Wash Booklet for seniors - UNICEF · Domestic Product (GDP) each year. (UNDP Facts on WASH ......
Transcript of Wash Booklet for seniors - UNICEF · Domestic Product (GDP) each year. (UNDP Facts on WASH ......
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Wash Booklet for seniors
Topics Covered.
1. Facts on WASH
2. The F-diagram
3. Safe water sources
4 HWT technologies
5. Solid waste management
6. Menstrual management
7. The MDGs
8. Zimbabwe towards the MDGs
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Facts on WASH
………………………………….Zimbabwe
………………………………………Africa
…………………………………… Globally
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o People deprived of improved sanitation services in 2004
Rural – 5.9 million
Urban – 0.4 million (derived form CSO, 2002; NCU 2007)
o Expected Zimbabwe population in 2015 – 13 million (C.S.O., 2002)
o People without improved sanitation if the MDG 2015 is achieved – 4.8 million (NCU,
2007)
o Number of people that need to gain access to improved sanitation in the decade before
2015 to meet the MDG = 1. 5 million (Derived from NCU, 2007)
o Proportion of people without a basic toilet in 2005-2006 – 2 in 5 (DHS)
o Access to sanitation linked to a sewage system: Zimbabwe, 17% (Derived from, CSO,
2002)
o Under five child mortality due to diseases (diarrhoea included), for urban areas 64
deaths per 1000 births and 72 deaths per 1000 births in rural areas. (DHS, 2005/6).
o Prevalence of diarrhoea in below fives with improved toilet facility (1.7 million
children) and with non improved toilet facility (3, 2 million children). (DHS, 2005/6).
o Percent up to which washing hands at critical times with soap can reduce the number
of diarrhoeal cases - 47% (Curtis V. And S. Cairncross, Lancet 2003)
o Urban to rural ratio of people with access to water sources -98% (urban) vs. 68%
(rural) (NCU, 2007
o Urban to rural ratio of people with access to improved sanitation – 91%(urban)
vs.25%(rural)(NCU,2007
o Urban to rural ratio of people with access to water sources -98% (urban) vs. 68%
(rural) (NCU, 2007
Facts on WASH …………………………..Zimbabwe
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o In Sub-Saharan Africa, treating diarrhoea consumes 12 percent of the health budget.
On a typical day, more than half the hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering
from faecal-related disease
o Lack of safe water and sanitation costs sub-Saharan Africa around 5% of its Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) each year. (UNDP
Facts on WASH.
……………………………………Africa
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o In Sub-Saharan Africa, treating diarrhoea consumes 12 percent of the health budget.
On a typical day, more than half the hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering
from faecal-related disease
o Lack of safe water and sanitation costs sub-Saharan Africa around 5% of its Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) each year. (UNDP
o 884 million people in the world do not have access to safe water. This is roughly one
in eight of the world's population. (WHO/UNICEF)
o 2.6 billion people in the world do not have access to adequate sanitation, this is
almost two fifths of the world's population. (WHO/UNICEF)
o 1.4 million children die every year from diarrhoea caused by unclean water and poor
sanitation - 4,000 child deaths a day or one child every 20 seconds. This equates to
160 infant school classrooms lost every single day to an entirely preventable public
health crisis. (WHO/WaterAid)
o One gram of human faeces can contain 10,000,000 viruses, 1,000,000 bacteria, 1,000
parasite cysts, 100 parasite eggs. (UNICEF)
o Diarrhoea kills more children every year than AIDS, malaria and measles combined.
(WHO)
o 443 million school days are lost each year due to water-related diseases.
o 11% more girls attend school when sanitation is available. (UK DFID)
o Households in rural Africa spend an average of 26% of their time fetching water,
and it is generally women who are burdened with the task. (UK DFID)
o
Facts on WASH.
…………………………………… Globally
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The F-diagram
The F-Diagram is a cycle characterized by F’s as follows:
Fluids-the drinking of contaminated water
Fields-the contamination of soil, crops, fruits etc by human excreta
Fingers-faecal contamination of fingers/hands
Food-eating food contaminated with faecal matter
Flies-which spread diseases from feces to water and food.
In addition to the above, the F-Diagram shows how diarrheal diseases are
transmitted, controlled and prevented, for example, pathogens from faeces
can contaminate the fingers and the fingers will then be used to eat food
thus eventually the pathogens will get into the body and cause diseases. But
this whole route can be prevented. Can you guess how? Washing ones’
hands i.e. good hygiene practices.
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How to wash your hands effectively!
Before applying any soap, wet your hands thoroughly with warm
running water.
Apply soap or ash
Use the below six stages to decontaminate all areas of your hands.
Rinse hands thoroughly with clean running water.
1. Palm to palm.
2. Palm to palm with fingers interlaced.
3. Palm to back with fingers interlaced.
4. Fingers clasped.
5. Rotational rubbing of both thumbs.
6. Tips of fingers in opposite palm
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The deadly diarrheal diseases!!
Cholera Dysentery Typhoid Fever
Basic Facts The cholera outbreak
that occurred between
August 2008 and July
2010 resulted in
98592 cases and 4288
deaths.
Common in
Developing countries.
Common in developing
countries.
Causes It is caused by a
bacteria known as the
Vibrio cholerae Its transmission is by
the feacal-oral route.
There are two types
of Amoebic
dysentery which is
common in equatorial
regions and Bacterial
dysentery which is
also known as
Shigella dysentery.
Shigella dysentery is
caused by Shigella
.and is common in
Zimbabwe.
It is caused by bacteria
called salmonella typhi.
The bacteria thrive in
human, and are expelled
from the human body
mainly through stool and
urine. You get typhoid
by eating or drinking
food or water that is
contaminated by with
human body waste.
Symptoms profuse watery
diarrhea without
fever or abdominal
cramps
Rice water stool
Vomiting which can
be severe, and painful
leg cramps
Mild to severe
diarrhea, often
containing blood
and/or mucous,
Stomach cramps and
Fever
Typhoid usually causes a
high, sustained fever,
often as high as 40°C
(104°F), and extreme
exhaustion, constipation
,cough headache, loss of
appetite ,stomach pains
,sore throat bleeding
from the rectum
,diarrhea
Treatment ORS
Antibiotics given to
severe cases
ORS
Antibiotics
Antibiotics
vaccine
Prevention Adequate potable
water supplies,
Sanitation and
Good personal
hygiene
Adequate potable
water supplies,
Sanitation and
Good personal
hygiene
Observe basic sanitary
and hygiene measures
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Safe water Sources
Although some 70% of the Earth's
surface is covered by water much of
this is saline.
However freshwater is available in
almost all populated areas of the earth
although it may be expensive to access
the water and the supply may not
always be sustainable. Sources where
water may be obtained include:
Ground sources such as groundwater and aquifers.
Precipitation which includes rain, hail, snow, fog, etc.
surface water such as rivers,
streams,
Biological sources such as plants.
the sea through desalination
Uses of water include agricultural,
industrial, household, recreational and
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environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh
water. However, only 3% is fresh water of which slightly over two thirds is
frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. Hence you and I must conserve water!
Most schools in the urban areas across the world have running water from
their taps. The water is usually treated thus safe to use and drink. However,
in most developing countries especially in the rural areas water supply in
schools is in form of boreholes, protected wells, unprotected shallow wells,
tanks with rain harvested water, rivers, springs and dams.
While water from boreholes, protected wells and springs is usually safe for
drinking the rest of the sources mentioned above provide water that needs
treatment to make it safe.
Remember drinking clean and safe water
saves your life!!!!
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School water treatment
Not having a safe water source is not an excuse to drink dirty water. If water
can be treated at home using technologies such as bio-sand filters, water can
also be treated at school in order to allow every school child to have access
to clean drinking water. Three low cost technologies can be adapted
depending with the school i.e. chlorination, solar disinfection and bio-sand
filters.
1. Chlorination
This is where water is treated at the point of use. Chlorine solutions like Water
Guard, aquatabs or sachets like Oasis. The user follows instruction written on the
product.
Benefits
o residual protection against contamination
o ease of use
o low cost
o can treat large amounts of water
Draw backs
o potential user taste and odor objections
o kills mostly bacterial pathogens, viruses usually survive treatment
o affected by turbidity
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2. Solar Disinfection- SODIS
SODIS is a solar
water disinfection
method which uses
the sunlight and its
UVA-Radiation and
the heat it creates to
make the water safe.
So how do you use
this technology?
What to do?
You just take a transparent PET plastic bottle of a volume up to 3 liters.
You can not use colored bottles,
damaged bottles, heavily scratched
bottles and PVC bottles.
You should store the water in the
bottles otherwise it can get contaminated again by dirty hands or dirty
glasses. The water should be drunk directly from the bottles or from a clean
glass. If the weather is really cloudy the bottles should be exposed for two
consecutive days.
Advantages of SODIS compared to common treatment methods:
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o SODIS saves your time, less
work than boiling water.
o SODIS does not change the
taste of water unlike chemical
products.
o SODIS saves your money –
once you are using SODIS
consistently and correctly you will not need to spent money on diarrhoeal
medication and fuel.
o You can use your SODIS-bottle for storing your drinking water.
o The re-use of plastic bottles keeps your environment clean.
Limitations of SODIS
o SODIS does not
change the
chemical water
quality
o SODIS requires
relatively clear
water and
suitable weather
conditions
o Limited volume
of water that can be treated at once
o Length of time required to treat water is long
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3. Biosand filters
The biosand filter has five distinct zones:
1) Inlet reservoir zone,
2) standing water zone
3) Biological zone,
4) non-biological zone, and
5) gravel zone.
Pathogens and suspended solids
are removed through a
combination of biological and
physical processes that take place
in the Bio-layer and within the
sand layer. These processes
include the following:
o Mechanical trapping. Suspended solids and pathogens are physically
trapped in the spaces between the sand grains.
o Predation. Pathogens are consumed by other microorganisms in the
biolayer.
o Absorption. Pathogens become attached to each other, suspended solids
in the water and the sand grains
o Natural death. Pathogens finish their life cycle or die because there is
not enough food or oxygen for them to survive.
Benefits
o Can be used over and over again for a long time
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o Materials to make it are locally available
o Easy to maintain if properly installed
Draw Backs
o Prone to recontamination. There is no residual protection.
o If water is too turbid the filter is less efficient
Solid Waste Management in Schools
What is Solid Waste?
Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse,
sludge or other waste matter of a solid
nature.
What is Solid Waste Management?
Solid Waste Management is the
process of reducing, re-using and
recycling waste products. It requires a
change in our habits but does not
necessarily mean a return to a more
difficult lifestyle. Good solid waste
management improves our standard of
living. All waste must be thrown in
waste collection points e.g. bins and
pits. The waste collection points have
to be properly managed in order to
make sure students are not at risk.
In fact if we do not reduce waste, the
economic and social cost of waste
disposal will continue to increase and
communities large and small will face
increasingly harder decisions about
managing their trash.
We need to start re-using Paper,
Glass, Bottles, Aluminum, Wrapping,
and Organic Waste such as spoilt or
unwanted portions of food items, for
example, banana skins and plastics.
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Precycling
Precycling is making purchasing
decisions that will reduce waste.
Recycling
Recycling on the other hand is the
process of producing goods from
waste products or where possible,
finding other uses for them.
Recycling and precycling
Both help us to make the
best use of our limited
resources.
We can all recycle solid
waste.
We must be dedicated to
collecting recyclable items
such as plastic and bottles
In our school we can set
points were waste that has
been separated can be put
thus easy to send it to
industries for recycling e.g.
a can cage for metal
containers, bottle place for
bottles and a paper cage for
used papers.
Recycling can be a team effort!
Think about purchasing items
which can be re-used. Our goal
should be reducing solid waste!
Menstrual Health and
hygiene
Sharing simple facts
……..the products that girls
usually use during
menstruation include;
o Clean cloth- These are cut
to fit the panty area by
sewing several layers of
cotton rags on top of each
other. The cloth pad must be
washed thoroughly and
hung in a private but sunny
place to dry in order to kill
germs and bacteria that
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Menstruation has often been dealt with
secrecy in many cultures especially in
developing countries. These perceptions
together with poor and inadequate sanitary
facilities have often kept girls from
attending school especially during
menstruation periods. Thus in many cases
girls grow up with low self esteem and
disempowered from poor educational
attainments.
So what is Menstruation?
Menstruation is the normal, health shedding
of blood and tissue from the uterus that
exits the body via the vagina. It usually lust
between 3 to 7 days. Menstruation begins
when girl is between 9 and 14 years of age.
It is a sign that a girl can now become
pregnant and it happens for most girls once
every month. Menstruation stops in the 40’s
and this is known as menopause.
Managing Menstruation in School
Managing the menstrual flow is very
important as it allows us to continue the
regular activities like going to school,
working etc. Menstruation as regular
process needs good hygienic management.
might be present. The cloth
must not be shared. Thus
several of these can be made
to enable one to change
frequently.
o Toilet tissue- depending
with one’s flow the tissue
layers have to be reasonably
thick to avoid staining and
frequently changed.
o Pads/ sanitary towels-
These are already designed
to fit the panty area and
strips of tape help keep the
pad stuck to the pant. Pads
must also be frequently
changed to avoid staining.
Whatever a girl uses, she should
frequently change it to avoid
staining and odor. Pads cost more
than toilet paper and cloth but all
work equally well.
.................What if
you suddenly bleed
through the clothes?
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How do schools
support good
management of
menstruation? 1. Presence of water
in/near toilets for
personal hygiene.
2. Incinerators/bins
available in girls’ toilets
for hygienic disposal of
sanitary towels.
3. Material to wrap soiled
sanitary pads should be
made available e.g. old
news papers.
4. Sanitary pads should be
made available in school
in case of emergencies.
5. The school should have
rules on the proper use
of toilets and monitors
their utilization.
6. A female teacher should
be available and
dedicated to assist and
counsel on the issues
which concern girls.
Disposal of sanitary
pads Disposal methods of sanitary pads
are essential in that they ensure
sustainable management.
o Depending with the type of
pad after use, it can be
washed, wrapped in
newspaper/ waste paper and
dropped in bin provided in the
toilets then given away as
waste to garbage collectors or
collected by those responsible
for incineration of these pads.
o If there is no disposal
mechanism provided in your
locality the pads can be
disposed in a pit and burnt or
once the pit is filled up, close
the pit completely and use
another one.
o Or low cost technology
incinerators can be developed
especial in school in rural
areas and boarding schools to
ensure proper disposal of
sanitary wastes.
o The cloth pads also need to be
thrown away after some time.
The cloth pads can also be
incinerated or disposed in a
sanitary pit.
o Flushing of pads in toilets
should not be done as they
tend to clog the sewer pipes.
This should not scare you, it
happens to almost all of us at one
time or another.
1. Tie a sweater or jacket
around waist to cover the
possible stain.
2. Then go to the bathroom
and remove the stain
3. It is advisable to wear dark
clothes and put an extra pant
and pads on days when you
are expecting your period or
when you are flowing
heavily.
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Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Development
Goals
The new millennium was opened
with a declaration by both the
developing and developed
countries to rid the world of
poverty, illiteracy, promote human
dignity, equality, peace,
democracy and environmental
sustainability.
SUMMARY OF THE MDGs
GOAL 1: ERADICATE
EXTREME POVERTY &
HUNGER
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY
EDUCATION
GOAL 3: PROMOTE
GENDER EQUALITY
AND EMPOWER WOMEN
GOAL 4:
REDUCE CHILD
MORTALITY
GOAL 5: IMPROVE
MATERNAL HEALTH
GOAL 6: COMBAT
HIV/AIDS, MALARIA &
OTHER DISEASES
GOAL7: ENSURE
ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
GOAL 8: DEVELOP A
GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP
FOR DEVELOPMENT
In September 2000,the United
Nations Millennium Summit sat a
third goal to achieve universal
primary education by 2015.The
aim is to ensure that by 2015
children everywhere both boys and
girls will be able to complete their
primary schooling .
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Why water, sanitation and
hygiene is important for
Education in Zimbabwe.
Education and the emancipation
of the girl child
Improved access to water means
children, mainly the girl child
will spend less time collecting
water for cleaning and
consumption thus more time
available to attend school and
focus on their studies.
Education and Health
The availability of hygienic
latrines and improved sanitation
of the physical environment
would lead to a decrease in
Urinary Tract Infections and
other infections connected to
poor hygiene. This would also
see improved concentration and
better participation by students.
Sickness has been proved to be
stressful and impairs a child’s
ability to concentrate.
Education and development
Investment in water, sanitation and
hygiene will enhance
productivity and promote
economic growth. Lack of
education denies a society the
basis for sustainable
development.
Education and income
generation
Safe and easy access to water and
sanitation facilities enables
effective utilization of resources
and provides economic
opportunity to supplement
incomes that could be used to
develop the quality of education
and increase the percentage of
the population who would attain
primary education.
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Zimbabwe and the MDGs
The Millennium Development Goals bind countries to commit
themselves to finding solutions from within their nations and provide
practical solutions that are relevant to their particular problems. Our
country Zimbabwe is working hard to achieve the MDGS.
Some of the activities that the nation is doing to achieve the goals and
which school children can participate include the following events:
-Sanitation Week
-Global Hand washing Day
The Sanitation Week
Sanitation week is a national
event that is celebrated
annually in September. The
purpose of the sanitation week
was and still remains to
promote improved sanitation
throughout Zimbabwe and raise
awareness on the importance of
sanitation in the context of
national development. Access to safe drinking water and safe disposal of
human excreta are regarded as universal needs and indeed - basic human
rights, which are key to human development and poverty alleviation.
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The first sanitation week was celebrated in Zimbabwe from the 14th -18
th of
September 1998. Zimbabwe also celebrated the International Year of
Sanitation in September 2008.
The Global Hand-washing Day
The Global hand washing
day was initiated in 2008.
In Zimbabwe it was first
celebrated in 2009,
October the 15th. It is now
an annual global event in
which we should all
participate. The day was
designed to do the
following:
o Foster and support a global and local culture of HWWS
o Shine a spotlight on the state of hand washing in each country
o Raise awareness about the benefits of HWWS
The good news is that school children remain to be the main player in these
activities. So get involved!!!
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Children’s Rights
Human Rights are Children’s Rights.
According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
(20 November 1989), the following rights are among several children’s
rights:
The right to safe drinking water
The right to basic sanitation
The right to protection from harm
The right to education
The right to good health
The Convention on the Rights of a Child is a universally agreed set of non-
negotiable standards and obligations. These basic standards set minimum
entitlements and freedoms that should be respected by governments and all
people. The convention advocates for the protection of children’s rights, to
help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to full
potential.
As a child, get involved in demanding for your rights!!
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WASH CROSSWORD PUZZLE
1 5
2
6 4
10
7
3
8
H
9
Down
1. A basic need of life.(5 words) 2. A pro-poor household water treatment method- solar water
..............(12 words)SODIS
3. A common water washed disease. (7 words)
Up
4. Hands should be washed ......... (3 words) times before eating. Across
5. A very common water treatment method (7 words)
6. Water related disease common in hot areas
7. Personal hygiene- keep your ..................... (5 words) Short and clean
8. One of the properties of water that can be measured (2 words)
9. The .............. (6 words) of a cup is important for hygiene purposes
Diagonal 10. If one suffers from severe diarrhoea, .................................. (9 words)
the patient