS Release 7

UMTS Release 7 has been closed end of 2007, including important UMTS/HSPA enhancements, improving the UMTS peak rates and spectral efficiency:

• Higher order Modulation: 64QAM for the DL (up to 21 Mbps); 16QAM for the UL (up to 11.5 Mbps)

• 2x2 MIMO (up to 28 Mbps)

• Network Architecture Improvements: Direct Tunneling GGSN - RNC

• Continuous Packet Connectivity CPC / VoIP

• Enhanced UE Receiver

• Enhanced Cell_FACH

• Flexible RLC

• …

3GPP Release 8

3GPP Release 8 was frozen 03/2009, containing further HSPA improvements as well as the UMTS Long Term Evolution LTE and the Evolved Packet System EPS:

• LTE (up to 303 Mbps)

• EPS

• Dual-Cell HSDPA (up to 42 Mbps)

• Combination of 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM (up to 42 Mbps)


3GPP Release 9 & 10

3GPP Release 9

3GPP Release 9 has been closed end of 2009, including HSPA+ enhancements and initial LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) definitions.

• Dual-Cell HSDPA, 2x2 MIMO & 64QAM (up to 84 Mbps)

3GPP Release 10

3GPP Release 10 is expected to be closed early 2011; central focus will be on LTE-Advanced ; furthermore, definition of Multi-Carrier HSPA for UL & DL is expected

• LTE-Advanced (up to 1 Gbps DL & 500 Mbps UL for low mobility/Indoor) as IMT-Advanced proposal (4G)

• Multi-Carrier HSDPA (DL: up to 3 or 4 carrier delivering up to 126 resp. 168 Mbps)

• Dual-Carrier HSUPA (UL: up to 23 Mbps)


UMTS Evolution / 3GPP Releases

Year2007 2008/09

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Release 6

HSPA+:• DL 64QAM (21 Mbps)• UL 16QAM (11.5 Mbps)• 2x2 MIMO: (28 Mbps)• Direct tunneling• CPC• Voice over HSPA• Enhanced RLC

Release 7

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Release 6

Release 7

Release 8

HSPA+:• DL 64QAM & MIMO (42 Mbps)• DC-HSDPA (42 Mbps)

LTE: • UL (75 Mbps)• DL (303 Mbps)

EPC: Evolved Packet Core

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Release 6

Release 7

Release 8

Release 9

2009/10

HSPA+:• DL 64QAM, MIMO & DC-HSDPA (84 Mbps)LTE-Advanced: • Initial description

HSPA+:• MC-HSDPA (126/168 Mbps)• DC-HSUPA (23 Mbps)LTE-Advanced: • UL (500 Mbps)• DL (> 1Gbps)

(planned/expected)

Release 99

Release 4

Release 5

Release 6

Release 7

Release 8

Release 9

Release 10

2010/11


IMT-2000 / UMTS frequency allocations2200 MHz20001900 1950 2050 2100 21501850

JapanIMT-2000

PH

S

IMT-2000

ITU

Mo

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IMT-2000 IMT-2000

EuropeUMTS(FDD)D

EC

T

UM

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(T

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)

GSM1800

UM

TS

(T

DD

)

UMTS(FDD)

USA

PC

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un

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se

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PCSPCS

UM

TS

(T

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(TD

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ITU-R • responsible for world-wide Radio Communication aspects

• setting requirements for 3G / 4G Mobile Communication (IMT-2000 / IMT-Advanced)

• World Radio Conference WRC 1992: IMT-2000 frequency allocation proposals

national regulation authorities:

• responsible for national frequency allocation & licensing process

•GSM spectrum refarming is also possible


UMTS – FDD Frequency band evolution

• Release 99• I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe,

Japan, …• II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900

• New in Release 5• III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800

• New in Release 6• IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band• V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850• VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan

• New in Release 7• VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz• VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900• IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan

• New in Release 8• X 1710-1770 MHz 2110-2170 MHz• XI 1427.9 - 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 - 1500.9 MHz Japan• XII 698 – 716 MHz 728 – 746 MHz US 700 MHz band• XIII 777 - 787 MHz 746 - 756 MHz• XIV 788 – 798 MHz 758 – 768 MHz

• New in Release 9• XV – XVIII reserved• XIX 830 – 845MHz 875 – 890 MHz

New with RU20Not supported by RU20 RAN





• UMTS Air interface technologies

• WCDMA – FDD

• WCDMA vs. GSM

• CDMA principle

• Processing gain

• WCDMA codes and bit rates





UMTS Air Interface technologies

• UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions• WCDMA – FDD

• WCDMA – TDD

• WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution• FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band

• WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks• TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency

• Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

• This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA – FDD solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies


WCDMA – FDD technology

• Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)• All cells at same carrier frequency

• Spreading codes used to separate cells and users

• Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz

• Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity• Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies

• Compatibility with GSM technology• Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS


WCDMA Technology

5 M Hz

3.84 M Hz

f

5+5 MHz in FDD mode5 MHz in TDD mode

Freq

uenc

y

TimeDirect Sequence (DS) CDMA

WCDMA Carrier

WCDMAWCDMA5 MHz, 1 carrier5 MHz, 1 carrier

TDMA (GSM)TDMA (GSM)5 MHz, 25 carriers5 MHz, 25 carriers

Users share same time and frequency


UMTS & GSM Network Planning

GSM900/1800: 3G (W CDM A):


Differences between WCDMA & GSM

WCDMA GSM

Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz

Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18

Power controlfrequency

1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower

Quality control Radio resourcemanagement algorithms

Network planning(frequency planning)

Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth givesmultipath diversity with

Rake receiver

Frequency hopping

Packet data Load-based packetscheduling

Timeslot basedscheduling with GPRS

Downlink transmitdiversity

Supported forimproving downlink

capacity

Not supported by thestandard, but can be

applied

High bit rates

Services withDifferent quality

requirements

Efficient packet data


Multiple WCDMA carriers – Layered network

Micro BTS

1 10 km

50 - 100 m200 - 500 m

HCS-

Concept

HCS-

Concept

Pico Cell /Indoor:

F3

Micro Cell /Hotspot:

F2

F3F2 F1

F3

Macro Cell /Large Area Coverage

(Urban/Suburban/Rural):

F1

Macro BTS


Spreading Code

Spread Signal

Data

Air Interface

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)

Baseband Data

-1

+1

+1

+1

+1

+1

-1

-1

-1

-1

ChipChip

Despreading

Despreading

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

SF = Rchip/RdataSF = Rchip/Rdata


Energy Box

Frequ

ency

Ban

d

Duration (t = 1/Rb)

Po

wer

/Hz

Originating Bit Received BitEnergy per bit = Eb = const

• Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density

• BUT

• Same Energy per Bit


FrequencyPow

er d

ensi

ty (

Wat

ts/H

z)

Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

User bit rate R

sec84.3 MchipconstW

R

WdBGp Processing gain:

Spreading & Processing Gain


Frequency (Hz)

Voice user (R = 12,2 kbit/s)

Packet data user (R = 384 kbit/s)

Pow

er d

ensi

ty (

W/H

z)

R

Frequency (Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98 dB

Pow

er d

ensi

ty (

W/H

z)

R

Gp=W/R=10 dB

• Spreading sequences have a different length

• Processing gain depends on the user data rate

Processing Gain Examples


Transmission Power

Frequency

5MHz

Power density

Time

High bit rate user

Low bit rate user

Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & PowerCorrelation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & Power


WCDMA Codes

• In WCDMA 2 separate codes are used in the spreading operation• Channelization code

• Scrambling code

• Channelization Code (CC)• DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines physical

channel bit rate

• UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate

• Scrambling Code (SC)• DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency

• UL: separates users

512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes16.7 million UL Scrambling Codes

512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes16.7 million UL Scrambling Codes


DL Spreading & Multiplexing in WCDMA

User 3

User 2

User 1

BCCH

Pilot X

CODE 1

X

CODE 2

X

CODE 3

X

CODE 4

X

CODE 5

+

X

SCRAMBLINGCODE

RF

SUM

User 2

User 1

BCCH

Pilot

Radio frame = 15 time slots

Time

User 3

3.84 MHzRF carrier

3.84 MHz bandwidth

CHANNELISATION codes:

P-CPICH

P-CCPCH

DPCH1

DPCH2

DPCH3


Channelization Code Tree

C4(0)=[1111]

C4(1)=[11-1-1]

C4(2)=[1-11-1]

C4(3)=[1-1-11]

C8(0)=[11111111]

SF=1 SF=2 SF= 4 SF= 8 SF= 16 SF= 256 SF=512...C16(0)=[............]

C16(1)=[............]

C16(15)=[...........]

C16(14)=[...........]

C16(13=[...........]

C16(12)=[...........]

C16(11)=[...........]

C16(10)=[...........]

C16(9)=[............]

C16(8)=[............]

C16(7)=[............]

C16(6)=[............]

C16(5)=[............]

C16(4)=[............]

C16(3)=[............]

C16(2)=[............]

C0(0)=[1]

C2(1)=[1-1]

C2(0)=[11]

C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]

C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]

C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]

C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]

C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]

C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]

C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]

Channelization Codes:

Walsh-Hadamard codes (OVSF codes)

• SF for the DL transmission*: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512• SF for the UL transmission*: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256

* FDD onlyOVSF: Orthogonal variable spreading factor


Half rate speechFull rate speech

128 kbps384 kbps

2 Mbps

Symbolphyb RR 2_SF

WRSymbol

(QPSK modulation)

Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)


Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Scrambling code C1

Scrambling code C2

C 1+ 3

C1+2C1+

1

C2

UE has simultaneous connection to two cells (soft handover)


RAKE Receiver

• Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells

Del

ay

1Code usedfor the

connection

Rx

Output

Finger

t

Cell-1

Cell-1

Cell-1

Cell-2

Rx

Rx

Rx

Finger

Finger

Finger

Del

ay

2

Del

ay

3 Prerequisite for SHO

Prerequisite for SHO


Channelization and Scrambling Codes






• HSDPA Principles

• HSDPA Physical Channels




HSDPA Principles

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) based on:• Node B decisions • Multi-code operation• Fast Link Adaptation

• Adaptive Modulation & Coding AMC

• Fast Packet Scheduling• Fast H-ARQ• Fast TTI = 2 ms*• Downwards Compatibility with R99

• (shared or dedicated carrier)

* TTI = 1 Subframe = 3 Slots = 2 msH-ARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

Motivation:- enhanced spectrum efficiency- higher peak rates >> 2 Mbps- higher cell throughput- reduced delay for ACK transmission- the main workhorse of 3G networks

3GPP Rel. 5; TS 25.308:

“HSDPA Overall Description”

3GPP Rel. 5; TS 25.308:

“HSDPA Overall Description”

•••up to 15 HS – Physical

DL Shared Channels


Adaptive Modulation & Coding (1/2)

I

Q0000

0010

0011

0001

1000

1010

1011

1001

1100

1110

1111

1101

0100

0110

0111

0101

16QAM

4-Bit KeyingQPSK

2-Bit Keying

Q

I

(1,1)(0,1)

(1,0)(0,0)

HSDPA uses• QPSK• 16QAM• 64QAMdynamically based on quality of the radio link


Adaptive Modulation & Coding (2/2)

RateMatching

Puncturing /Repetition

RateMatching

Puncturing /Repetition

Turbo Coding1/3

Turbo Coding1/3

EffectiveCode Rate:

1/4 - 3/4

HSDPA Adaptive Coding• based on the R’99 1/3 Turbo Coding

• Rate Matching: Puncturing or Repetition code rate: 1/6 – 4/4

• dynamically based on quality of the radio link

HSDPA Adaptive Coding• based on the R’99 1/3 Turbo Coding

• Rate Matching: Puncturing or Repetition code rate: 1/6 – 4/4

• dynamically based on quality of the radio link


C1,0 = [1]

C2,1 = [1-1]

C2,0 = [11]

C4,0 = [1111]

C4,1 = [11-1-1]

C4,2 = [1-11-1]

C4,3 = [1-1-11]

C8,0 = [11111111]

C8,1 = [1111-1-1-1-1]

C8,2 = [11-1-111-1-1]

C8,3 = [11-1-1-1-111]

C8,4 = [1-11-11-11-1]

C8,5 = [1-11-1-11-11]

C8,6 = [1-1-111-1-11]

C8,7 = [1-1-11-111-1]

C16,0 = [.........]

C16,1 = [.........]

C16,15 = [........]

C16,14 = [........]

C16,13 = [........]

C16,12 = [........]

C16,11 = [........]

C16,10 = [........]

C16,9 = [.........]

C16,8 = [.........]

C16,7= [.........]

C16,6 = [.........]

C16,5 = [.........]

C16,4 = [.........]

C16,3 = [.........]

C16,2 = [.........]

SF = 1 2 4 8 SF = 16 256 512...

SF = 16 240 ksymb/s

Multi-Code operation:

1..15 codes 0.24 .. 3.6 Msymb/s

SF = 16 240 ksymb/s

Multi-Code operation:

1..15 codes 0.24 .. 3.6 Msymb/s

Multi Code Operation (1/3)


Multi Code Operation (2/3)

ModulationModulation

QPSKQPSK

Coding rateCoding rate

1/41/4

2/42/4

3/43/4

5 codes5 codes 10 codes10 codes 15 codes15 codes

600 kbps600 kbps 1.2 Mbps1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps1.8 Mbps

1.2 Mbps1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps3.6 Mbps


16QAM16QAM

2/42/4

3/43/4

4/44/4




64QAM64QAM

3/43/4

5/65/6

4/44/4




64QAM 6 bits/symbol

RAS06: max. 15 Codes, 10 Mbps/user

RU10: max. 14.4 Mbps/user (16QAM)

From RU20 and on:64QAM (3GPP Rel. 7 feature) is included


Multi Code Operation (3/3): HSDPA UE capability classesHS- DSCHcategory

max. No. ofHS-DSCH

Codes

min. * Inter-TTI interval

ModulationDual-Stream

MIMOsupported

PeakRate

1 5 3 (6 ms) QPSK/16QAM No 1.2 Mbps

2 5 3 QPSK/16QAM No 1.2 Mbps





7 10 1 QPSK/16QAM No 7 Mbps




11 5 2 QPSK only No 1 Mbps

12 5 1 QPSK only No 1.8 Mbps

13 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM No 17.4 Mbps

14 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM No 21.1 Mbps

15 15 1 QPSK/16QAM Yes 23.4 Mbps

16 15 1 QPSK/16QAM Yes 28 Mbps

17 15 1 QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 17.4 or 23.4 Mbps

18 15 1 QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 21.1 or 28 Mbps

19 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 35.3 Mbps

20 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 42.2 Mbps

* TTI: Transmission Time Interval

RU30 includes3GPP Rel. 8 feature:• DL 64QAM & MIMO

and 3GPP Rel. 9 feature:• DL 64QAM, MIMO & Dual-Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)

Details HSPA+


UEIub

Uu

Re

du

ce

dre

tran

sm

iss

ion

Re

du

ce

dre

tran

sm

iss

ion

RNC:functionalities

shifted toNode B

RNC:functionalities

shifted toNode B

„more intelligence“new functionalities

new UEs HSDPA Capability

Classes

new UEs HSDPA Capability

Classes

Network Modifications for HSDPA

• UTRAN & UE:

• modified PHY layer

• modified MAC: MAC-(e)hs

• modified transport and physical channels

• modified coding

• modified modulation

• new Node B / MAC-hs functionalities:• Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged transmission):

faster retransmission / reduced delays ! less Iub retransmission traffic ! higher spectrum efficiency !

• Fast Packet Scheduling fast & efficient resource allocation !

• Fast Link Adaptation Adaptive Modulation & Coding !

• compensation of fast fading (without fast PC) higher peak rates & spectrum efficiency !

Node B


Fast Link Adaptation in HSDPA

0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 00 1 20 1 40 1 60- 202468

10121416

Time [number of TTIs]

QPSK1/4

QPSK2/4

QPSK3/4

16QAM 2/4

16QAM 3/4

Inst

anta

neou

s Es

No

[dB] C/I received by UE

Link adaptation mode

C/I varies with fading

BTS adjusts link adaptation mode with a few ms delay based on

channel quality reports from the UE

1 TTI = 2 ms


Server RNC Node-B

UE

RLC retransmissions

TCP retransmissions

H-ARQ:MAC-hs Layer-1retransmissions

Fast H-ARQ

H-ARQ:• Incremental Redundancy IR• Chase Combining CC

Round-Trip Time: 16 ms

HARQRVConfigurationWBTS; 0 = Chase Combining, 1 = Incremental Redundancy


Fast Packet Scheduling (1/2)

•••up to 15 HS – Physical

DL Shared Channels

Fast Packet Scheduling:• Node B decides allocation of HSDPA resources to UE every TTI = 2 ms• supported Packet Scheduler algorithm*:

• Round Robin RR• Proportional Fair PF (requires individual license)

* Type of scheduler set by HSDPA.BB.Resource.Allocation commissioning parameter

Round Robin RR

• assigns sub-frames in rotation • User at cell edge served as frequently as user at cell centre

• doesn’t account for UE’s channel conditions • Low total throughput in cell

• if no data have to be transferred to certain UE then sub-frame assigned to next UE


Fast Packet Scheduling (2/2)

TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4

USER 1 Es/N0USER 2 Es/N0

Scheduled user

Proportional Fair PF

• Takes into account multipath fading conditions experienced by UE• Improved total throughput in cell compared to RR

• Sub-frames assigned according scheduling metric• Ratio instantaneous data rate / average data rate experienced in the past• User at cell edge served less frequently as user at cell centre






• HSDPA Principles

• HSDPA Physical Channels




Physical Channel Overview

HS-PDSCHHigh-Speed Physical DL Shared Channel

HS-PDSCHHigh-Speed Physical DL Shared Channel

HS-SCCHHigh Speed Shared Control Channel

HS-SCCHHigh Speed Shared Control Channel

associated DCHDedicated Channel (Rel. 99)

associated DCHDedicated Channel (Rel. 99)

HS-DPCCHHigh Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

HS-DPCCHHigh Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

Node B

MAC-hs

F-DPCHFractional Dedicated Physical Channel (Rel. 6/7)

F-DPCHFractional Dedicated Physical Channel (Rel. 6/7)


HS-PDSCH

SF= 1

SF= 2

SF= 4

SF= 8

SF=16Example: Allocated for HS-DSCH

allocated for other channels

••• up to 15 HS – PDSCHs

HS-PDSCH: High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel• Transfer of actual HSDPA data• 5 - 15 code channels• QPSK or 16QAM modulation• 2 ms TTIs• Fixed SF16


HS-SCCH• HS-SCCH: High-Speed Shared Control Channel

• L1 Control Data for UE; informs the UE how to decode the next HS-PDSCH frame e.g. UE Identity, Channelisation Code Set, Modulation Scheme, TBS, H-ARQ process information

• Fixed SF128• transmitted 2 slots in advance to HS-PDSCHs• NSN implementation with slow power control: shares DL power with the HS-PDSCH• more than 1 HS-SCCH required when Code Multiplexing is used• RU20: up to 4 HS-SCCHs Codes

TBS: Transport Block Size

SF16HS-PDSCH

Time

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4

Subframe2 ms

5

10

15

Field Number of uncoded bits

Channelisation Code set CCS

7 bits*

Modulation scheme information

1 bit*

Transport block size 6 bits

H-ARQ process information

3 bits

Redundancy & constellation version

3 bits

New data indicator 1 bit

UE Identity 16 bits

* Rel. 7: 7th bit of CCS set is used to indicate whether 64QAM is used. Usage of new HS-SCCH format indicated by higher layer


HS-DPCCH

• UL HS-DPCCH: High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel• MAC-hs Ack/Nack information (send when data received)

• Channel Quality Information (CQI reports send every 4ms, hardcoded period)

• Fixed SF 256

HARQ-ACK(10 bit)

1 Slot = 2560 chip 2 Slots = 5120 chip

Subframe # 0 Subframe # i Subframe # N

1 HS-DPCCH Subframe = 2ms

CQI (20 bit)Channel Quality Indication

TS 25.212: CQI values = 0 (N/A), 1 .. 30; steps: 1;1 indicating lowest, 30 highest air interface quality

TS 25.212: CQI values = 0 (N/A), 1 .. 30; steps: 1;1 indicating lowest, 30 highest air interface quality


HS-DPCCH & CQI

••• up to 15 HS – PDSCHs

P-CPICH

UE observesP-CPICH (Ec/Io)

CQI*

1 137 1 QPSK 0

2 173 1 QPSK 0

3 233 1 QPSK 0

4 317 1 QPSK 0

5 377 1 QPSK 0

6 461 1 QPSK 0

7 650 2 QPSK 0

8 792 2 QPSK 0

9 931 2 QPSK 0

10 1262 3 QPSK 0

11 1483 3 QPSK 0

12 1742 3 QPSK 0

13 2279 4 QPSK 0

14 2583 4 QPSK 0

15 3319 5 QPSK 0

16 3565 5 16-QAM 0

17 4189 5 16-QAM 0

18 4664 5 16-QAM 0

19 5287 5 16-QAM 0

20 5887 5 16-QAM 0

21 6554 5 16-QAM 0

22 7168 5 16-QAM 0

23 9719 7 16-QAM 0

24 11418 8 16-QAM 0

25 14411 10 16-QAM 0

26 14411 12 16-QAM -1

27 14411 12 16-QAM -2

28 14411 12 16-QAM -3

29 14411 12 16-QAM -4

30 14411 12 16-QAM -5

* UE internal (proprietary) processTB Size [bit]CQI value 0: N/A (Out of range) = Reference Power Adjustment (Power Offset) [dB]

HS – DPCCH (ACK; CQI)HS – SCCH

CQI used for:• Link Adaptation decision • Packet Scheduling decision

ACK/NACK used for:• H-ARQ process • Link Adaptation decision • HS-SCCH power adaptation

CQI TB Size # codes Modulation

CQI Table (Example)TS 25.214: Annex Table 7b

Cat 8 UE


Associated DCH (DL & UL)

• DL DPCH: Associated Dedicated Physical Channel• Transfer of L3 signalling messages

• Speech - AMR

• Power control commands for associated UL DPCH

• UL DPCH: (DPDCH & DPCCH)• Transfer of L3 signalling messages

• Transfer of UL data 16 / 64 / 128 / 384 kbps, e.g. TCP acknowledgements

• Speech - AMR

DPDCH / DPCCH (time multiplexed)DPDCH: L3 signalling; AMR

DPCCH: TPC for UL DPCH power control

DPDCH: L3 signalling, AMR; TCP ACKs; 16 / 64 / 128 348 kbps

DPCCH: TPC, Pilot, TFCI


Fractional DPCH: F-DPCH (DL)• The Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH):

• was introduced in 3GPP Rel. 6 (enhanced in Rel. 7; NSN RU20 implementation based on Rel. 7)• replaces the DL DPCCH when the DL DPDCH is not present, i.e. both application data and SRB are

transferred using HSDPA• includes Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits but excludes TFCI & Pilot bits

• TFCI bits - no longer required as there is no DPDCH• Pilot bits - no longer required as TPC bits are used for SIR measurements

• increases efficiency by allowing up to 10 UE to share the same DL SF256 channelization code - time multiplexed one after another

Tx OffTPC

Slot #i

1 time slot 2560 chips

Tx Off

256 chips







• HSUPA Principles

• HSUPA Physical Channels



Comparing HSUPA & HSDPA (1/2)

• 3GPP Rel. 6: TS 25.309 HSUPA technical requirements

• Node B controlled scheduling

• Hybrid ARQ

• Shorter TTI: 2 ms or 10 ms

• Downward compatibility to R99, R4 & R5

• HSUPA requires HSDPA

• Minimise HSUPA (UE and UTRAN) complexity

• Full mobility support and urban, suburban & rural deployment

HSDPAHSDPA

UEsIubUu

HSUPAHSUPA

same as HSDPAsame as HSDPA

RNC Node B


Comparing HSUPA & HSDPA (2/2)

Why notadapting

HSDPA solutionsto UL?

• HSUPA problems / differences to HSDPA:

• Power Control PC: Fast Power Control• on DL centralized PC

• on UL individual PC pure time multiplexing difficult on UL fast PC still necessary (same as Rel. 99) (UL interference UL scrambling codes)

• Higher order modulation difficult for UE; coming with Rel.7

• Soft Handover required due to coverage reasons

• HSUPA (similar to HSDPA) is based on• Fast H-ARQ terminated at Node B• Fast UL Packet Scheduling controlled by Node B• Fast Link Adaptation: • - Adaptive coding (1/4 - 4/4 code rate)• - Adaptive modulation with Rel. 7


E-DCH: Enhanced Dedicated Channel (TS 25.309)

Dedicated channel DCHA channel dedicated to 1 UE

used in UL or DL.

UEIub

Uu

Enhanced dedicated channel E-DCHEnhanced dedicated channel E-DCH

• E-DCH transport channel characteristics

• UL (only) transport channel

• Dedicated to 1 UE

• Subject to Node-B controlled scheduling & HARQ

• Supports 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI

RNC

Node B


I

j

cd,1 d

I+jQ

DPDCH1

Q

cd,3 d

DPDCH3

cd,5 d

DPDCH5

cd,2 d

DPDCH2

cd,4 d

cc c

DPCCH

Sdpch

DPDCH4

cd,6 d

DPDCH6

Rel. `99

E-DPDCH:• carries E-DCH transport channel• user data only (+ 24 CRC bits/TTI)• SF = 256 – 2 !• Multi-Code Operation: there may be 0, 1, 2 or 4 E-DPDCH on each radio link• up to 2x SF2 + 2x SF4 up to 5.76 Mbps

E-DPCCH:• transmits HSUPA L1 control information associated with the E-DCH• SF = 256 fixed• content: E-TFCI, RSN & Happy Bit

Configura-tion #

DPDCHHS-

DPCCHE-DPDCH

E- DPCCH

1 6 1 - -

2 1 1 2 1

3 - 1 4 1

Rel. 6 UL: DCH & E-DCH Configurations

E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH

E-TFCI: Enhanced Transport Format Combination IndicationRSN: Retransmission Sequence Number


HSUPA UE Capability Classes / ThroughputE- DCH

Category

max.

E-DCH

Codes

min. SF

2 & 10 ms TTI E-DCH

support

max. #. of

E-DCH Bits* / 10 ms TTI

max. # of

E-DCH Bits* / 2 ms TTI

Modulation Reference

combination Class

1 1 4 10 ms only 7110 - QPSK 0.73 Mbps

2 2 4 10 & 2 ms 14484 2798 QPSK 1.46 Mbps

3 2 4 10 ms only 14484 - QPSK 1.46 Mbps

4 2 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 5772 QPSK 2.92 Mbps

5 2 2 10 ms only 20000 - QPSK 2.0 Mbps

6 4 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 11484 QPSK 5.76 Mbps

7 4 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 22996 QPSK & 16QAM 11.5 Mbps

8 4 2 2 ms only - 11484 QPSK 11.5 Mbps

9 4 2 2 ms only - 22996 QPSK & 16QAM 23 Mbps

* Maximum No. of bits / E-DCH transport block

Coding rateCoding rate

1/21/2

3/43/4

4/44/4

1xSF41xSF4 2xSF42xSF4 2xSF22xSF2 2xSF2 + 2xSF4

2xSF2 + 2xSF4

480 kbps480 kbps 960 kbps960 kbps 1.92 Mbps1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps2.88 Mbps

720 kbps720 kbps 1.46 Mbps1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps4.32 Mbps

960 kbps960 kbps 1.92 Mbps1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps5.76 Mbps

• RAS06

HSUPA UE

capability

classes

(TS 25.306;

Rel. 9)

HSUPA

Throughput

• RU10 • RU20

Rel. 9DC-HSUPA

RU30:23 Mbps &DC-HSUPA

2xSF2+2xSF4& 16QAM

2xSF2+2xSF4& 16QAM

5.76 Mbps5.76 Mbps

8.62 Mbps8.62 Mbps

11.5 Mbps11.5 Mbps

• RU30


Network Modifications

UEIub

Uu

new UE`snew UE`s

• UTRAN & UE:

• modified PHY layer

• modified MAC: MAC-e & MAC-es

• modified transport and physical channels

• modified coding

• new Node B functionalities:• Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged transmission):

faster retransmission / reduced delays !

less Iub retransmission traffic ! higher spectrum efficiency !

• Fast Packet Scheduling fast & efficient resource allocation !

new UE functionality: • Fast Link Adaptation Adaptive Coding (& Modulation; from Rel. 7 on) higher peak rates & spectrum efficiency !

RNC

Re

du

ce

dre

tran

sm

iss

ion

Re

du

ce

dre

tran

sm

iss

ion

RNC:functionalities

shifted toNode B

RNC:functionalities

shifted toNode B

Node Bmore

Intelligence;new functionalities

moreIntelligence;

new functionalities

Node B


HSUPA: Fast Packet Scheduling

HSUPA (Rel. 6) Fast Packet Scheduling:

• Node B controlled• resources allocated on Scheduling Request• short TTI = 2 / 10 ms• Scheduling Decision on basis of actual physical layer load (available in Node B) up-to date / Fast scheduling decision high UL resource efficiency higher Load Target (closer to Overload Threshold) possible high UL resource efficiency L1 signalling overhead

Scheduling Request(buffer occupation,...)

UE

Iub

Scheduling Grants(max. amount of

UL resources to be used)

S-RNC

E-DCHdata transmission

E-DCHdata transmission


HSUPA: Fast Link Adaptation

Scheduling

Request

UE

Scheduling

Grants

E-DCH(TTI = 2 / 10 ms)

E-DCH(TTI = 2 / 10 ms)

Rel. 99:Fixed

Turbo Coding 1/3

Rel. 99:Fixed

Turbo Coding 1/3

Rel. 6 HSUPA:dynamic Link Adaptation

effective Coding 1/4 - 4/4

higher UL data rates higher resource efficiency

Rel. 6 HSUPA:dynamic Link Adaptation

effective Coding 1/4 - 4/4

higher UL data rates higher resource efficiency

Node B

MAC-e (UE) decides: • E-DCH link adaptation (TFC,

effective coding)• on basis of scheduled power ratio

E-DPDCH/DPCCH• every TTI (2/10 ms)


HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ

HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ with UL E-DCH

• Node B (MAC-e) controlled• SAW* H-ARQ protocol • based on synchronous DL (L1) ACK/NACK• Retransmission strategies: Incremental Redundancy & Chase Combining• 1st Retransmission 40 / 16 ms (TTI = 10 / 2 ms)• limited number of Retransmissions*• lower probability for RLC Retransmission• Support of Soft & Softer Handover

Node B

Iub

E-DCH PacketsE-DCH Packets

L1 ACK/NACKL1 ACK/NACK

RetransmissionRetransmission

MAC-e controls L1 H-ARQ: • storing & retransmitting payload• packet combining (IR & CC)

MAC-e controls L1 H-ARQ: • storing & retransmitting payload• packet combining (IR & CC)

correctly receivedpackets

correctly receivedpackets

Short delay times (support of QoS services) less Iub/Iur traffic

Short delay times (support of QoS services) less Iub/Iur traffic

IR: Incremental RedundancyCC: Chase CombiningHARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat RequestSAW: Stop-and-Wait* HARQ profile - max. number of

transmissions attribute

RNC UE


RNC

E-DCHAS

HSUPA: Soft Handover

Sectorcells

CN

S-RNC:select E-DCHdata (MAC-es)& deliver to CN

E-DCH Active Set:• set of cells carrying the E-DCH for 1 UE.• can be identical / a subset of DCH AS• is decided by the S-RNC

Softer Handover: • UE connected to cells of same Node B (same MAC-e entity)• combining Node B internal• no extra Iub capacity needed

Iu

IubIub

Iub

Soft Handover: UE connected to UTRAN

via different Node Bs

Node B

Node B

Node B

RNC

UE

Node B

Iub

E-DCHAS

SHO Gains:

full Coverage

for HSUPA


HSUPA: Soft Handover

• HSUPA: Support of Soft(er) Handover

• Macro diversity is used in HSUPA, i.e. the UL data packets can be received by more than one cell. This is important for Radio Network Planning to maximise cell ranges (SHO gains); TS 25.309: 5: The coverage is an important aspect of the user experience and that it is desirable to allow an operator to provide for consistency of performance across the whole cell area..Intra Node B macro-diversity (Softer Handover) and Inter Node B macro-diversity (SHO) should be supported for the E-DCH with HARQ.

• E-DCH active set: The set of cells which carry the E-DCH for one UE. It can be identical or a subset of the DCH active set. The E-DCH active set is decided by the S-RNC


HSUPA: Power Control = Fast Power Control (R. 99)

Configuration #i DPDCH HS-DPCCH E-DPDCH E-DPCCH

1 6 1 - -

2 1 1 2 1

3 - 1 4 1

TS 25.14;5.1.2

DPDCH(s)

DPDCH(s)DL DPCCH

UL DPCCH

E-DPDCH(s)

E-DPDCH(s)E-DPCCH

UE

UL DCH max configurations for Rel 99, HSDPA & HSUPA

DPCCH

• Always transmitted

• Inner-Loop Power Control!

• Setting of E-DPCCH & E-DPDCH power relative to DPCCH power

• PtxUE < min [Ptx,maxUE; max Ptx,cell*]

Taken from specification TS 25.213;4.2.1





• Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)



• HSUPA Principles

• HSUPA Physical Channels



Overview

UE

Scheduling

Grants

E-AGCHE-DCH Absolute Grant Channel

E-RNTI & max. power ratio E-DPDCH/DPCCH (Absolute Grant)

E-RGCHE-DCH Relative Grant Channel

UP / HOLD / DOWN (Relative Grant)

E-DPCCHE-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

L1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit

E-DPDCHE-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel

User data & CRC

E-HICHE-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

ACK/NACK

Node B

Scheduling RequestScheduling information (MAC-e on E-DPDCH) or happy bit (E-DPCCH)

RSN: Re-transmission sequence number


E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH

I

j

cd,1 d

I+jQ

DPDCH1

Q

cd,3 d

DPDCH3

cd,5 d

DPDCH5

cd,2 d

DPDCH2

cd,4 d

cc c

DPCCH

Sdpch

DPDCH4

cd,6 d

DPDCH6

Rel. `99 New in Rel. 6 for HSUPA:E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH

E-DPDCH:used to carry the E-DCH transport channel.There may be 0, 1, 2 or 4 E-DPDCH on each radio link.

E-DPCCH:used to transmit control information associated with the E-DCH.

Configuration #

DPDCH HS-DPCCH

E-DPDCH

E- DPCCH

1 6 1 - -

2 1 1 2 1

3 - 1 4 1

Maximum number of simultaneous UL DCHs


E-DPDCH : SF-Variation & Multi-Code Operation

CC1,0 = (1)

CC2,1 = (1,-1)

CC2,0 = (1,1)

CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)

CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

CC64,0

CC64,1

CC64,2

CC64,63

CC64,62

•• •

• • •

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 64SF = 8

NDPDCH E-DPDCHk CCSF,k

0

E-DPDCH1

CCSF,SF/4 if SF 4

CC2,1 if SF = 2

E-DPDCH2

CC4,1 if SF = 4

CC2,1 if SF = 2

E-DPDCH3

E-DPDCH4

CC4,1

1

E-DPDCH1 CCSF,SF/2

E-DPDCH2

CC4,2 if SF = 4

CC2,1 if SF = 2

E-DPDCH: SF = 256 - 2SF = 2 1920 kbit/s

Multi-Code operation:up to 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4

up to 5.76 Mbps


E-DPDCH

• carries UL packet data• up to 4 E-DPDCHs for 1 RL

• Max. configuration according 3GPP / RU20*: 2 * SF2 + 2 * SF4

• SF = 256 – 2 (BPSK-like)• Pure user data & CRC (1 CRC per TTI, size 24 bit)• TTI = 2 / 10 ms (at cell edge 10 ms required for sufficient performance)• UE receives resource allocation via grant channels• managed by MAC-e/-es• Error protection based on turbo coding 1/3• Soft / softer handover support

* RU10: 2 * SF2


E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH frame structure and content

E-DPDCH: Data only (+ 1 CRC/TTI);SF = 256 – 2; Rchannel = 15 – 1920 kbps

Ndata = 10 x 2k+2 bit (K = 0..5)

E-DPCCH: L1 control data; SF = 256; 10 bit

1 Slot = 2560 chip = 2/3 ms

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14

1 subframe = 2 ms

1 radio frame, Tframe = 10 ms

k SFChannel Bit Rate [kbps]

Bit/ Frame

Bit/ Subframe

Bit/Slot

Ndata

0 64 60 600 120 40

1 32 120 1200 240 80

2 16 240 2400 480 160

3 8 480 4800 960 320

4 4 960 9600 1920 640

5 2 1920 19200 3840 1280

E-DPCCH content:• E-TFCI information (7 bit) indicates E-DCH Transport Block Size; i.e. at given TTI (TS 25.321; Annex B)• Retransmission Sequence Number RSN (2 bit) Value = 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 for: Initial Transmission, 1st / 2nd / further Retransmission • „Happy" bit (1 bit) indicating if UE could use more resources or not Happy 1 Not happy 0


HSUPA DL physical channels

E-RGCHE-DCH Relative Grant Channel

carries DL relative grants for UL E-DCH;

complementary to E-AGCH

contains: relative Grants („UP“, „HOLD“, „DOWN“) & UE-Identity (via signature; 40 orthogonal signatures/code)

E-DCH relative grant transmitted 1 TTI (2/10 ms)

SF = 128 (60 kbps; 40 bit/Slot)

UE

E-RGCHE-RGCH

E-AGCHE-AGCH

E-AGCHE-DCH Absolute Grant Channel

carries DL absolute grants for UL E-DCH

contains: UE-Identity (E-RNTI) & max. UE power ratio

E-DCH absolute grant transmitted over 1 TTI (2/10 ms)


Transmitted only by Serving Cell

E-DCH Radio Network Temporary Identifier:allocated by S-RNC for E-DCH user per Cell

E-DPDCHE-DPDCH

E-DCH transmission:• after E-AGCH• after E-RGCH• Non-scheduled transmission

NodeB


E-HICH

UE

E-HICHE-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel

carries H-ARQ acknowledgement indicator for UL E-DCH

contains ACK/NACK (+1; -1) & UE-Identity (via signature; 40 orthogonal signatures/code; code sharing with E-RGCH possible)

E-DCH relative grant transmitted 1 TTI (2/10 ms)


E-HICH (ACK/NACK)

E-HICH (ACK/NACK)

E-DPDCHE-DPDCH

NodeB E-DPDCH (Re-transmission)

E-DPDCH (Re-transmission)

Dynamic E-RGCH/E-HICH code allocation:

RNC checks cyclicallynumber of allocated signatures

& adapts number of codes for E-RGCH/E-HICH (if required)

RU20


DPDCH, DPCCH & HS-DPCCH / Summary

UE

E-AGCHAbsolute Grant

E-RGCHRelative Grant: UP / HOLD / DOWN

E-DPDCHUser data & CRC

E-HICHACK/NACKNode B

E-DPCCHL1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit

HS-DPCCHACK/NACK & CQI

a-DCH (DPDCH & DPCCH)

• DPDCH• for Voice & SRB if CS Voice over HSPA not used• 3.4 kbps SRB uses SF128

• DPCCH• for TPC, TFCI & pilot bits,• if CPC not enabled

• HS-DPCCH• for HSDPA CQI & ACK/NACK







• HSPA+ Features (RU30 and RU30 on top)• MIMO with 64QAM (42Mbps)

• Dual-Band HSDPA (42Mbps)

• DC-HSDPA with MIMO (84Mbps)

• HSUPA 16QAM

• Frequency Domain Equalizer

• HSUPA Interference Cancellation Receiver

• Flexible RLC in UL

• DC-HSUPA (23Mbps)

• HSUPA Inter-frequency Handover

• HSUPA Downlink Physical Channel Power Control

• Dynamic HSDPA BLER

• Dynamic HSUPA BLER

• High Speed Cell_FACH

• HSPA 128 users per cell


Multiple-Input Multiple-Output MIMO Principle (1/2)

Tm

T2

T1

Rn

R2

R1

••••••

Input

Input 1

Input 2

Input mM x NMIMO

system

Output

• MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple Output• M transmit antennas, N receive antennas from MxN MIMO system• huge data stream (input) distributed toward m spatial distributed antennas; m parallel bit streams (Input 1..m)• Spatial Multiplexing generate parallel “virtual data pipes”• using Multipath effects instead of mitigating them

Signal from jth Tx antenna

Sj

MIMOProcessor


MIMO Principle (2/2)

Tm

T2

T1

Rn

R2

R1

MIMO

Processor

••••••

Input

Input 1

Input 2

Input m

M x NMIMO

Output

h1,1

h2,1hn,1

hn,2

hn,m

h2,2

h2,m

h1,mh1,2

• Receiver learns Channel Matrix H• inverted Matrix H-1 used for recalculation of original input data streams 1..m

m

jijjii nshy

1,

Signal at ith Rx antenna

Yi

Signal from jth Tx antenna

Sj

ni: Noise at receiver

H =

h1,1

h2,1

hn,1

h1,2

h2,2

hn,2

h1,m

h2,m

hn,m


MIMO with 64QAM (42Mbps)• 2x2 MIMO with 16QAM was introduced in RU20 by the RAN1642 MIMO (28

Mbps) feature• The RU30 RAN1912 feature enables simultaneous operation of 2x2 MIMO

and 64QAM (3GPP Rel.8)• Using 64QAM on top of MIMO increases the peak rate to 42 Mbps

(28 Mbps x 1.5)• 16QAM transfers 4 bits per modulation symbol• 64QAM transfers 6 bits per modulation symbol

Data stream 1

UE: 2 Rx-antennas

WBTS: 2 Tx-antennas

Data stream 2

HS- DSCHcategory

max. No. ofHS-DSCH Codes

min. Inter-TTI interval

ModulationDual-Stream MIMO

supportedPeakRate

15 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM Yes 23.4 Mbps

16 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM Yes 28 Mbps

17 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 17.4 or 23.4 Mbps

18 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 21.1 or 28 Mbps

19 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 35.3 Mbps

20 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 42.2 Mbps

QPSK 16QAM 64QAM

4 bits/symbol2 bits/symbol 6 bits/symbol

QPSK 16QAM 64QAMQPSK 16QAM 64QAM



Dual-Band HSDPA (42Mbps) (1/2)• RU30 introduces Dual Band Dual Cell HSDPA (DB-DC-HSDPA) for which the RF carriers can be in

in different operating bands (like 900 & 2100)• Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA) requires 3.8 to 5.2 MHz carrier separation

• The general concepts for DB-DC-HSDPA are the same as those for DC-HSDPA when a contiguous 10 MHz frequency allocation is not available

• 3GPP Release 9 limits the feature so the two RF carriers cannot be non-adjacent carriers within the same band

5 MHz

F1

MIMO + 64QAM

10 MHz

UE using 5 MHz RF ChannelPeak Throughput = 42 Mbps

UE using 2×5 MHz RF ChannelsPeak Throughput = 84 Mbps

F1 F2

Dual Cell ApproachBasic Approach

DC-HSDPA + MIMO + 64QAM

5 MHz

UE using 2×5 MHz RF ChannelsPeak Throughput = 42 Mbps

F1 F2

Dual Band Approach

DB-DC-HSDPA + 64QAM

5 MHz

Band x Band yBand x Band x


Dual-Band HSDPA (42Mbps) (2/2)• The maximum peak rate for DB-DC-HSDPA is 42 Mbps when 64QAM is enabled and 15 codes are

available on both RF carriers • MIMO is not supported simultaneously with DB-DC-HSDPA for an individual UE

• The UE must be category 21 to 28, i.e. a category which supports DC-HSDPA

HS- DSCHcatego

ry

max. No. ofHS-DSCH

Codes


Supported modulations w/o MIMO or DC-HSDPA

Supported modulations w/ MIMO and w/o

DC-HSDPA

Supported modulations

w/o MIMO and w/ DC-HSDPA

Supported modulations w/ MIMO and DC-

HSDPA

PeakRate

21 15 2 ms - - QPSK/16QAM Not applicable 23.4 Mbps

22 15 2 ms - - QPSK/16QAM Not applicable 28 Mbps

23 15 2 ms - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

Not applicable 35.3 Mbps

24 15 2 ms - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

Not applicable 42.2 Mbps

25 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 46.7 Mbps

26 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 55.9 Mbps

27 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

70.6 Mbps

28 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

84.4 Mbps


DC-HSDPA with MIMO (84Mbps)• Prior to RU30, it was not possible to enable MIMO & DC-HSDPA in a cell in parallel• Maximum connection throughputs in RU30:

MIMO + 64QAM

3GPP Rel. 8

DB-DC-HSDPA + 64QAM

3GPP Rel. 9

DC-HSDPA + MIMO

3GPP Rel. 9

42 Mbps 42 Mbps 56 Mbps

DC-HSDPA + MIMO + 64QAM

3GPP Rel. 9

84 MbpsBoth supported by RAN1907 (DC-HSDPA with MIMO)

2 – carriers

HS- DSCHcatego

ry

max. No. ofHS-DSCH

Codes


Supported modulations w/o MIMO or DC-HSDPA

Supported modulations w/ MIMO and w/o

DC-HSDPA

Supported modulations

w/o MIMO and w/ DC-HSDPA

Supported modulations w/ MIMO

and DC-HSDPA

PeakRate

25 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 46.7 Mbps

26 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 56 Mbps

27 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 70.6 Mbps

28 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 84.4 Mbps

The UE must be category 25 to 28


HSUPA 16QAM

• 3GPP Release 6 introduced HSUPA with QPSK• maximum connection throughput of 5.76 Mbps

• 3GPP Release 7 introduces HSUPA with 16QAM• maximum connection throughput of 11.52 Mbps

• HSUPA category 7 UE support 16QAM• The actual achievable throughput is limited by the radio conditions and maximum allowed uplink

noise rise• Performance benefits from:

• Frequency Domain Equaliser (FDE)

• Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC)

• UE selects 16QAM once the throughput reaches a specific level defined by 3GPP• Uplink Flexible RLC is applicable to HSUPA with 16QAM

QPSK 16QAM 64QAM


QPSK 16QAM 64QAMQPSK 16QAM 64QAM



Frequency Domain Equalizer & HSUPA Interference Cancellation Receiver (1/2)

• Prior to RU30 the Node B receiver was based upon RAKE receiver technology

• RU30 introduces:• Frequency Domain Equalizer (FDE) (RAN1702)

• HSUPA Interference Cancellation (RAN1308)

• These features are most effective when used in combination but can also be enabled individually

• Without these features, the noise rise generated by the uplink throughputs associated with HSPA+ becomes prohibitively high

FDE captures the energy from all multipath components and allows up to 2x higher 16QAM data rates compared to a RAKE receiver


Frequency Domain Equalizer & HSUPA Interference Cancellation Receiver (2/2)

• FDE captures the energy from all multipath components and allows up to 2x higher 16QAM data rates compared to a RAKE receiver

• RAKE delivers adequate performance for data rates below 2 Mbps; but RAKE is unable to receive higher data rates even in total absence of other cell interference

• short spreading codes used for high HSUPA data rates are vulnerable to inter-symbol interference

• FDE efficiently removes inter-symbol interference arising from user's own signal due to multipath propagation

• HSUPA 16QAM requires FDE to achieve data rates up to 11.5 Mbps with 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4

• FDE can remove inter-symbol interference, leaving other users of the same cell and surrounding cells to be the main limiting factors for UL data rates

• Interference from other users of the own cell can be alleviated using RAN1308 HSUPA interference cancellation

• Target of the HSUPA interference cancellation is to• Decrease interference from HSUPA 2 ms TTI users on other UL channels (Basic PIC, RAN1308)

Improved coverage e.g. for AMR calls existing in parallel with peak rate users

• Decrease interference from HSUPA 2 ms TTI users on each other (Enhanced PIC, RAN2250) Enable for large peak HSUPA data rates (also 16-QAM)


Flexible RLC in UL

Segmentation

UE - Pre-Release 8

RLC

MAC-e/es

RLC

Segmentation / Concatenation

MAC-i/is

UE - Flexible RLC

Concatenation / Padding

• Prior to 3GPP Rel. 8, the RLC layer within the UE segmented large higher layer packets into many small packets

• The MAC-e/es layer then had to concatenate and pad these small packets to fit within the variable size HSUPA transport block

• Flexible RLC helps to avoid this requirement for segmentation and subsequent concatenation

• The MAC-i/is layer segments the higher layer packets such that they fit within the HSUPA transport block

• There is a reduced requirement for RLC headers and padding


Flexible RLC in UL: Impact• Major improvements with Uplink Flexible RLC

• less processing in RNC and UE

• higher end user application throughput

• lower latency for packet access

• Significantly lower OH

• Lower risk for RLC stalling because of too small transmission windows

• Graph below illustrates the difference in RLC overhead (header and padding) when using:• Fixed RLC PDU sizes of 336 bits and 656 bits

• Flexible RLC

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Rel. 6 with RLC PDU Size of 336 bits

Rel. 6 with RLC PDU Size of 656 bits

Rel. 7 Flexible RLC

Higher Layer Packet Size (bytes)

RLC

Ove

rhea

d

Overhead is significantly less for Flexible RLC


DC-HSUPA (23Mbps)

• DC-HSUPA is introduced in 3GPP Rel.9

• In UL UE sends the data over two parallel E-DCHs channels, each one on a separate adjacent carriers

• In DL UE receives the data over DC-HSDPA

• The UE must be category 8 or 9

5 MHz 5 MHz

F1 F2

HSUPA 16QAM (11.5Mbps)

10 MHz

DC HSUPA and16QAM (23 Mbps)

2 UE, each using 5 MHz RF ChannelPeak Connection Throughput = 11.5 Mbps

1 UE, using 2 × 5 MHz RF ChannelsPeak Connection Throughput = 23 Mbps

F1 F2

Dual Cell ApproachBasic Approach

• Cat-8: QPSK + DC-HSUPA

• Cat-9: 16-QAM + DC-HSUPA


HSUPA Inter-frequency Handover

• Prior to RU30, only DCH and HSDPA compressed mode measurements were supported

• This feature provides support for inter-frequency compressed mode measurements while configured with HSUPA

• Avoids the requirement for HSUPA -> Uplink DCH channel type switching when an inter-frequency handover is triggered

• Allows faster inter-frequency handover and greater throughput during handover procedure

• Handovers can be:• HSPA -> HSPA

• HSPA -> DCH/HSDPA

• HSPA -> DCH/DCH

• Applicable to coverage, quality, HSPA capability and IMSI based inter-frequency handovers

• Not applicable to inter-system handover

• Note:• HSUPA IFHO can be intra or inter BTS

• HSUPA IFHO can be intra or inter RNC


HSUPA Downlink Physical Channel Power Control

• When power control is not used, a relatively high fixed transmit power must be used to ensure that UE towards cell edge are able to receive successfully

• This results in excessive transmit power used for UE which are in good coverage• wastes downlink transmit power (downlink capacity)

• increases downlink interference levels (downlink coverage)

• This feature introduces power control for the following physical channels:• E-AGCH E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel

• E-HICH E-DCH HARQ Acknowledgement Indicator Channel

• E-RGCH E-DCH Relative Grant Channel

• F-DPCH Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel

• Controlling the downlink transmit power of these channels helps to reduce both downlink power consumption and downlink interference levels

• Reducing downlink interference levels can increase the coverage of HSUPA 2ms TTI, reducing the number of reconfigurations and increasing throughput.


Dynamic HSDPA BLER

• RU20 uses HSDPA BLER Targets of 10 % and 25 %• 10 % is applied in static channel conditions• 25 % is applied in fading channel conditions

• In RU20, these BLER targets are not configurable and are independent of whether high or low CQI values are reported

• RU30 allows the use of HSDPA BLER Targets of 2 %, 6 %, 10 % and 25 %• In RU30, the BLER Target is a function of the

• the channel conditions (static vs fading)• the CQI

• Thresholds defining high, medium and low CQI ranges are configurable• Upper and lower BLER target limits for each CQI range are configurable

• The BLER Target is a function of the variance of the reported CQI• A low variance indicates that the UE is experiencing static channel conditions

• Low BLER target is appropriate

• A high variance indicates that the UE is experiencing fading channel conditions

• High BLER target is appropriate

• The look-up table shown is defined within the Node B

• Expected benefits: cell and end-user HSDPA throughputs improved by up to 8 %

Variance of Reported

CQI

BLER Target

Channel Type

0 to 1 2 % Static

1 to 1.5 6 % Fading

1.5 to 2.5 10 %

>2.5 25 %


• RU20

• uses an HSUPA Layer 1 BLER Target of 10%

• RU30

• dynamically selects the HSUPA Layer 1 BLER Target

• selects the BLER target to suite the individual connection

Dynamic HSUPA BLER

Connections with high throughput

Connections with bursty activity

Other connections

Apply Low BLER Target to allow a further increase in throughput

Apply Moderate BLER Target to help improve latency, i.e. reduced requirement for re-transmissions

Apply Higher BLER Target to optimise cell capacity and coverage


High Speed Cell_FACH• CELL_FACH is suitable for “always on” type services which have frequent but small data

packets

• UE in CELL_FACH use the FACH transport channel mapped onto a S-CCPCH for transmission of small downlink data packets

• 3GPP Release 7 work item “Enhanced CELL_FACH State in FDD” specifies the use of HSDPA in CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH

• 3GPP Release 8 work item “Enhanced Uplink for CELL_FACH State in FDD” specifies the use of HSDPA and HSUPA in CELL_FACH

• Prior to RU30, HSPA could only be used in CELL_DCH

• RU30 introduces the ability to use HSPA in CELL_FACH• increases connection throughputs in CELL_FACH

• reduces state transition times

• RAN1913 is limited to allowing the use of HSPA in CELL_FACH (HSDPA in CELL_PCH and URA_PCH is not supported)

Feature supports:

•peak connection throughputs of 1.8Mbps in DL & 1.4Mbps in UL

•peak cell throughputs of 1.8 Mbps in DL 1.4 Mbps in UL


HSPA 128 users per cell

• RU10 provides support for:• 64 HSDPA users per cell

• 20 HSUPA users per cell

• RU20 provides support for:• 72 HSDPA users per cell

• 72 HSUPA users per cell

• RU30 provides support for:• 128 HSDPA users in CELL_DCH per cell

• 128 HSUPA users in CELL_DCH per cell

• In RU30, HSUPA connections are only counted by the serving cell (prior to RU30 they are counted in both the serving and non-serving cells)

• The maximum number of HS-DSCH MAC-d flows per cell is 1024

Becomes relevant in RU30 after HS-FACH is supported


Final Comparison: Rel. 99 WCDMA, HSDPA & HSUPA

Feature

variable Spreading Factor

Fast Power Control

Node B: Fast Link Adaptation

Node B: Fast Packet Scheduling

Rel. 99 (DCH)

Yes (256 – 4)

Yes

No

No

HSUPA

Yes (256 – 2)

Yes

No

Yes

Node B: Fast L1 HARQ No Yes

HSDPA

No (16)

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Multicode transmission Yes(Not in practice)

Yes Yes

Soft Handover Yes Yes No(associated DCH only)

Fast Power Control Yes Yes No

Modulation QPSK QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

Wcdma&Hspa Fundamentals

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