Voved vo internet ? , (IP) .

: . . () INTERconnected group of NETworks = INTERNET

? TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) , , .

() ? , ,e-mail ( ) , (file transfer) , (), () , (chat) , , ...

: , () , , ... ,, , ... , (, , ...) ,

? () e-mail (john_doe@company.com) URL (http://www.company.com) ! ( )

? , ,

? (, , , , , ) ISOC, IETF, IESG, IRTF, IRSG, IAB, ICANN, IANA, W3C :

ISOC - The Internet Society , 1992 , , .

ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ) - , , IP ( ) , .

IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ICANN IP , , ( DNS ), (MIME), IP .

IAB Internet Architecture Board ISOC , ... (Task Forces) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force ( W3C ISO/IEC) , RFC (request for comment) - ,

IESG - Internet Engineering Steering Group IETF IETF

IRTF - Internet Research Task Force , ,

IRSG - Internet Research Steering Group IRTF

W3C - World Wide Web Consortium (World Wide Web - WWW) WWW

/ ( ) ( .) ( )

: IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, SSL, ... : e-mail, telnet, ftp, Usenet newsgroups, file sharing, the World Wide Web, Gopher, session access, WAIS, finger, ... : IRC, ICQ, AIM, Gnutella,

- (Google scholar) (Google, Yahoo, ) (Totaljobs, Imdb, ) (Amazon, ebay, ) ( , , remote desktop, VPN, ...) (e-mail, FTP, P2P) (Facebook)

(Copyright infringement) / / (viruses/trojans/worms) (hacking / cracking) , , , . (Child abuse) (, )

Netiquette = network ethics (Usenet, mailing lists, live chat, Internet forums) , , , , ... E () smilies (emoticons) - :-) :) ;-) :-( :-o : BTW By The Way IMHO In My Humble Opinion ASAP As Soon As Possible

. , - . . . () () . : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; .

/ Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching (circuit switching) + - (packet switching) ,

T 4 1957 . 40 ARPAnet . ARPAnet . ARPAnet . . ( ) . .

60-: RAND . - : , , , . .

ARPAnet ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), DARPA, 1958 , . . 1969 4 ARPAnet. 1971 ARPAnet 15 , 1972 37 9600 bps. ,

1973 ARPAnet ( ) 1976 UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol) 1979 USENET 1981 BITNET, CSNET 1982 NCP TCP/IP, EUNet 1983 NameServer, CSNET ARPANET, ARPANET MILNET, Berkley Unix TCP/IP, EARN (European Academic and Research Network), FidoNet 1984 DNS, 1000 1986 NSFNET (56kbs) 5 , 1988 2 6.000 60.000 , 1989 10.000 , RIPE 1990 ARPANET, , Compuserve MCI mail 1991 WAIS, gopher 1992 , WWW CERN, 1.000.000 , MBONE 1993 InterNIC, , WhiteHouse, UN, On-line, NCSA Mosaic 1995

WWW Tim Berners-Lee World Wide Web Consortium, a Senior Research Scientist and the 3COM Founders Professor of Engineering in the School of Engineering, with a joint appointment in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science MIT's CSAIL where he leads the Decentralized Information Group (DIG), and Professor of Computer Science at Southampton ECS.

: 56Kbps (POTS plain old telephone system) ISDN modem 128Kbs (POTS) ( ) DSL (ADSL) Cable Modem Wi-Fi, WiMax, WADSL Fiber Optics

D.S.L. (Digital Subscriber Lines) ADSL (3 : up, down, voice) 10 Mbps ADSL ( upload download)

Cable Modem , , 30 Mbps ( 0.5 10 Mbps) ( upload download)

16 Gbps download - 0.7 One way Satellite Internet one-way multicast, ( SAT TV ) one-way with terrestrial return, ( SAT TV + ) very small aperture terminal (VSAT) - two-way satellite access ( )

Wi-Fi the third pipe to the home Whats a hot spot? - 54 Mbps 802.11g ( 300 Mbps 802.11n) ( ) 1-4 Mbps download , ()

WiMAX : WiFi on steroids ( WiFi ) 40 km 70 Mbps (10 Mbps @ 10km) , PDA

GPRS (~56Kbps) EDGE (236Kbps) UMTS (3G) (384Kbps) HSDPA ( 14.4Mbit/s downlink, 5.8Mbit/s uplink )

( ) Power-line Internet

T1: 1.5 Mbps 24/7 ... T2 : 6.3 Mbps T3: 44.7 Mbps Fiber-to-the-Home: 40 Gbps ( ).

: E-mail, IM, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone, video conferencing , , ... ,

Twisted pair ( ) , 2-100 Mbps , 200-500 Mbps 40 Mbps - 1Tbps

() / , , ~40 km (36.000 km) () (wireless LAN) ( ) 10m

(Access methods) , , ... ( ) Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

( ISO-OSI ) PAN, LAN, CAN, WAN, MAN, GAN Ethernet, Wireless LAN, Fiber optic, Power line communication Active Networking, Client-server, Peer-to-peer (workgroup) Bus network, Star network, Ring network, Mesh network, Star-bus network, Tree or Hierarchical topology network, etc.

\Personal Area Network (PAN) (USB, FireWire, IrDA, WiFi, Bluetooth, ) Local Area Network (LAN) : , , ) Campus Area Network (CAN) ( , ) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) / Wide Area Network (WAN) , Global Area Network (GAN) () ,

. . (active networking, clientserver and peer-to-peer)

(connection-oriented) TCP/IP, (connectionless) IP, UDP /. / (reliable) (unreliable protocol, datagram) / (unicast) -point-to-point) (multicast, broadcast) - point-to-multipoint)

/ /

ISO-OSI

Application Layer ( , , . . HTTP) Presentation Layer ( , , , , ...) Session Layer ( , , . Full/Half Duplex, Z-Modem) Transport Layer ( , , ) Networking Layer ( , ) Data Link Layer ( ) Physical Layer ( , 2 )

(, ) . (TCP, UDP, IP ) ,

CSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detect CSMA/CA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoid FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access PCM - Pulse Code Modulation QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation PSK - Phase Shift Keying

, (/ , , ...)

Network Interface Card (NIC), Repeater , , ( ISO-OSI ) Hub ( ) Bridge ( ISO-OSI 2 data link) Switch ( ISO-OSI 2 data link) Router ( ISO-OSI 3 network) network cable, fiber-optic, radio-wave, ...

TCP , /

IP IP (Internet Protocol address) ( ) IP .

() IP 32- (IPv4) (dotted-decimal notation)

IP 2 3

IP () NAT

Peer-to-peer (P2P) Client-server

( ) . . , () () . .

, IP

= () DHCP DNS, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP4, IRC, NNTP, XMPP, (Jabber) POP3 ,SIP, SMTP, SNMP, SSH, TELNET ,TLS/SSL,

e-mail telnet FTP (File Transfer Protocol) WWW (World Wide Web) ... (, , , , ...) . / (browser) .

Listserv (e-mail list server) e-mail News groups (USENET) - () Archie FTP WAIS (Wide Area Information Server) . , WWW. Gopher / Veronica , . WWW. Archie, WAIS, gopher , Web USENET Listserv.

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol IP IP . ( )? , . IP : IP Subnet mask - Default gateway - ( ) Preffered DNS server ( )

DNS (Domain Name System) IP ( en.wikipedia.org 66.230.200.100) . () IP . top-level internet domains case insensitive multiple aliases

: IP DNS

DNS DNS DNS e :

, (primer.com) () (top-level domain) . www.primer.com com , 127 , 63 , ( ) 253 , , ( ) Hostname ( ) IP

Internet top-level domains edu com gov mil org net int

mk gr bg uk fr de se ru . . . 250+

() eu - asia - cat

Generic top-level domains Name Entity

.aero air-transport industry

.asia Asia-Pacific region

.biz business

.cat Catalan

.com commercial

.coop cooperatives

.edu educational

.gov governmental

.info information

.int international organizations

.jobs companies

.mil U.S. military

.mobi mobile devices

.museum museums

.name individuals, by name

.net network

.org organization

.pro professions

.tel Internet communication services

.travel travel and tourism industry related sites

.xxx adult entertainment

E-mail (electronic mail or e-mail) store and forward , , () . (on-line) , , , : BBS, CompuServe, MCI Mail, Fidonet, () (MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, base64, UUENCODE)

(e-mail) /// e-mail web (yahoo, hotmail, gmail,) : nekoj@nekade.edu Mailing listi (, , digest) e-mail SMTP, POP3, IMAP, MIME , SPAM, ...

- (RFC 5322) 78 US-ASCII

- From: email_address (AUTO) Date: (AUTO) Message-ID: (AUTO) In-Reply-To: ... (AUTO) To: email_address(es) () Subject: ("RE:" "FW:".) Cc: Carbon copy - , To: : Bcc: Blind Carbon Copy - Content-Type: MIME . Precedence: - "bulk", "junk", or "list References: Message-ID ( . ) Reply-To: Sender: Archived-At: email client, email reader, or mail user agent (MUA) .

: / / : , ... : Outlook (Microsoft), Mail (Apple), Lotus Notes (IBM), Thunderbird, Kmail, Webmail: Gmail, Outlook.com, Yahoo,

e-mail SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol () e-mail . TCP port 25 POP3 Post Office Protocol version 3 dial-up , ( mail ) . . IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol .

e-mail E-mail spoofing Computer virus Computer worm Hoax Chain e-mail Netiquette - "network etiquette ( ) E-mail spam, bulk e-mail or junk e-mail Information overload

DNS IP ? 1. DNS ( ) 2. DNS 3. , ( , ) 4. 5.,

TelnetTELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) LAN (RFC15, 1969., IETF STD 8) Telnet , , . - TCP/IP, port 23 router, switch, /, UNIX

( ) (UNIX, Windows) telnet telnet telnet SSH (1998) telnet

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) . - TCP/IP, login : ( ) TCP/IP , proxy

20 21. 20 ( ), 21 . , 21 . ( firewall-) anonymous ftp web FTP URL ftp:// (. ftp://ftp.gimp.org/) ftp://:@ (. ftp://user123:secret@ftp.somehost.com) SSH file transfer protocol (sftp FTPS) SFTP ( ) TFTP (Trivial FTP) FTP () UDP ( )

FTP Command Operation open Connect to the FTP server on a remote host user Log in as a specific user on a remote host close/disconnect Disconnect from the remote FTP server quit/bye Disconnect from the remote FTP server and exit the client application pwd Display the current directory on the remote host cd Change the current directory on the remote host lcd Change the current directory on the local host ls/dir List the files in the current directory on the remote host mkdir Make a new directory on the remote host rmdir Remove a directory on the remote host get/recv Retrieve a file from the remote host put/send Copy a file to the remote host delete Delete a file on the remote host rename Rename a file on the remote host append Append the contents of a local file to a file on the remote host mget Retrieve multiple files for the remote host mput Copy multiple files to the remote host mdelete Delete multiple files on the remote host ascii Set the file transfer mode to ASCII (text) and convert text formatting characters between the local and remote host formats binary Set the file transfer mode to binary and do not attempt to examine or modify the contents of the files prompt Prompt the user between each of a set of operations literal/quote Send a specific command direct to the protocol

Chat (Microsoft chat, IRC, ) Instant messaging (ICQ, yahoo, microsoft) Internet telephony (Skype, Voice-over-IP) Teleconferencing/videoconferencing over internet Webcast, Internet radio, Internet TV Gopher, Archie, Veronica, WAIS ... P2P (gnutella, Kazaa, edonkey, Bittorrent)

WWW (World Wide Web) . 1990 , . (, ) WWW Tim Berners-Lee CERN - , 1989, 1991 , 2 WWW Tim Berners-Lee WWW . : URL (Uniform Resource Locator) , , HTML (HyperText Markup Language) , . HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) ( gopher ftp)

Hypertext , , (, , , ...). () , . , Hypermedia ( , , ...)

WWW 1989 CERN 1992 1993 - web Mosaic (Marc Andreessen NCSA Netscape Communications Corporation 1998 America Online) Microsoft Spyglass Inc. NCSA Internet Explorer. 1993 web Lycos, 1994 CERN MIT World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) WWW Tim Berners-Lee (www.w3.org) Google

WWW , web web web ( ) WWW HTML (DHTML, JavaScript, PHP, Java Applets, CGI, ASP, Flash, )

Web () (web browser) NCSA Mosaic (outdated) Netscape Navigator (dead) Opera Internet Explorer (Microsoft) Safari (Apple) FireFox Chrome (Google) Lynx (text) () web server.

() : HTTP : () , (html)

... , . : http://www.itu.org/home/index.html ( ) DNS IP www.itu.org DNS IP 156.106.192.32 TCP 80 156.106.192.32 /home/index.html www.itu.org /home/index.html, TCP /home/index.html

... Web 1. TCP (Web ) 2. 3. ( ,) 4, 5, TCP

Web 1, URL 2, 3, 4, Web 5, 6, 7, MIME 8, , , ... 9, 10, (systemlog)

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) : http://www.finki.ukim.mk/kursevi/prva-godina.html file://[/] http://[:]/ [] mailto:@ gopher://[:]/ telnet://[:]@[:] ftp://[:]@[:]/

(Cookies) Web , , . Netscape () .. . , . cookie (