vos.noaa.govApril 2012 ~ Mariners Weather Log 2 M˜˚˛˝˙˚ˆ W˙˜ˇ˘˙˚ L ISSN 0025-3367 U.S....

Volume 56, Number 1 April 2012Volume 56, Number 1 April 2012

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Mariners Weather LogISSN 0025-3367

U.S. Department of Commerce

Jane Lubchenco Ph.D.Under Secretary of Commerce for

Oceans and Atmosphere

National Weather ServiceDr. John "Jack" L. Hayes

NOAA Assistant Administrator for Weather Services

Editorial SupervisorPaula M. Rychtar

Layout and DesignLeigh Ellis

Articles, Photographs, and Letters should be sent to:

Ms. Paula M. Rychtar, Editorial SupervisorMariners Weather Log

NDBC (W/OPS 51)Bldg. 3203

Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-6000Phone: (228) 688-1818 Fax: (228) 688-3923

E-Mail: [email protected]

Some Important Web Page Addresses:

NOAA http://www.noaa.gov

National Weather Servicehttp://www.weather.gov

National Data Buoy Centerhttp://www.ndbc.noaa.gov

AMVER Program http://www.amver.com

VOS Program http://www.vos.noaa.gov

SEAS Program http://seas.amverseas.noaa.gov/

seas/seasmain.htmlMariners Weather Log

http://www.vos.noaa.gov/mwl.shtmlMarine Dissemination

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/home.htmU.S. Coast Guard Navigation Center

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/marcomms/

See these Web pages for further links.

On the cover: Whale SharkPhoto Courtesy of Andy Murch, Elasmodiver Shark and Ray Picture Database —http://elasmodiver.comBig Fish Photography Expeditions — http://big� shphotographyexpeditions.com

From the editorPaula Rychtar

Paula here and I have the “conn”.

Welcome to my fi rst issue of the Mariners Weather Log. I have some great ideas for our magazine and I do encourage input from all of you. First, I would like to give a loud and enthusiastic welcome aboard to our new Port Meteorological Offi cer, David Jones. Dave will be the new PMO for the New Orleans/Gulf Coast area; you can read his bio on Page 8. Dave will begin his responsibilities in March.

In this issue, we need to say farewell to one of our dear friends and a strong advocate of the U.S. VOS program, Dr. Bill Burnett. Dr. Bill Burnett has been selected as the new Technical Director of Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (CNMOC). This is a tremendous and well-deserved accomplishment for Bill, and I know that we are all very proud of him and happy for him. Bill’s departure is a loss to NDBC, VOS as well as the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM). It will be very diffi cult to replace him. You can read his farewell story on page 8.

I hope you enjoy our featured cover story, Observer-based Whale Shark Research in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. This project holds a special place for me as I have volunteered to participate in this project, twice. The excitement of the pending sighting and swimming with one of these magnifi cent creatures is just incredible. Sad to say, both times, after the long drive to South Louisiana to muster for the very early morning boat trip, it was cancelled…due to what else…weather!

VOS is an international program as most of you know. With that, I would like to introduce you to Julie Fletcher, the Manager of Marine Observations for the Meteorological Service of New Zealand. Julie provided us with a great article giving notice to a project and the accomplishments for one of her fi nest ships, the MV VOLENDAM. I hope you enjoy her article and if this article sparks an interest in participating in the drifting buoy program, her contact and website for further information is included.

Congratulations to all of our VOS Annual Award Winners for 2011…as well as the 5 year and 10 year pennant recipients. The full list of award winners is included in this issue. BRAVO ZULU!

In conclusion, this edition will be the last in print. The cost of printing the MWL has become a costly event and one that I cannot justify with the budget constraints and concerns so looming throughout our agency. So after this issue, you will be sent a notifi cation that a beautiful digital high resolution edition of the Mariners Weather Log is awaiting you. This digital format will give you all the opportunity to print at your own leisure, if you so desire. It also provides a platform for more lengthy articles that I have had to turn down due to printing cost limitations. You will fi nd the digital form of the MWL located: http://www.vos.noaa.gov/mwl.shtml

~ Paula

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Observer-based whale shark research in the northern Gulf of Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

PMO Corner: Automated Weather Observations on the Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

US VOS welcomes aboard its newest PMO to New Orleans, David Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Fairwell to Bill Burnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2011 Award Recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Shipwreck: Dunav, Holmside, Prins Alexander . . . . . . . 10

Departments:Marine Weather Review

Mean Circulation Highlights and Climate Anomalies – September through December 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

North American Ice Service IcebergInformation and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

NHC Offshore Marine Zone Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

MV Volendam Deploys Buoys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Gust Factor during Tropical Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Tropical Atlantic and Tropical East Pacifi c Areas September through December 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

VOS Program

VOS Program Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

VOS Program New Recruits: July 1 through October 31, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

VOS Cooperative Ship Report:January through December 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Points of Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

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Whale shark research in the northern Gulf of Mexico has greatly expanded over the last decade, spearheaded in 2003 by the University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast Research Laboratory’s (GCRL) Whale Shark Sighting Survey (WSSS). Researchers at GCRL have used a variety of media (website, forum postings, Facebook, and news) in a vast effort to inform the public of the survey and data collection needs. Past participants have included recreational fishers and divers, charter fishing and diving operators, and members of the offshore petroleum industry.

Whale sharks have been documented in the northern GOM since 1939 when Dr. Eugene Gudger reported on anecdotal information collected from commercial mariners who encountered these animals while they were en route between the Florida Strait and Texas port cities (Gudger, 1939). Since the 1930’s, whale shark data has consisted primarily of isolated anecdotal reports or observations documented as an aside from field studies targeting other species such as marine mammals and sea turtles (Burks et. al. 2006) and seabirds (Hoffman et. al. 1981). After a chance encounter with whale sharks while on a research cruise, Jim Franks and Dr. Eric Hoffmayer initiated the GCRL WSSS in order to catalogue opportunistic sightings provided by anglers, mariners, divers and offshore industry personnel (Hoffmayer et al., 2005). Through the online survey, submitters provide information on their encounter, including date, time, location (preferably GPS coordinates), number of individuals, estimated length, observed behavior, associated species, and photographs. When underwater

photographs of the left side of the shark are submitted (specifically the region behind the gills), they are entered into the Ecocean photo-identification global database which analyzes the spot pattern, much like a fingerprint,

to determine if this shark has been previously sighted elsewhere in the world (www.whaleshark.org).

Between the years of 2002 – 2011, over 475 whale shark sightings have

Observer-based whale shark research in the northern Gulf of Mexico

By Jennifer McKinney of the Center for Fisheries Research and Development, University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast Research Laboratory in Ocean Springs, MS

Figure 1. Annual reports submitted to the University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Whale Shark Sighting Survey (WSSS) from

2002 – 2011. Survey can be found online at www.usm.edu/gcrl/whaleshark.

Figure 2. Distribution of whale shark sightings throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico from 2002 – 2011, submitted to the University of Southern Mississippi

Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Whale Shark Sighting Survey (WSSS).

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been reported to the GCRL WSSS. About a third of the reports were of multiple animals; 5 or more animals were reported a total of 63 times. The number of annual reports received has increased drastically since the onset of the survey (Figure 1), and present coverage spans from Brownsville, Texas to southern Florida (Figure 2). Reports are predominantly received during the summer months, with 70% of sightings occurring from June through August (Figure 3).

Whale sharks can reach lengths up to 50’ and are easily distinguishable by their large size, broad head and unique spot pattern. They are often found feeding at the surface by swimming along with their large mouth open, consuming their small prey. Whale sharks feed primarily on plankton, but will also feed on schools of small fish, squid, or fish eggs. Whale sharks are solitary animals, but large groups (called aggregations) of these sharks

may occur in highly productive areas. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, aggregations of over 100 individuals have been reported (Figure 4). One of the most interesting interactions of whale sharks is the association with big game fish, such as yellowfin, bluefin and skipjack tunas, tripletail, dolphin, and cobia, which appear to be feeding on the same food source (e.g. small baitfish).

Studying whale sharks can be a difficult endeavor due to their pelagic habitat and highly migratory nature; the opportunities for scientific encounters are unpredictable, expensive, and weather dependent. Many of the sight ings repor ted come f rom individuals outside of the scientific community. These individuals, who frequent areas where whale sharks occur, are a valuable resource to understanding the biology and ecology of this species in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In the fall of 2011, a series of whale shark reports off the coast of Louisiana prompted researchers at GCRL, NOAA and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries to mobilize a collaborative tagging expedition and successfully deployed 10 satellite tags on whale sharks (Figure 5). This is the largest number of whale sharks tagged at one time in the northern Gulf of Mexico to-date. Satellite tags provide the opportunity to learn a great deal more about these animals than just survey data alone, such as temperature and depth preferences, and estimated movement patterns for up to 12 months at a time. Often locating these animals is the greatest challenge to tagging expeditions, but with the help of timely reports, scientists can effectively focus their efforts.

If you encounter a whale shark in the northern Gulf of Mexico, please participate in the ONLINE WHALE SHARK SIGHTINGS SURVEY. You can help biologists learn more about the occurrence and distribution of whale sharks in the region.

Whale Shark Research

Figure 3. Whale shark sightings by month reported to the University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Whale Shark Sighting Survey

(WSSS) from 2002 – 2011.

Figure 4. Large aggregations of whale sharks have been documented in the northern Gulf of Mexico feeding at the surface on dense concentrations of fish

eggs. Over 90 sharks can be counted in this photo. Photo credit: Jennifer McKinney.

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Gulf Coast Research Laboratory biologists are extremely grateful for the sighting information provided thus far, and hope that the website will encourage submissions in the future!

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Figure 5. A satellite tag trails behind a whale shark tagged in the northern Gulf of Mexico in 2011. This type of tag can send real-time locations when the

animal surfaces. Photo Credit: Jesse Cancelmo.

Figure 6. Whale sharks are often seen in close proximity to petroleum

platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico, as seen in the water

reflection. This animal was spotted by fisherman about 80 miles off the Texas Coast, who reported

their encounter to the University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast

Research Laboratory Whale Shark Sighting Survey. Photo Credit: Andy

Sykes.

ReFeRenCeS:

Burks, C. M., Driggers III, W. B., & Mullin, K. D. (2006). Observations of whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, 104, 579-584.

Gudger, E.W. (1939). The whale shark in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The Scientific Monthly, 48, 261-264.

Hoffman, W. T.H. Fritts, & R.P. Reynolds. (1981). Whale sharks associated with fish schools off south Texas. Northeast Gulf Science, 5(1), 55-57.

Hoffmayer, E.R., Franks, J.S., & Shelley, J.P. (2005). Recent observations of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) in the north central Gulf of Mexico. Gulf and Caribbean Research, 17, 117-120.

To Report a Sighting:Please complete the survey at

http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/whaleshark or email: [email protected]

Include: Time and duration of encounter

Location (GPS coordinates)Approximate size and number of individuals

Observed behaviorAssociated species

If possible, photographs of the spot pattern behind left gills

Also, “Like” us on Facebook www.facebook.com/whalesharkresearch

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PMO

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PMO Corner: Automated Weather Observations on the Great Lakes

By.. PMO Ron Williams

On a recent trip across Lake Superior aboard the Central Marine Logistics Joseph L. Block , I was able to witness the workings of the FYF “For Your Forecast”, an automated weather observation program that was written by Captain Mike Grzesiek.

Over the past few years, after seeing many errors in coding manual observations, Captain Grzesiek decided to make a change in the way they would send in VOS weather observations. As he had prior experience as a computer programmer, he decided he would be able to write a computer program to capture all the necessary weather elements needed to transmit a successful automated observation.

First off, he had to teach himself the computer code needed to tie into the ships navigation system from the ships computer. This was needed as he would pull the true wind data from the onboard R.M Young anemometer. After many hours and weeks of staying up late with endless coffee, he finally came up with a program to do the job. He purchased an inexpensive Honeywell weather system, and was then able to utilize the barometer, temperature, and dewpoint from the system to connect to his program and the onboard navigation display. Due to the Great Lakes being on different heights for each of the Lakes, one of the largest hurdles the Captain ran into was how to calculate MSLP, as the ship transited each Lake. After three weeks of endless coding issues and much loss of sleep, he finally was able to have the program make the necessary height corrections as the ship would change elevation from each Lake. From here, Captain Grzesiek continued the tweak the program to the current version utilized today, which runs almost effortlessly aboard the Wilfred Sykes and Joseph L. Block.

While the system does a few bugs to work out, in regards to pressure readings and temperature, the system has been a large asset to National Weather Service Offices around the Great Lakes. With most months having a total of 700 plus observations, it provides us a “moving buoy” as the boats transit each of the Lakes, giving our forecasters the much needed weather data utilized to publish a marine weather forecast.

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US VOS Welcomes aboard its newest PMO to new Orleans, David Jones

Farewell to Bill Burnett

Dave is currently with the U.S. Navy at the Naval Oceanographic Office, Fleet Survey Team at Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. He is a military hydrographer and leads a team to monitor marine inst rumentation worldwide. As the Fleet Technical Liaison/Program Manager at the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center in San Diego, he led the management of meteorological and oceanographic sensors across the globe. On the USS John F. Kennedy, Dave managed a division of 17 meteorologists and oceanographers in weather forecast and observation duties. He also supervised maintenance act ivit ies for ship environmental equipment. Dave was the training and IT systems manager while stationed in Europe providing weather observation and IT training to staff. He was the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) and Remote

Automated Weather Stations (RAWS) manager providing maintenance and Quality Control. Dave has extensive marine forecast ability and a decade of decision support experience. He is certified in Disaster Preparedness, a Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer, Cisco Certified Network Associate, Advanced Open Water Diver, and a Bachelors of Marine Science Degree from the University of Southern Mississippi.

Dave is a native Floridian and is an avid scuba diver and sport fisherman. He learned to dive while living in Hawaii, and has enjoyed diving all over the world in the course of his travels. His most memorable dives have been on sunken Navy ships, notably the USS Spiegel Grove in Key Largo and USS Oriskany in Pensacola. Dave also enjoys

camping in his spare time with his wife and daughter. He has several pets, including four parrots and two dogs.

Welcome aboard!

We must bid farewell and offer congratulations to Dr. Bill Burnett in this issue of the MWL. Bill has been such a strong advocate for the U.S. VOS program and it is with a heavy heart that we see him go off to his next adventure. Bill has accepted the challenging position of Deputy/Technical Director with the U.S. Navy’s Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. Bills position as NDBC Branch Chief for Data Management and Communications concluded on January 13, 2012. As Branch Chief, Bill provided support, guidance and expertise for all who had the pleasure of working with him. Bill was the Chair of the Task Team for Table Driven Codes (TT-TDC); Co-Chair of the Task Team for Instrument Best Practices (TT-IBP), International Tsunameter Panel (ITP), OceanSITES Data Management Team and the JCOMM Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP) Science and Technical Workshop.

Fair Seas and following Winds, Bill…..

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2011 Award Recipients

2011 Award Recipients

Adventure Of The SeasAlaska Mariner Alaskan ExplorerAmerican CenturyAmsterdamAntwerpenAPL ChinaAPL KoreaAPL PearlArthur M. AndersonAtlantic FrontierAtlantic GraceAuroraAxel SpiritBerge NantongBernardo Quintana A. Carnival DestinyCelebrity CenturyCelebrity ConstellationCelebrity EclipseCelebrity EquinoxCelebrity InfinityCelebrity MillenniumCelebrity SilhouetteCelebrity SolsticeCelebrity SummitCharleston Express Discoverer Clear Leader Discoverer Deep Seas

Disney MagicDisney WonderEl YunqueEver Refine Front KatherineGeorge NGrandeur Of The SeasGrreen Dale Gretchen H GSF Grand Banks Ha Sklenar 729Henry Goodrich Horizon AnchorageHorizon NavigatorHorizon ProducerHorizon RelianceHorizon SpiritHorizon TraderIndependence Ii Integrity Jean AnneJoseph L. BlockMaasdamMaersk Georgia Maersk MissouriMaersk Ohio Maersl UtahMaersk Wyoming Marcus G. Langseth

MaunawiliMelvilleMidniGht SunNieuw AmsterdamNoordamNorwegian DawnNorwegian GemNorwegian JadeNorwegian JewelNorwegian PearlNorwegian Spirit Norwegian StarNorwegian SunOcean Mariner OosterdamOptimanaOriental QueenOverseas BostonOverseas JoyceOverseas Long BeachOverseas Los AngelesPatriot Paul GauguinPhiladelphia Express Polar EndeavourPolar ResolutionPosidanaRedoubt Roger Blough

Roger RevelleSaga NavigatorSea VoyagerSea-Land Eagle Sea-Land Mercury Sea-Land Racer Sinuk Splendour Of The SeasSt Louis Express Star FraserSuperstar LibraTustumena UBC Saiki UBC Santa Marta United SpiritVeendamVirginianVigilant VolendamWashington Express Westwood Rainier Wilfred SykesZaandamZuiderdam

Bravo Zulu to All !!!!

5 YEAR PENANT REcIPIENTSDisney MagicGSF Grand Banks Maersk Wyoming Norwegian SunOriental QueenSt Louis Express Tustumena

10 YEAR PENANT REcIPIENTSHorizon Producer

cOmPANY AWARdSCrowley Maritime Corp. Tropical Shipping

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Shipwreck: Dunav, Holmside, Prins Alexander By Skip Gillam

Vinland, Ontario, Canada

On any given day, there likely is a ship in trouble somewhere in the world. Despite all the modern navigational aids, up-to-date weather forecasts and improved safety standards, accidents still occur. I found it quite unusual that, on December 28, 1980, three ships, in three different parts of the world, all with Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway connections, were all lost.

The PRINS ALEXANDER was the oldest of the three former Seaway traders in trouble that day. It had served the Oranje Lijn of Holland from 1947 to 1969. The ship had been built at Hardinxveld, Netherlands, and launched on December 12, 1946. It was completed on March 25, 1947,

and soon began trading from Europe to the St. Lawrence and Saguenay River ports in Canada. At 352 feet, 5 inches in length, this vessel was too large to enter the Great Lakes until the St. Lawrence Seaway opened on April 25, 1959. PRINS ALEXANDER is shown down bound on Lake Huron off Port Huron, MI in a photo by Paul Michaels.

There were some problems in the early years with the rudder being lost on December 27, 1948, while about 105 miles south of Cape Race, Newfoundland. The tug GRENADIER brought the ship to Halifax under tow. Then, on June 9, 1963, there was a collision with the newly built laker SILVER ISLE in the St. Lawrence

River near Prescott, ON and PRINS ALEXANDER received repairs at Kingston.

After close to 40 trips to the Great Lakes, PRINS ALEXANDER was sold in 1969 moving to Greek registry as PROSPERITY. It was resold and renamed IOANNIS in 1970, IOANNIS B. in 1974, APOSTOLOS B. in 1977 and POLIAGOS in 1980. At 33 years of age, its days were numbered and the hull was reported as sold for scrap. The vessel was en route from Piraeus, Greece, to Giza, United Arab Republic, with a cargo of cement when it struck a reef off Shadwan Island on December 28, 1980, and sank in the Red Sea.

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Shipwreck

To the west , the CABI NDA, a Portuguese freighter, hit a jetty while inbound at Casablanca, Morocco, and foundered in the outer harbor. This was originally a British cargo carrier named HOLMSIDE. It had been launched at Aberdeen, Scotland, on May 21, 1959, and joined the Burnett Steamship Company for service between ports in the United Kingdom and those in Canada. The 396 foot long freighter made close to 40 visits through the St. Lawrence Seaway before it was sold in 1969.

It was damaged in a collision 60 miles east of Montreal on August 19, 1960, that sank BELLE ISLE II. Then, in December 1964, HOLMSIDE was damaged by ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and had some hull cracks when it arrived at Halifax on Christmas day. This vessel is shown in the Welland Canal in a photo by Ted Jones, courtesy of Barry Andersen.

Renamed CABINDA when sold to Portuguese interests in 1969, it operated on local routes around Western Europe. It was inbound, in ballast, from Lisbon, when it got caught by bad weather at Casablanca and nine members of the crew were lost.

The third ship, with Great Lakes connections, to be lost on December 28, 1980, was the Yugoslavian freighter DUNAV. The 585 foot, 5 inch long bulk carrier had been built at La Spezia, Italy, and launched on February 21, 1973. The hull was strengthened for the transportation of ore. It visited the Great Lakes, beginning in 1974, and is shown in the Welland Canal on September 20, 1977, from a photo by Tom Graham, courtesy of Barry Andersen.

DUNAV was en route from Hamilton, Ontario, to Tsingtao, China, via Los Angeles, when it ran into heavy weather on the Pacifi c. The Captain reported his ship was taking water in heavy seas off Central Japan, but that

was the last report. DUNAV failed to arrive and apparently foundered, with all hands, soon after the last call. All 31 sailors on board were lost.

Three saltwater ships, all with Great Lakes connections, all lost the same day, and 40 sailors perished.

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All anomalies reflect departures from the 1981-2010 base period.

September-October 2011

The 500-hPa circulation pattern over the Northern Hemisphere during September featured a zonal wave-4 anomaly pattern, with above average heights over the western North Pacific Ocean, westcentral Canada, Europe, and western Siberia. Below average heights were observed over the Gulf of Alaska, the eastern contiguous U.S., the far northern Atlantic, and southwestern Russia Figure 1. Over the Atlantic Ocean, the circulation reflected a strong positive phase (+1.8) of the East Atlantic (EA) teleconnection pattern. The sea-level pressure (SLP) pattern resembled the mid-tropospheric pattern, and highlights unusually strong Aleutian and Icelandic Lows Figure 2.

The mid-tropospheric circulation pattern during October 2011 again featured a zonal wave-4 anomaly pattern, with above average heights over the central North Pacific, east-central Canada (centered over Hudson Bay), Europe, and central Russia. Below average heights were observed over eastern Siberia, the Gulf of Alaska, and the eastern contiguous U.S., and the high latitudes of the North Atlantic Figure 3. The SLP map again largely mirrored the mid-tropospheric pattern, with the larger anomalies pole ward of 50N latitude Figure 4.

The TropicsLa Nina conditions strengthened during September and October 2011 as sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies were below -0.5C across much of the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Ocean. The

latest monthly SST indices for the Nino 3.4 region were -0.7C (September) and -1.0C (October). The oceanic thermocline, measured by the depth of the 20C isotherm, was shallower than average across this same area, with subsurface temperatures reaching 1-3C below average in September, and 1-5C below average in October. Atmospheric convection was enhanced over the western equatorial Pacific, and suppressed near the Date Line and south of the Equator in September. In October, convection remained suppressed near the Date Line but was near average over Indonesia, which reflected the effect of the intraseasonal oscillation. Equatorial low level easterly trade wind anomalies and upper level westerly wind anomalies remained stronger than average over the central Pacific (September) and western Pacif ic (October). Collectively, the atmospheric and oceanic anomalies reflect a strengthening of La Nina conditions that developed during August.

The 2011 Atlantic hurricane season continued to be active, with Tropical Storm Lee making landfall along the Louisiana coast on September 4th. Lee then moved along a frontal boundary into the Ohio

Valley and eventually into the Northeast. The stor m brought much needed precipitation to the drought stricken Gulf Coast (as much as 25-38 cm over a large area), and produced a second area of extremely heavy rainfall (25-50 cm) along the Mid-Atlantic and southern New England coasts (Reference 1). The rain over the Mid-Atlantic States fell over areas that had experienced a wet summer, including significant rains from Hurricane Irene less than two weeks before. This led to major flooding along the Susquehanna River, which in some areas broke high

water records that were set nearly 40 years earlier in the aftermath of Hurricane Agnes (1972).

november-December 2011The 500hPa circulation pattern during November 2011 featured above average heights over the central North Pacific, the northeastern CONUS, Europe, and eastern Asia. Below average heights were observed from eastern Siberia and Alaska to western Canada, the far northern Atlantic, and southwestern and central Russia (Figure 5). The sea level pressure and anomaly map (Figure 6) displays a similar pattern to that of the 500hPa circulation.

The month of December was characterized by above average heights over the temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and below average heights over the North Polar Region (Figure 7). The SLP and anomaly field (Figure 8) largely mirrored the mid tropospheric circulation pattern.

An unusually strong autumn storm affected western Alaska on November 9-10 (Reference 2). After developing southeast of Japan on November 7th, it intensified as it moved across the northern Pacific towards the Bering Sea and western Alaska. The storm’s central pressure dropped close to 50hPa in 24 hours, reaching a minimum pressure of 944hPa. Waves to 10.7 meters and wind of 87 kts were recorded offshore as the storm approached. Hurricane force winds and blizzard conditions affected coastal Alaska. Storm surges of up to 3 m affected communities along Alaska’s west coast causing flooding, some structural damage and property loss. An ice zone connected to land had not yet developed to reduce

Mean Circulation Highlights and Climate AnomaliesSeptember through December 2011

By Anthony Artusa, Meteorologist, Climate Operations Branch, Climate Prediction Center NCEP/NWS/NOAA

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Mean C

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References

1. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2011/9

2. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/national/2011/11

Much of the information used in this article originates from the Climate Diagnostics Bulletin archive:(http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/CDB/CDB_Archive_html/CDB_archive.shtml)

the impact of large waves buffeting the coast.

The Tropics La Nina conditions continued during November and December, as SST anomalies were well below -0.5C across the eastern and central equatorial Pacific. The latest monthly Nino 3.4 indices were -1.1C (November) and -1.0C (December). The oceanic thermocline remained shallower than average across the east-central equatorial Pacific, and corresponding sub-surface temperatures ranged from 1-5C below-average. Deep cloudiness and thunderstorm activity near the equator was enhanced over Indonesia and northern Australia, and was suppressed near the Date Line. Equatorial low-level easterly trade winds remained stronger than average over the western and central Pacific. Collectively, these atmospheric and oceanic anomalies reflect a continuation of La Nina conditions.

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Figures 1,3,5,7 northern Hemisphere mean and

anomalous 500-hPa geopotential height (CDAS/Reanalysis). Mean heights

are denoted by solid contours drawn at an interval of 6 dam. Anomaly

contour interval is indicated by shading. Anomalies are calculated as departures

from the 1981-2010 base period monthly means.

Figures 2,4,6,8 northern Hemisphere mean and

anomalous sea level pressure (CDAS/Reanalysis). Mean values are denoted by solid contours drawn at an interval of 4 hPa. Anomaly contour interval is indicated by shading. Anomalies are

calculated as departures from the 1981-2010 base period monthly means.

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The North American Ice Service (NAIS), a partnership comprised of the International Ice Patrol (IIP), the Canadian Ice Service (CIS), and the U.S. National Ice Center (NIC), provides year-round maritime safety information on iceberg and sea ice conditions in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and the east coast of Labrador, Canada. The daily NAIS Iceberg Limit, valid at 0000Z, along with the daily Sea Ice Limit, valid for 100 EST the previous day, will be distributed as a NAVAREA IV warning in the format of a text Iceberg Bulletin and as a graphic Iceberg Chart in accordance with Table 1.

The purpose of the NAIS Iceberg Bulletin and Chart is to advise mariners of the estimated iceberg extent within the region. On the Chart, numbers within each grid sector inside the Iceberg Limit are intended to provide mariners an awareness of the relative density of icebergs. For more information on the Iceberg Bulletin and Iceberg Chart visit http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/iipCharts. NAIS reconnaissance is focused near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and the east coast of Labrador, ice conditions south of Greenland are not monitored by NAIS. (For iceberg conditions south of Greenland visit the Danish Meteorological Institute’s website at http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/en/gronland/iskort.htm.) While NAIS strives to be as accurate as possible in reporting the presence of icebergs to mariners, it is not possible to ensure that all icebergs are detected and reported. There is no substitute for due vigilance and prudent seamanship, especially when operating near sea ice and icebergs.

Reports of icebergs in the North Atlantic originate from various sources, including passing ships, reconnaissance flights, and spaceborne reconnaissance. Once position, time, size, and shape of icebergs sighted are received, the data is entered into a computer model that predicts iceberg drift and deterioration. As the time after sighting increases, so does the uncertainty in estimated positions. This uncertainty is taken into account when the Iceberg Limit is determined.

If an iceberg or radar target is detected and reported outside the published NAIS Iceberg Limit, a Notice to Shipping (NOTSHIP) will be sent by the Canadian Coast Guard Marine Communications and

Traffic Service (MCTS) and an urgent NAVAREA IV message will be distributed on SafetyNET via the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) as the NAVAREA IV Coordinator. These warnings will remain in effect for 24 hours. Iceberg products will be revised shortly after notification between 1200Z and 0000Z or by 1400Z if reported between 0000Z and 1200Z.

Ships are encouraged to immediately report sightings of icebergs or stationary radar targets that may likely be icebergs to the nearest Canadian Coast Guard MCIS Station or through INMARSAT using Service Code 42, as there is no charge when using this code. See Table 2 for MCIS contact information. Vessels participating in a Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) program should continue to report weather and sea surface temperature (STT) to their respective programs. Vessels interested in providing weather and SST reports to U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s VOS program can contact [email protected] or visit www.vos.noaa.gov for guidance.

When making iceberg reports, please include SHIP NAmE and cALL SIGN, ZULU TImE, SHIP POSITION (latitude, longitude), (Specify either the geographic coordinates or range/bearing from ship’s position), ZULU TImE OF SIGHTING, mETHOd OF dETEcTION (Visual, Radar, or Both), LENGTH (in meters), SHAPE OF IcEBERG (See Table 3), and VESSEL cONTAcT INFORmATION.




If an iceberg or radar target is detected and reported outside the published NAIS Iceberg Limit, a Notice to Shipping (NOTSHIP) will be sent by the Canadian Coast Guard

Marine Communications and Traffic Service (MCTS) and an urgent NAVAREA IV message will be distributed on SafetyNET via the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) as the NAVAREA IV Coordinator. These warnings will remain in effect for 24 hours. Iceberg products will be revised shortly after notification between 1200Z and 0000Z or by 1400Z if reported between 0000Z and 1200Z.

Ships are encouraged to immediately report sightings of icebergs or stationary radar targets that may likely be icebergs to the nearest Canadian Coast Guard MCTS Station or through INMARSAT using Service Code 42, as there is no charge when using this code. See Table 2 for MCTS contact information. Vessels participating in a Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) program should continue to report weather and sea surface temperature (SST) to their respective programs. Vessels interested in providing weather and SST reports to U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s VOS program can contact [email protected] or visit www.vos.noaa.gov for guidance.

When making iceberg reports, please include SHIP NAME and CALL SIGN, ZULU TIME, SHIP POSITION (latitude, longitude), COURSE, SPEED, VISIBILITY, ICEBERG/RADAR TARGETS POSITION(Specify either the geographic coordinates or range/bearing from ship’s position), ZULU TIME OF SIGHTING, METHOD OF DETECTION (Visual, Radar, or Both), LENGTH (in meters), SHAPE OF ICEBERG (See Table 3), and VESSEL CONTACT INFORMATION.

International Ice Patrol in New London, CT Phone: (860) 271-2626 Toll free: (877) 423-7287 Fax: (860) 271-2773 Email: [email protected] Web: http//www.navcen.uscg.gov/IIP Office hours: 1200Z – 0000Z

Canadian Ice Service in Ottawa, ON Phone: (877) 789-7733 Fax: (560) 451-6010 Email: [email protected] Web: http//www.ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca Office Hours: 0730 – 1730 EST

NORTH AMERICAN ICE SERVICE ICEBERG INFORMATION AND SERVICES

Iceb

erg

Info

rmat

ion

TABLE 1: NAIS BROADCASTS

Product Type

Transmission Means

Broadcast Station

Broadcast Time (UTC) Frequencies (kHz) or Location

NAIS NAVAREA IV ICEBERG BULLETIN

SafetyNET Broadcasts as NAVAREA IV messages

AOR-W Satellite

1000, 2200

SafetyNET

Urgent Broadcasts of

targets outside limit sent upon receipt

NAVTEX Broadcast

Canadian CG Marine

Communications and Traffic Service St. John's/VON

1820 (Winter) 2220 (Summer) (Changes with

DST)

518 F1B Urgent Broadcasts of

targets outside limit sent upon receipt

SITOR/NBDP Broadcast

USCG Communication

Station Boston/NMF

0140-0230 6314, 8416.5, 12579 FIB

1630-1720 08416.5, 12579, 16806.5 FIB

Internet

International Ice Patrol Website

updated daily by 2200

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/IIP

Automated Email https://radioaid.rdc.uscg.gov/mailman/listi

nfo/iceberg_bulletinNational

Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Website

http://msi.nga.mil/NGAPortal/MSI.portal

NAIS ICEBERG CHART

Radio Facsimile Broadcast

USCG Communication

Station Boston/NMF

0438, 1039 4235, 6340.5, 9110 F3C

1600, 2239 6340.5, 9110, 12750 F3C

Offenbach, Germany via Pinneberg/DDK

0930, 2100 3855, 7880, 13882.5 F1C

Canadian CG Marine

Communications and Traffic Service

Sydney/VCO

1741 6915.10 J3C

Internet

International Ice Patrol Website

Updated daily by 2200

http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/IIP

Automated Email https://radioaid.rdc.uscg.gov/mailman/listi

nfo/iceberg_chartNational Weather

Service Website

http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/fax/PIEA88.gif

Email On Demand* [email protected]

FICN10

Radio Telephone

Canadian CG Marine

Communications and Traffic Service St. Anthony/VCM

0107, 0907, 1907 & as required

2589 J3E

continuous VHF Channel 21B & 83B

*To prompt email on demand send an e-mail to [email protected] with any subject line. The body of the text should read as follows (please note the text is case sensitive and must be sent in plain text format): open cd fax get PIEA88.gif ---or--- get PIEA88.TIF quit The e-mail server will then automatically send a GIF or TIF formatted image of the facsimile back to the sender’s e-mail address.

TABLE 2: REPORT RECEIVING STATIONS

The following Canadian Coast Guard Marine Communications & Traffic Service (MCTS) Centers (Receiving Stations) monitor

and transmit on VHF 16 & HF 2182 J3E:

Bold indicates the Coast Guard Radio call name.

Visit http://www.vos.noaa.gov/vos_resource.shtml for instructions on sending INMARSAT 2-digit access code reports. For all iceberg reports use access code 42.

TABLE 3: ICEBERG SHAPES

Non-Tabular: This general shape category includes blocky, pinnacle, dry dock, wedged, dome, or any iceberg that does not meet characteristics of a tabular iceberg.

Tabular: Flat-topped, most show horizontal banding.

St. Johns NL (VON) Email: [email protected] Phone: 709-772-2106

St. Anthony NL (VCM) Email: [email protected] Phone: 709-454-3852

Labrador NL (VOK) Email: [email protected] Phone: 709-896-2252

Placentia NL (VCP) Email: [email protected] Phone: 709-227-2181

Port aux Basques NL (VOJ) Email: [email protected] Phone: 709-695-2167

Sydney NS (VCO) Email: [email protected]: 902-564-7751

Dartmouth/Halifax NS (VCS) Email: [email protected] Phone: 902-426-9750

Saint John/Fundy NB (VAR) Email: [email protected] Phone: 506-636-4696




If an iceberg or radar target is detected and reported outside the published NAIS Iceberg Limit, a Notice to Shipping (NOTSHIP) will be sent by the Canadian Coast Guard

Marine Communications and Traffic Service (MCTS) and an urgent NAVAREA IV message will be distributed on SafetyNET via the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) as the NAVAREA IV Coordinator. These warnings will remain in effect for 24 hours. Iceberg products will be revised shortly after notification between 1200Z and 0000Z or by 1400Z if reported between 0000Z and 1200Z.

Ships are encouraged to immediately report sightings of icebergs or stationary radar targets that may likely be icebergs to the nearest Canadian Coast Guard MCTS Station or through INMARSAT using Service Code 42, as there is no charge when using this code. See Table 2 for MCTS contact information. Vessels participating in a Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) program should continue to report weather and sea surface temperature (SST) to their respective programs. Vessels interested in providing weather and SST reports to U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s VOS program can contact [email protected] or visit www.vos.noaa.gov for guidance.

When making iceberg reports, please include SHIP NAME and CALL SIGN, ZULU TIME, SHIP POSITION (latitude, longitude), COURSE, SPEED, VISIBILITY, ICEBERG/RADAR TARGETS POSITION(Specify either the geographic coordinates or range/bearing from ship’s position), ZULU TIME OF SIGHTING, METHOD OF DETECTION (Visual, Radar, or Both), LENGTH (in meters), SHAPE OF ICEBERG (See Table 3), and VESSEL CONTACT INFORMATION.

International Ice Patrol in New London, CT Phone: (860) 271-2626 Toll free: (877) 423-7287 Fax: (860) 271-2773 Email: [email protected] Web: http//www.navcen.uscg.gov/IIP Office hours: 1200Z – 0000Z

Canadian Ice Service in Ottawa, ON Phone: (877) 789-7733 Fax: (560) 451-6010 Email: [email protected] Web: http//www.ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca Office Hours: 0730 – 1730 EST

NORTH AMERICAN ICE SERVICE ICEBERG INFORMATION AND SERVICES

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Background

In an ongoing effort to improve marine forecast services, the National Hurricane Center/Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (NHC/TAFB) in Miami, Florida will make changes to the Offshore Marine Zones. These changes will affect the Offshore Waters Forecasts (MIAOFFNT3 and MIAOFFNT4), as well as the NAVTEX and High Frequency Voice Broadcast (VOBRA) forecasts. Effective April 3, 2012, all offshore marine forecasts warnings will be based on the new zone configuration.

Impact on the Offshore Waters Forecasts

current ZonesFour times per day, NHC/TAFB marine forecasters issue Offshore Waters marine forecasts for nine large zones covering the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and portions of the Western Atlantic Ocean south 31° North. The configuration of the Offshore Waters Marine Zones is shown on the map below (Offshore Water Marine Zones are shown in blue, and Coastal Waters Marine Zones are shown in light tan).

There are usually several distinct weather regimes present in a marine zone. However, the large sizes of these zones occasionally make it difficult to describe the various nuances in the forecast without leading to lengthy and complex wording. Furthermore, the large zone size complicates how marine warnings are depicted on websites such as weather.gov. Marine warnings are currently displayed over the entire marine zone. This usually results in a graphical warning area on the web site that is much larger than what is intended and conflicts with how the warning is described in the forecast text. Smaller marine zones would alleviate this problem to an extent. Eventually, marine warnings will be depicted more precisely as polygons.

Proposed ZonesIn an effor t to improve how marine forecasts are communicated, marine forecasters at the NHC/TAFB have been gathering input from the marine community to reconfigure the Offshore Waters Marine Zones. The intent has been to design smaller marine zones that take into account local marine weather effects, as well as geographic features

such as national boundaries or major latitude/longitude lines. An initial proposal of the configuration was presented in late 2009 and through 2010. The marine community not only overwhelmingly supported breaking the existing zones into smaller areas, but offered very insightful suggestions for modifying the boundaries of the proposed marine zones. This feedback has been incorporated into the present zone configuration proposal as shown in Figure 2.

nHC Offshore Marine Zone Changes:Offshore Marine Zone Configurations effective April 3, 2012

By Chris Fakes, Houston PMO For more information on service change notice, please go to the NWS National Hurricane Center

http://www.weather.gov/os/notif.htm

Offshore M

arine Zone Changes

Figure 1. existing Offshore Zone Configuration.

Figure 2. Proposed Offshore Zone configuration.

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Offs

hore

Mar

ine

Zone

Cha

nges

UGC Offshore Marine Zone Name

AMZ011 Tropical n Atlantic from 15n to 19n between 55W and 60W

AMZ013 Caribbean n of 18n between 76W and 85W including the Cayman Basin

AMZ015 Caribbean approaches to the Windward Passage>

AMZ017 Gulf of Honduras

AMZ019 Caribbean from 15n to 18n between 80W and 85W

AMZ021 Caribbean from 15n to 18n between 72W and 80W

AMZ023 Caribbean n of 15n between 64W and 72W

AMZ025 Offshore Waters Leeward Islands

AMZ027 Tropical Atlantic from 15n to 19n between 55W and 60W

AMZ029 W Central Caribbean from 11n to 15n W of 80W

AMZ031 Caribbean from 11n to 15n between 72W and 80W including Colombia Basin

AMZ033 Caribbean S of 15n between 64W and 72W including Venezuela Basin

AMZ035 Offshore waters Windward Islands including Trinidad and Tobago

AMZ037 Tropical Atlantic from 07n to 15n between 55W and 60W

AMZ039 Southwest Caribbean S of 11n including approaches to the Panama Canal

AMZ111 Atlantic from 27n to 31n W of 77W

AMZ113 Atlantic from 27n to 31n between 70W and 77W


AMZ117 Bahamas n of 22n including the Cay Sal Bank

AMZ119 Atlantic from 22n to 27n e of Bahamas to 70W


AMZ123 Atlantic S of 22n W of 70W including approaches to the Windward Passage

UGC Offshore Marine Zone Name

AMZ080 SW n Atlantic S of 31n W of 65W including Bahamas

AMZ082 nW Caribbean n of 15n W of 75W

AMZ084 SW Caribbean S of 15n W of 75W

AMZ086 Caribbean e of 75W to the Windward and Leeward Islands

AMZ087 Tropical n Atlantic from 07n to 22n between 55W and 65W

GMZ080 nW Gulf n of 25n W of 90W including the Flower Garden Banks Marine Sanctuary

GMZ082 SW Gulf S of 25n W of 90W

Marine Zone Names and Universal Geographic Codes (UGC’s)

Current Offshore Marine Zones

Proposed Offshore Marine Zones

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Although not technically marine zones, the Synopsis paragraphs also have assigned UGC’s. Current and proposed names and codes are shown below:

Offshore M

arine Zone ChangesUGC Synopsis Name

AMZ089 Synopsis for the Caribbean and Tropical n Atlantic from 07n to 22n between 55W and 65W

AMZ088 Synopsis for the SW n Atlc including the Bahamas

GMZ089 Synopsis for the Gulf of Mexico

UGC Synopsis Name

AMZ001 Synopsis for the Caribbean and Tropical n Atlantic from 07n to 19n between 55W and 65W

AMZ101 Synopsis for the SW n Atlantic including the Bahamas

GMZ001 Synopsis for the Gulf of Mexico

Current Synopses

Proposed Synopses

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MV

VOLE

NDA

M D

eplo

ys B

uoys MV VOLenDAM Deploys Buoys

Julie Fletcher, Manager Marine ObservationsMeteorological Service of New Zealand

Holland America cruise ship MV VOLENDAM is a member of the US VOS. This ship maintains an excellent reporting programme often sending up to 500 observations (OBs) per month.In recent years the ship has spent the northern summers cruising in Canadian and Alaskan waters, and the southern summers in the South Pacifi c voyaging around Australia and New Zealand. In addition to their regular OBs

programme which includes reports on the NZ coast, MV VOLENDAM has also assisted MetService NZ with the deployment of a number of meteorological drifting buoys in the Tasman Sea. Reports from buoys supplement the observations received from ships, and whilst ships quickly voyage through an area, buoys drift only slowly and continuously transmit hourly air pressure and sea surface temperature data via satellite. Data

on ocean currents is derived from the drift of a buoy. MV VOLENDAM fi rst deployed buoys in November 2008, and each subsequent summer the ship has offered the opportunity to deploy buoys on their Tasman Sea crossings. In early February 2012, the ship deployed 4 buoys on their voyage from Burnie (Tasmania) to Milford South (NZ).

In total , MV VOLENDAM has deployed eleven buoys in the Tasman

2/O Rienus Hazelman and 2/O Folkert Visser deploying a MetOcean buoy at 42º S 153 º e on 4-Feb-2012

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Sea over the last four summers. This ship has keenly supported the buoy programme and has actively sought buoys for deployment. The Masters, Captains Pieter Visser and Peter Bos, the officers and crew have all been helpful in loading and deploying these buoys. This is an extra job in an already busy work schedule, but the offi cers are keen to assist because they understand that buoy data and their met OBs helps forecasters to prepare more accurate forecasts for mariners.

Prior to arrival at the pre-arranged buoy deployment locations, the Master said that he made an announcement to advise the passengers that a buoy deployment was imminent. He also provided a brief explanation about the buoy programme and why deployments are necessary. This information demonstrates to the passengers that cruise ships are involved in scientifi c programmes.

Typical ly a buoy consists of a surface f loat and a drogue in one parcel weighing about 22kg. Before deployment the plastic wrapping is removed and the buoy is activated by removal of a magnet. The buoy is then deployed from the lowest stern deck. Sadly the cruise schedule for MV VOLENDAM is changing next year and this ship will not be returning to NZ waters. MetService is hopeful that the replacement ship will be willing to provide future deployment opportunities.

For more information about the global buoy programme, visit:http://www.jcommops.org/dbcp/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac/index.php

MV VO

LENDA

M D

eploys Buoys

3/O Adam Wilson and cadet Charles Pagler getting ready to deploy a buoy on 4-Feb-2012

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Gust Factor during Tropical CyclonesProfessor S. A. Hsu, Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University

Email: [email protected]

Gus

t Fac

tor

Abstract: In 2011 during Tropical Storm Lee, for the first time, we had 21 overwater stations measuring both sustained wind speed and gust. The anemometer height ranged from 5 m (16 ft) to 160 m (525 ft) and sustained wind speed from 25 to 51 knots. Analyses of these measurements show that the average gust factor (GF=gust/sustained wind speed) is 1.27. Since this value does not vary significantly with both height and sustained wind speed, it further supports the so-called 30 % overwater GF rule for operational applications.

1. Introduction

According to Geer (1996), a gust is a sudden brief increase in the wind speed, typically of less than 20-second duration. The gust factor (GF) = gust/sustained wind speed, for example, a 5 second gust within a 2 minute period. GF is important for search and rescue mission, wind energy assessment and wind loading on offshore structures. The purpose of this study is to provide the operational community with the answers to the following questions, particularly during tropical cyclones: What is the average value of overwater GF? Does GF vary with height and sustained wind speed? Does GF vary from one side of the storm track to the other? And, can we apply the GF knowledge gained onshore for offshore application? Due to insufficient data prior to Tropical Storm Lee in 2011, these questions could not be answered satisfactory.

2. Analyses and Results

During Tropical Storm Lee in 2011, we had 21 overwater stations measuring both sustained wind speed and gust as shown in Table 1 (see Brown, 2011 in www.nhc.noaa.gov). These stations

were located in the northern Gulf of Mexico on both sides of the storm track (see www.ndbc.noaa.gov). The anemometer height ranged from 5 m (16 ft) to 160 m (525 ft) and sustained wind speed from 25 to 51 knots. The variation of GF with height is provided in Fig.1, which illustrates that the GF does not change systematically with height as compare to that over land as shown in Fig. 2 (based on the datasets provided in Merceret, 2009). Variations of the GF with sustained wind speed for offshore and onshore are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively, illustrating that the variation of GF on the sustained wind speed is rather weak for offshore than onshore. Some physical reasons are provided as follows:

According to Hsu and Blanchard (2004), for overwater turbulence intensity applications,

GF = 1 + 5 U*/U10 (1) Where U* is the friction velocity and U10 is the sustained wind speed at 10 m. Furthermore, according to Hsu (2004), under hurricane conditions,

U*/U10 = 0.054 (2)Substituting Equation (2) into (1), we getGF = 1.270 (3)

This value is in excellent agreement with that of 1.273 as provided in Table 1. Note that, since the standard deviation (s.d.) for the GF is 0.11 and the coefficient of variation (cov =s.d./mean) is 8.6% (which is within the 10 % error margin for the field accuracy in wind speed measurements, see www.ndbc.noaa.gov), we can say that the overwater GF does not vary with height for operational use. Furthermore, based on Equation (3) and Table 1, GF is very close to the commonly referred 30% rule for offshore applications.

3. Conclusions

On the basis of foregoing analyses, it can be concluded that the average overwater gust factor value is approximately 1.3 or the gust is about 30 % higher than the sustained wind speed. Since this value does not vary with height, sustained wind speed, and on both sides of the storm track, this 30 % rule for the overwater gust factor is recommended for operational use.

References

Brown, D. P., 2011: Tropical Cyclone Report, Tropical Storm Lee (AL132011), 2-5 September 2011 (see www.nhc.noaa.gov).

Geer, I. W., Editor, 1996: Glossary of Weather and Climate. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA.

Hsu, S. A., 2004: A wind-wave interaction explanation for Jelesnianski’s open-ocean storm surge estimation using Hurricane Georges’ (1998) measurements. National Weather Digest, 28, 25-31.

Hsu, S. A., and B. W. Blanchard, 2004: Estimating overwater turbulence intensity from routine gust factor measurements. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 1911-1916.

Merceret, F. J., 2009: Two empirical models for gust factors near land-falling hurricanes. National Weather Digest, 33, 27-35.

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Gust Factor

Fig$ 1$ 'er*cal .aria*on of o2shore gust

factor during Tropical Storm Lee in 2011

0

200

400

600

0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000

Gust Factor = Gust/Sustained wind speed

Heig

ht

in feet

Series1

Fig$ 2$ 'er*ca- .aria*on of onshore gust factor

during Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in 2004

y = 1971.1x‐7.9602

R2 = 0.9439

0

200

400

600

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Gust Factor = Gust/Sustained wind speed

Height in feet

Series1

Power

(Series1)

Fig$ &$ 'aria*on o- o.s0ore gust -actor wit0 wind

speed during Tropical Storm Lee in2011

y = 3.6705x‐0.2922

R2 = 0.3144

0.000

1.000

2.000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Sustained wind speed in knots

Gust Factor

Series1

Power

(Series1)

Fig$ 4$ 'aria*on o- ons/ore gust -actor wit/ wind

speed during Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne in

2004

y = 4.1245x‐0.3047

R2 = 0.5180

2

4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Sustained wind speed in knots

Gust Factor

Series1

Power

(Series1)

Table 1. Measurements of maximum sustained wind speed and gust during Tropical Storm

Lee in 2011 =Data source?BrownAs Tropical Cyclone Report, NaGonal Hurricane CenterI.

Offshore Anemometer Max sustained Gust, kts Gust factor Anemometer

StaGon height, m wind speed, kts height, P

Buoy 42067 5 31 39 1.258 16

Buoy 42040 10 33 43 1.303 33

KHQI 18 36 43 1.194 59

MRSL1 23 35 46 1.314 75

PSTL1 24 37 50 1.351 79

KVBS 26 44 52 1.182 85

KVNP 26 34 46 1.353 85

KEHC 29 42 49 1.167 95

KCMB 30 44 53 1.205 98

KSPR 30 31 46 1.484 98

KCRH 30 37 46 1.243 98

KXPY 30 25 36 1.440 98

BURL1 30.5 44 52 1.182 100

KMYT 32 43 50 1.163 105

SPLL1 40 37 47 1.270 131

LOPL1 58 46 63 1.370 190

KSPR 75 37 46 1.243 246

KMIS 85 37 42 1.135 279

KMDJ 90 51 58 1.137 295

KVKY 115 39 59 1.513 377

KVOA 160 43 53 1.233 525

mean 1.273

S.D. 0.11

COV 8.6%

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The National Hurricane Center’s (NHC) Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) issued 20 non-tropical cyclone warnings in their Atlantic High Seas Area of Responsibility (AOR), which is the Atlantic west of 35W extending from 07N to 31N, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, summarized in Table 1, and 16 warnings in their Pacific High Seas AOR, Table 2, during the period from 1 September to 31 December 2011. Weak to moderate La Nina conditions returned across the Tropical Pacific Ocean by August and September of 2011, and contributed to a slightly below normal East Pacific Hurricane Season, while the Atlantic Hurricane Season, in terms of number of named storms, was very active. La Nina conditions persisted through the end of December, and continued to influence weather patterns across both the Eastern Pacific and Atlantic Basins. For a summary of the 2011 seasonal tropical cyclone activity, see the NHC web site at: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastall.shtml

No non-tropical cyclone warnings were issued during September, with marine conditions during the month generally dominated by light to moderate tradewinds, tropical cyclones, and interactions between tropical and mid latitude systems, typical for this peak month of the Atlantic Hurricane Season. Tradewinds across much of the Caribbean freshened significantly during the second half of September as a monsoonal (cyclonic) circulation became well established across the far eastern tropical Pacific, central America, and the adjacent western Caribbean, while high pressure across the western Atlantic shifted south of 35N. September also proved to be a

relatively active month for tropical cyclone formation, with six (6) named systems affecting the basin during the month, requiring numerous tropical cyclone related warnings.

The first cold front of the season sank southward across the central and northeastern Gulf of Mexico on Sep 30. This front moved southeast across the southwest North Atlantic and southward across the Gulf of Mexico, and became stationary from the northern Yucatan Peninsula across north central Bahamas to just west of Bermuda by Oct 3, where it stalled. A reinforcing front moved off of the east coast of the U.S. and into the southwest North Atlantic on Oct 3 and 4 , forcing the initial front southeastward through Bermuda. On Oct 5 and 6, high pressure building behind the reinforcing front combined with a slow northward drift of the frontal zone stretching across the Straits of Florida and Central Bahamas, to tighten the pressure gradient north of this boundary, (Figure 1), and produce a broad fetch of northeast winds 20-25 kts from near 70W into the Bahamas and the entire Florida coastline. Low level winds continued to veer more easterly on both sides of the frontal zone on Oct 6 and 7, with the old front transitioning to a shearline, while the pressure gradient north of this shearline increased further. Several vessels began to report gale force winds by the morning of Oct 6, in the numerous squalls occurring on both sides of the shearline. These included the cruise ships Zuiderdam (PBIG) approaching the Yucatan Channel from the southeast, the celebrity millennium (9HJF9) crossing through the Yucatan Channel, the carnival Ecstasy (H3GR) just north of the shearline in the southeast

Gulf of Mexico, and the tanker Iver Experience (PECF) transiting the Straits of Florida. A broad upper level trough spanning much of this region and the eastern U.S. sharpened to a narrow and more energetic trough by Oct 7, extending from the northeast Gulf of Mexico up the eastern seaboard, and acted to significantly intensify the numerous squalls and thunderstorms moving quickly westward along and north of the shearline. Gale force wind gusts in squalls and thunderstorms were reported on Oct 7, from the northern Bahamas and adjacent Atlantic waters, as reported by the Norwegian Sky (C6PZ8), to as far north as Satellite Beach, along the central Florida coast. The shearline continued to drift slowly northward on Oct 8 and 9, now with widespread gales and the first non-tropical cyclone warning of the September to December period, and expansive easterly fetch of 25-35 kts extending from near 65W to the Bahamas and Florida coast, across the Florida peninsula, and through the entire Gulf of Mexico north of 25N (Figure 2).

Cyclonic turning within this sharp upper t rough worked downward into the middle and lower levels of the atmosphere on Oct 8 and 9, and interacted with the shearline and gales occurring to its north to generate a surface low pressure center across the northwest Bahamas waters that produced fresh gales and severe thunderstorms as it moved northwestward across the central Florida coast on Oct 9, and over interior north Florida on Oct 10. This event produced widespread impacts, with a very broad area of gales and high seas occurring across the southwest North Atlantic, where seas built to 18

Tropical Atlantic and Tropical east Pacific AreasSeptember through December 2011

Michael Formosa / Scott StriplingTropical Analysis and Forecast Branch,

National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida NOAA National Center for Environmental Prediction

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Tropical Atlantic and Tropical East Pacific Areas

Onset Region Peak Wind Speed

Duration Forcing

1200 UTC 08 Oct SW n Atlantic 35 kts 48 hr n of Frontal Trough

0000 UTC 09 Oct Gulf of Mexico 35 kts 18 hr n of Frontal Trough

0600 UTC 16 Oct Gulf of Mexico 40 kts 54 hr n of Low

0000 UTC 19 Oct SW n Atlantic 40 kts 30 hr e of Cold Front

0000 UTC 19 Oct Gulf of Mexico 35 kts 12 hr n of Cold Front

1200 UTC 03 nov Gulf of Mexico 40 kts 18 hr n of Cold Front

1200 UTC 05 nov SW n Atlantic 45 kts 72 hr nW of Cold Front

0600 UTC 10 nov Gulf of Mexico 40 kts 36 hr nW of Cold Front

1200 UTC 21 nov Central Atlantic 40 kts 48 hr nW of Low and e of Trough

0000 UTC 27 nov Gulf of Mexico 45 kts 36 hr W of Cold Front

1200 UTC 30 nov Central Atlantic 40 kts 30 hr ne and e of Low

0600 UTC 05 Dec SW n Atlantic 35 kts 12 hr W of Trough

1200 UTC 07 Dec Gulf of Mexico 35 kts 12 hr W of Cold Front

0600 UTC 10 Dec Central/SW

n Atlantic

35 kts 60 hr n of Trough

0000 UTC 14 Dec Central/SW

n Atlantic

35 kts 48 hr e of Cold Front

1200 UTC 16 Dec Central Atlantic 40 kts 42 hr e of Trough

0000 UTC 19 Dec SW n Atlantic 35 kts 30 hr W of Cold Front

1200 UTC 21 Dec Caribbean 35 kts 54 hr enhanced Pres Gradient

0600 UTC 25 Dec Gulf of Mexico 35 kts 18 hr W of Cold Front

0000 UTC 27 Dec SW n Atlantic 40 kts 30 hr either Side of Cold Front

Table 1. non-tropical Cyclone Warnings issued for the Atlantic Basin between 01 Sept and 31 Dec 2011.

Atlantic Ocean including the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico

ft, and minimal gales across much of the northern Gulf of Mexico, where seas built to 15 ft. High surf and significant coastal erosion occurred along the entire east coast of Florida.

Prolonged strong onshore flow and high surf raised water levels along the Florida east coast, making for treacherous conditions for port entrances and departures. According to Jacksonville PMO Rob Niemeyer, at Port Canaveral on Oct 9, the cruise ship Freedom of the Seas (C6UZ7), departed in the afternoon. The ship reported 13 passengers injured with cuts, bruises, and scrapes and that conditions were worse than expected. Based on the conditions reported by the Pilot and

Ships Captain, the decision was made by the Pilot to suspend all other departures. Upon hearing of the reports, the cruise ships disney dream (C6YR6) and carnival Sensation (C6FM8) decided to delay their departures until the conditions improved the following day. Rob also reported that the carnival Fascination (C6FM9) was delayed in returning to Jacksonville on Oct 10 due to the elevated tides experienced and insufficient clearance to transit beneath the Dames Point Bridge.

Another interaction between a tropical and mid latitude system occurred one week later and led to a second gale event

across the Gulf of Mexico, which began on Oct 16 and lasted 54 hours. A broad cyclonic circulation associated with the eastern Pacific Monsoon became well established across portions of Central America and into the Yucatan Peninsula, roughly between 80W and 95W, the days immediately following the previous widespread gale event. A new cold front moved southeastward into the Gulf of Mexico on Oct 13 and became nearly stationary from the southwest Gulf of Mexico to southern Florida by the evening of Oct 14. Widespread showers and thunderstorms entrained in the broad monsoonal low encompassed most of southeastern

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Figure 1. Unified surface analysis for 0000 UTC 06 Oct 2011.

Figure 2. nOAA image of W Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico showing OceanSAT-2

wind vectors from 09 Oct 0417 and 0556 UTC passes. Color coded wind speed scale appears at

upper right. Black vectors indicate thunderstorm

contamination.

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Mexico and Central America on Oct 15, with a 1006 hPa surface low analyzed just offshore of the coast of Belize by 1800 UTC that day. Global weather models suggested the possibility that this low could drift northwest during the coming days and further organize into a tropical cyclone off of the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. However, tropical cyclone development did not occur, as the low remained too close to the Yucatan Peninsula. High pressure behind the cold front moved into the southeastern U.S. and aligned the weakening frontal zone more east to west on Oct 16. This positioning of the high and frontal zone combined with lowering pressure to 1004 hPa across the northern Yucatan Peninsula, to increase the pressure gradient and initiate gales across the southeast Gulf of Mexico, between the frontal zone and the tropical low center. Several vessels transiting this area reported gales on Oct 16, including the celebrity millennium (9HJF9) passing north of the Yucatan Channel through the Straits of Florida, the Zuiderdam (PBIG) while in the Yucatan Channel, as well as the Iver Experience (PECF) also

moving through the Straits of Florida. The low drifted northwestward along the northern fringes of the Yucatan Peninsula and allowed for interaction with the frontal zone, inducing a more elongated north to south cyclonic circulation by Oct 18, and an appearance in satellite imagery more typical of sub-tropical cyclones. This shifted the area of gales northward to 28N, before the whole system was forced off to the northeast late on Oct 18 and into Oct 19 by a new cold front shifting southeast into the Gulf. This new front was responsible for the next gale event, which commenced at 00 UTC Oct 19 and lasted only 12 hours. As the cold front moved into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, southerly gales developed ahead of the front, occurring across the waters offshore of northeast Florida, and shifted eastward by Oct 20 as the front moved off the Florida coast and into the Atlantic.

The next significant gale event across the southwest North Atlantic did not occur until1200 UTC Nov 5, when low pressure deepened to 1001 hPa along a slow moving cold front that extended

from just northwest of Bermuda through the central Bahamas. The pressure gradient between high pressure well behind the front and this deep layered low center produced a zone of fresh northeasterly gales extending from well offshore of Cape Hatteras, NC into northwestern portions of the forecast area. The low drifted eastward to near 28N69W by Nov 6, became occluded, and began to separate from the front (Figure 3). This gale center remained relatively stationary for the next 36 hours, while showers and thunderstorms surrounding the system gradually became more symmetrical. By 0600 UTC Nov 8, the satellite signature of this low pressure center appeared as a classical sub-tropical cyclone, and the low was upgraded to sub-tropical storm Sean. Gale warnings were then replaced with tropical storm warnings. For a summary of the life cycle of Sean, see the NHC website at: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL192011_Sean.pdf This event also generated very high seas across a large expanse of the SW N Atlantic, with peak seas to 22 ft, and generated large northeast swells that pounded the Bahamas and Florida coastlines. This was the longest lived non-tropical cyclone warning event for the period, lasting 72 hours before transitioning to tropical storm warnings.

A middle level trough persisted across the central Atlantic throughout much of November and contributed to the formation of a gale center across the central Atlantic on 1200 UTC Nov 21. Gales prevailed across the northwest quadrant of this low as it merged with a cold frontal boundary to the north and shifted northeastward and out of the area within 48 hours. Days later, a gale center developed in similar fashion farther to the west, along about 60W, commencing at 1200 UTC Nov 30, and

Figure 3. Unified surface analysis for 1200 UTC 06 nov 2011.

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Six warning events occurred across the southwest North Atlantic in December, all but one associated with cold fronts and frontal troughs. The lone event not associated with a frontal system was a long lived, 60 hour event commencing on 0600 UTC Dec 10. The persistent middle level trough lingering across the central Atlantic throughout much of December produced a broad surface trough along 55W by Dec 10. A cold front draped across top of this inverted trough produced easterly gales to the north of the inverted trough, as verified by the freighter Buzzard Bay (A8JH8). The inverted trough then drifted westward and amplified over the next 2 days, finally allowing the pressure gradient to relax by 1800 UTC Dec 12.

Gulf of Mexico Warnings

The f ive remaining non-tropical warnings issued across the Gulf of Mexico occurred during the months of November and December, all pressure gradient induced behind cold fronts. The strongest of these gale events, beginning Nov 27, produced strong northerly gales to 45 kts across SW portions of the Gulf of Mexico, through the central Bay of Campeche and Chivelas pass, and exited into the eastern Pacific across the Gulf of Tehuantepec, where storm force winds occurred. See Tropical Eastern Pacific section fro more details of the events effect in that region. The cruise ship carnival Triumph (C6FN5) reported gales behind the front, across the northwestern Gulf of Mexico on Nov 27, while the Norwegian Star (C6FR3) also reported gales across the northwest Gulf on Nov 27, and then again across

the southwestern Gulf on Nov 28.

Caribbean Warnings

There was only one non-tropical cyclone warning event across the Caribbean during this period, which commenced on 1200 UTC Dec 21, across the climatologically prevalent area of strongest tradewinds found south of 14N to the coasts of Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. As is typical of these events, strong tradewinds across this area were enhanced to gale force by a strong pressure gradient between semi-permanent low pressure across the Colombian Basin and strong high pressure building across the sub-tropics. In this case, a very strong Atlantic high pressure ridge centered just southeast of Bermuda induced a prolonged 54 hour period of gales. Figure 4 shows a NOAA image of ASCAT wind vectors from

0247 UTC Dec 22, where darkest red wind flags indicate gale force winds, generally south of 13N to just offshore of the coast of Colombia. Gales were reported during this time by the crown Princess (ZCDM6) and the Emerald Princess (ZCDP8) across the southern Caribbean. Gales prevailed during this period from 11N to 15N, and also occurred during the afternoon and evening hours of Dec 21, where frequent squalls prevailed from 15N to 18N south of Hispaniola, associated with a dying frontal zone stretched across the central Caribbean.

eastern north Pacific Ocean South of 30n and east of 140W

The fall and winter months are an active time for gale and storm events in this portion of the Eastern Pacific. The majority of the events usually occur in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.

Figure 4. nOAA image of Caribbean, showing ASCAT wind vectors from 22 Dec 0107 and 0247 UTC passes. Darkest red flags indicate 30-35 kts.

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The 2011 season produced 13 Gulf of Tehuantepec, 2 Gulf of California, and 1 Baja California gale force or greater wind events. Table 2 provides additional details on these events.

Ship reports are a vital source of data in verifying gale and storm events. A few choice ship reports that directly verified some of this season’s gales are enumerated in Table 3.

The Gulf of Tehuantepec gap wind events are usually driven by mid-

latitude cold frontal passages through the Chivela Pass, a narrow valley within the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The post cold frontal northerly winds over the southwest Gulf of Mexico surge through the Chivela Pass and result in gap wind events through the pass delivering stronger winds into the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The events are of various duration with the longer events associated with reinforcing secondary cold fronts in the Gulf of Mexico.

A gale event in the Gulf of Mexico,

which occurred behind a cold front on Nov 10, 2011 produced, one of the strongest gale events in the Gulf of Tehuantepec for the September to December period (Figure 5). A European Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) and an Indian Oceansat-2 Scatterometer (OSCAT) pass captured the event. The passes were within two hours of each other with maximum winds of 35 kts retrieved (Figure 6). The OSCAT imagery was not operationally available to forecasters in the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB)

Onset Region Peak Wind Speed

GALE/STORM Duration

1800 UTC 19 Oct Gulf of Tehuantepec 40 kts 48 hr



1200 UTC 02 nov Gulf of California 35 kts 12 hr

1200 UTC 10 nov Gulf of Tehuantepec 45 kts 42 hr

1800 UTC 12 nov Baja California 35 kts 12 hr



1800 UTC 27 nov Gulf of Tehuantepec 50 kts 102 hr / 12 hr

1200 UTC 07 Dec Gulf of Tehuantepec 45 kts 42 hr

1200 UYTC 10 Dec Gulf of Tehuantepec 40 kts 18 hr


0600 UTC 23 Dec Gulf of California 35 kts 36 hr




Table 2. non-tropical Cyclone Warnings issued for the northeast Pacific Basin between 01 Sep and 31 Dec 2011.

Table 3. Ship reports that verified gale events over the Gulf of Tehuantepec between 01 Sep 2011 and 31 Dec 2011.

Time/Date Ship Location Wind Speed Seas

1400 UTC 21 Oct Coral Princess (ZCDF4) 15.6n 95.4W 38 kts 6 ft

0800 UTC 18 nov Coral Princess (ZCDF4) 15.3n 95.3W 40 kts 6 ft

0300 UTC 25 nov Cap Palmerston (A8MW6) 14.8n 95.0W 35 kts 9 ft

1200 UTC 07 Dec Hansa Visby (eLWR5) 14.5n 95.2W 35 kts 6 ft

1300 UTC 24 Dec Coral Princess (ZCDF4) 15.6n 95.4W 38 kts 6 ft

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on Nov 10, 2011. It was retrieved later to further verify the gale event. Since then, the OSCAT wind retrievals have undergone some calibration and imagery has been made routinely available to TAFB forecasters with a four and half hour retrieval delay. The swath is 1800 km wide and is displayed with a 25 km resolution. It is good to note that all scatterometer imagery in the Gulf of Tehuantepec depicting gales and storms have no heavy precipitation complications thus the wind vectors are very reliable. Another pair of ASCAT and OSCAT imagery is shown in Figure 7 depicts the long duration gale/storm event that commenced on Nov 29, 2011. The scatterometer passes were two and a

Figure 5. national Weather Service Unified Surface Analysis (USA) map valid

1800 UTC 10 november 2011.

Figure 6. Gulf of Tehuantepec gap winds. 1629 UTC 10 november 2011 ASCAT images indicating 35 kts winds (top) and an 1809 UTC 10 november 2011 OSCAT image indicating 36 kts winds (bottom).

Figure 7. Gulf of Tehuantepec gap winds. 0405 UTC 29 november 2011 ASCAT image indicating 39 kts winds (top) and an 0641 UTC 29 november 2011 OSCAT image indicating 39 kts winds (bottom).

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half hours apart. The passes retrieved maximum winds of 39 kts and were direct hits, covering significant areas of the northeast Pacific Ocean south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec.

Two Gulf of California gale events occurred during the September to December 2011 time frame. The second event commenced on Dec 23, 2011. A tight surface pressure gradient over the Gulf of California produced gale force northerly winds over the entire gulf (Figure 8). An ASCAT pass at 1638 UTC 23 December 2011 captured an area of northwesterly winds of 30 to 35 kts over the Gulf of California (Figure 9).

A gale event just off the west coast of Baja California occurred on Nov 12, 2011. An extra tropical gale center moved into the area from the northwest and drifted off Baja California near 30N120W (Figure 10). An earlier 0500 UTC ASCAT pass indicated an area of northwest winds of 30 to 35 kts within the southern semicircle of the gale center (Figure 11).

Figure 8. national Weather Service USA map valid 0600 UTC 23 December 2011.

Figure 9. 25 km ASCAT scatterometer pass valid 1638 UTC 23 December 2011. The pass depicted a substantial area of 30 to 35 kt winds in the west-

central portion of the Gulf of California.

References

Storm Data Report, Oct 2011, NWS Jacksonville

Storm Data Report, Oct 2011, NWS Melbourne

Avilla, L.A., 2012. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Sean. National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL192011_Sean.pdf.

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Figure 10. national Weather Service USA map valid 1800 UTC 12 november

2011.

Figure 11. 25 km ASCAT scatterometer

pass valid 0500 UTC 12 november

2011.

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VOS Program

Awards

Horizon Lines Senior Superintendent Wally Becker accepts 2010 VOS Annual Award on behalf of Capt

John Loftus and the crew of M/V HORIZOn TRADeR.

For the 5th consecutive year, the vessel Philadelphia express received the annual VOS Award (2010) for outstanding support to the Marine Observing Program. In 2010 the crew provided an outstanding 1358 quality marine observations. They also received the 5 Year Pennant for winning 5 consecutive annual VOS performance awards from 2006 to 2010.

During that period the crew of the Philadelphia express transmitted over 7000 marine observations. nOAA congratulates the crew for their consistent dedication to the marine observing program over the past 5 years. Well Done!!

Left to Right: Dk Cadet eric Isaksen, 3/M Ryan Guthrie (holding the plaque), Capt. Dave Sulin, 2/M Brandon Teal, C/M Chris Hendrickson. All displaying the 5 year Flag Award.

Other valuable observers participating over the 2010 reporting year were Capt. Scott Putty, C/M Chuck Rau, 2/M Mark Meyer, 2/M Brendan Smith, 2/M Charlie Orr, 3/M Jeremy Cunningham, 3/M Andrew Longnecker, and Cadets Ian nisley,

Kevin Miele, Fred Wheeler, and Kevin Fink.

VOS Program Awards

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For the second consecutive year the Sealand Racer was presented the annual VOS Award (2010) for outstanding performance in marine observations. The crew provided

over 1844 quality observations in 2010 and was in the VOS Top 50 reporters. The national Weather Service and nOAA extend a special thanks to the Masters and Mates of the Sealand Racer. Thanks for the dedicate work. Pictured left to right,

Chief Mate Steve Watt, 2nd Mate Roy Valentine, Captain J. Pratt, 3rd Mate Robert neumyer and Cadet Jeffery Mark

Horizon Challenger was presented the 2010 VOS

Award for outstanding performance in Marine

Observation Reporting. The crew provided over 1066

quality marine observations in 2010. This is the sixth annual award since 2003. Horizon Challenger’s best meteorologist is Hector

Rodriquez. Congratulation!

VOS Program Awards

For the second consecutive year the Sealand eagle was presented the annual VOS Award (2010) for outstanding performance in marine observations. The crew provided over 1061 quality observations. Picture (left to right) are: nYM Deck Cadet Fulgencio Anavitate, 3/m

Trevor Battles, C/m Mike LaMaina, KP Deck Cadet Harl Romine, 2/m erik Stark.

not pictured but deserving credit for 2010 reporting are: C/m John Kelly, 2/m Brent McClaine, 2/m Cisco Medal, 3/m Chris Kalinowski, 3/m Roy Valentine, KP D/c Aaron Madler,

nYM D/c nick Terek

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For the second consecutive year the Sealand eagle was presented the annual VOS Award (2010) for outstanding performance in marine observations. The crew provided over 1084 quality observations. Accepting the award is from left to right: 3/M Ian Falkenberg, 2/M Joe Ward,

C/M Dan Martin and Cadet Sam Heard

The Charleston express was presented the annual VOS Award

(2010) for outstanding performance in marine observations. The

crew provided over 1053 quality observations. The national Weather Service and nOAA extend a special thanks to the Masters and Mates of the Charleston express. Well done. Pictured (left to right) are: Second

Mate Richard Burkle, Chief Mate Bill O’Connor, Captain Peter Curtis, Third Mate Aaron Voorhees, Great Lakes Deck Cadet Matthew Lang, Kings

Point Cadet Blake Krell. not pictured Captain John Farmer, Chief Mate

Brendan Smith.

For the fourth consecutive year, the vessel St Louis express received the annual VOS Award (2010) for outstanding support to the Marine Observing Program. The crew of the St Louis express provided an outstanding 4270

quality marine observations in 2010. nOAA congratulates the crew for a job well done. Accepting the award from left to right is C/Mate Stephen Jones and

Captain Robert Strobel. not Pictured but deserve special recognition are:

Captain: W. L. MilesC/Mates: M.B O’Brien, P. Curtis, P. Grate

2nd Mates: R. newton, A. Roland, S. Halley, S. Roberto3rd Mates: C. Moore, M. Bokorney, K. Kesse, M. Lynch, F. Pipitone

Deck Cadets: C. nate, M. Hearn, M. Bardoutsos, R. Hadley, S. Green

Captain Strobel expressed his Thanks to all of them for their efforts in sending voluntary marine weather observations.

VOS Program

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VOS Program Awards

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2010 VOS Observation Award winner to the Wilfred Sykes.

Pictured is Captain Mike Grzesiek.

2010 VOS Observation award winner the Arthur M. Anderson. Pictured is 1stMate Kenneth M.

Clemons.

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VOS Program

Awards

2010 Observation Award to the M/V Maumee.

From left to right are crew that sailed on the Maumee on her 82nd and fi nal season, Shawn Pavlovich (Bosun), Christopher edyvean (First Offi cer), Mark Stanger (Master), Jay Love (Able-

Seaman). not pictured are Deck Offi cers David Richmond, David Gruber, eric Johnson & GLMA Deck Cadet Danny Hecko, who all contributed throughout the 2010 season.

2010 VOS Observation Award to the American Century. Pictured is 1stMate Ken Suedek, 2ndMate Gary Thompson, 3rdMate Steve Peterson and Capt. Bruce Dunlap.

VOS Program Awards

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2010 VOS Observation Award to the Manitowoc. Pictured on the left is 1stMate Anthony

Szymanski and to his right is Capt. Jeff Letzkus.

Captain Tim english accepts the 2011 VOS Annual Award from the nY/nJ PMO on behalf of the crew of APL PeARL. Thanks to all members of the

crew for submitting over 800, high quality observations, in 2010.

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national Weather Service VOS Program new Recruits:July 1 through October 31, 2011

Ship Name Call SigN

Algolake VCPX

American Courage WDD2879

Brotonne Bridge VRHO2

Capt. Henry Jackman VCTV

Carnival Magic 3eTA8

eagle Tacoma S6nK2

Maersk Wismar 3eXK5

Major Bernard F. Fisher KBGK

Mustafa Dayi TCZF2

Pacific Santa Ana A8WI3

Trailblazer WDe6541

Tropic express HO7723

12 New ReCRuitS! Way To Go!!!

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Rep

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April 2012 ~ Mariners W

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VOS C

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41

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ll Si

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3

VOS

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tive

Ship

Rep

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57

Ship

Nam

eCa

ll Si

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bM

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pr

Ma

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86

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1

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00

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C67

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131

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114

914

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306

1595

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1836

520

5317

3172

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544

3

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111

00

121

00

215

710

59

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90

2749

82

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9

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3532

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2825

211

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335

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April

20-12

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arin

ers

Wea

ther

Log

58

Ship

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ll Si

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pr

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489

3033

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2141

1

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Ship

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59

Ship

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16

209

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3814

310

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1958

00

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01

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01

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287

00

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00

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4838

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00

32

10

012

6

Sea

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WC

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70

00

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01

00

01

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ger

WC

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639

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9312

013

220

269

107

126

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71

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6FR4

00

00

00

00

00

4479

123

Seab

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3424

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3821

279

2428

2612

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166

103

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1857

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119

130

114

137

8810

311

22

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April

20-12

~ M

arin

ers

Wea

ther

Log

60

Ship

Nam

eCa

ll Si

gnJa

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bM

arA

pr

Ma

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nJu

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142

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Rep

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61

Ship

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~ M

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ther

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eather Log

63

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April

20-12

~ M

arin

ers

Wea

ther

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64

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eather Log

65

Points of Contact

U.S. Port Meteorological Officers

Headquarters

John WassermanVoluntary Observing Ship Program ManagerNational Data Buoy CenterBuilding 3203Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-6000Tel: 228-688-1818Fax: 228-688-3923E-mail: [email protected] Paula rychtarVoluntary Observing Ship OperationsManagerNational Data Buoy CenterBuilding 3203Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-6000Tel: 228-688-1457Fax: 228-688-3923E-mail: [email protected]

atlantic Ports

david dellinger, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA2550 Eisenhower Blvd, Suite 312P.O. Box 350067Port Everglades, FL 33335Tel: 954-463-4271 Fax: 954-462-8963E-mail: [email protected]

robert niemeyer, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA13701 Fang Road Jacksonville, FL 32218-7933Tel: 904-741-5186 Ext. 117Fax: 904-741-0078E-mail: [email protected]

tim Kenefick, PMo NOAA Coastal Services Center2234 South Hobson AvenueCharleston, SC 29405-2413Tel: 843-709-0102Fax: 843-740-1289E-mail: [email protected]

Peter Gibino, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA4034-B Geo. Wash. Mem. Hwy.Yorktown, VA 23692-2724Tel: 757-617-0897 Fax: 757-877-9561E-mail: [email protected]

lori evans, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAAMaritime Center I, Suite 2872200 Broening HighwayBaltimore, MD 21224-6623Tel: 443-642-0760 Fax: 410-633-4713E-mail: [email protected]

Jim luciani, PMo New York/New JerseyNational Weather Service, NOAA110 Main Street, Suite 201South Amboy, NJ 08879-1367Tel: 908-217-3477Fax: 732-316-7643E-mail: [email protected]

Great laKes Ports

ron Williams, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA5027 Miller Trunk HighwayDuluth, MN 55811-1442Tel 218-729-0651Fax 218-729-0690E-mail: [email protected]

Gulf of Mexico Ports

david Jones, PMoPMO New Orleans62300 Airport Rd.Slidell, LA 70460-5243Tel: Fax: 504 649-2907E-mail:

chris fakes, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA1353 FM646Suite 202Dickinson, TX 77539Tel: 281-534-2640 Ext. 277Fax: 281-534-4308E-mail: [email protected]

Pacific Ports

derek leeloy, PMoOcean Services Program CoordinatorNational Weather Service Pacific Region HQGrosvenor Center, Mauka Tower737 Bishop Street, Suite 2200Honolulu, HI 96813-3201Tel: 808-532-6439Fax: 808-532-5569E-mail: [email protected]

Brian Holmes, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA501 West Ocean Blvd., Room 4480Long Beach, CA 90802-4213Tel: 562-980-4090 Fax: 562-436-1550E-mail: [email protected]

daniel curtis, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA1301 Clay Street, Suite 1190NOakland, CA 94612-5217Tel: 510-637-2960Fax: 510-637-2961E-mail: [email protected]

Matt thompson, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA7600 Sand Point Way, N.E., BIN C15700Seattle, WA 98115-6349Tel: 206-526-6100Fax: 206-526-6904E-mail: [email protected]

richard courtney, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA600 Sandy Hook Street, Suite 1Kodiak, AK 99615-6814Tel: 907-487-2102 Fax: 907-487-9730E-mail: [email protected]

Peggy Perales, PMoNational Weather Service, NOAA, Box 427Valdez, AK 99686-0427Tel: 907-835-4505Fax: 907-835-4598E-mail: [email protected]

larry Hubble, PMoNational Weather Service Alaska Region222 West 7th Avenue #23Anchorage, AK 99513-7575Tel: 907-271-5135Fax: 907-271-3711E-mail: [email protected]

Points of Contact

April

20-12

~ M

arin

ers

Wea

ther

Log

66

Poin

ts of

Con

tact u.s. coast

Guard aMVer centerBen strongAMVER Maritime Relations Officer, United States Coast GuardBattery Park BuildingNew York, NY 10004Tel: 212-668-7762Fax: 212-668-7684E-mail: [email protected]

seas field representativesaoMl seas ProGraM ManaGer

dr. Gustavo Goni AOML4301 Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, FL 33149-1026Tel: 305-361-4339Fax: 305-361-4412E-mail: [email protected]

drifter ProGraM ManaGer

dr. rick lumpkinAOML/PHOD4301 Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, FL 33149-1026Tel: 305-361-4513Fax: 305-361-4412E-mail: [email protected]

arGo ProGraM ManaGer

Dr. Claudia SchmidAOML/PHOD4301 Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, FL 33149-1026Tel: 305-361-4313Fax: 305-361-4412E-mail: [email protected]

GloBal drifter ProGraM

shaun dolkAOML/PHOD4301 Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, FL 33149-1026Tel: 305-361-4446Fax: 305-361-4366E-mail: [email protected]

nortHeast atlantic seas reP.

Jim farringtonSEAS Logistics/AMC439 West York StreetNorfolk, VA 23510Tel: 757-441-3062Fax: 757-441-6495E-mail: [email protected]

soutHWest Pacific seas reP.

carrie WolfeSouthern California Marine Institute820 S. Seaside AvenueSan Pedro, Ca 90731-7330Tel: 310-519-3181Fax: 310-519-1054E-mail: [email protected]

soutHeast atlantic seas reP.

francis Bringas AOML/GOOS Center4301 Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, FL 33149-1026Tel: 305-361-4332Fax: 305-361-4412E-mail: [email protected]

Pacific nortHWest seas reP.

steve noahSEAS Logistics/PMCOlympic Computer Services, Inc.Tel: 360-385-2400Cell: 425-238-6501E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

other Port Meteorological officersarGentina

Mario J. GarciaJefe del Dto. RedesServicio Meteorlógico Nacional25 de Mayo 658 (C1002ABN)Buenos AiresArgentinaTel: +54-11 4514 1525 Fax: +54-11 5167 6709E-mail: [email protected]

australia

Head Office

Graeme Ball, Mgr.Marine Observations GroupBureau of MeteorologyGPO Box 1289KMelbourne, VIC 3001AustraliaTel: +61-3 9669 4203 Fax: +61-3 9669 4168E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Fremantle

Malcolm (Mal) Young, PMac/o Bureau of MeteorologyPO Box 1370West Perth WA 6872AustraliaTel: +61-8 9474 1974Fax: +61 8 9474 2173E-mail: [email protected]

Melbourne

albert dolman, PMac/o Bureau of MeteorologyGPO Box 1636MMelbourne, Vic. 3001AustraliaTel: +61-4 3858 7341Fax: +61-3 5229 5432E-mail: [email protected]


eather Log

67

Points of Contact

Sydney

Matt dunn, PMac/o Bureau of MeteorologyGPO Box 413Darlinghurst NSW 1300AustraliaTel:+61-2 9296 1547Fax: +61-2 9296 1648E-mail: [email protected]

canada

Canadian Headquarters

Gerie lynn lavigne, life cycle Manager Marine Networks, Environment CanadaSurface Weather, Climate and Marine Networks4905 Dufferin StreetToronto, OntarioCanada M3H 5T4Tel: +1-416 739 4561Fax: +1-416 739 4261E-mail: [email protected]

British Columbia

Bruce lohnes, Monitoring ManagerEnvironment CanadaMeteorological Service of Canada140-13160 Vanier PlaceRichmond, British Columbia V6V 2J2CanadaTel: +1-604-664-9188Fax: +1604-664-4094E-mail: [email protected]

Newfoundland

andrew dwyer, PMoEnvironment Canada6 Bruce StreetSt John’s, Newfoundland A1N 4T3CanadaTel: +1-709-772-4798Fax: +1-709-772-5097E-mail: [email protected]

Nova Scotia

randy sheppard, PMoMeteorological Service of Canada16th Floor, 45 Aldernay DriveDartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 2N6CanadaTel: +1-902-426-6616 E-mail: [email protected]

Ontario

tony Hilton, supervisor PMo; rick shukster, PMo & roland Kleer, PMoEnvironment CanadaMeteorological Service of Canada100 East Port Blvd.Hamilton, Ontario L8H 7S4 CanadaTel: +1-905 312 0900Fax: +1-905 312 0730E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]@ec.gc.ca

Quebec

erich Gola, PMoMeteorological Service of CanadaQuebec RegionService météorologique du CanadaEnvironnement Canada800 rue de la Gauchetière Ouest, bureau 7810Montréal (Québec) H5A 1L9 CanadaTel: +1-514 283-1644Cel: +1-514 386-8269Fax: +1-514 496-1867E-mail: [email protected]

cHina

Yu ZhaoguoShanghai Meteorological Bureau166 Puxi RoadShanghai, China

croatia

Port of Split

captain Zeljko soreMarine Meteorological Office-SplitP.O. Box 370Glagoljaska 11HR-21000 SplitCroatiaTel: +385-21 589 378Fax: +385-21 591 033 (24 hours)E-mail: [email protected]

Port of Rijeka

smiljan ViskovicMarine Meteorological Office-RijekaRiva 20HR-51000 RijekaCroatiaTel: +385-51 215 548 Fax: +385-51 215 574

denMarK

cmdr roi Jespersen, PMo & cmdr Harald r. Joensen, PMo Danish Meteorological Inst., Observation DeptSurface and Upper Air Observations DivisionLyngbyvej 100DK-2100 CopenhagenDenmarkTel: +45 3915 7337 Fax: +45 3915 7390E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

falKlands

captain r. Gorbutt, Marine officerFishery Protection OfficePort StanleyFalklandsTel: +500 27260 Fax: +500 27265Telex: 2426 FISHDIR FK

April

20-12

~ M

arin

ers

Wea

ther

Log

68

Poin

ts of

Con

tact france

Headquarters

andré Péries, PMo supervisorMétéo-France DSO/RESO/PMO42, Avenue Gustave Coriolis31057 Toulouse CédexFranceTel: +33-5 61 07 98 54Fax: +33-5 61 07 98 69E-mail: [email protected]

Boulogne-sur-mer

Gérard doligezMétéo-France DDM6217, boulevard Sainte-Beuve62200 Boulogne-sur-merFranceTel: +33-3 21 10 85 10Fax: +33-2 21 33 33 12E-mail: [email protected]

Brest

louis stéphan, station Météorologique16, quai de la douane29200 BrestFranceTel: +33-2 98 44 60 21Fax: +33-2 98 44 60 21

La Réunion

Yves Morville, station MétéorologiquePort RéunionFranceFax: +262 262 921 147Telex: 916797REE-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Le Havre

andre devatine, station Météorologique Nouveau SémaphoreQuai des Abeilles76600 Le HavreFranceTel: +33-2 32 74 03 65 Fax: +33 2 32 74 03 61E-mail: [email protected]

Marseille

Michel Perini, PMoMétéo-France / CDM 13 2A BD du Château-Double13098 Aix en Provence Cédex 02FranceTel: +00 33 (0)4 42 95 25 42Fax: +00 33 (0)4 42 95 25 49E-mail: [email protected]

Montoir de Bretagne

Jean Beaujard, station MétéorologiqueAérodome de Saint-Nazaire-Montoir44550 Montoir de BretagneFranceTel: +33-2 40 17 13 17 Fax: +33-2 40 90 39 37

New Caledonia

Henri lévèque, station MétéorologiqueBP 15198845 Noumea PortNew CaledoniaFranceTel: +687 27 30 04 Fax: +687 27 42 95

GerManY

Headquarters

Volker Weidner, PMo advisorDeutscher WetterdienstBernhard-Nocht-Strasse 76D-20359 HamburgGermanyTel: +49-40 6690 1410Fax: +49-40 6690 1496E-mail: [email protected]

Bremerhaven

Henning Hesse, PMoDeutscher WetterdienstAn der Neuen Schleuse 10bD-27570 BremerhavenGermanyTel: +49-471 70040-18Fax: +49-471 70040-17E-mail: [email protected]

Hamburg

Horst von Bargen, PMo Matthias Hoigt susanne ripke Deutscher Wetterdienst Met. Hafendienst Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 76 D - 20359 Hamburg Tel: +49 40 6690 1412/1411/1421 Fax: +49 40 6690 1496 E-mail: [email protected]

Rostock

christel Heidner, PMo Deutscher Wetterdienst Seestr. 15a D - 18119 Rostock Tel: +49 381 5438830 Fax: +49 381 5438863 E-mail: [email protected]

Gilbraltar

Principal Meteorological officerMeteorological OfficeRAF Gilbraltar BFPO 52GilbraltarTel: +350 53419Fax: +350 53474

Greece

Michael MyrsilidisMarine Meteorology SectionHellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS)El, Venizelou 1416777 HellinikonAthens GreeceTel: +30-10 9699013 Fax: +30-10 9628952, 9649646E-mail: [email protected]

HonG KonG, cHina

Wing tak Wong, senior scientific officerHong Kong Observatory134A Nathan RoadKowloonHong Kong, ChinaTel: +852 2926 8430 Fax: +852 2311 9448E-mail: [email protected]


eather Log

69

Points of Contact

iceland

Hreinn Hjartarson, icelandic Met. officeBústadavegur 9IS-150 ReykjavikIcelandTel: +354 522 6000 Fax: +354 522 6001E-mail: [email protected]

india

Calcutta

Port Meteorological officeAlibnagar, Malkhana BuildingN.S. Dock Gate No. 3Calcutta 700 043IndiaTel: +91-33 4793167

Chennai

Port Meteorological office10th Floor, Centenary BuildingChennai Port Trust, Rajaji RoadChennai 600 001IndiaTel: +91-44 560187

Fort Mumbai

Port Meteorological office3rd Floor, New Labour Hamallage BuildingYellow Gate, Indira DoctFort Mumbai 400 001IndiaTel: +91-2613733

Goa

PMo, Port Meteorological liaison officeSada, P.O., Head Land SadaGoa 403 804IndiaTel: +91-832 520012

Kochi

Port Meteorological officeCochin Harbour, North End, Wellington IslandKochi 682 009IndiaTel: +91-484 667042

Visakhapatnam

Port Meteorological officec/o The Director, Cyclone Warning CentreChinna WaltairVisakhapatnam 530 017.Andra PradeshIndiaTel: +91-891 746506

indonesia

Belawan

stasiun Meteorologi Maritim BelawanJl. Raya Pelabuhan IIIBelawan - 20414IndonesiaTel: +62-21 6941851Fax: +62-21 6941851

Bitung

stasiun Meteorologi Maritim BitungJl. Kartini No. 1Bitung - 95524IndonesiaTel: +62-438 30989Fax: +62-438 21710

Jakarta

Mochamad rifangiMeteorological and Geophysical AgencyJl. Angkasa I No. 2 KemayoranJakarta - 10720IndonesiaTel: +62-21 4246321Fax: +62-21 4246703

stasiun Meteorologi Maritim tanjung PriokJl. Padamarang PelabuhanTanjung PriokJakarta - 14310IndonesiaTel: +62-21 4351366Fax: +62-21 490339

Makassar

stasiun Meteorologi Maritim MakassarJl. Sabutung I No. 20 PaotereMakassarIndonesiaTel: +62-411 319242Fax: +62-411 328235

Semarang

stasiun Meteorologi Maritim semarangJl. Deli PelabuhanSemarang - 50174IndonesiaTel: +62-24 3549050Fax: +62-24 3559194

Surabaya

stasiun Meteorologi Maritim surabayaJl. Kalimas baru No. 97BSurabaya - 60165IndonesiaTel: +62-31 3291439Fax: +62-31 3291439

ireland

Cork

Brian doyle, PMoMet EireannCork AirportCorkIrelandTel: +353-21 4917753Fax: +353-21 4317405

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Paddy delaney, station ManagerMet EireannCork AirportMalinHeadLiffordCo. DonegalIreland

Dublin

columba creamer, Marine unitMet EireannGlasnevin HillDublin 9Ireland

Mayo

andy clohessy, station ManagerConnaught International AirportCharlestonCo. Mayo

ireland

Wexford

dennis o. Mahoney, station ManagerMet EireannRossiare HarbourWexfordIrelandTel: +353-53 33113Fax: +353-53 33105E-mail: [email protected]

israel

Ashdod

aharon ofir, PMoMarine DepartmentAshdod PortTel: 972 8 8524956

Haifa

Hani arbel, PMoHaifa PortTel: 972 4 8664427

JaPan

Headquarters

dr. Kazuhiko Hayashi, scientific officerMarine Div., Climate and Marine Dept.Japan Meteorological Agency1-3-4 Otemachi, Chiyoda-kuTokyo, 100-8122 JapanTel: +81-3 3212 8341 ext. 5144Fax: +81-3 3211 6908Email: [email protected]@climar.kishou.go.jp

Kobe

Port Meteorological officerKobe Marine Observatory1-4-3, Wakinohamakaigan-dori, Chuo-ku Kobe 651-0073 JapanTel: +81-78 222 8918Fax: +81-78 222 8946

Nagoya

Port Meteorological officerNagoya Local Meteorological Observatory2-18, Hiyori-ho, Chigusa-kuNagoya, 464-0039 JapanTel: +81-52 752 6364Fax: +81-52 762-1242

Yokohama

Port Meteorological officerYokohama Local Meteorological Observatory99 Yamate-cho, Naka-kuYokohama, 231-0862 JapanTel: +81-45 621 1991Fax: +81-45 622 3520Telex: 2222163

KenYa

ali Juma Mafimbo, PMoPO Box 98512MombasaKenyaTel: +254-11 225687 / 433689 Fax: +254-11 433689E-mail:[email protected]

MalasYa

Port Bintulu

Paul chong ah Poh, PMoBintulu Meteorological StationP.O. Box 28597007 BintuluSarawakMalaysiaFax: +60-86 314 386

Port Klang

Mohd shah ani, PMoMalaysian Meteorological ServiceJalan Sultan46667 Petaling JayaSelangorMalaysiaFax: +60-3 7957 8046

Port Kinabalu

Mohd sha ebung, PMoMalaysian Meteorological Service7th Floor, Wisma Dang BandangP.O. Box 5488995 Kota KinabaluSabahMalaysiaFax: +60-88 211 019

Maurituis

Port Louis

Meteorological servicesSt. Paul RoadVacoasMauritiusTel: +230 686 1031/32 Fax: +230 686 1033E-mail:[email protected]


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Points of Contact

netHerlands

Bert de Vries, PMo & rené rozeboom, PMo KNMI, PMO-Office Wilhelminalaan 10 Postbus 201 3730 Ae de Bilt Netherlands Tel: +31-30 2206391 Fax: +31-30 2210849 E-mail: [email protected]

neW Zealand

Julie fletcher, MMo Meteorological Service New Zealand Ltd.P.O. Box 722WellingtonNew ZealandTel: +64-4 4700 789Fax: +64-4 4700 772

norWaY

tor inge Mathiesen, PMoNorwegian Meteorological InstituteAllégaten 70N-5007 Bergen, NorwayTel: +47-55 236600 Fax: +47-55 236703Telex: 40427/42239

PaKistan

Hazrat Mir, senior MeteorologistPakistan Meteorological DepartmentMeteorological OfficeJinnah International AirportKarachi, PakistanTel:+ 92-21 45791300, 45791322Fax: +92-21 9248282E-mail: [email protected]

PHiliPines

Cagayan de Oro City

leo rodriguezPagasa Complex StationCagayan de Oro City 9000, MisamisOccidentalPhilipinesTel: +63-8822 722 760

Davao City

edwin floresPagasa Complex Station, Bangoy AirportDavao City 8000PhilipinesTel: +63-82 234 08 90

Dumaguete City

edsin culiPagasa Complex StationDumaguete City AirportDumaguete City, Negros Oriental 6200PhilipinesTel: +63-35 225 28 04

Legaspi City

orthello estarejaPagasa Complex StationLegaspi City, 4500PhilipinesTel: +63-5221 245 5241

Iloilo City

constancio arpon, Jr.Pagasa Complex StationIloilo City 5000PhilipinesTel: +63-33 321 07 78

Mactan City

roberto entradaPagasa Complex Station, Mactan AirportMactan City, CEBU 6016PhilipinesTel: +63-32 495 48 44

Manila

dr. Juan d. cordeta & Benjamin tado, JrPagasa Port Meteorological OfficePPATC Building, Gate 4South HarborManila 1018Philipines 1100Tel: +63-22 527 03 16

Poland

Józef Kowalewski, PMo Gdynia and Gdansk Institute of Meteorology and Water ManagementWaszyngton 42PL-81-342 GdyniaPolandTel: +48-58 6204572 Fax: +48-58 6207101Telex: 054216E-mail:[email protected]

rePuBlic of Korea

Inchon

inchon Meteorological station25 Chon-dong, Chung-guInchonRepublic of KoreaTel: +82-32 7610365Fax: +82-32 7630365

Pusan

Pusan Meteorological station1-9 Taechong-dong, Chung-guPusanRepublic of KoreaTel: +82-51 4697008Fax: +82-51 4697012

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russian federation

ravil s. fakhrutdinovRoshydromet12, Novovagan’kovsky StreetMoscow 123242Russian FederationTel:+7-095 255 23 88Fax: +7-095 255 20 90Telex: 411117 RUMS RFE-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

saudi araBia

Mahmoud M. rajkhan, PMoMeteorology and EnvironmentalProtection Administration (MEPA)P.O. Box 1358Jeddah 21431Saudi ArabiaTel: +966-2 6512312 Ext. 2252 or 2564

sinGaPore

amran bin osman, PMsMeteorological Service PO Box 8Singapore Changi AirportSingapore 9181Tel: 5457198 Fax: +65 5457192Telex: RS50345 METSIN

soutH africa

Headquarters

Johan standerRegional Manager: Western CapeAntarctica and IslandsSouth African Weather Service P O Box 21 Cape Town International Airport 7525 South AfricaTel: +27 (0) 21 934 0450Fax: +27 (0) 21 934 4590Cell: +27 (0) 82 281 0993Weatherline: 082 162E-mail: [email protected]

Cape Town

c. sydney Marais, PMoCape Town Regional Weather OfficeCape Town International AirportCape Town 7525South AfricaTel: +27-21 934 0836 Fax: +27-21 934 3296E-mail: [email protected]

Durban

Gus McKay, PMoDurban Regional Weather OfficeDurban International AirpotDurban 4029South AfricaTel: +27-31 408 1446Fax: +27-31 408 1445E-mail: [email protected]

sWeden

Johan svalmarkSMHISE-601 75 NORRKÖPINGSwedenTel: + 46 11 4958000 E-mail: [email protected]

tanZania, united rePuBlic of

H. charles Mwakitosi, PMoP.O. Box 3056Dar es SalaamUnited Republic of Tanzania

tHailand

Kesrin Hanprasert, MeteorologistMarine and Upper Air Observation SectionMeteorological Observation DivisionThai Meteorological Department4353 Sukhumvit Road, BangnaBangkok 10260ThailandTel: +66-2 399 4561Fax: +66-2 398 9838E-mail: [email protected]

united KinGdoM

Headquarters

sarah c. north, Marine networks Manager Met officeObservations Supply - Marine NetworksFitzRoy RoadExeterDevonEX1 3PBUnited KingdomTel: +44-1392 855 617 Fax: +44-870 900 5050E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

North England

Vacant

South England – PMO London

Joe MaguirePort Meteorological OfficerMet OfficeTrident House21 Berth Tilbury DockTilbury, Essex RM18 7HL United KingdomTelephone: +44-1375 859 970Telefax: +44- (0)870 900 5050E-mail: [email protected]

PMO Southampton

lalinda namalarachchi, PMoMet Officec/o Room 231/19National Oceanography Centre,SouthamptonUniversity of Southampton, Waterfront CampusEuropean WaySouthampton SO14 3ZHUnited KingdomTelephone: +44 -2380638339Telefax: +44-870 900 5050E-mail: [email protected].

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scotland

tony eastham, PMoMet OfficeSaughton House, Broomhouse DriveEdinburgh EH11 3XQUnited KingdomTel: +44-131 528 7305 Fax: +44-131 528 7345E-mail: [email protected]

ian J. Hendry, offshore adviserMet OfficeDavidson House Campus 1Aberdeen Science & Technology ParkBridge of DonAberdeen AB22 8GTUnited KingdomTel: +44-1224 407 557 Fax: +44-1224 407 568E-mail: [email protected]

noaa WeatHer radio netWorK(1) 162.550 mHz(2) 162.400 mHz(3) 162.475 mHz (4) 162.425 mHz (5) 162.450 mHz (6) 162.500 mHz (7) 162.525 mHz

Channel numbers, e.g. (WX1, WX2) etc. have no special significance but are often designated this way in consumer equip-ment. Other channel numbering schemes are also prevalent.

The NOAA Weather Radio network provides voice broadcasts of local and coastal marine forecasts on a continu-ous cycle. The forecasts are produced by local National Weather Service Forecast Offices.

Coastal stations also broadcast predicted tides and real time observations from buoys and coastal meteorological sta-tions operated by NOAA’s National Data Buoy Center. Based on user demand, and where feasible, Offshore and Open Lake forecasts are broadcast as well.

The NOAA Weather Radio network pro-vides near continuous coverage of the coastal U.S, Great Lakes, Hawaii, and populated Alaska coastline. Typical cover-age is 25 nautical miles offshore, but may extend much further in certain areas.

Points of Contact

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In order to expand our reader audience and provide our readers with a contemporary digital format that has numerous options for future publications, hard copy printing and mailing of the Mariners Weather Log will be discontinued after this edition (April 2012); paid subscribers to the Mariners Weather Log will be prorated and reimbursed. As the editor of this magazine, I do apologize for any inconveniences due to this change in format. If you have further concerns or questions please contact me directly by phone (228) 688-1457 or email, [email protected].

Please be assured that this magazine will not falter in its’ content and quality. This change is a positive move towards

better utilizing our vastly improved methods of communications over land and sea. Under the new format, the Voluntary Observing Ship Program management team will be able to lift the program to a higher level of awareness and accessibility. The digital format gives notice in the many ways that VOS has become intricately networked with scientists, biologists, worldwide environmental impact concerns/studies, climatology, metadata quality and actively engages in the stewardship of our world. I hope my invitation for related articles and photographs is taken seriously, as this new platform will reach far and wide.

Important message for the Subscribers to the Mariners Weather Log


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This amazing photograph of a Maui sunrise was taken by Patrick Bell, 1st Officer Navigation on Norwegian Cruise Lines, Pride of America.

U.S. Department of CommerceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Data Buoy CenterStennis Space Center1007 Balch BlvdBay St Louis, MS 39520-9903

Address Correction Requested Official Business

First ClassU.S. Postage

PAIDDOC / NOAAPermit No. 348

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