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Volume 1

July 2020

Cover page designed by Mr. Harshvardhan Pagar, Student BE Civil

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APPLICATION OF ASSIGNMENT MODEL IN PRECAST INDUSTRY

FOR OPTIMIZING RAW MATERIAL PROCUREMENT COST

[1]Urvashi Kshirsagar, [2] M. P. Kadam, [3] S. M. Waysal

[1] P.G. Student: Civil Department, [2] Head of Department: Civil Department, [3]

Assistant Professor: Civil Department

A large capital cost is required and involved with construction industry where in there is cast-

in-situ construction. To optimize this cost, now-a-days an approach of precast construction is

being introduced in industry. The paper aims to optimize raw material procurement cost by

different dealers/suppliers, using assignment model which is used to allocate suppliers/dealers

for procuring material.

Previously, study was carried out by various researchers on assignment model, its theory,

method of solving this problem, allocations etc. Best Candidate Method (BCM) is applied to

linear assignment problems.[1] Also, allocations of partially multi-skilled workforce to reduce

labour cost, jobs/tasks to machine is done for better and faster production, crew allocation to

masonry industry according to their skills, capabilities & personalities and teachers to courses,

etc. were done.[2-5]

The study is done to assign raw material procurement for precast industry to respective

dealers/suppliers to optimize procurement cost. Thus, Hungarian method gives optimum results

& also lays down its significance in precast industry for construction.

The objective of this article depicts identification of the problems faced by precast industry for

procurement of raw materials from suppliers /dealers, studying various optimization techniques

for optimizing initial raw material procurement cost using assignment model by allocating it to

different suppliers / dealers.

Precast Industry is set up precast concrete, a construction product by casting concrete is

reusable moulds cured during a controlled environment, transport to development site & lifted

up to place. Such products are manufactured by precast industry.

Assignment Model is used to allocate available no it respectively to an equal number of

activities. This allocation is done on one to one basis to optimize total costs of performing tasks

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at a hand or maximize total profit of allocation.[6] In 1955, Mr. Koning of Hungary suggested

of the Hungarian method.[7] “Given n facilities and n jobs and given the effectiveness of each

facility for each job, the problem is to assign each facility to one and only one job so as to

optimize the given measure of effectiveness.”[8]

For data collection, many visits where conducted at precast industry. Also material used and

required for production of precast items was listed. The industry manufactures various

products, which includes RCC spun pipes, sloted pipes, V-type gutters, septic tanks, compound

poles, mosaic benches, tiled benches, Chainage stones, Km stones, paving blocks. Data was

collected by conducting a market survey. Rates and quotations were taken from different

dealers of material listed. The materials considered are cement, steel, anticorrosive chemicals

and aggregates. Different sizes of steel bars and different sizes of aggregates were considered

required at precast industry. Also different types of anticorrosive material were considered and

that too of different companies. It happened that dealers for different materials were either

sometimes different or same for same for some materials too. Matrix of these data was formed.

Separate matrix was formed each material, i.e. four matrices were formed for cement, steel,

anticorrosive chemicals and aggregates respectively. These matrices were then analysed using

assignment model.

The concluding remarks of the work are as follows:

1. The study shows that assignment model can be applied while procuring materials

from suppliers /dealers which are helpful for precast industry to make decision

while allocating building material suppliers / dealers.

2. Hungarian method gives best optimal results for allocation of material supplier /

dealer by formulation of assignment problem. Thus, it carries more weightage while

its introduction in precast industry.

3. The above used assignment problem techniques will be helpful for industry to carry

out allocations of material to particular suppliers / dealers in future.

References:

[1] H. A. Ahmad, “The best candidates method for solving optimization problems,” J.

Comput. Sci., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 711–715, 2012.

[2] J. E. Gomar, ; Carl, T. Haas, and D. P. Morton, “Assignment and Allocation

Optimization of Partially Multiskilled Workforce.”

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[3] F. Fadhil and K. Al-Abdulhameed, “A linear Programming Formulation of Assignment

Problems.”

[4] L. Florez, “Crew Allocation System for the Masonry Industry,” Comput. Civ.

Infrastruct. Eng., vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 874–889, 2017.

[5] P. I. Tillett, “An operations research approach to the assignment of teachers to courses,”

Socioecon. Plann. Sci., vol. 9, no. 3–4, pp. 101–104, 1975.

[6] S. Singh, G. C. Dubey, and R. Shrivastava, “A Comparative Analysis of Assignment

Problem,” 2012.

[7] X. Y. Ma, “Application of assignment model in PE human resources allocation,” in

Energy Procedia, 2011, vol. 16, no. PART C, pp. 1720–1723.

[8] D. S. Hira, “OPERATIONS.”

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APPLICATION OF ASSIGNMENT MODEL FOR COST

OPTIMIZATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

[1]N. More [2] S. M. Waysal

[1] P.G. Student: Civil Department, [2] Assistant Professor: Civil Department

The optimization in mathematics, computer science, economics, and other fields, refers to

choosing the best element from some set of available alternatives [1]. Assignment problems

are the application of linear programming and this is particularly important in the theory of

decision making [2]. Assignment problems arise in diverse situations, where one needs to

determine an optimal way to assign 𝑛 subjects to 𝑚 subjects in the best possible way [3]. The

objective is to make assignments that minimize the total assignment cost or maximize the total

associated gain [4].

There is a need to study the application of cost optimization techniques in the construction

industry to cut down construction costs because the construction business is highly competitive

and associated with huge investments. The objective of this study is to minimize the cost of

materials by considering the problem of material supplier allocation to a construction project.

After reviewing the literature, a need of employing an assignment model in the construction

sector is identified. This study seeks to propose a new application of assignment problems in

the construction industry. In this study, the assignment model is applied to the construction

project in Nashik city. The application of the assignment model is elaborated through the

supplier allocation problem in a construction firm. The cost is minimized by preparing the

assignment model for the supplier of materials and the rates quoted by them. Optimum

allocation of building material suppliers is obtained by solving the cost matrix using the

Hungarian algorithm.

Hungarian method: The most widely used method for solving assignment problems is the

Hungarian method [4]. In this research article, the Hungarian method is applied in assigning

materials to the suppliers. The Hungarian algorithm deals with the optimal allocation of various

productive resources, especially for material suppliers who have different rates for materials.

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A live project of CPM Realty in Nashik is undertaken as a case study for this work with a built-

up area of 6317.4 m2, which consists of Parking/Ground+7 floor building with 112 number of

flats and 6 commercial shop units. Application of the assignment model in a construction

project is carried out using a collection of data in the form of estimates, quantities of different

items with their rates quoted by different suppliers as an example. From the collected data, 4

assignment models are developed to optimize the cost of material.

Case 1: 6 building material suppliers are selected for the analysis those are supplying cement,

steel, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, 4” bricks, and 6” bricks.

Case 2: 4 paint suppliers are selected for the analysis those are supplying luster paint, cement

paint, wall putty, and oil paint.

Case 3: 4 tile suppliers are selected for the analysis those are supplying 2’ x 2’ vitrified tile,

32’’ x 32’’ vitrified tile, glazed tile, and parking tile.

Case 4: 5 electrical item suppliers are selected for the analysis those are supplying the ceiling

fan, exhaust fan, tube light, foot lamp, and bell push.

The rates quoted by different suppliers are presented in the form of a matrix and are solved

using the Hungarian method.

The results are presented with the allocation of suppliers with the respective item. The total

amount is calculated using a unit rate and the quantity required for the project.

Case 1: Fine aggregate is assigned to supplier 1, coarse aggregate is assigned to supplier 2, 4”

bricks are assigned to supplier 3, cement is assigned to supplier 4, 6” bricks are assigned to

supplier 5, and steel is assigned to supplier 6.

Case 2: Wall putty is assigned to supplier 1, cement paint is assigned to supplier 2, luster paint

is assigned to supplier 3, and oil paint is assigned to supplier 4.

Case 3: Glazed tile is assigned to supplier 1, 32” x 32” vitrified tile is assigned to supplier 2,

2’ x 2’ vitrified tile is assigned to supplier 3 and parking tile is assigned to supplier 4.

Case 4: Bell push is assigned to supplier 1, the ceiling fan is assigned to supplier 2, the exhaust

fan is assigned to supplier 3, tube light is assigned to supplier 4, and foot lamp is assigned to

supplier 5.

Cost comparison: The total cost is calculated by adding the costs of all 4 cases which consists

of the cost of material obtained with and without the use of the assignment model.

Total cost with use of assignment model = Rs. 4,02,62,275.5/-

Total cost without the use of assignment model = Rs. 4,10,46,287.5/-

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We plotted the graph as shown below. The graph shows the detailed comparison of the cost

involved in construction materials with and without using the assignment model.

Fig. 1. Detail comparison of cost of the material with and without the use of assignment

model

We concluded that,

This study demonstrates that the efficacious application of the assignment model to the

construction project consequences in substantial cost reduction.

From the results of the research conducted, it is concluded that the allocation of material

supplier of the construction project was not optimal. After using the Hungarian algorithm, the

optimum results of the assignment are concluded with considerable cost savings of Rs.

7,84,012/- which is almost 2% of total cost considered in the example.

This new application is proved to be more efficient than traditional methods used by the

construction firm to select the suppliers. The proposed system is going to help builders and

contractors to allocate material suppliers which will help them to reduce the construction cost

of their future projects.

References

[1] H. A. Ahmad, “The Best Candidates Method for Solving Optimization Problems,” J.

Comput. Sci., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 711–715, 2012.

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[2] H. Basirzadeh, “Ones Assignment Method For Solving Traveling Salesman Problem,”

J. Math. Comput. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 258–265, 2014, doi: 10.22436/jmcs.010.04.04.

[3] S. Faudzi, S. Abdul-Rahman, and R. Abd Rahman, “An Assignment Problem and Its

Application in Education Domain: A Review and Potential Path,” Adv. Oper. Res., vol.

2018, pp. 1–19, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/8958393.

[4] P. K. Gupta and D. S. Hira, OPERATIONS RESEARCH, Seventh Re. New Delhi: S.

Chand & Company PVT. LTD., 2014.

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CHANGES AND CHALLENGES AFTER PANDEMIC (CIVID-19) IN AN

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

[1]Ajay Shelorkar

[1] Assistant Professor: Civil Department

Abstract: The COVID–19 Pandemic outbreak directly influenced the growth of infrastructure

and the global economy. There is a continuing international response to the rapid disruption of

critical infrastructure sectors and industries. Pandemic COVID–19 affected water and

sanitation, waste, logistics, electricity, global communication, and airport. In a few exceptions,

the COVID-19 pandemic expected to delay global water sector investments. It has also made

operational reliability more critical due to the cost of disruption. These organizational

challenges arise from changes in market trends, fluctuations in supply, and the numerous

emergency measures used by governments to deal with the pandemic. Research founded on to

date, COVID-19 does not tend to propagate across the waste supply chain. The SWM market,

however, has felt impacts. Lockdown initiatives have substantially lowered the demand for

electricity in both the commercial and industrial sectors over the past few months. Many

telecommunications players – from broadband to mobile to data center operators - have

benefited from a surge in data and voice traffic. As a result, the telecoms market performs well

in comparison with other sub-sectors of infrastructure. COVID-19 had immediate and drastic

effects on airport traffic and revenue. In the immediate aftermath, the economic downturn

which follows the pandemic continues to cause lower demand for air travel. The building,

infrastructure, and real estate segments are the country's second-largest employment providers

after agriculture. The infrastructure and building sectors are highly responsible for driving the

overall development of India and need to focus more ruled the country's timely establishment

of world-class infrastructure.

Keywords: COVID-19, Water and sanitation, Waste sector, Logistics, Power

I. Introduction

COVID-19 Pandemic is an unpresidential situation for everyone living in the world.

Infrastructure development playing a significant role in the economy of any country and

shows the progress of the country. As per the National Statistical Commission headed by

Dr C. Rangarajan, attempted to identify infrastructure based on some characteristics. The

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following composition of infrastructures. 1. Electricity generation 2. transmission and

distribution 3. Gas generation and distribution through pipes 4. Water works and supply 5.

Non-conventional energy generation and distribution 6. Railway tracks, signaling system

and stations 7. Roads and bridges, runaways and other airport facilities 8. Telephone lines

and telecommunications network 9. Pipelines for water, crude oil, slurry, etc.10.Waterways

11. Port facilities 12. Canal networks for irrigation. All above twelve identified sectors of

infrastructure development, out of this sector some sectors are affected more and some less,

as per the data availability some sectors are described under following given chapter.

II. Objective

The following are the objective of present paper

1) To study the impact of unpresidential situation pandemic COVID 19 on infrastructure

development.

2) To evaluate and accept changes after pandemic COVID 19.

3) To study challenges after pandemic COVID 19.

III. The impact of pandemic COVID 19 on infrastructure development

The lockdown resulted in numerous infrastructure building sites staring at closure because it is

primarily due to an impact on labor movement due to the shutdown and also due to supply

chain disturbances that could contract further as more states implement COVID-19 lockdown.

The fiscal situation for both the Center and states in the construction sector is already

worsening, and continued financing of infrastructure capital spending would be a problem

shortly. However, many of these problems would be further compounded by the aid programs

being rolled out by several states to offset the loss of revenue caused by the lockdowns. It will

further underline the willingness of the government to spend on infrastructure over the next

one to two years, further dampening the construction and development segment. Figure 1.

Shows that representative photograph of lockdown during pandemic COVID -19. The most

destitute in the world received the COVID-19 shock in addition to the significant deficits in

existing urban water and sanitation services, all pointing to a potentially overwhelming burden

to contain the virus. Throughout developing countries, poor access, accessibility, and quality

of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) pose risks. Big towns also face threats from

population density and details. A conducted by the world bank tool to recognize contagion

"hotspots" pointed to the city's cramped living conditions and inadequate public services,

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especially inadequate environmental services and sanitation, as significant risk sources for

infection in large developing market cities such as Cairo and Mumbai.

The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced worldwide passenger traffic. The disruption started in

Asia-Pacific, but the rapid spread of the virus and the containment measures implemented in

response, such as government recommendations to avoid travel and airport closures, resulted

in a 22.9 % drop in global air traffic in February and 53.1 %drop in ACI's 2 March.

Fig.1.Representative photo of Pandemic COVID-19

In sharp contrast to many other sectors, because it is recognized as an essential service, the

telecommunications sector has usually been exempted from significant COVID-19-related

limitations, such as stay-at-home orders and quarantine provisions. Several

telecommunications providers have been boosted by the short-term increase in data traffic and

expanded usage of broadband networks, as more people are working from home and rely on

video conferencing to hold meetings. Traffic growth has demonstrated an increased reliance

on connectivity and digital services. payments restrict distribution companies' ability to pay

power producers under long-term, take-or-pay power purchase (PPAs) agreements. Many

electrical distribution enterprises need significant and immediate liquidity support. This is a

significant concern for investors who rely on power purchase agreements (PPAs) to recover

and make a return on the investment. In more liberalized markets, the drop-in demand has

resulted in the collapse of electricity market prices, hurting power generation companies.

IV. Evaluate and accept changes after pandemic COVID 19

Investment contracts may be stopped given the large initial expenditure required and this will

likely lead to liquidity problems during and after the pandemic. Projects expected to start may

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-

NC

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC

byBY-NCBY-SA

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not see the light of day, as they may take a back seat and linger even after the pandemic, as

investors try to manage the existing range or portfolio. Investors who typically have leveraged

exposure are more likely to be affected by the pandemic, with defaults in repayment

responsibilities by the investee establishments. We assume to see infrastructure funds and

investors diversify their portfolios from traditional infrastructure assets to telecommunications,

data centers and utilities, as most of the above-mentioned can be considered necessities. In

addition, the following point considered and accept changes after pandemic COVID -19.

1. The infrastructure sector develops personnel and equipment (mainly fixed costs), so

businesses and contractors with high debt rates and low cash reserves can face a liquidity

disaster.

2. Supply chain failures are likely to occur, impacting the suitability of the parts and equipment,

and potentially impact projects.

3. Counterparty risk causing current assets to default over the inability to continue operations.

4. Should insurance policies be taken on these properties; defrayals can be enabled.

5. Owing to the lock-down, there was a downward trend in demand and usage of major

infrastructure assets, such as transportation. This can still influence demand even after COVID-

19, as well as revenues.

6. Projects initially executed in foreign currency face the risk of conversation rate fluctuations,

and these present assets that take a toll for the lower, unless previously avoided or planned.

7. Force Majeure clauses may be enabled if it is understood that the section applies to particular

related events and also depends on whether the list of events is complete or not.

8. Opportunity of claims resulting from failure by appropriate contracting parties to abide by

the terms of the contract.

V. Challenges after pandemic COVID 19

The following question are arising in the form of challenge in an infrastructure development

1. Are projects in the development phase still feasible and bankable given changes in the

monetary and social environment?

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2. How much will project planning pre-financial close be affected? Will the assets generate

enough revenue to cover the costs and risk of the investments?

3. How will the pandemic affect private sector contribution in infrastructure development and

financing going forward?

4. For assets in operations, will investors be able to recover funds invested as well as expected

returns?

5. How long can the public sector honor signed agreement(s)?

VI. Conclusion

The following conclusion are drawn on above discussion of pandemic Covid-19: One can

expect that infrastructure funding will take a downward drop in the short to medium term.

Though, once the pandemic is positively contained, the attention will prerequisite to move from

disaster management to supporting to sufficiently invest in infrastructure for development, as

well as preventing and qualifying the influence of future outbreaks contractually.

References

[1] Rajesh Sinha, James D. Michelsen, Elcin Akcura and Lamin Njie “Impact on the Waste

Sector” International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group.2020

[2] George Butler, Rogerio G. Pilotto, Youngki Hong and Emelly Mutambatsere “The Impact

of COVID-19 on the Water and Sanitation Sector” International Finance Corporation

(IFC), a member of the World Bank Group.2020

[3] Ian Twinn, Navaid Qureshi, Maria López Conde, Carlos Garzón Guinea, Jiayuan Luo, and

Harsh Gupta “The Impact of COVID-19 on Logistics” International Finance Corporation

(IFC), a member of the World Bank Group.2020

[4] Tonci Bakovic, Roy Kroese, Nuru Lama, and Elcin Akcura “The Impact of COVID-19 on

the Power Sector” International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank

Group.2020

[5] Natasha Veligura Karl Ka-Ki Chan, Ferdinand van Ingen, and German Cufre “COVID-

19’s Impact on the Global Telecommunications Industry” International Finance

Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group.2020

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[6] Ian Twinn, Navaid Qureshi, Daniel Sebastian Perea Rojas and Maria Lopez Conde “The

Impact of COVID-19 on Airports: An Analysis” International Finance Corporation (IFC),

a member of the World Bank Group.2020

[7] Dr. C. Rangarajan National Statistical Commission 5th Sept,2001

[8] Evaluating the Impact of COVID-19 on the Demand for Construction Equipment in India

by 2025 - ResearchAndMarkets.com

[9] The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019

[10] Temitope Odukoya, Akinola Akinboboye, Bamigbetan Oladotun and Margaret

Oghumu “The Impact of COVID-19 on infrastructure projects and assets” Deloitte,2020

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USE OF RUBBER AS AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE

[1]Sakshi Chopada [2] Sejal Gholap[3] Anvay Kale [4] Dr. Pranita Balve

[1] , [2], [3] TE Civil Students, Civil Department, [4] Assistant Professor: Civil

Department

Concrete is one of the main components in any concrete masonry construction & one of the

largest consumers of natural resources. In order to make concrete industry sustainable, it is

necessary to introduce waste material to serve the purpose.

Tyre rubbers are widely used in day to day life. It has been recognized that tyre rubbers go

to waste on large scale. The land filling of waste tyre rubbers is undesirable because they are

not environment friendly.

Unit weight of concrete block decreases with increase in rubber percentage in concrete. This

will act as a light weight concrete. If cost comparatively study taken into consideration, then

cost can be saved as more as possible with increase in percentage of rubber in concrete. But

there is limitation for using rubber in concrete because of it's effect on strength which could be

overcome.

Thus, we would like to state that rubber could be used as aggregate, which makes the waste

to be best.

Chief Editor Dr. M. P. Kadam Head of Department

Staff Editor Mr. D. N. Nathe Assistant Professor

Student Editor Ms. Poonam Adke Student,BE Civil