Treatment of Laundromat Wastesinfohouse.p2ric.org/ref/15/14218.pdfThe use of the system would cost...
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EPA-R2-73-108 FEBRUARY 1973 Treatment of Laundromat Wastes 6. C;. DEPT. Of NATURfll RESOURCES & COW. M1. Office of Research and Monitoring U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460
Transcript of Treatment of Laundromat Wastesinfohouse.p2ric.org/ref/15/14218.pdfThe use of the system would cost...
EPA-R2-73-108 FEBRUARY 1973
Treatment o f Laundromat Wastes
6. C;. DEPT. Of NATURfll RESOURCES & COW. M1.
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
. '. ABSTRACT
Labora to ry and f i e l d s t u d i e s w e r e conduc ted t o e v a l u a t e t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s of t w o commercial ly a v a i l a b l e laundromat waste t r e a t m e n t systems t o t r e a t laundromat wastes w i t h t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of r e c y c l i n g t h e t r e a t e d e f f l u e n t . The W i n f a i r Water Reclamation System (WWRS) i n v o l v e s t h e a d d i t i o n o f alum t o a pH of 4, s e d i m e n t a t i o n , s a n d f i l t r a t i o n , carbon a b s o r p t i o n , and passage th rough i o n exchange r e s i n s . The American Laundry Machinery I n d u s t r i e s (ALMI) system employs chemical p r e c i p i t a - t i o n p r i o r t o f i l t r a t i o n through Diatomaceous E a r t h .
The WWRS a c h i e v e d a 56% BOD r e d u c t i o n , 62% COD r e d v c t i o n , and 94% ABS r e d u c t i o n , b u t s u f f e r e d from a b u i l d u p of t o t a l s o l i d s i n t h e e f f l u e n t . The s y s t e m produced a n e f f l u e n t s u i t a b l e f o r d i s c h a r g e i n t o many streams. For e f f l u e n t r e c y c l i n g , a f u n c t i o n i n g d e m i n e r a l i z e r would be r e q u i r e d .
The ALMI s y s t e m a c h i e v e d a 63% BOD r e d u c t i o n , 69% COD r e d u c t i o n , 87% ABS r e d u c t i o n , 94% PO4 r e d u c t i o n , and complete c o l i f o r m removal . The i n c r e a s e i n e f f l u e n t a l k a l i n i t y and h a r d n e s s r e n d e r ve ry q u e s t i o n a b l e t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e e f f l u e n t f o r r e u s e w i t h o u t s o f t e n i n g and pH a d j u s t m e n t . The use of t h e s y s t e m would c o s t a b o u t l o t p e r wash.
T h i s r e p o r t was s u b m i t t e d i n f u l f i l l m e n t of P r o j e c t Number 12120 DOD under t h e ( p a r t i a l ) s p o n s o r s h i p of t h e Water Q u a l i t y Office, Environ- m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency.
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FIGURES
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LAUNDROMAT WASTE DISCHARGE
RANGE OF LAUNDROMAT WASTE WATER QUALITY
TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF DETERGENTS
WINFAIR WATER RECLAMATION SYSTEM
EFFICIENCY OF ALUM TREATMENT OF LAUNDROMAT WASTES AT VARIOUS pH VALUES
EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS ALUM DOSAGES FOR TREATMENT OF LAUNDROMAT WASTES AT SEVERAL pH VALUES
EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS ALUM DOSAGES FOR TREATMENT OF LAUNDROMAT WASTES
SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM --AMERICAN LAUNDRY MACHINERY INDUSTRY-- DIATOMITE FILTRATION SYSTEM
LAUNDROMAT TREATMENT PLANT
DETERGENT CONCENTRATIONS THRUOUT WINFAIR SYSTEM
SUMMARY OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS I N WINFAIR SYSTEM
ALMI WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM -- ALMI -- DIATOMITE FILTRATION SYSTEM
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1 4 DIATOMITE F I L T E R FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS 42
1 5 EFFLUENT TURBIDITY vs . pH I N THE ALMI SYSTEM 4 7
1 6 EFFECT OF C a C 1 DOSAGE ON TOTAL DISSOLVED S O L I D S I N 5 1 EFFLUENT FRO^ ALMI SYSTEM
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EFFECT OF pH ON PO4 REMOVAL I N THE ALMI SYSTEM
EFFECT OF C a C 1 2 DOSAGE ON PO, REMOVAL I N THE ALMI SYSTEM
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TABLES
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Effect of pH on Alum Treatment of Laundromat Wastes
E f f e c t of Various C o n c e n t r a t i o n s of Alum a t D i f f e r e n t pH‘s f o r Treatment of Laundromat Wastes
E f f e c t of a Wide Range of Alum C o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r Treatment o f Laundromat Wastes
Summary of ABS Removal i n Winfa i r System
Summary o f O v e r a l l BOD and COD Removal i n t h e W i n f a i r Reclamation System
Summary of pH Values i n W i n f a i r System
Sumnary of Total Di s so lved Solids i n W i n f a i r System
American Laundry Machinery I n d u s t r i e s Diatomaceous E a r t h F i l t r a t ion System
Summary o f ABS Reduct ion w i t h Various C a C 1 2 and Roccal Add it i o n s
Summary of Removal G f A l k y l Benzene S u l f o n a t e i n t h e ALMI System
Summary of Reduct ion of Biochemical Oxygen Demand i n t h e ALMI System
Summary of Reduct ion of Chemical Oxygen Demand i n t h e ALMI System
E f f l u e n t T u r b i d i t y v s . F i l t e r Aid
Summary o f Changes i n t h e Organic Nitrogen i n t h e ALMI System
Summary of t h e I n c r e a s e i n T o t a l D i s s o l v e d Solids i n t h e ALMI System
Summary of t h e Changes i n Hardness i n t h e ALMI System
Summary of PO, Removal i n t h e ALMI System
Summary of the A l k a l i n i t y i n t h e R a w and T r e a t e d Waste
Summary of the A c i d i t y i n t h e R a w and T r e a t e d Waste
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20 Cptimum Combination of Chemical and Mechanical F a c t o r s i n 58 Removal of P o l l u t a n t s and Pathogens from Laundromat Waste Water i n t h e ALMI Wastewater Trea tment System
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
?a r t I
The W i n f a i r Water Reclamation System was e v a l u a t e d f o r its a b i l i t y t o t rea t a laundromat waste f o r p o s s i b l e r e u s e . Alum added t o a c h i e v e a pH of 4-5 r e s u l t e d in an e f f l u e n t c o n t a i n i n g a n a v e r a g e of 11 mg/l ABS. Th i s i s twice t h e l e v e l recommended for t h e d e t e r g e n t removal ion ex - change r e s i n . s p e c i f i e d .
T h i s w i l l r e q u i r e r e p l a c i n g t h e r e s i n twice a s o f t e n as
The BOD r e d u c t i o n was i n t h e o r d e r of 61%, and t h e COD r e d u c t i o n 71%. Th i s may be s u f f i c i e n t f o r d i s c h a r g e t o many streams, and c e r t a i n l y s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r d i s c h a r g e t o a s u b s u r f a c e d i s p o s a l sys tem.
The d e m i n e r a l i z e r sys tem was a b s o l u t e l y n o n - f u n c t i o n a l . s u l t i n a bu i ld -up of t o t a l s o l i d s i f t h e e f f l u e n t i s r e u s e d . e f f l u e n t i s t o be d i s c h a r g e d t o waste, t h e d e m i n e r a l i z e r sys tem is n o t needed .
This w i l l re- If t h e
The sys tem a p p e a r s t o o p e r a t e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y w i t h o u t n e u t r a l i z a t i o n before s e d i m e n t a t i o n . The ave rage ABS r e d u c t i o n was 94%, hav ing an ave rage r e s i d u a l of 2 . 3 m g / l .
With s a t i s f a c t o r y o p e r a t i o n of a d e m i n e r a l i z e r sys tem, t h i s e f f l u e n t c o u l d be r e u s e d a t l ea s t once i n a laundromat . C o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e amount o f make-up water t o c o n t r o l t h e bu i ld -up of non-removed mater- i a l s would have t o be made. s h o u l d be s u i t a b l e fo r d i s c h a r g e i n t o inany streams.
The system produces an e f f l u e n t which
P a r t I1
The American Laundry Machinery I n d u s t r i e s (ALMI) Diatomaceous E a r t h F i l - t r a t i o n System can be an e f f e c t i v e system f o r laundromat waste t r e a t m e n t . Under optimum o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s t h e System can a c h i e v e b e t t e r than 98% ABS r e d u c t i o n , 94% PO4 r e d u c t i o n , 70% BOD r e d u c t i o n , and 84% COD r e d u c t i o n . Co l i fo rms can a l so be e f f e c t i v e l y removed.
A 98% or b e t t e r removal of t h e ABS can be ach ieved w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of 2 4 mg/ l or g r e a t e r of Roccal ( a combina t ion c a t i o n i c d e t e r g e n t and germ- i c i d e ) . a d d i t i o n and ABS removal , or between chemica l a d d i t i o n and BOD or COD r e d u c t i o n . In most cases t h e COD exceeded t h e BOD.
No a p p a r e n t r e l a t i o n was obse rved between c a l c i u m c h l o r i d e
:. - . .
The t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s i n t h e e f f l u e n t was d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e ca l c ium c h l o r i d e dose added. Thus t o minimuze t h e i n c r e a s e i n t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s , a minimum amount of ca l c ium c h l o r i d e s h o u l d be u s e d t o e f f e c t t r e a t m e n t . The i n c r e a s e i n t o t a l o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n due t o t r e a t m e n t was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .
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The t u r b i d i t y of t h e e f f l u e n t was d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e pH. A t pH v a l u e s above 8 w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of N a O H t h e t r a n s m i t t a n c e was always g r e a t e r t h a n 95%. The t r a n s m i t t a n c e dropped o f f s h a r p l y a t pH v a l u e s below 7 .
There was a g e n e r a l s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e h a r d n e s s due t o t h e t r e a t - ment; however, t h e r e a r e i n s u f f i c i e n t d a t a t o a c h i e v e a s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e t o t h i s c o n c l u s i o n . o f C a C 1 2 i n c r e a s e s t h e h a r d n e s s i n t h e e f f l u e n t .
S e v e r a l d a t a s u g g e s t t h a t an e x c e s s
I n c r e a s e d C a C 1 2 dosage can r e s u l t i n a n i n c r e a s e d removal of phospha te . However, more s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n i n c r e a s e i n pH r e s u l t s i n a marked i n - crease i n phospha te r e d u c t i o n w i t h lower CaC12 d o s a g e s . P r e - t r e a t m e n t with alum f o l l o w e d by s e t t l i n g i n t h e W i n f a i r Water Reclamation System (WWRS) p r i o r t o t r e a t m e n t i n t h e ALMI system r e s u l t e d i n a h i g h phos- p h a t e removal a t a l o w CaC12 d o s e .
The ALMI System meets most of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t r e a t m e n t of wastes from c o i n - o p e r a t e d l aundromat s . The i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h i s sys t em i n t o e x i s t e n t l aundromat s would i n c r e a s e t h e c o s t of washes by abou t 10C.
f
SECTION I1
RECOMMENDAT IONS
l n d i v i d u a l recommendations must b e rrade on t h e b a s i s of s p e c i f i c e x i s t - i n g and po 'ent ia l u s e s of t h e s e t r e a t m e n t sys tems.
1. Trea tment of laundromat wastes for d i s c h a r g e i n t o t h e ground or t o a s u r f a c e water.
E i t h e r system could b e used for t h i s d e g r e e of t reatment . The ALMI system is recommended d u e t o e a s e of o p e r a t i o n and g r e a t e r r e l i a b i l i t y . A d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s c o u l d be made i n t o t h e r e a s o n for t h e f a i l u r e of t h e d e m i n e r a l i z e r system i n t h e WWRS.
2 . Reuse of t h e t r e a t e d e f f l u e n t i n t h e laundromat .
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The WWRS was des igned f o r r e u s e , whereas t h e ALMI system was n o t . Due t o t h e ma l func t ion of t h e d e m i n e r a l i z e r sys t em of t h e W i n f a i r Water Reclamation System (WWRS), t h e e f f l u e n t from t h i s sys tem c a n n o t be rec- ommended for c o n t i n u o u s r e u s e . Due t o a d v e r s e c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g o p e r a - t i o n of t h e American Laundry Machinery I n d u s t r i e s ( A L M I ) sys tem, n o d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e b u i l d u p i n t o t a l s o l i d s c o u l d be made. In o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e p o t e n t i a l r e u s e , it is recommended t h a t a d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s b e made a t a l o c a t i o n where a t l e a s t p a r t i a l r e u s e of t h e e f f l u e n t c o u l d b e p r a c t i c e d .
3 . P o t e n t i a l f o r phosphate removal .
I n view of t h e u s e of alurr i n t h e WWRS and of ca l c ium and p o t e n t i a l l y f e r r i c c h l o r i d e or alum in t h e A L M I system, b o t h t h e s e sys t ems have a p o t e n t i a l for u s e i n phosphate removal . I t is recommended t h a t a d d i - t i o n a l s t u d i e s be made of t h e u s e of t h e s e t r e a t m e n t sys t ems f o r phos- p h a t e removal . (Note: T h i s recommendation has a l r e a d y been c a r r i e d o u t as r e p o r t e d i n a paper e n t i t l e d "Phosphate Removal From Laundry Waste Water'' p r e s e n t e d a t t h e w i n t e r meet ing of t h e N e w York Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l P . ssoc ia t ion i n N e w l i o r k , Tanuary 2 6 , lS73.1
4 . A p p l i c a t i o n t o t r e a t m e n t of o t h e r t v p e s of l i a u i d wastes .
S i n c e b o t h t r e a t m e n t sys tems have been shown t o be r e a s o n a b l y e f f e c t i v e i n t r e a t i n g laundry wastes, t h e y should a l s o be e f f e c t i v e i n t r e a t i n g normal domes t i c sewage, e s p e c i a l l y f o r phospha te removal . The sys tems used i n t h e s e s t u d i e s could be used f o r smal l housing developments or shopping c e n t e r s . The p r i n c i D l e s c o u l d be expanded t o s e r v e l a r g e r f a c i l i t i e s . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , recommended t h a t s t u d i e s be made t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e s e sys t ems t o t r e a t domes t i c sewage, p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r phosphate removal .
SECTION I11
INTRODUCTION
T h e r e are many d i v e r s e t y p e s of wastes wh =h produce problems today . One of t h e s e i s t h e wastes from c o i n - o p e r a t e d l aundromat s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e l o c a t e d i n areas where sewer systems a re n o t a c c e s s i b l e . Numer- ous t r e a t m e n t systems have been d e v i s e d f o r t r e a t i n g t h e s e wastes. Two such sys t ems became a v a i l a b l e and formed t h e c o n c e p t i o n of t h i s s t u d y . It is t h e purpose of t h i s s t u d y t o e v a l u a t e t h e s e two sys t ems f o r t h e t r e a t m e n t of laundromat wastes.
The post-World War I1 era gave r i se t o t h r e e developments which compli- c a t e d t h e l a u n d r y waste problem. F i r s t , was t h e mass p r o d u c t i o n of a u t o m a t i c home l aundry equipment . Second, t h e b u i l d i n g boom i n suburban areas p l a c e d much of t h i s equipment i n unsewered areas. F i n a l l y , t h e a p p e a r a n c e of co in -ope ra t ed laundromats i n t h e s e new suburban c e n t e r s meant t h a t m i l l i o n s of g a l l o n s of d e t e r g e n t , germ, and s o i l - l a d e n waste water was be ing d i s c h a r g e d i n t o streams, e s t u a r i e s , ponds and ground- water s u p p l i e s .
S i n c e most of t h e e a r l y l a u n d r y d e t e r g e n t s were n o t b i o d e g r a d a b l e , con- v e n t i o n a l s e p t i c t a n k sys t ems were i n e f f e c t i v e i n t r e a t i n g t h e s e wastes. With t h e a d v e n t of b i o d e g r a d a b l e l a u n d r y d e t e r g e n t s , some of t h e prob- lems were a m e l i o r a t e d , b u t o n l y if t h e c o i n - o p e r a t e d l aundromat s were l o c a t e d i n areas where t h e r e was a s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y of s u i t a b l e l and f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of l e a c h i n g f i e l d s . T h i s was seldom t h e case s i n c e most of t h e s e i n s t a l l a t i o n s were i n d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d new s u b u r b s where l a n d was a t a premium. T h e r e f o r e , waste t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s f o r c o i n - o p e r a t e d l aundromat s i n unsewered areas had t o f u l f i l l t h e f o l l o w i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s :
1) p r o v i d e a n e f f l u e n t a c c e p t a b l e t o h e a l t h r e g u l a t i o n s
2 ) h a n d l e peak l o a d s as w e l l a s normal demands
3 ) r e q u i r e a minimum of s e r v i c e and o p e r a t i o n a l maintenance s k i l l s
4) be a b l e t o be e a s i l y d i s m a n t l e d , t r a n s p o r t e d and r eas sembled a t a new s i te
5 ) occupy a minimum of s p a c e
6 ) be economica l ly f e a s i b l e i n terms of c o s t p e r l o a d of wash, and
7 ) whenever p o s s i b l e , r e c y c l e t h e w a t e r for f u r t h e r u se .
and t i m e
The f i r s t p a r t of t h i s r e p o r t e v a l u a t e s t h e Winfa i r Wastewater Reclama- t i o n System (WWRS) which claims t o f u l f i l l a l l of t h e above r e q u i r e m e n t s .
T h i s second p a r t of t h e r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e American Laundry Machinery I n d u s t r i e s ( A L M I ) was t ewa te r t r e a t m e n t sys t em, which claims t o f u l f i l l a l l b u t t h e r e c y c l e r e q u i r e m e n t of laundromat waste t r e a t m e n t system i n unsewered a reas , and e v a l u a t e s t h e a c t u a l f u n c t i o n of t h a t system.
5
SECTION I V
BASIC LAUNDRY WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Wastes from b o t h i n d i v i d u a l home l a u n d r i e s and m u l t i p l e - u n i t co in -ope r - a t e d laundromats can p r e s e n t problems where t h e y cannot b e d i scha rged i n t o sewerage systems p r o v i d e d w i t h a d e q u a t e t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s . The s p r e a d of p o p u l a t i o n i n t o unsewered areas i s fo l lowed by t h e e s t a b l i s h - ment of c o i n - o p e r a t e d l aundromat s i n t h e s e unsewered a r e a s . An i n d i c a - t i o r ! of t h e magnitude of t h e problem may be g i v e n by t h e e s t i m a t e t h a t t h e r e a r e o v e r 1 2 0 laundromats i n S u f f o l k County, Long I s l a n d , N e w York, a l o n e ( 4 ) . 1 and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e q u a l i t y pa rame te r s a r e shown i n F i g . 2 . Nearly a l l of these u l t i m a t e l y d i s c h a r g e t h e i r e f f l u e n t i n t o t h e ground. The s w i t c h t o t h e u s e of s y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s ( s y n d e t s ) h a s a l s o c o n t r i b u t e d c o n s i d e r a b l y t o t h e problem. s u l f o n a t e s (LAS) (F ig . 3) h a s r educed t h i s problem where a e r o b i c b i o l o g - i c a l t r e a t m e n t i s p r o v i d e d . However, under a n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s , such as i n s e p t i c t a n k s and s a t u r a t e d s o i l , t h e r e i s l i t t l e breakdown of t h e LAS. I n s a t u r a t e d soils, t h e s e s y n d e t s may t r a v e l c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e s w i t h o u t b e i n g decompos d t h e r e b y e n t e r i n g water s u p p l i e s . In a d d i t i o n , s t u d i e s on Long I s l a n d T 3 ) have shown t h a t t h e s y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s seem t o cause o t h e r p o l l u t i o n a l mater ia l , s p e c i f i c a l l y c o l i f o r m s , t o be car- r i e d greater d i s t a n c e s t h a n c o n v e n t i o n a l s o a p T h i s i s i n p a r t i a l d i sag reemen t w i t h work done by Robeck, e t a l . a7'0wfio showed t h a t i n - c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f ABS had n o e f f ec t upon t h e t r a v e l d i s t a n c e of c o l i f o r m s i n w a t e r - s a t u r a t e d , s andy s o i l s unde r l a b o r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s .
A summary of t h e amounts of wastes produced i s shown i n F ig .
The c o n v e r s i o n t o l i n e a r a l k y l benzene
The problems c r e a t e d by laundromat wastes have l e d t o many s t u d i e s of methods for t r e a t m e n t , and t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f numerous waste t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m s . A large volume of work w a s done a t Manhattan C o l l e g e for t h e S t a t e of N e w York (6 ) . Work w a s done t o d e t e r m i n e t h e amount of alum needed t o improve t h e q u a l i t y of t h e waste ( w i t h no c o n s i d e r a t i o n of ABS remova l ) , and f u r t h e r , t h e amount o f powdered a c t i v a t e d carbon needed t o remove t h e ABS. An alum dose of 1 0 0 g r a i n s / g a l l o n (1700 mg/l) and a n a c t i v a t e d ca rbon c o n c e n t r a t i o n 7 t imes t h e ABS c o n c e n t r a t i o n a r e recommended t o remove s u b s t a n t i a l l y a l l a n i o n i c s y n d e t s . Close s c r u t i n y of t h e d a t a r e v e a l s t h a t t h e optimum c o n d i t i o n s f o r c l a r i f i c a t i o n of t h e waste w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o ABS removal a r e 1530 mg/l of alum a t pH 5 . 7 , w i t h t h e r a n g e s be ing 850 - 2 2 1 0 mg/l alum and pH 5 . 1 - 6 . 0 . A dose of 1360 mg/l of alum and 340 mg/ l powdered a c t i v a t e d ca rbon a t pH 6 . 0 p ro - duced a n e f f l u e n t c o n t a i n i n g 1 . 8 mg/l ABS. No s t u d i e s were made t o d e - t e r m i n e t h e removal o f ABS by alum a l o n e .
€lynn and Andres") recommended t r e a t m e n t w i t h alum a t pt! 4.11 and pow- d e r e d a c t i v a t e d c rbon t o be e f f e c t i v e i n t r e a t i n g laundromat w a s t e s . R o s e n t h a l , e t al.'8) conduc ted a more tho rough s t u d y of laui,dromat waste t r e a t m e n t u s i n g alum and a c t i v a t e d ca rbon . They found t h a t 8 0 0 mg/l of alum a l o n e a t pH 4 . 5 removed 77 p e r c e n t of t h e AhS. The a c c e p t a b l e r;H r a n g e was 4 . 3 - 4 . 6 . In t h e l a b o r a t o r y , 2000 m p / 1 PowderFj a c t i v a t e d carbon ( N u c h a r ) i n c r e a s e d t h e ABS removal t o 97 p e r c e n t . ' r an a c t u a l
7
FIGURE 1
LAUNDROMAT WASTE DISCHARGE+;
6 Avg. T o t a l Water Discharge/Laundromat 1 . 2 5 x 1 0 g a l . / y r .
Avg . Pounds Detergent /Laundromat (and o t h e r compounds)
3 4.2 x 10 / y r .
Avg. Wastewater Flow/Machine 89-240 GPD
587 GPD Maximum Avg. Flow/Machine
Minimum Design Basis f o r Trea tment (12 hour day )
550 ga l . /mach ine
(4) * 1 2 0 L a u n d e r e t t e s - S u f f o l k Co. , N e w York (1963)
FIGURE 2
TYPICAL LAUNDERETTE WASTE(4)
Range ( m g / l )
Subs tance
ABS
Suspended S o l i d s
Diss o lve d S o l i d s
COD
A l k a l i n i t y
Ch lo r ; des
Phosphates
PH
N i t ra tes
Free Ammonia
S u l f a t e s
Minimum
3.0
15.0
104.0
65.0
61 .0
52.0
1 . 4
5 . 1
-
Average
44.0
173.0
812.0
447.0
182.0
57.0
148.0
-
< 1.0
3.0
200.0
Maximum
126.0
784.0
2,064.0
1,405.0
398.0
185.0
430.0
10.0
-
9
FIGURE 3
TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF DETERGENTS
DETERGENTS
ABS NaS03 <I> CH2-CH2 - C -CH3 I
CH3
LAS V L L
COMPOS ITION OF DETERGENTS % - SUR FACT I VES IO -30
AMIDE FOAM STABILIZERS 3 - 6
POLY PHOSPHATES 25 - 40
SILICATES 5 - 7
CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE (SO1 L SUSPENSION )
b SODIUM SULFATE
WATER
05- 1.0
15 - 25
6 - 15
i
laundromat , alum p l u s 400 mg/l powdered a c t i v a t e d ca rbon r e s u l t e d in 8 3 , p e r c e n t removal o f t h e ABS. of t h r e e f i l t e r s i n s t e a d o f powdered carbon i n c r e a s e d t h e ABS removal t o 99 p e r c e n t i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y and 93 p e r c e n t i n t h e p l a n t . F u r t h e r s t u d i e s showed t h a t alum c o a g u l a t i o n a t pH 11.4 w i t h l i m e produced a clearer e f f l u e n t which s e t t l e d more r a p i d l y and u s e d less alum t o a c h i e v e t h e same ABS r e d u c t i o n . Pass ing t h e alum-l ime e f f l u e n t t h rough a 1 0 f o o t deep g r a n u l a r a c t i v a t e d c a r b o n p r e s s u r e f i l t e r produced a 99.8 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n ABS i n t h e laundromat waste t r e a t m e n t p l a n t . P a u l ~ o n ( ~ ) used g r a n u l a r a c t i v a t e d carbon t o remove s y n d e t s from f i l t e r e d sewage p l a n t e f f l u e n t s . He a p p l i e d t h e e f f l u e n t t o 4 - 5 f o o t u n i t s i n s e r i e s a t 10 gpm/ft2, and r e g e n e r a t d t h e first u n i t when t h e ABS i n t h e e f f l u - e n t r e a c h e d 0.5 mg/l . Weber ?lo) determined t h a t t h e ABS u p t a k e by g ran - u l a r a c t i v a t e d carbon i n c r e a s e d w i t h d e c r e a s i n g pH.
The u s e of g r a n u l a r ca rbon i n a ser ies
The basic t y p e s of l a u n d r y waste treatment sys t ems h a v e been s t u d i e d by Flynn and and re^(^). a pH of about 4 .0 and powdered a c t i v a t e d ca rbon produce t h e g r e a t e s t re- d u c t i o n of ABS a t t h e most r e a s o n a b l e cost i n o p e r a t i o n time, equipment and chemica l s .
T h e i r c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t t h o s e employing alum a t
' I
1 3
..-&.- ~ . . , " - I . . .
SECTION V
THE WINFAIR WATER RECLAMATION SYSTEM
A proprietary t r e a t m e n t p l a n t u t i l i z i n g t h e b a s i c t r e a t m e n t p r i n c i p l e s of Flynn and Andres, that o employing alum a t a pH o f abou t 4 . 0 and powdered a c t i v a t e d carbon'", is manufactured by t h e W i n f a i r C o r p o r a t i o n , Green L a k e , Wisconsin (now a s u b s i d i a r y of t h e Oshkosh F i l t e r Company, Oshkosh, Wiscons in ) . A complete Winfa i r Water Reclamation System was i n s t a l l e d a t t h e Coin-Op Laundry a t Burnt H i l l s , New York . Th i s is a small community n o r t h of Schenectady, where i n d i v i d u a l wel l s and waste t r e a t m e n t sys t ems are t h e o n l y means a v a i l a b l e t o o b t a i n water and d i s - pose o f l i q u i d wastes, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The ground water t a b l e i n t h e immediate area s u r r o u n d i n g t h e laundromat is n e a r t h e s u r f a c e , and is used as a water s u p p l y by some n e i g h b o r s . Water a b o u t 70 f e e t below t h e s u r f a c e i s h i g h l y s u l f u r o u s and has a t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s c o n t e n t o f around 700 mg/l . Pe rmis s ion c o u l d n o t be g r a n t e d t o d i s p o s e o f t h e u n t r e a t e d laundromat waste i n a s e p t i c t a n k sys t em. The problems of water s u p p l y and d i s p o s a l were bo th overcome by t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h i s complete water reclamat ion system.
In t h i s system ( F i g . 4 ) t h e washer e f f l u e n t s are f i r s t s c r e e n e d and then s t o r e d i n a ho ld ing t a n k . From h e r e a 1 5 gpm pump conveys t h e waste t h r o u g h t h e alum c o a g u l a t i o n system. A l u m is added t o pH 4.2 - 4.5 and t h e n t h e waste e n t e r s a 45 g a l l o n upflow t a n k f o r f l o c fo rma t ion ( 3 min. c o n t a c t t i m e ) . The e f f l u e n t from t h i s t ank i s t r e a t e d with l y e so t h a t t h e pH a f t e r s e t t l i n g i s 7 . 0 (pH s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n 7 . 0 a t t h e t e s t p o i n t ) . mid-depth of a large s e t t l i n g t ank . The s l u d g e is d i s p o s e d of p e r i o d i - c a l l y and t h e clear s u p e r n a t a n t i s pumped t h r o u g h 1 of 5 p r e s s u r e sand f i l t e r s i n p a r a l l e l (3 gpm t h r o u g h e a c h ) . The sand f i l t e r e f f l u e n t passes up th rough a bed c o n t a i n i n g D u o l i t e (Diamond A l k a l i Company, Redwood C i t y , C a l i f o r n i a ) an ion exchange r e s i n A 102 D f o r d e t e r g e n t r e - moval. After removal of t h e d e t e r g e n t , t h e waste p a s s e s u p t h r o u g h a bed of g r a n u l a r a c t i v a t e d carbon for t a s t e , odor , and c o l o r removal . From t h e r e , 1 / 3 of t h e f l o w p a s s e s t h r o u g h a c a t i o n and an a n i o n exchange r e s i n for comple t e d e i o n i z a t i o n . A f t e r r e c o m b i n a t i o n , t h e waste is c h l o r i n a t e d and t h e pH n e u t r a l i z e d b e f o r e i t e n t e r s t h e c l e a n water t a n k p r i o r t o r e u s e .
The waste now t r a v e l s t h rough 3 /4 i n c h coppe r t u b i n g t o t h e
I t a p p e a r s t h a t such a sys t em s h o u l d p r o v i d e a s a t i s f a c t o r y water for reuse i n a laundromat . I t i s c l a imed t h a t t h e c o s t of t h e a d d i t i o n a l t r e a t m e n t i s o f f s e t by t h e s a v i n g of f r e s h water and r e h e a t i n g of t h e water, s i n c e it i s norma l ly s t i l l w a r m a f t e r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h i s t r e a t - ment system. However, some d i f f i c u l t y was e n c o u n t e r e d a f t e r t h e system had been o p e r a t i n g for s e v e r a l months. The d e t e r g e n t removal r e s i n be- came s a t u r a t e d , and n o l o n g e r f u n c t i o n e d in i t s c a p a c i t y t o remove de - t e r g e n t s . T h i s r e s i n c a n n o t be r e g e n e r a t e d by o r d i n a r y means and must be r e t u r n e d t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r for r e g e n e r a t i o n . Also, t h e two d e i o n - i z e r r e s i n s were e n t i r e l y i n e f f e c t i v e , c a u s i n g t h e t o t a l s o l i d s i n t h e
,-A - .̂ary.r.R,* ..," ..... . ." ..* .... _. . ... .... ..
HOLD1 N G TANK
SUPER N ATAD T -
COAGULATION SETTLING TANK TANK IO00 GAL. 3min. S A N D F I L T E R S
SUPER N ATAD T -
-.. I I
2!3 - TO 4
DISCHARGE 7
1’3 r y
1r 1 1
I
1 1 - I A I ‘ CAT I ON ANION ACT IVAT E D ANION
EXCHANGE EXCHANGE CARBON ABS EXCHANGE
R E S I N I
FIGURE +WINFAIR WATER RECLAMATION SYSTEM
I
r e c i r c u l a t i n g wa te r t o i n c r e a s e c o n s t a n t l y . These r e s i n s a r e no rma l ly r e g e n e r a t e d weekly by c o n v e n t i o n a l a c i d and a l k a l i t e c h n i q u e s . E f f o r t s t o r e j u v e n a t e them proved f r u i t l e s s , and t h e t o t a l s o l i d s c o n t i n u e d t o l i nc rease ,
The r e a s o n f o r t h e f a i l w e of t h e d e t e r g e n t reinoval r e s i n w a s q u i t e ap - p a r e n t . T h i s r e s i n was d e s i g n e d t o f u n c t i o n on t h e b a s i s of an e f f l u e n t f rom t h e alum c o a g u l a t i o n sys t em c o n t a i n i n g 5 mg,'1 of ABS or less. By t e s t , t h e alum t r e a t m e n t off l l lent c o n t a i n e d approx ima te ly 1 5 mg/ l A B S . Thus, t h e r e s i n became s a t u r a t e d i n 1 / 3 t h e expec ted t ime . Replacement of t h i s r e s i n produced a n e f f l u e n t c o n t a i n i n g o n l y 2 mg / l ABS a f t e r com- p l e t e t r e a t m e n t . F u r t h e r , t h e a n i o n exchange r e s i n i n t h e d e i o n i z z r would a t t e m p t t o remove a p o r t i o n of t h e r e s i d u a l d e t e r g e n t n o t removed by t h e o t h e r p o r t i o n s of t h e sys t em. During t h e p e r i o d when t h e d e t e r - g e n t removal r e s i n was s a t u r a t e d , a h igh d e t e r g e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e a c h e d t h e a n i o n d e m i n e r a l i z e r where it w a s exchanged i n t o t h e r e s i n . S i n c e t h e d e t e r g e n t canno t b e removed from t h e r e s i n by c o n v e n t i o n a l means, t h i s r e s i n became s a t u r a t e d wi th t h e d e t e r g e n t and no l o n g e r f u n c t i o n e d as an a n i o n r e n o v e r . No s imi l a r ana logy c a n he made f o r t h e r e a s o n t h e c a t i o n exchange r e s i n f a i l e d .
The major p o r t i o n of t h e 2roblem appeared t o be t h e f a i l u r e t o a c h i e v e t h e e x p e c t e d ABS removal i n t h e alum c o a g u l a t i o n s y s t e m . Whereas it was expec ted t h a t t h i s system s h o u l d produce a n e f f l u e n t c o n t a i n i n g 5 mg/l of ABS or less , t h e a c t u a l e f f l u e n t c o n t a i n e d around 1 5 mg/l ABS, or a removal(&rj t h e o r d e r o f 50 p e r c e n t . Manhattan Co l l ege d i d n o t i n c l u d e a n e v a l u a t i o n of t h e removal of ABS by alum a l o n e , and t h e work done by R o s e n t h a l e t a l . ( ' ) showed 77 p e r c e n t removal of ABS by alum a l o n e a t pH 4 . 5 , it was f e l t _ _ t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s t o d e t e r m i n e The removdl of deterge1;t by alum c o a g u l a - t i o n a l o n e were needed t o e v a l u a t e t h e problem.
S i n c e t h e work done a t
15
t
SECTION V I
, i LABORATORY STUDIES OF DETEP.GENT REMOVAL
Three series of expe r imen t s w e r e performed t o s t u d y t h e removal of deter- g e n t s by t h e use of v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of alum a t v a r i o u s pH v a l u e s . A l l mixing and c o a g u l a t i o n were done u s i n g a t y p i c a l 6-p lace m u l t i p l e l a b o r a t o r y stirrer. Inasmuch a s p o s s i b l e , an a t t e m p t was made t o have t h e l a b o r a t o r y p rocedures r ep roduce t h e t r e a t m e n t provided by t h e Winfair Water Reclamation System. After add ing alum, t h e samples were mixed a t 50 rpm f o r 3 minutes . Then t h e pH was a d j u s t e d t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e , and c o a g u l a t i o n was produced by s t i r r i n g a t 30 r p for 1 0 minu tes , a f t e r which t h e samples were a l lowed t o s e t t l e f o r 30 minu tes . De te rmina t ions were made far ABS t o d e t e r m i n e t h e d e t e r g e n t removal , and f o r chemica l oxygen demand and t u r b i d i t y t o de t e rmine t h e q u a l i t y improvement. The s l u d g e volume a f t e r s e t t l i n g was a l s o de te rmined i n o r d e r t o p rov ide some a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e amount o f s l u d g e s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y needed. ABS was de termined by t h e methylene b l u e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e , u s i n g 2 m l of sample. T h i s volume of sample d i d n o t t end t o produce emuls ions d u r i n g t h e e x t r a c t i o n . t o S tanda rd Methods(g) .
A l l o t h e r a n a l y s e s were made acco rd ing
The waste samples were s e c u r e d f r o m t h e h o l d i n g t ank c o n t a i n i n g t h e mixed laundromat wastes. i n g t o remove l i n t and o t h e r l a r g e p a r t i c l e s . The t empera tu re o f t h e waste a t t h e t i m e of sampl ing was 4OOC.
The on ly p r e - t r e a t m e n t it r e c e i v e d was s c r e e n -
I n t h e f irst tes t , s u f f i c i e n t alum was added t o a p o r t i o n of t h e waste sample t o lower t h e pH t o 4.5. Th i s same amount o f alum was then added t o four o t h e r samples ; a c o n t r o l c o n t a i n i n g no alum was g iven t h e same p h y s i c a l t r e a t m e n t . After mixing f o r 3 minu tes , t h e pH o f t h e samples c o n t a i n i n g alum was a d j u s t e d w i t h a c i d o r sodium c a r b o n a t e as needed t o v a l u e s of 3.5, 4 .5 , 5 .5 , 6 .5 , and 7 .5 . No pH a d j u s t m e n t was made i n t h e c o n t r o l . The r e s u l t s are summarized i n T a b l e 1, and t h e r e d u c t i o n s i n ABS, COD, and t u r b i d i t y a re shown i n F i g . 5 .
The b e s t ' r e d u c t i o n s i n ABS and C O D o c c u r r e d a t pH 4 .5 , whereas t h e b e s t t u r b i d i t y r e d u c t i o n o c c u r r e d a t pH 7.5. t i o n was good throughout t h e e n t i r e pH range . The lowes t s l u d g e volume occur red a t pH 3.5, a l t h o u g h t h e amount of s ludge produced a t pH 4 .5 was s t i l l q u i t e low. The h i g h t o t a l s o l i d s c o n t e n t of t h e waste re f lec ts t h e f a i l u r e of t h e d e i o n i z e r i n t h e t r e a t m e n t system. is t h a t t h e alum t r e a t m e n t r e s u l t e d in a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e t o t a l s o l i d s c o n t e n t of a b o u t 1 , 0 0 0 mg/l . The r e s u l t s f r o m t h e c o n t r o l c o n t a i n i n g no added alum showed no ABS removal , and a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n t u r b i d i t y . The r e d u c t i o n i n t h e COD of t h e c o n t r o l is l i k e l y due t o sed imen ta t ion of l a r g e r p a r t i c l e s . There was some sediment on t h e bottom of t h i s con- t a i n e r , b u t it was i n s u f f i c i e n t t o measure on t h e p e r c e n t s c a l e . I t is a p p a r e n t t h a t a11 t h e ABS r e d u c t i o n i n t h e t e s t samples was due t o t h e added alum, and n o t due t o p l a i n s e d i m e n t a t i o n .
A c t u a l l y t h e t u r b i d i t y r educ -
Also t o be n o t e d
17
I TABLE 1
EFFECT OF pH ON ALUM TREATMENT OF LAUNDROMAT WASTES
Sample Waste 1 2 3 4 5 6
Alum Conc. mg/ l - 1500 15 00 15 00 15 00 1500 0
PH 7.25 4.5 4 .6 4.6 4 . 6 4.6 7 .25
H2 SO Conc. mg/ l - 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 4
Na2 C 0 3 Conc . mg/ l - 0 0 455 740 1150 0
I - c.' pH Before S e t t l i n g - 3 . 5 4.5 5 .5 6.5 7 . 5 CD
F i n a l pH - 3.9 4 .5 5 .6 6 . 6 7.5 7 . 3 1 j i
ABS, mg/l 3 2 . 1 2 2 13 .6 15.2 1 7 . 6 1 7 . 9 32 .9
COD, mg/l 699 296 2 85 285 2 93 3 00 5 5 1
T u r b i d i t y , mg / l 1 2 5 1 5 . 5 1 0 . 8 0 .5 140
Sludge Volume, % - 3.7 8 40 24 28 0
Temperature , O C 22 - -
T o t a l S o l i d s , mg/l 9,076 13,364 10,176 10,046 10 ,116 10,376 Q,a3 92 ,
- - - -
FIGURE 5
90
80
70
I -
-
-
-
d
' EFFICIENCY OF ALUM TREATMENT OF LAUNDROMAT WASTES AT
VARIOUS pH VALUES
O\" 30 41. I / IO
/COD
u - - - - l - - - L -
'3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 10 75
FINAL p H
19
In an a t t e m p t t o de te rmine if s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s cou ld b e ob ta ined a t any lower alum dosages , a second experiment was run add ing 1,000, 1,2 '50 and 1,500 mg/ l alum. F u r t h e r , i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e recommended oper - a t i o n of t h e W i n f a i r treatment system i n which t h e alum t r e a t e d mixture is n e u t r a 3 i z e d t o pH 7.0 be fo re s e d i m e n t a t i o n , d u p l i c a t e samples were run: sodium c a r b o n a t e a f t e r 3 minu tes mixing a t 50 rpn and b e f o r e 1 0 minute c o a g u l a t i o n a t 30 rpm. The r e s u l t s are summarized i n Table 2 , and t h e r e d u c t i o n i n ABS, COD, and t u r b i d i t y fo r t h e u n n e u t r a l i z e d and t h e neu- t r a l i z e d samples are compared i n F ig . 6. The pH was similar with a l l 3 alum dosages . The ABS removal w i t h o u t pH ad jus tmen t was c o n s i s t e n t l y n e a r 6 0 p e r c e n t o v e r t h e r a n g e of alum a d d i t i o n s , whereas i n t h e samples a d j u s t e d t o pH 7 .0 , t h e g r e a t e s t ABS r e d u c t i o n was about 50 p e r c e n t w i t h 1,000 mg/l alum, and t h i s r e d u c t i o n dropped t o 40 p e r c e n t w i t h 1,500 mg/l alum. N e i t h e r t h e alum c o n c e n t r a t i o n no r t h e pH i n t h e r a n g e s covered had any s i g n i f i c a n t effect upon t h e COD removal . The t u r b i d i t y removal w a s poor wi th 1,250 and 1 ,500 mg/l of alum wi thou t pH c o n t r o l , but a t pH 7.0 t h e t u r b i d i t y r>emoval was n e a r l y c o n s t a n t a t 90 p e r c e n t . A t all alum dosages used , t h e s l u d g e volume wi thou t pH a d j u s t m e n t was about 1 /3 t h a t a t pH 7.0.
1 wi th no pH a d j u s t m e n t , and t h e o t h e r a d j u s t e d t o pH 7.0 w i t h
S i n c e t h e p r e v i o u s e x p e r i m e n t s i n d i c a t e d better ABS removal wi th no pH n e u t r a l i z a t i o n , b u t cove red o n l y a nar row r a n g e of alum dosages , t h e next l o g i c a l s t e p seemed t o be to s t u d y t h e effects of a wide r ange of alum dosages with no pH n e u t r a l i z a t i o n . t h e waste i n 250 mg/ l i nc remen t s from 500 t o 1 ,750 mg/ l . No a t t empt was made t o m a i n t a i n t h e pH n e a r 4 .5 . Mixing and c o a g u l a t i o n were main ta ined a s i n t h e p r e v i o u s expe r imen t s . and t h e e f f i c i e n c i e s of removal of t h e ABS, COD, and t u r b i d i t y are shown i n F ig . 7 . whereas t h e a d d i t i o n of 750 mg/ l and g r e a t e r lowered t h e pH t o n e a r l y 4.5 and even s l i g h t l y below t h i s l e v e l w i t h 1,750 mg/ l alum. mum ABS removal of 67 p e r c e n t o c c u r r e d wi th t h e a d d i t i a n of 1 ,000 mg/l alum, and o n l y s l i g h t l y less removal o c c u r r e d in t h e r a n g e of 750 t o 1 , 2 5 0 mg/l alum. and a g a i n with 1 ,500 mg/ l , bu t i n c r e a s e d removal a g a i n o c c u r r e d wi th 1 ,750 mg/ l alum. The COD removal was f a i r l y c o n s i s t e n t above 750 mg/l alum, but w a s somewhat less wi th o n l y 500 mg/l . The b e s t t u r b i d i t y removals o c c u r r e d between 750 and 1 ,250 mg/l alum. There was no s i g - n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s l u d g e volumes produced w i t h t h e v a r i o u s alum a d d i t i o n s . The t o t a l s o l i d s g e n e r a l l y show t h e e f f ec t of t h e added alum, b u t t h e r e appea red t o be a s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n i n t o t a l s o l i d s wi th t h e a d d i t i o n of 500 and 750 mg/ l alum. G e n e r a l l y , it a p p e a r s t h a t optimum c o n d i t i o n s f o r ABS, COD and t u r b i d i t y removal are 750 t o 1 ,250 mg/l alum i n t h e pH r a n g e o f 4 .5 t o 4.8.
Alum was added t o samples of
The r e s u l t s are sumnar ized i n Table 3 ,
The a d d i t i o n of 500 m g / l alum lowered t h e pH t o o n l y 5.5
The maxi-
Poor ABS removal o c c u r r e d w i t h o n l y 500 mg/ l of alum,
An impor t an t o b s e r v a t i o n of t h e s e l ab s t u d i e s is t h a t t h e lowes t ABS con- c e n t r a t i o n a c h i e v e d f o r any p rocedure was i n t h e o r d e r of 1 0 mg/l . i s twice t h e v a l u e c l a imed by t h e manufac tu re r , and upon which the ABS removal r e s i n is based . T h i s means s imply t h a t t h e r e s i n w i l l be s a t u - r a t e d i n h a l f t h e p r e d i c t e d t i m e , or t o p u t it a n o t h e r way, t h e c o s t f o r t h e ABS removal by t h e r e s i n w i l l be twice t h a t p r e d i c t e d by t h e manufac- t u r e r .
This
20
TABLE 2
EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF ALUM AT DIFFERENT pH'S FOR TREATMENT OF LAUNDROMAT WASTES
Sample
Alum Conc. mg/l
Na2 C 0 3 Conc. mg/ l
pH Before S e t t l i n g
F i n a l pH
ABS, mg/ l
COD, mg/l
T u r b i d i t y , mg/ l
Sludge Volume, %
Tempera ture , O C
Raw Waste
-
- 7 . 1
-
38.7
62 5
12 8
-
20
1
l o 00
0
4.7
4 .6
1 6 . 8
3 82
1 5
9.5
.-
-
2
10 00
5 60
7 .0
6 . 9
1 9 . 6
400
3.9
22.2
-
3
12 50
0
4.6
4.6
15.6
3 82
52
8.7
-
-
4
12 50
780
7 .0
7 . 1
21.6
385
4 .6
28 .5
-
5
1500
0
4.6
4 . 5
15 .9
385
76
8.2
-
6
1500
92 5
7 .O
7 .0
23.5
389
5 . 4
26
-
I
FIGURE 6
EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS ALUM DOSAGES FOR TREATMENT OF LAUNDROMAT WASTES AT SEVERAL pH VALVES
100-
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
IO -
DH 4.5 pH 70
4 \ \
\/TU RBI 0 I TY \ \
\\ \ \ \ \ \
2es \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ b *- TG).
- 0-6 - - - +
"t TURBIDITY
I I J
O' 1,600 l i 5 0 lBO0 1,000 1,250 1,500
ALUM CONCENTRATION m g / l
22
i
h) w
Sample
Alum Conc. mg/l
F i n a l pH
ABS, mg/l
COD, mg/l
Turb id it y , mg /1
Sludge Volume, %
Temperature, O C
Total S o l i d s , m g i l
TABLE 3
EFFECT OF A WIDE RANGE OF ALUM CONCENTRATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF LAUNDROMAT
Raw Waste
-
7.2
33.2
585
13 5
-
21
9,334
1
500
5.5
23.5
358
65
9
-
9,118
2
75 0
4.8
12.3
3 14
7
13.2
-
9,132
WASTES
3
1000
4.7
10.8
3 07
8
12
-
-
9,316
4
12 50
4.5
14.9
3 07
15
10
-
9,478
5
1500
4.5
18.3
314
60
10
-
9,670
6
175 0
4.4
i4.4
3 14
90
7.5
-
9,862
FIGURE 7
EFFICIENCY OF FOR TREATMENT
100-
90-
80 -
70 -
0
250 W 6ol
VAR OF
Po-- =. \ \\
/
yi \ I
f I I I ’ ‘6 TURBIDITY I
I \ i I I
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
I I I I I I P ‘
\ -COD \
h
5.5 4.8 47 4.5 I 4.5 4.4 t I
DH
ALUM CONCENTRATION mg/I
SECTION V I 1
TREATMENT SYSTEM OPERATION
The above s t u d i e s were performed under t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e N e w York S t a t e Hea l th Department , and showed t h e need f o r a more thorough s t u d y of t h e sys tem. Meanwhile, t h e laundromat o p e r a t o r had t o d i s c o n t i n u e u s e of t h e Winfair system d u e t o c o m p l a i n t s by customers of o d o r s and foaming i n t h e r e c y c l e d water. In a n e f f o r t t o a l l e v i a t e t h e problem, he purchased and p u t into u s e a t r e a t m e n t system des igned by American Laundry Machinery I n d u s t r i e s . This sys tem is based upon t h e p r e c i p i - t a t i o n of t h e a n i o n i c syndets by means of a c a t i o n i c s y n d e t , t h e p r e - c i p i t a t i o n of phospha te s and o t h e r materials w i t h C a C l and s e p a r a t i n g t h e s o l i d s by means of a p r e s s u r e d ia tomaceous e a r t h f i l t e r (F ig . 8 ) . Whereas t h i s p rov ided s a t i s f a c t o r y t r e a t m e n t of t h e waste, it d i d n o t s o l v e t h e problem o f water supp ly n o r t h e h y d r a u l i c d i s c h a r g e of t h e t r e a t e d e f f l u e n t . Thus, t h e o p e r a t o r was f o r c e d t o d i s c o n t i n u e h i s laundromat o p e r a t i o n a t Burnt H i l l s .
2 ’
However, t h e o p e r a t o r r e t a i n e d t h e 2 t r e a t m e n t sys t ems and o f f e r e d t h e i r use f o r r e s e a r c h pu rposes . i s t r a t i o n Gran t became a v a i l a b l e , he g r a c i o u s l y o f f f e r e d t h e i r u s e a t a n o t h e r laundromat . They were set up in a shed which was somewhat r e - model led and e l e c t r i f i e d . The f l o w diagram is shown i n F ig . 9. A 4 ,000 g a l . ho ld ing t a n k was i n s t a l l e d and f o u r 1 , 0 0 0 g a l . t a n k s were provided f o r s e t t l i n g , s l u d g e ho ld ing , and t r e a t e d water. C h l o r i n a t i o n was ap- p l i e d i n t h e t r e a t e d water s t o r a g e t a n k . The system was des igned so t h a t t h e waste would flow i n t o t h e h o l d i n g t a n k , and when it was f u l l , t h e waste would ove r f low i n t o t h e e x i s t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n boxes and t i l e d r a i n a g e f i e l d . appur t enances , i n t h a t t r u c k s d e l i v e r i n g t o t h e a d j a c e n t food market would d r i v e over them, c r u s h i n g them and b lock ing them. T h i s r e s u l t e d in t h e ove r f low of raw wastes from o u r ho ld ing t a n k .
When a F e d e r a l Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l Admin-
P h y s i c a l problems were encoun te red w i t h t h e s e l a s t two
The Winfa i r sys tem was se t u p and p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n f i r s t wh i l e r e - p lacements were a w a i t e e f o r t h e f i l t e r i n g e l emen t s f o r t h e ALMI system which were foucd t o b e r u s t e d beyond use upon r e c e i p t of t h e u n i t s . The Winfa i r system was o p e r a t e d f o r a p e r i o d o f 9 months. Analyses were performed f o r ABS, COD, BOD, pH, and t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s .
The ABS c c n c e n t r a t i o n th roughou t t h e sys t em is shown i n F ig . 1 0 . The a c t u a l v a l u e s are summarized i n Tab le 4 . The g r e a t e s t removal of ABS was accomplished by t h e alum a d d i t i o n fo l lowed by s e d i m e n t a t i o n . This was i n t h e o r d e r of 76% of t h e i n i t i a l ABS, and r e s u l t e d in an ave rage ABS, af ter s e t t l i n g , o f s l i g h t l y o v e r 11 m g / l . T h i s i s i n t h e same o r d e r as t h e l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s . T h e sand f i l t e r removed a l i t t l e more ABS, b u t t h e d e t e r g e n t removal r e s i n lowered t h e ABS t o an ave rage of less t h a n 3 mg/ l . T h i s r e s i n a c t u a l l y removed in t h e o r d e r of 70% of t h e remain ing ABS. The a c t i v a t e d carbon and t h e d e m i n e r a l i z e r system removed l i t t l e a d d i t i o n a l ABS. The average o v e r a l l ABS removal was 94%.
25
FIGER PUMP L
S L U D C HOLDING To SLUDGE TANK PUMP
1-4 RAW MITER FROM WASHER
VALVE SETTINGS HOLDING TANK PRECOAT ON STREAM DESLWXiE
OPEN S2,3,6,7,8 l,&3,6,7 4,5967 CLOSED 4,5 4,588 I,2,3i8
FIGURE 8 SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM -AMERICAN LAUNDRY MACHINERY INDUSTRY - DIATOMITE FILTRATION SYSTEM
,
c
3 i
W
f X 0
in
M3lV
M
NV
313 "WI I
~o
an
is .WI I
2 'I
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1
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IC
- \ : v) m a
1
0. I
109 144 0 0 FIGURE I O ? DETERGENT CONCENTRATIONS
THRUOUT WINFAIR SYSTEM Q
EACH DOT OR CIRCLE REPRESENTS 1 ANALYSIS
LINE CONNECTS AVG. VALUES
a W I- & klL
0
i
i
I I I I 1 I
2 8
W
F'
m
r
l'
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W
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cv. ri
ri
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cu
m
ri 0
P
co
W
a3
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f
ri
P
3-
a3 co
ri W
01
3-
In
0
a3
0
co W
ri 0
cu
co 0
0
f
3
f
P
3
a, p: 2
n k
X C Id F
k
m
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3
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al ?
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29
The BOD and COD r e s u l t s are summarized i n Tab le 5. These pa rame te r s were de te rmined t o show t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h i s sys t em as a t r e a t m e n t system. If t h e e f f l u e n t is t o be r e c y c l e d , t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s must be fo l lowed i n o r d e r t o b e a l e r t e d t o a n u n d e s i r a b l e bu i ld -up . If t h e e f f l u e n t is t o b e d i s c h a r g e d , t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s must be hown in order t o de t e rmine if t h e e f f l u e n t w i l l be a c c e p t a b l e i n t h e r e c e i v i n g body of water. The ave rage BOD o f t h e e f f l u e n t was 52 mg/l and t h e ave rage BOD r e d u c t i o n was i n t h e o r d e r o f 56%. The a v e r a g e COD of t h e e f f l u e n t was 1 1 4 mg/l and t h e ave rage COD r e d u c t i o n was 62%.
The pH (Tab le 6 ) of t h e raw waste was g e n e r a l l y n e a r n e u t r a l t o s l i g h t l y a l k a l i n e . On o n l y two o c c a s i o n s was t h e pH below 6 .8 . These a r e con- s i d e r e d due t o t h e p roduc t ion of s e p t i c c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e h o l d i n g t a n k . The pH ad jus tmen t i n t h e f l o c c u l a t i n g t a n k was ma in ta ined between 3 .9 and 5 . 1 w i t h one v a l u e a t 6.0. The pH i n c r e a s e d more than one u n i t on an a v e r a g e as i t passed t h r o u g h t h e s e t t l i n g t a n k . By t h e t i m e it reached t h e end of t h e t r e a t m e n t sys tem it reached an a v e r a g e v a l u e g r e a t e r than 6.0.
The t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s pose a problem i f t h e e f f l u e n t is t o be r e u s e d i n a laundromat . The d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s t h r o u g h e a c h u n i t of t h e system are summarized i n T a b l e 7 . The v a r i a t i o n was g r e a t e s t i n t h e raw waste which had a minimum v a l u e of 625 mg/l and a maximum of 1,450 mg/l . The pr imary conce rn is t h a t t h e o v e r a l l sys tem re su l t ed in a n i n c r e a s e of t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s , r a t h e r t h a n t h e d e s i r e d r e d u c t i o n . T h i s is shown i n F i g . 11. The g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e was due t o t h e alum a d d i t i o n , and was i n t h e o r d e r o f 20 mg/ l . The d e m i n e r a l i z e r , which was d e s i g n e d t o r e d u c e t h e d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s , r e s u l t e d i n a n ave rage i n c r e a s e of 6 mg/l, or essen - t i a l l y n o e f f e c t i v e r e d u c t i o n .
The e f f l u e n t from t h e sys tem was c h l o r i n a t e d i n t h e f i n a l ho ld ing t a n k b e f o r e b e i n g d i s c h a r g e d t o a swampy area o f a s low-running stream. stream was l i t t l e more t h a n a d r a i n a g e d i t c h which he lped t o d r a i n t h e h igh water t a b l e of t h e su r round ing area. A l l t h e houses i n t h e a r e a are provided wi th s e p t i c t a n k and t i l e f i e l d sys t ems . The ove r f low from t h e ho ld ing t a n k ( a s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y ) a l s o r e a c h e d t h i s swampy a r e a . During w a r m weather an o f f e n s i v e odor arose from t h e s t a g n a n t s t ream, c a u s i n g compla in t s by t h e n e i g h b o r s . An i n j u n c t i o n w a s b rough t a g a i n s t t h e laundromat o p e r a t o r t o p r e v e n t t h e over f low of wastes f r o m t h e hold- ing t a n k . I t was dec ided t o i n s t a l l a f l o a t v a l v e on t h e h o l d i n g t a n k so t h e system would o p e r a t e a u t o m a t i c a l l y when t h e h o l d i n g t ank was f u l l . Even w i t h t h e promise t o have t h e f l o a t v a l v e o p e r a t i v e w i t h i n a week’s t i m e , t h e judge c l o s e d t h e laundromat . T h i s s l s o r e s u l t e d in t h e l and owner‘s f i l l i n g i n t h e swamp and d i g g i n g a c h a n n e l t o c a r r y o f f t h e water, t he reby e l i m i n a t i n g t h e problem c r e a t e d by t h e s t a g n a n t water. Whereas t h e i n j u n c t i o n c l o s e d t h e laundromat , t h e r e was n o c l a i m a g a i n s t t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e t r e a t m e n t sys t em. Arrangements were made t o t r a n s - f e r 2 , 0 0 0 g a l . / d a y of laundromat was te from a n o t h e r laundromat about 3 mi les away. This a l lowed o p e r a t i o n of t h e t r e a t m e n t sys tem wi thou t mov- i n g t h e equipment . However, no f u r t h e r s t u d i e s were performed u s i n g t h e Winfa i r system.
T h i s
30
f
TABLE 5
SUMMARY OF OVERALL BOD AND COD REMOVAL I N THE WINFAIR WATER RECLAMATION SYSTEM
No. of Inf h e n t mg/ 1 E f f l u e n t mg/l Average % Pardmet,er Samples Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Reduction
BOD 1 0 1 185 50 119 .2 118 20 .5 52.2 56.4
-- --
COD 70 438 136 293.4 244 38 113.8 62.1
U n i t - Raw Waste
TABLE 6
SUMMARY OF pH VALUES I N WINFAIR SYSTEM
F l o c c u l a t i o n Tank
S e t t l i n g Tank
Sand F i l t e r
Detergent Removal
A c t i v a t e d Carbon
Demin era1 i z e r
No. of Samples M i n . - Max. -
134 7.6 5 .O
1 3 6 6 . 0 3 . 9
117 6 .7 4.2
117 6 .7 4 . 5
11 7 7 . 0 5 . 0
11 7 6 .9 5.2
13 4 6 . 8 5 . 1
31
Avg . - 7.13
4.45
5.58
5.76
5.95
5.99
6.07
-
Uni t
R a w Waste
TABLE 7
SUMMARY OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS I N WINFAIR SYSTEM
S e t t l i n g Tank Eff.
Sand F i l t e r Eff.
D e t e r g e n t Removal Eff.
A c t i v a t e d Carbon E f f .
D e m i n e r a l i z e r Eff.
Number of Sa mp 1 es
8 1
7 9
79
7 9
79
8 1
Total D i s s o l v e d S o l i d s , m g / l Max. - Min. Avg . - 1,450 62 5 93 1
1,425 75 0 952
1,400 7 00 953
1,375 6 90 95 6
1 , 410 700 96 8
1,325 75 0 974
i
i
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS m g / l (D OD 0
3 CD 0, VI
0 0 (D-
O (D CD
8 s N 0 0
8 0 I I I I I I i
RAW WASTE
SETTLING TANK
SAN 0 FILTER
DET E RGE NT REMOVAL
ACT I VAT ED CARBON
DEMINERALIZER
SECTION V I 1 1
DISCUSSION OF THE WINFAIR SYSTEM
The Winfa i r Water Reclamation System was o p e r a t e d f o r a pe r iod of n i n e months a d j u s t i n g t h e pH o f t h e raw waste w i t h alum i n t h e range of 4 .0 t o 5.0, bu t with n o n e u t r a l i z a t i o n p r i o r t o s e d i m e n t a t i o n . The ave rage A B S c o n t e n t a f t e r s e t t l i n g was 11 mg/l , which correlates wel l with t h e r e s u l t s of t h e l a b s t u d i e s . The v a l u e i s doub le t h a t which t h e manufac- t u r e r claims can be e x p e c t e d from t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e sys tem. However, i t i s less t h a n t h e 1 5 mg/l o b t a i n e d by t h e o r i g i n a l o p e r a t o r . I t does confirm t h a t the an ion A B S exchange r e s i n w i l l be d e p l e t e d i n h a l f t h e time p r e d i c t e d by t h e manufac tu re r . So l o n g as c o n s i d e r a t i o n is made for t h i s , it w i l l n o t create a s e r i o u s problem excep t f o r an i n c r e a s e i n c o s t f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n . The o v e r a l l ABS r e d u c t i o n was 94%, r e s u l t - i n g in a r e s i d u a l A B S of 2 . 3 mg/l . T h i s is g r e a t e r t han t h e recomnended d r i n k i n g water s t a n d a r d s but s h o u l d be s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r r e u s e i n a laundromat .
The BOD and COD removals are i n t e r m e d i a t e between pr imary and secondary t r e a t m e n t . The r e s i d u a l may or may n o t be a c c e p t a b l e f o r d i s c h a r g e depending upon t h e r e c e i v i n g stream. T h i s would a l s o depend on t h e volume of t h e waste from e a c h i n d i v i d u a l laundromat unde r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . G e n e r a l l y speak ing , t h e ave rage BOD of 52 and t h e a v e r a g e COD of 1 1 4 i n t h e e f f l u e n t are c o n s i d e r e d r a t h e r h igh f o r r e c y c l i n g o f t h e e f f l u e n t . C h l o r i n a t i o n may r educe t h e s e s l i g h t l y and a l so p reven t s e p t i c condi - t i o n s i n t h e r e c y c l e h o l d i n g t a n k .
pH was t o have been an impor t an t key i n t h i s s t u d y . S ince t h e i n i t i a l pH a d j u s t m e n t was d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h , it was expec ted t h a t a wide r a n g e of pH v a l u e s would be o b t a i n e d a l l o w i n g f o r an e v a l u a t i o n of t h e d e g r e e of t r e a t m e n t over a wide pH r a n g e . I n s t e a d , t h e l a b a s s i s t a n t s went t o extreme p a i n s t o m a i n t a i n t h e pH between 4.0 and 5 . 0 i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n what t h e l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s had shown t o b e t h e pH f o r t h e g r e a t e s t p u r i f i c a t i o n . An a t t e m p t was made t o correlate t h e pH v s t r e a t m e n t , bu t t h e r e s u l t s showed n o c o n c l u s i v e t r e n d . I t is i n t e r - e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t when t h e sys tem was f i rs t s e t up and o p e r a t e d t o g e t t h e bugs o u t , on one o c c a s i o n t h e pH i n t h e f l o c c u l a t i o n t ank was 6.0, and the A B S i n t h e e f f l u e n t was r e c o r d e d a s 0.0. S i n c e t h i s was a break- in p e r i o d b o t h from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f o p e r a t i n g t h e sys tem and p e r f e c t i n g l a b t e c h n i q u e s , no g r e a t v a l u e can be p l a c e d on t h i s s i n g l e r e s u It . One o f t h e g r e a t e s t d i s a p p o i n t m e n t s was t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e deminera l - i z e r system for removal of t h e t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s . The i n c r e a s e i n t h e t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s due t o the a d d i t i o n of t h e alum o f about 20 mg/l was less t h a n t h a t o f up t o 1 , 0 0 0 mg/l e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e l a b s t u d i e s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s bet ter c o n t r o l and s e p a r a t i o n in t h e system t h a n i n t h e l a b . The i n c r e a s e s i n p a s s i n g th rough t h e r ema in ing u n i t s of t h e sys tem are i n s i g n i f i c a n t . However, when it comes t o t h e deminer- a l i z a t i o n , t h i s is supposed t o r e d u c e t h e t o t a l s o l i d s , n o t r e s u l t i n an
35
i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e . When t h e sys tem was s t a r t e d up, f r e s h r e s i n s were p l a c e d i n t h e u n i t s . Some d i f f i c u l t y was found i n b a l a n c i n g t h e
' v a l v e s so t h a t approx ima te ly o n e - t h i r d of t h e flow p a s s e d through t h e d e m i n e r a l i z e r s . t h e d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s t e s t which showed n o r e d u c t i o n . t h a t i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e f low, t h e r e s i n s became exhaus ted . The re fo re , they were r e g e n e r a t e d as p e r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , b u t wi th n o change in r e s u l t s . Numerous e f for t s were made t o r e g e n e r a t e t h e r e s i n and t h e y were comple te ly r e p l a c e d l a t e r i n t h e s t u d y . The f low was r e g u l a t e d t o a l l extremes i n c l u d i n g p a s s i n g a l l t h e l i q u i d th rough t h e r e s i n s . A l l of t h e s e e f f o r t s proved f r u i t l e s s . t h e d e m i n e r a l i z e r system provided by t h e company was n o t capab le o f per forming t h e j o b f o r which it was des igned . Th i s is t h e same con- c l u s i o n r eached wi th t h e i n i t i a l e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e s y s - tem i n its f i rs t l o c a t i o n .
After t h i s was e s t a b l i s h e d samples were secu red f o r I t is p o s s i b l e
I t can o n l y be concluded t h a t
Alth ou gh t h e poss i b i l i t y of r e u s e o f t h e t r e a t e d it was n o t a t t empted i n any of t h e s e s t u d i e s . The water supply f o r t h e laundromat w a s adequa te , and it was f e l t t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g good q u a l i t y water would be p r e f e r r e d t o r e u s e d water. have been g a i n e d by r e u s e would have been a s a v i n g in waste water t h a t would have had t o be d i s c h a r g e d . s i d e r e d t o be adequate f o r r e u s e i n a laundromat , b u t c e r t a i n l y n o t far d r i n k i n g . No c o n s i d e r a t i o n cou ld be made of t h e number of r e u s e c y c l e s t h a t c o u l d have been made b e f o r e t h e bu i ld -up of non-removed materials would r e a c h an u n d e s i r a b l e l e v e l .
The o n l y advantage $ h a t could
The q u a l i t y of t h e e f f l u e n t is con-
I t is a l s o c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h i s t r e a t m e n t would r e s u l t i n an e f f l u e n t which c o u l d be d i scha rged i n t o a s u b s u r f a c e d i s p o s a l system w i t h a min- imum of problems.
. , _ _ r . .. . - . . I... .....
36
SECTION I X
THE ALMI FILTRATION SYSTEM
A s e a r l y as 1 9 4 4 , t h e U.S. Army Corps of Eng inee r s deve loped a d i a t o m i t e f i l t r a t i o n u n i t for use i n s u p p l y i n g s a f e and p o t a b l e w a t e r f o r f i e l d t r o o p s (I). h igh r a t e o f o u t p u t . S i n c e t h e n a t i o n was t h e n invo lved i n a g l o b a l w a r , t h e economic f a c t o r was n o t of g r e a t i m p o r t i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e ove r - a l l s u c c e s s of t h e system. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l h e a l t h and a e s t h e t i c r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e sys tem had t o remove t h e c y s t s o f Endamoeba h i s t o l y t i c a and t h e cercaria of s c h i s t o s o m e s . T h i s was p a r t i c u l a r l y c r u c i a l i n b o t h t h e South P a c i f i c and t h e Medi te r ranean T h e a t r e s of war. A t flow rates of 6 t o 1 2 gpm p s f , many c y s t s pas sed th rough conven t iona l sand t y p e f i l t r a t i o n u n i t s . a f f e c t e d v i r t u a l l y comple te removal of c y s t s under t h e most s e v e r e tests.
These u n i t s had t o ( a ) be p o r t a b l e and ( b ) o p e r a t e a t a
On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e d i a t o m i t e f i l t e r s
These f i n d i n g s were a g a i n u t i l i z e d as t h e p o s t World War I1 boom of home l a u n d r i e s and p u b l i c l aundromat s s p r e a d i n t o unsewered areas, i n c r e a s i n g t h e need f o r e f f e c t i v e t r e a t m e n t u n i t s . I n d u s t r i e s (ALMI) Diatomaceous E a r t h F i l t r a t i o n System was developed f o r such l aundry waste t r e a t m e n t .
The American Laundry Machinery
S t r u c t u a l l y , t h e ALMI wastewater t r e a t m e n t sys t em (WWTS) used is a con- t i n u a l water f i l t r a t i o n sys tem c o n s i s t i n g of a F i x i n g t a n k , 2 chemica l f e e d t a n k s , 2 p r e s s u r e f i l t e r u n i t s o p e r a t e d 31 p a r a l l e l , and t h e appro- p r i a t e pumps, v a l v e s , and c o n n e c t i n g p i p i n g . A d d i t i o n a l appur t enances i n c l u d e a 4,000 g a l . r a w wastewater ho ld ing t ank t o p r o v i d e f l o w equal - i za t ion , a 1,000 g a l . treated water t a n k which s e r v e d as a c h l o r i n e c o n t a c t t a n k , and a 1,000 g a l . s ludge h o l d i n g t a n k which r e t a i n e d t h e f i l t e r e d materials p l u s t h e s p e n t d ia tomaceous e a r t h (DE away by a s c a v e n g e r . Each f i l t e r uni t c o n t a i n s 45 v e r t i c a l mesh screen t u b u l a r e l emen t s ( t o t a l of 90 e l e m e n t s ) which s e r v e as a septum fo r t h e diatomaceous e a r t h (DE) p r e c o a t . F igu re 1 2 shows an 8,000 GPD sys tem. A s c h e m a t i c f low diagram is shown i n F i g u r e 13. The p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c - t e r i s t ics of t h i s u n i t are l i s t e d i n T a b l e 8.
u n t i l h a u l e d
System ope ra t io r , c o n s i s t s of a p p l y i n g a p r e c o a t on t h e f i l t e r e l e m e n t s by r e c i r c u l a t i n g a water suspens ion of DE f r o m t h e mixing t ank th rough t h e f i l t e r s w i t h r e t u r n t o t h e mixing t a n k . The p r e c o a t o p e r a t i o n usu- a l l y r e q u i r e s 3-6 min. u s i n g a 45 l b . change of diatomaceous e a r t h . Fol lowing p r e c o a t i n g , t h e waste p u r i f i c a t i o n c y c l e is i n t i t i a t e d by pumping wastewater from t h e h o l d i n g t a n k t o t h e mixing t a n k , t h rough t h e f i l t e r s and to t h e t r e a t e d water t a n k . mal ly l a s t s 15 minu tes d u r i n g which 400 g a l l o n s of was tewa te r a re proc- e s s e d a t a f l o w r a t e o f 2 5 GPM. Fol lowing each 15 minute f i l t r a t i o n c y c l e , a timer s w i t c h s h u t s o f € t h e f i l t e r pumps and a c t i v a t e s a mechan- i c a l s h a k e r mechanism which "bumps" o f f t h e p r e c o a t from t h e f i l t e r ele- ments . comple t ion of t h e bump p h a s e . The p e r i o d i c bump t o remove and r e - p r e c o a t t h e f i l t e r e l emen t s r e s t o r e s p r e s s u r e d r o p l o s s which o c c u r s a s s o l i d s
A p u r i f i c a t i o n c y c l e n o r -
The p r e c o a t and f i l t r a t i o n cycles are t h e n r e p e a t e d f o l l o w i n g
37
-------- -
38
TO CHLORlNATl 6-
AWD CISCHAR&? n
0 ~PRECOAT
TANK 1
FIEER PUMP
FLOAT CONTROL
Ne.2 FILTER
f
To SLUDGE HOLDING TANK
W
I I RAW WTER FROM WASHER I
HOLDING TANK VALVE SETTINGS
PRECOAT ON STREAM DESLUXjE OPEN I, 2,3,6,7,8 42, $6,7 4,5,6,7 CLOSED 4,s 4,5,8 4%38
FIGURE 13 SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM -AMERICAN LAUNDRY MACHINERY INDUSTRY -. DIATOMITE FILTRATION SYSTEM
TABLE 8
O v e r a l l S i z e
Base
Height
AMERICAN LAUNDRY MACHINERY INDUSTRIES DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTRATION SYSTEM
No. F i l t e r E lemen t s
S i z e
Mesh
F i l t e r Elemnt Area
T o t a l
Normal Flow
I n
o u t
Flow Loading
Dia tomi te Charge
Normal T o t a l Da i ly Flow
Chemical Feed S o l u t i o n Rate
40
90
25.5" l o n g X 1" d i a .
60
0.564 f t 2 / e l e m e n t
50.76 f t 2
25-26 gpm
14-15 gpm
- 0 .5 gpm/ft2 f i l t e r area
45 pounds (0.89 l b . / f t 2 )
6300-8500 g a l s .
60-70 ml./min.
accumula te on t h e f i l t e r elements. F i g u r e 1 4 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e r a t e of p r e s s u r e d r o p i n c r a s e ( and f low d e c r e a s e ) as a f u n c t i o n of number of f l l t r a t i o n c y c l e s . r 2 ) Usua l ly , i t is p o s s i b l e t o a c h i e v e 10-15 f i l t r a - t i o n c y c l e s wi th one DE c h a r g e , which a l l o w s p r o c e s s i n g o f 4000-6000 g a l s . of wastewater.
The recommended chemica l o p e r a t i o n of t h e ALMI sys tem c o n s i s t s o f t h e a d d i t i o n of C a C 1 2 and Roccal (commercial name f o r a q u a t e r n a r y ammonium compound which i s i n e f f ec t bo th a c a t i o n i c d e t e r g e n t t o remove r e s i d u a l a n i o n i c d e t e r g e n t s and a ge rmic ide t o k i l l b a c t e r i a ) t o t h e raw was te i n t h e mixing t a n k . In a d d i t i o n , N a O H , alum and f e r r i c c h l o r i d e were added i n tests to s t u d y t h e removal o f phospha te s . F i n a l l y , sodium h y p o c h l o r i t e (Clorox) was added t o t h e e f f l u e n t t o r e d u c e bacter ia .
The e n t i r e chemica l r e a c t i o n s o f t h e A L M I Wastewater Trea tment System t a k e p l a c e i n t h e mixing t ank . They are des igned t o n e u t r a l i z e a n d / o r p r e c i p i t a t e phospha te s , s p e n t d e t e r g e n t s , n i t r a t e s , o r g a n i c matter and suspended p a r t i c u l a t e s i n t h e wastes. ical p r o c e s s is e f f e c t i v e , t h e s e s u b s t a n c e s are t h e n t r a p p e d upon t h e f i l t e r medium, t h e o r e t i c a l l y l e a v i n g a c l ea r , o d o r l e s s and non-pathogenic e f f l u e n t l o w i n o r g a n i c matter.
To t h e d e g r e e t h a t t h e t h e chem-
T h i s e n t i r e phase of t h i s s t u d y was conducted under less t h a n i d e a l con- d i t i o n s . J u s t p r i o r t o commencing P a r t I1 of t h i s p r o j e c t , an in junc - t i o n was o b t a i n e d a g a i n s t t h e laundromat o p e r a t o r , f o r c i n g him t o s h u t down h i s o p e r a t i o n . h o l d i n g t a n k a t t h e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t . The sys tem was des igned s o t h a t when t h e h o l d i n g t ank was f u l l , t h e waste would s p i l l o v e r i n t o a s e p t i c t a n k and l e a c h i n g sys tem. However, d e l i v e r y t r u c k s had c r u s h e d t h e p i p e s l e a d i n g t o t h e s e p t i c t a n k s and t i l e f i e l d s , so t h a t t h e waste overf lowed a t t h e h o l d i n g t a n k . F o r t u n a t e l y , t h e i n j u n c t i o n which c l o s e d t h e l aun- dromat s a i d n o t h i n g about t h e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t , so ar rangements were made w i t h t h e operator of a laundromat a b o u t 3 miles away t o t r u c k 2,000 g a l . p e r day from h i s s e p t i c t ank t o o u r h o l d i n g t a n k . This waste w a s s e p t i c and n o t f r e s h as the l o c a l waste was. T h i s p robab ly made t h e waste more d i f f i c u l t t o t r e a t . I t was assumed t h a t i f t h i s sys tem could t r e a t t h i s s e p t i c waste s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , i t cou ld d o a n even b e t t e r job of normal f r e s h laundromat wastes .
T h i s was due t o a n ove r f low of wastes from t h e
41
42
..,, ...... ._I - --.---- .._,._. - . . .
L
SECTION X
LABORATORY ANALYSIS
Discuss ion o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e from t h e d a t a is expanded f o r each of t h e p a r a m e t e r s measured, and then t h e most n e a r l y optimum o p e r - a t h g c o n d i t i o n s a re e v a l u a t e d .
ABS Removal
With one e x c e p t i o n , 97% or b e t t e r ABS removal was ach ieved w i t h Roccal dosages of 26 mg/l and g r e a t e r a s summarized i n T a b l e 9 . With one ex- c e p t i o n , t h e r a t i o of C a C 1 2 t o Rocca l r a n g e d between 4.78 - 5 .1 on t h e s e o c c a s i o n s . Poorer ABS removals occur red when t h e Roccal a d d i t i o n dropped below 26 mg/ l and t h e C a C 1 2 : Rocca l r a t i o was g r e a t e r t han 10. The sum- mary of t h e removal of ABS is shown i n T a b l e 10 . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of ABS i n t h e r a w waste was f a i r l y c o n s t a n t w i t h a v a r i a t i o n on ly from 16 t b 26 mg/l and a n avg . of 20 mp/1. 5.2 mg/l a n d on numerous o c c a s i o n s t h e ABS was removed comple t e ly . avg. ABS i n t h e e f f l u e n t was 2.5 mg/l , r e p r e s e n t i n g a n avg. r e d u c t i o n G f 87%.
The h i g h e s t v a l u e i n t h e e f f l u e n t was The
BOD Reduct ion
The v a l u e s of t h e BOD r e d u c t i o n a re summarized i n Table 11. The h i g h e s t BOD r e c o r d e d i n t h e i n f l u e n t was 371 mg/l , b u t t h e n e x t h i g h e s t v a l u e was 168 mg/l . The avg. BOD of t h e waste was 126 mg/l . The avg. BOD o f t h e e f f l u e n t was 47 mg/l . The avg . r e d u c t i o n was 63%; t h e max. w a s 82% and t h e minimum 7%. The 82% r e d u c t i o n was a c h i e v e d u s i n g a 46 l b . cha rge of P i t c h e r Celatom and r e s u l t e d i n a n a c t u a l r e d u c t i o n of BOD from 109 mg/l t o 20 mg/l .
COD Reduct ion
T a b l e 12 shows t h e summary of t h e C O D r e d u c t i o n . The COD of t h e i n f l u e n t r a n g e d f r o m 200 t o 455 mg/l w i t h an avg . v a l u e of 340 mg/ l . The v a l u e s i n t h e e f f l u e n t ranged from 42 t o 196 mg/l w i t h an avg . of 104 mg/l. The g r e a t e s t r e d u c t i o n of 84% o c c u r r e d on two o c c a s i o n s and t h e p o o r e s t re- d u c t i o n was 31%. The b e s t COD reduc- t i o n was a c h i e v e d u s i n g Dia tomi te i n a 44 l b . c h a r g e r e s u l t i n g i n a c t u a l r e d u c t i o n s of 258 E 285 mp/l t o 42 E 45 mg/l , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The avg . r e d u c t i o n i n COD was 69%.
T u r b i d i t v Reduct i on
The t u r b i d i t y of t h e e f f l u e n t v a r i e d a p p r e c i a b l y w i t h t h e pH as shown i n F i g . 15. ( P e r c e n t t r a n s m i t t a n c e i s p l o t t e d i n s t e a d of a c t u a l t u r b i d i t y ; a high t r a n s m i t t a n c e i n d i c a t e s a low t u r b i d i t y . ) t h e b e s t t u r b i d i t y removal o c c u r s when t h e pH is a d j u s t e d t o v a l u e s g rea te r t h a n 8. w i t h v a r i o u s dosages of each of t h e diatomaceous e a r t h s used .
I t may b e seen t h a t
Table 1 3 shows t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e e f f l u e n t t u r b i d i t y The b e s t
43
TABLE 9
SUMMARY OF ABS REDUCTION W I T H VARIOUS C a C 1 2 AND ROCCAL ADDITIONS
.,. , . , . ... . ... ~
Date
8/27/69
8/6/69
8/27/69
8/7,8,11/69
9 /17/69
8/21/69
8/19/69
8/12 /69
8/26 /6 9
8/26/69
9/17/69
-
8/19,21/69
8/13/ 69
9/20 /69
9/22/69
8/29/69
9/20/69
11/18/ 69
8 /2 8/69
8/29/69
9/3/69
9/11/69
8/14,15/69
9 /3 ,4 /69
h 1500
Ratio C a C 1 2 Average Roccal Dosage (mg/ l ) To R o c c a l Reduct ion %
110 .o 4.8 10 0
105.0 4 . 8 No Data
88.5 4.6 97.77
84.0 4 . 8 1 0 0
64.0 4.9 97.76
63.2 1 1 . 5 99.04
63.0 4 . 8 91.59
100.00 56 .O 4.8
55.6 4 .8 99.31
48.5 5 . 1 98.10 45.0
32.0
29.2
26.2
4.9 97.78
4 . 8 98.25
4.8 99.37
9 . 9 97.93
I 24.0 6.75 38.33*
23.8 ( N a O H Added) 24.0 97.96
88.45
No Data
20.2 9 . 7
20.0 (Alum + FeC13 Added)
1 9 . 8 (NaOH Added) 23.8 81.02
18 .3 (NaOH Added) 23.8 80.48
15 .4 (NaOH Added) 22 .7 72.43 15 .2 1 0 . 1 75.98
1 2 . 0 4 .7 77.58
9 . 2 (NaOH Added on 9 / 3 23.7 46.34
N o Data
Only - R e s u l t s Not Typ ica l )
mg/l Alum Added, S e t t l e d i n WWRS Before ALMI Treatment i
4 4
T A B L E 1 0
SUMMARY O F REMOVAL O F A L K Y L B E N Z E N E S U L F O N A T E I N T H E A . L . M . I . S Y S T E M
I N F L U E N T EF F L UEN T R E D U C T I O N
% High L o w A v g . High L ow A v g . Low
D a t e mg/l D a t e mg/l mg/1 D a t e mg/l D a t e m g i l mg/'l & - - - _ _ - > D a t e - - 8/26 25.7 8 / 8 15 .7 20 9 / 3 1 5 . 3 8 / 2 , 7 , 8 , 0 2 . 5 8 /2 ,7 , 100 9 / 3 18 87
11 ,27 8 , l l , 27
T A B L E 11
SUMMARY O F R E D U C T I O N O F B I O C H E M I C A L OXYGEN DEMAND I N T H E A . L . M . I . S Y S T E M
D a t e m - - 8/14 371 8 / 2 1 80 47 8 / 2 1 82 81'16 7 . 3 63 126 8/16 102 9 / 4 15
T A B L E 12
SUMMARY OF R E D U C T I O N OF C H E M I C A L OXYGEN DEMAND I N T H E A . L . M . I . S Y S T E M
I N F L U E N T E F F L U E N T R E D U C T I O N L o w AVP. High T,nw AvK*- High Low Ave. Hi izh 7
- - .- ~
% 96 v P Date mg/l Date mg/l mg/l Date mg/l Date m g / l mg/l Date - - - - - _ _ c - -
8/19 455 8 / 8 200 340 8/6,19 196 8 /26 42 104 8/26,29 84 8/19 3 1 69
100
?Q
80
3 TO t z Y) P a a c
rt 6 C
sc
4a
FIGURE 15- EFFLUENT TURBIDITY V S pH IN THE A.L.M.I. SYSTEM
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
I I 1 I I J 6 7 0 9 IO I I 5
PH
47
. .,~. ,~.. . . . .-. -.- -IC-
F i l t e r A i d
D i a t o m i t e
D i a t o m i t e
D i a t o m i t e
P i t c h e r C e l a t o m
P i t c h e r C e l a t o m
P i t c h e r C e l a t o m ( N a O H A d d e d )
D i a t o m i t e ( N a O H A d d e d )
D i a t o m it e ( N a O H A d d e d )
D i a t o m i t e ( N a O H A d d e d )
D i a t o m i t e ( N a O H A d d e d )
Johns -Manville H y f lo-Supercel
C e l i t e 545
___.-- --..I
E F F L U E N T
T A B L E 1 3
T U R B I D I T Y VS. FILTER A I D
D o sage Lbs .
2 4
42
44
46
43
50
43
37
43
43
44
44.5
A v e r a g e pH
7 . 1
7 .4
7.4
N . D .
N . D .
9 . 1
N . D .
N . D .
N . D .
N . D .
N . D .
7.6
f: S i x ( 6 ) Minute Precoat H e r e a f t e r
4 8
A v g . % T r a n s m i t t a n c e
N o Q u a n t i t a t i v e D a t a (Poor)
87
85
8 1
6 1
No D a t a
96 I N o D a t a
No D a t a *
59.5
r e d u c t i o n of t u r b i d i t y was ach ieved u s i n g P i t c h e r Celatom a t a 50 l b . cha rge r e s u l t i n g i n an e f f l u e n t which m a n i f e s t e d 96% t r a n s m i t t a n c e .
Organic Ni t rogen
The small number of r e s u l t s f o r K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n a v a i l a b l e are summar- i z e d i n Table 1 4 . Although t h e d a t a a r e n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , on one occas ion t h e r e was an i n c r e a s e i n t h e o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n of 146% f r o m t h e i n f l u e n t t o t h e e f f l u e n t ; on t h e o t h e r two occas ions t h e r e was a r e d u c t i o n .
Total Di s so lved S o l i d s Increase
In a l l cases, due t o t h e chemica ls added fo r t h e t r e a t m e n t , t h e r e was an i n c r e a s e i n t h e t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s as shown i n Table 15 . The a v e r - age i n c r e a s e w a s 61%. 1 , 1 0 0 mg/l . The l ea s t i n c r e a s e , 3%, f r o m 390 and 400 mg/l t o 400 and 410 mg/l , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o c c u r r e d u s i n g Diatomite i n a 44 lb. cha rge com- b ined w i t h 56 mg/l of C a C 1 2 and 12 mg/l of a c t i v e Rocca l . Tha t t h e i n c r e a s e i n t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e CaC12 added is shown v i s u a l l y i n F i g . 16.
The g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e was 144% from 450 mg/l t o
Ha rdne s s
The scant ha rdness d a t a do n o t l e n d themselves t o s t a t i s t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n . I t would be u s e f u l t o c o r r e l a t e ha rdness i n t h e e f f l u e n t wi th CaC12 dos- age, b u t t h i s i s n o t p o s s i b l e . i n T a b l e 16 . The ha rdness i n t h e i n f l u e n t v a r i e d on ly between 172 and 248 w i t h an a v e r a g e of 209 mg/l . On two o c c a s i o n s on t h e same day t h e r e was an extreme i n c r e a s e i n h a r d n e s s i n t h e e f f l u e n t t o 620 and 668 mg/l . I n c l u d i n g t h e s e t w o v a l u e s t h e ave rage h a r d n e s s i n t h e e f f l u e n t was 284 mg/l showing a n ave rage i n c r e a s e of 36%. Exc lud ing t h e s e two abnormal v a l u e s t h e r e w a s an ave rage r e d u c t i o n of 20% t o 166 mg/ l .
A summary of t h e e x i s t i n g data i s shown
Phosphate Removal
I t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t phosphate removal is d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e pH of t h e s o l u t i o n . Th i s is shown c l e a r l y i n F i g . 17 . Below pH 7 . 5 t h e phos- p h a t e removal was i n t h e o r d e r of 25%, whereas above pH 8 .5 it was above 90%. To show any e f f ec t of C a C 1 2 dose on phospha te removal , F ig . 18 was c o n s t r u c t e d . a g r e a t e r removal o f phospha te , bu t t h i s removal approaches o n l y 50% w i t h CaC12 dosages up t o 700 mg/l . t h e r ange of 400 t o 600 mg/l removed o v e r 90% of t h e phosphate when NaOH was added. When alum was added and t h e waste s e t t l e d i n t h e Winf i a r s y s - t e m p r i o r t o t r e a t m e n t i n t h e A . L . M . I . sys tem, an 85% r e d u c t i o n of phos- pha te was ach ieved u s i n g o n l y 150 mg/l CaC12. summary of t h e phospha te removal r e s u l t s ( T a b l e 1 7 ) is d i v i d e d i n t o sec- t i o n s showing t h e removals w i t h CaC12 a l o n e , w i t h a d d i t i o n of N a O H , and wi th alum and s e t t l i n g . The maximum phospha te removal , from 169 mg/l t o
It may be seen t h a t i n c r e a s e d CaC12 dosage does r e s u l t i n
On t h e o t h e r hand, CaC12 dosages i n
F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s , t h e
49
T A B L E 14
SUMMARY OF C H A N G E S I N T H E O R G A N I C N I T R O G E N I N T E A . L . M . I . S Y S T E M
C H A N G E L o w
I N F L U E N T E F F L U E N T A v g . H i g h L o w A v g . H i g h
mg / l D a t e mg/l m g i l D a t e mg/l High L o w Avg .
- - - - ,-. - - % % % D a t e Date mg/l mg/l D a t e D a t e
7.5 11.25 8/8 -24 8/7 +I46 +44 8 '5 10.1 8/7 5.6 7.8 8/7 13.8 8/8
c C
T A B L E 1 5
SUMMARY O F THE I N C R E A S E I N T O T A L D I S S O L V E D S O L I D S I N T H E A . L . M . I . S Y S T E M
\
I N C R E A S E I N F L U E N T E F F L U E N T A v g . H i g h L o w A v g .
- - - - - - - Yigh L o w A v g . H i g h L o w e, D a t e mg/l D a t e m g i l mg/l D a t e mg/l D a t e mg/l mg/1 D a t e
8 / 1 9 690 8/15 3 90 442 8/21 1,100 8/15 400 713 8/21 144 8/15 7.5
6 D a t e % -
FIGURE 16- EFFECT OF CaCI2 DOSAGE ON TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN EFFLUENT FROM A.L.M.I. SYSTEM
ul I-
CaCI2 D O S A G E , m g / l
i
i
. .. , '.
. ,
TABLE 16
SUMMARY OF THE CHANGES I N HARDNESS I N THE A . L . M . I . SYSTEM
I N FLUENT EFFLUENT CHANGE High Low Avg . High Low Avg . High Low Avg .
Date m g / l Date m g / l m g / l Date mg/l % % Date mg/l mg/l Date % Date I_ - - - - - - 8; 1 9 248 913 172 209 8 / 2 1 668 8 /19 96 284 8 /19 -56 8 / 2 1 +660 +36
8/19ft 218fc 1 6 6 i'i -20*
A Excluding two ( 2 ) e x t r e m e l y h i g h v a l u e s on 8 / 2 1
90 -
eo-
70 -
60 -
4
0 2 5 0 -
E a 0
40-
at
30 -
20 -
10 -
17 - EFFECT IN THE
OF A.L.
pH ON PO4 REMOVAL M.I. SVSTEM 0
0
0
I I I I 1 1 6 7 8 9 IO II
PH
53
.. r 1 3
100
90
a0
K)
60
d
E P
g
so
E ra
50
20
10
0
FIGURE 18 - EFFECT O F CaCl2 DOSAGE ON a a Po4 REMOVAL IN THE AL.M.1.
SYSTEM a
*
0 CoC12 ONLY
a CaCl2 t NoOH
U ALUM AOOEO, SETTLED I N WINFAIR SYSTEM, THEN CoCl2 A O M D
/
5 4
CoC12 DOSAGE, mg/I m
t- a,
3
cn
ul
a3 0
al
00
do
d
m
\\
(
5,m
a, 01 \
a,
m
01 \
(5,
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In
cn 0
In
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01 \
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01
Y d
01 \
a,
x
rl 01
rl V
lu 0
cv .-I
X
v+
o
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lu u
a
* cn H
0
d
rl
t-
rl rl
3
01
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ar
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ul 0
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0
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2'
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55
1
3 mg/l , r e p r e s e n t i n g a 98% r e d u c t i o n , was o b t a i n e d u s i n g P i t c h e r Celatom i n a 50 l b . charge w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of NaOH t o a pH of 9 .55 , and 435 mg/l of CaC12 wi th 18 .3 mg/l of Roccal (23.77 t o 1 r a t i o ) .
A l k a l i n i t v
The resu l t s o f t h e a l k a l i n i t y are summarized i n Table 18. The average a l k a l i n i t y i n t h e raw waste was 368 mg/ l w i th a range of 340 t o 420 mg/l . With n o a d d i t i o n of N a O H , t h e r e was an ave rage s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n i n a l k a - l i n i t y t o 329 mgi l . W i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f NaOH, t h e a l k a l i n i t y i n c r e a s e d t o an average of 475 mg/l .
Aci d i t v
The r e s u l t s of t h e a c i d i t y are summarized i n Table 1 9 . The average a c i d - i t y i n t h e raw was te was 91 w i t h a range of 7 3 t o 124 mg/l . With n o N a O H added, t h e average a c i d i t y showed a s l i g h t increase t o 112 mg/l du r ing t r e a t m e n t . Upon a d d i t i o n of N a O H t h e a c i d i t y was lowered t o an average v a l u e of 31 mg/l , w i t h o c c a s i o n a l i n s t a n c e s of comple te ly removing t h e a c i d i t y (pH ? 8 . 3 ) .
ODtimum ODera t ine Cond i t ions
There was n o one s e t of o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s which produced t h e maximum r e d u c t i o n of a l l p a r a m e t e r s of p o l l u t i o n . However, t h e b e s t o v e r a l l r e s u l t s , as shown i n Table 2 0 , w e r e p roduced under t h e f o l l o w i n g con- d i t i o n s : (1) 50 l b s . of P i t c h e r Celatom as f i l t e r a i d ; ( 2 ) a t h r e e minute p re -coa t t i m e ; ( 3 ) 567 mg/l o f CaC12 ; ( 4 ) 23 .8 mg/l of a c t i v e Roccal d u r i n g a 7,530 g a l l o n r u n ; and ( 5 ) w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of N a O H . T h i s combinat ion of t r ea tmen t r e s u l t e d i n : (1) 98% r e d u c t i o n of ABS from 21.6 mg/l t o -20 mg/ l , s a t i s f a c t o r y fo r USPHS Dr inking Water Stand- ards; ( 2 ) a 73% r e d u c t i o n of BOD from 133 t o 34 mg/ l ; ( 3 ) an 85% reduc- t i o n of COD from 285 mg/l t o 45 mg/l ; ( 4 ) a 94% r e d u c t i o n of PO4 from 169 mg/ l t o 6 mg/l ; ( 5 ) a 97% t r a n s m i t t a n c e for t u r b i d i t y o f t h e e f f l u - e n t ; ( 6 ) n o s i g n i f i c a n t change i n a c i d i t y ; ( 7 ) r a i s i n g t h e pH from an i n f l u e n t va lue of 7 . 2 t o 8 . 5 ; ( 8 ) i n c r e a s i n g t h e t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s (TDS') 44% from 488 mg/1 t o 715 mg/l ; ( 9 ) l i t t l e change i n t h e a l k a l i n i t y ; (10) an 8% i n c r e a s e i n t h e h a r d n e s s from 208 m g / l t o 266 mg/ l ; and (11)
10 co l i form/100 m l when c h l o r i n a t i n g t h e e f f l u e n t .
! 56
T A B L E 18 I
SUMMARY O F T H E A L K A L I N I T Y I N THE R A W AND T R E A T E D W A S T E I
I N F L U E N T E F F L U E N T E F F L U E N T
H i g h Low A v g . Date mg/l D a t e mg/l m g / l CI
I NO N a O H ADDED N a O H ADDED H i g h L o w A v g . H i g h L o w A v g . - D a t e m g / l D a t e m g / l m g / l Date mg/1 D a t e mg/l mg/ l
47 5 350 8 / 2 1 288 ; 3 2 9 9 / 3 500 9 / 3 452 9 /3 420 8 / 2 1 340 368 8/19
I N F L U E N T
T A B L E 19
SUMMARY OF T H E A C I D I T Y I N T H E RAW AND T R E A T E D W A S T E \
H i g h L o w Avg. - D a t e mg/1 D a t e mg/1 mg/l
E F F L U E N T I E F F L U E N T
N O N a O H A D D E D N a O H A D D E D A k L o w A v g . H i g h H i g h Low
D a t e mg/ l D a t e mg/ l mg/l D a t e mg/l D a t e m g i l m g i l _c
j 112 9/3 68 9 / 3 0 3 1 9 / 3 124 8 /19 73 91 8 /19 158 8 /19 87
TABLE 20
OPTIMUM C O M B I N A T I O N OF CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL FACTORS I N REMOVAL OF POLLUTANTS AND PATHOGENS FROM LAUNDROMAT WASTE WATER I N THE A . L . M . I. WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM. FILTER. AID-PITCHER CELATOM USING A 3 MINUTE PRE-COAT TIME-RESULTS BASED UPON 7530 GALLONS OF TREATED WASTE.
ABS BOD I n f . E f f . Red’n .
Filter Aid C a C 1 2 A c t i v e Roccal I n f . E f f . Red’n . %
73
m g / l m g / l 6 Dosage NaOH _I m E / l mg/l O Dosage Dosage
50 l b s . 56 7 133 34 .20 9 8 23 .8 Yes 21.6 ( m g / l ) ( m g / l )
JH - p’4 COD TDS Turb .
I n f . E f f . I n c r . % T r a n s . I n f . E f f . Re.d‘n. I n f . E f f . Inf. E f f . Red’n. mg/l mg/l m R / 1 r?g/l % - - % E f f . m_g/l m g / l %
44 9 7 7.2 8 . 5 1 6 9 6 94 2 85 45 85 488 715
9 1 89 2 1 368 372
; .. , - ., . , . A .-” .- . ,
208 266 8
SECTION X I
DISCUSSION OF THE ALMI SYSTEY
The f i r s t c r i t e r i o n f o r a s a t i s f a c t o r y e f f l u e n t i s t h a t i t meet h e a l t h department s t a n d a r d s . I n N e w Y o r k , t h i s demdnds (1) an e f f l u e n t which m a n i f e s t s a c o l i f o r m c o u n t of z e r o a f t e r c h l o r i n a t i o n based upon a 1 m l sample and ( 2 ) a r e d u c t i o n of 75% i n b i o l o g i c a l oxygen demand. The ALMI System meets t h e requi rement w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e e l i n i n a t i o n of coliform organisms and a t optimum c o n d i t i o n s a c h i e v e s a 73% r e d u c t i o n of BOD. The Ads and t o t a l s o l i d s i n t h e e f f l u e n t meet t h e U.S.P.H.S. d r i n k i n g water s t a n d a r d s .
The second r equ i r emen t of a wastewater t r e a t m e n t sys tem i s t h e a b i l i t y t o h a n d l e peak l o a d s as w e l l as normal demands. The ALMI System proved able t o t r e a t a maximum of 25-26 g p m and a l so produce a s a t i s f a c t o r y e f f l u e n t a t a r e g u l a r f l o w of 14-15 g p m r e s u l t i n g i n a t o t a l d a i l y flow of 6300-8500 g a l l o n s p e r day. A t t w o r u n s p e r day t h i s u n i t can t r ea t a t o t a l of 7530 g a l l o n s p e r d a y . A t a maximum average f l o w of 587 gpd p e r washing machine as shown i n F i g . 1, t h e maximum average d a i l y e f f l u - e n t from 12-13 machines c o u l d be t r e a t e d i n t h e s e t w o r u n s . I t r e q u i r e d 252 minu tes o r 4,.2 h o u r s t o t r ea t t h e ave rage d a i l y e f f l u e n t from approx- i m a t e l y seven machines. Based upon a 1 2 hour day , t h e ALMI sys tem c o u l d t r ea t t h e average d a i l y flow f r o m approx ima te ly 20 machines . The h o l d i n g tank of 4000 g a l l o n c a p a c i t y p rov ided storage d u r i n g peak flows.
The t h i r d requi rement is t h a t it r e q u i r e s a minimum of s e r v i c e , opera- t i o n a l and maintenance s k i l l s a n d o p e r a t o r t i m e . After t h e optimum com- b i n a t i o n of chemica l and mechanica l a i d s was de termined , it r e q u i r e d v e r y l i t t l e t h e t o add t h e DE c1,arge and r e f i l l t h e chemica l s o l u t i o n reservoirs . However, w i t h t w o runs a day, t h e o p e r a t o r would have t o r e t u r n t o add t h e second DE charge. A l l t h e o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s w e r e such t h a t t h e sys tem c o u l d be a c t i v a t e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y by a f l o a t v a l v e i n t h e h o l d i n g t a n k . I t would be p o s s i b l e t o i n s t a l l an a u t o m a t i c DE c h a r g i n g s e t u p s o t h a t t h e sys tem could o p e r a t e una t t ended d u r i n g t h e weekend which is u s u a l l y t h e peak usage p e r i o d of t h e laundromat . Also t h e s l u d g e h o l d i n g t a n k must be pumped o u t p e r i o d i c a l l y , approximate ly on a weekly b a s i s . T h i s is b e s t handled by a c o n v e n t i o n a l s e p t i c t a n k s e r v i c e .
The f o u r t h c r i t e r i o n is e a s i l y m e t be t h e ALMI system which was d i s - mant led and removed t o t h e R.P.I . l a b o r a t o r i e s w i t h a minimum u s e of l a b o r and t r a n s p o r t f a c i l i t i e s . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d , however, t h a t re- moval of t h e 4,000 h o l d i n g t a n k , 1 ,000 g a l . c l e a n water t a n k and 1 ,000 g a l . s l u d g e tank was n o t i n c l u d e d , as t h e s e a r e f a i r l y permanent ly i n s ta l l e d i n t h e ground.
A s for t h e s p a c e r equ i r emen t , t h e f i f t h c r i t e r j o n , t h e ALMI s y s t e m , e x - c l u s i v e of h o l d i n g and s t o r a g e t a n k s , r e q u i r e d n o more t h a n 80 s q u a r e f e e t , i n c l u d i n g s t o r a g e of f i l t e r a i d s and c h e m i c a l s , w i t h a normal c e i l i n g h e i g h t .
59
An estimate was made for t h e c o s t of o p e r a t i o n of t h e sys tem. broken down as follows:
T h i s was
Chemicals $~.00/1,000 g a l . $ 8.50
Electric power 1.5 KW/hr., 9 h r . / day @ 3C/Kw .so Labor, mainten an ce 1 h r . / d a y (3 $2.25/hr . 2.25
Sludge scaveng ing $20 /wk . 3 .OO 1
Misc.
T o t a l
.75
$15 . O O
Based upon 30 g a l l o n s p e r wash, t h e r e are approx ima te ly A 8 500 = 280 washei p e r day. A t $15.00 p e r d a y , t h i s r e s u l t s i n 1% = 6+/was{! T h i s v a l u e is s l i g h t l y h igh , and would r e q u i r e t h e a d d i t i o n of a t least 5 C t o t h e cost of each wash. T h i s v a l u e does n o t i n c l u d e a m o r t i z a t i o n of t h e cost of t h e t r e a t m e n t equipment . T h i s would p robab ly i n c r e a s e t h e t o t a l cost for treatment t o 1OC p e r wash. cost . sys tem.
T h i s is a s i g n i f i c a n t increase i n t h e Thus, t h i s sys t em does n o t meet t h e r equ i r emen t s for an economical
The goal of r e c y c l i n g water for f u r t h e r u se s h o u l d be an u l t i m a t e aim of any waste water t r e a t m e n t sys tem. I n terms of r e d u c t i o n of s p e n t d e t e r - g e n t s , phosphates , c o l i f o r m organisms, t u r b i d i t y , o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n , BOD and COD, t h e e f f l u e n t c o u l d b e r e u s e d for u s e s o t h e r t h a n d r i n k i n g . However, t h e i n c r e a s e s i n TDS, and pH, w h i l e w i t h i n t h e uppe r l i m i t s of ,
U.S.P.H.S. d r i n k i n g water s t a n d a r d s , might n o t be s u i t a b l e f o r c e r t a i n a g r i c u l t u r a l and i n d u s t r i a l u s e s . Fur thermore , t h e i n c r e a s e i n a l k a l i n i q and ha rdness , due t o t h e a d d i t i o n o f N a O H , and t h e h i g h r a t i o of CaC12 t o Roccal ( 2 2 . 3 : l ) i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e PO4 removal, render ve ry q u e s t i o n - a b l e t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e e f f l u e n t f o r r e u s e w i t h o u t s o f t e n i n g and pH ad jus tmen t .
The American Laundry Machinery I n d u s t r i e s Diatomaceous E a r t h F i l t r a t i o n System can t h u s be an e f f e c t i v e sys tem f o r t h e t r e a t m e n t of laundromat w a s t e s . Whereas t h e r e was n o s i n g l e optimum o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n under which a l l waste pa rame te r s were removed t o t h e g r e a t e s t e x t e n t , t h e r e can \ be r eached an optimum c h e m i c a l a d d i t i o n and o p e r a t i o n which w i l l e f fect- i v e l y t r e a t t h e waste and r e n d e r i t safe f o r c e r t a i n r euse o r d i s c h a r g e i n t o a r e c e i v i n g water.
60
*
SECTION X I 1
AC KN O W E DGEMEN TS
The l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s i n t h i s p r o j e c t were s u p p o r t e d by t h e N e w York S t a t e Department of H e a l t h , D iv i s ion of L a b o r a t o r i e s and Research.
The a u t h o r s would l i k e t o thank Mr. James A . Messina for a l l o w i n g t h e use of h i s laundromat t r e a t m e n t equipment for t h i s p r o j e c t , Mr. Ralph C a r p e n t e r for p r o v i d i n g t h e b u i l d i n g t o house and t h e power t o o p e r a t e t h e equipment, and Mr. Edwin Lagasse for c o o p e r a t i n g i n p r o v i d i n g t h e laundromat waste. Diatomaceous E a r t h f o r t h i s s t u d y was p rov ided by t h e Johns-Manvil le Corp. , Ce l i te D i v i s i o n .
The o p e r a t i o n a l s t u d i e s were s u p p o r t e d by a g r a n t from t h e F e d e r a l Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (now F e d e r a l Water Q u a l i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) , Department of the I n t e r i o r . S p e c i a l t hanks is a l s o ex tended t o Mr. Richa rd Keppler , P r o j e c t Officer, for h i s gu idance .
61
SECTION X I 1 1
REFEENCES
1. Black , Hayse H . , and Spau ld ing , C h a r l e s H . , "Diatomite Water F i l t r a t i o n Developed f o r F i e l d Troops ," J o u r . AWWA - 36, 1208 (Nov. 1944) .
2 . Eckenfe lde r , Wesley, P roceed ings of 1 9 t h I n d u s t r i a l Waste Conference , Purdue U n i v e r s i t y , (1964) p . 467.
3. Flynn, J.M., "Long I s l a n d Ground Water P o l l u t i o n S tudy P r o j e c t , " Proceedings a t 1st Annual Water Q u a l i t y Research Sumposium, New York S t a t e Department of H e l a t h , Albany, N . Y . (Feb. 1964) .
4. Flynn, J.M. , and Andres , B. , "Laundere t t e Waste Trea tment P rocesses , " Jour. Water P o l l . C o n t r o l Fed . , 35, 783 (1963) . -
5 . Pau l son , E . G . , "Organics i n Water Supply ," Water and Sewage Works, - 1 1 0 , 216, (1963) .
6 . "Removal of Synthetic D e t e r g e n t s f r o m Laundry and Laundromat Wastes , I 1
Research Repor t No. 5, N e w York S t a t e Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l Board, Albany (March 1960) .
7. Robeck, G . G . , B r y a n t , A . R. , and Woodward, R . L . , " In f luence of ABS on Co l i fo rm Movement Through Wate r -Sa tu ra t ed Sandy S o i l s ," J o u r . AWWA - 54, 75 (1962) .
8. Rosen tha l , B . L . , O 'Br ien , J . E . , J o l y , G . T . , and Cooperman, A . , "Treat- ment of Laundromat Wastes by Coagu la t ion w i t h Alum and Adsorp t ion Through A c t i v a t e d Carbon , Mass. Dept . of P u b l i c Hea l th , Lawrence Experiment S t a t i o n , (March 1963) .
9 . "Standard Methods f o r t h e Examinat ion of Water and Wastewater," 12 th e d . , A.P.H.A., N e w Yo&, (1965) .
1 0 . Weber, W . J. Jr. , and Mor r i s , J . C . , " K i n e t i c s of Adsorp t ion on Carbon from S o l u t i o n , " J o u r . San. Eng. D iv . , A.S.C.E. 0 9 , SA2, 31 (1963) . -
6 3
SECTION XIV
GLOSSARY
ABS - - Alky l benzene s u l f o n a t e ; a c o n s t i t u e n t of d e t e r g e n t s ; i n t h i s pape r used t o connote bo th t h e o l d e r branched-cha in non-b iodegradable forms and t h e newer LAS.
Anion - An e l e c t r o n e g a t i v e ion .
C a t i o n - An e l e c t r o p o s i t i v e i o n .
C e r c a r i a - The l a r v a l form o f a p a r a s i t i c worm.
Co l i fo rms - A group of b a c t e r i a , n a t i v e t o the human i n t e s t i n a l t r ac t , used as a water p o l l u t i o n i n d e x . is i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e e x t e n t of fecal con tamina t ion t o t h e water.
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of c o l i f o r m b a c t e r i a
C y s t s - A c a p s u l e s u r r o u n d i n g a microorganism i n its r e s t i n g s t a t e ; i t is shed a f te r t h e organism resumes a c t i v i t y .
Diatomaceous . e a r t h - A f i n e e a r t h d e r i v e d from t h e c e l l walls of diatoms and used as an a b s o r b e n t .
LAS - L i n e a r a l k y l benzene s u l f o n a t e ; now a c o n y t i t u e n t of t h e new b i o - d e g r a d a b l e d e t e r g e n t s . -
Roccal - The commercial name for a q u a t e r n a r y ammonium compound which i s both a c a t i o n i c d e t e r g e n t t o remove r e s i d u a l a n i o n i c d e t e r g e n t s and a ge rmic ide t o k i l l b a c t e r i a .
Schis tosome - A genus o f worm, p a r a s i t i c i n t h e b lood o f man.
Synde t s - S y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s .
65 W . S . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 5 1 4 - 1 5 3 / 2 0 0 1 - 3
R P ', SELECTED W A T E R - RESOURCES ABSTRACTS INPUT TRANSACTION FORM W
Sept. 1971 Treatment of Laundromat Wastes
. - * I' ' I T ? ! rl
I :, I. 1 ,
I 12120 DOD Donald B. Aulenbach, Patr ick C. Town, Martha Chilson
, - t
> ' < ? , t . % I . ' I Final
I Rensselaer Polytechnic I n s t i t u t e Troy, N e w York 12181
, Environmental Protecticm Agency 3/1/64 - 11/30/69
Environmental Protect ion Agency r epor t number, EPA-R2-73-108, February 1973.
Laboratory and f i e l d s t u d i e s w e r e conducted t o evaluate t h e laundromat waste treat- ment c a p a b i l i t i e s and the e f f l u e n t recycling p o s s i b i l i t i e s of two systems. Winfair Water Reclamation System (WWRS) involves t h e addition of alum a t a pH of 4, sand f i l t r a t i o n , and passage through an ion exchange r e s in . The American Laundry Machinery Industr ies (ALMI) Diatomaceous Earth F i l t r a t i o n System employs chemical p r e c i p i t a t i o n p r i o r t o f i l t r a t i o n .
The WWRS resul ted i n a 61% BOD reduction, 71% COD reduction, 94% ABS reduction, and a buildup of t o t a l s o l i d s i n t he e f f luen t . The system produced an e f f l u e n t s u i t a b l e f o r discharge i n t o many streams. demineralizer would be required.
The ALMI System achieved a 70% BOD reduction, 84% COD reduction, 98% ABS reduction, 94% PO4 reduction, and complete coliform removal. l i n i t y and hardness render very questionable t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of e f f l u e n t reuse without softening and pH adjustment. laundromats would increase t h e cost of washes by about lo$.
The
For e f f l u e n t recycl ing, a functioning
The increase i n e f f l u e n t alka-
The introduct ion of t he system i n t o ex i s t en t
. Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIF IC INFORMATION CENTER U S DEPARTMENT O F THC INTERIOR W A S H I N G T O N D C 2 0 2 4 0
Donald B . Aulenbach Rensselaer Polytechnic I n s t i t u t e I
