Ancient EgyptAncient EgyptVocabularyCataractsDeltaPharaohDynastyNoblesAfterlifeMummiesElitePyramidsEngineeringTrade routesHieroglyphicsPapyrus

Ancient EgyptSphinxesObelisksTrade networkMerchantsExportsImports

Ancient EgyptNile Starts as the Blue Nile, originating in Ethiopia; and the White Nile, originating in Sudan/UgandaFlows South to North into the Mediterranean Sea

Ancient EgyptNile Divided in two main partsUpper Nile (most of the it) and the lower NileLower Nile is the delta of the NileAnnual flooding called the Miracle of the Nile brings water and fertile soil (silt)Those silt fields brought great wealth to the civilization

Ancient EgyptNile Four KingdomsLower EgyptUpper EgyptNubiaKush

Lower EgyptUpper EgyptNubiaKushNile DeltaNile DeltaAncient EgyptHistoryMenes, the first king who joined the Upper and Lower kingdoms; capital at Memphis (not TN)became the first Egyptian dynasty around 3100 B.C.Menes is considered the first pharaohpart god, part human

Ancient EgyptThe Old Kingdom (2700-2100 B.C.)Pharaohsruled with absolute power Vizier was the steward of the whole landUnder the vizier where the governors of the 42 provincesOne famous vizier was ImhotepBuilt the first pyramid

Ancient EgyptSocial StructureThree Classes (below pharaoh)Nobles government officials and priestsScribes/craftsmanFarmers, servants, and slavesAncient EgyptInfluencesSumerian designsNubian poetryTrade with other areas brought in even more influences

Ancient EgyptReligion Polytheistic Two groups Sun godsThe sun, to the Egyptians, was the source of lifeIn human form, he was AtumOr as Ra, with a falcon head

Ancient EgyptReligion (continued)Land godsOsiris, King of the AfterlifeIsus, Osiris wife and sisterSeth, Osiris brotherHorus, Osiris and Isus son

Ancient EgyptReligionMummiesTo preserve the bodies of the dead, priests mummified (embalmed) the bodies mostly for wealthy families who could afford itremoved certain organs and buried them in jars with the body process took about 70 days

Ancient EgyptReligion PyramidsMassive tombs for the pharaohsLarge one for the pharaohSmaller ones for the familyeven smaller for pharaohs officialsTombs included chairs, boats, chests, weapons games, food, etc.Ancient EgyptReligion (continued)Afterlife (life after death)Believed in ka, a persons life force (spirit), and that it left the body after death, but could not leave the burial siteAt burial, everything a person might need for the afterlife was placed in the tomb (including food)Ancient EgyptOld Kingdom PyramidsThe Great Pyramidbuilt for King Khufu at Giza, Egypt481 feet tall, 756 feet along each sideGreat SphinxSupposedly the face is a likeness to the son of Khufu, KhafreAnd supposedly it is the guardian of the sacred site

Ancient EgyptMiddle KingdomEgypt conquered Nubia, the area south of Egypt, in present day SudanPublic works were widespreadProvided for the public welfareCanal dug from Nile to the Red SeaAncient EgyptMiddle KingdomInvasion of the HyksosHad horses and chariotswon against the Egyptian armyAhmose of Thebes learned and used the Hyksos technology to defeat them and brought forth the New KingdomEgyptNew KingdomEgypt conquered Kush, forced them to pay annual payments Conquered some of western Fertile CresentAssyrian, Babylonia, and the Hittites sent gifts to keep the Egyptians happyAncient EgyptLeaders of the New KingdomHatshepsut - first woman pharaohThutmose III expanded the kingdom to parts of the Fertile CrescentAncient EgyptAmenotep IV or Akhenaton introduced a god named Aton.wanted Egyptians to worship only Aton (Monotheism-worship of only one god)Tutankhamen restored old pantheon, boy King TutRamses II Expanded the previously lost borders back into PalestineAncient EgyptNew KingdomA still unknown Sea Peoples (Greeks?) invaded SW AsiaEgypt defeated them, but lost their empire and never again was powerfulAncient EgyptWork and Daily LifeScribesAccountants, record keepers, and writersArtisans, Artists, and ArchitectsHighly regarded because their skills and because they designed the pyramids and templesAncient EgyptWork and Daily LifeSoldiersWere paid in land and could keep some treasures of warFarmers/PeasantsHad to pay taxes in grain and could be forced to go to war or work on building projectsAncient EgyptWork and Daily LifeFamily LifeMen married early; started work at 14Women stayed at home; had legal rightsChildren were educated in writing, math, morals, and sportsAncient EgyptAchievements/AdvancementsWriting (Hieroglyphics)Over 600 symbols that had soundsPapyrus, paper made from reedsKept preserved by the dry climateCan read many texts from ancient EgyptAncient EgyptRosetta StoneNapoleonic French soldier in 1799 found a key to reading the hieroglyphicsHad Greek, later Egyptian writing, and hieroglyphic translationsAncient EgyptArchitecturePyramids and templesSphinxes images/sculptures of human/animal heads on a lions bodyObelisks tall, four-sided pillar with pointed topAncient KushNubiaToday it is a desertAncient Nubia was fertile from flooding like in Egypt and had easily accessible gold, copper, and stoneAncient Nubia relied on grains and livestockAncient KushFrom Nubia to KushOne rich farmer took over several villages along the Nile, made himself king, and renamed Nubia KushThey traded with Egypt and lived in peace of a timeAncient KushEgypt-ruled KushThutmose I took over KushThe people assimilated into Egyptian cultureLasted 450 years until the end of the New KingdomAncient KushKush-ruled EgyptKushite kings Kashta and Piankhi took over all of EgyptPiankhis brother Shabaka proclaimed himself pharaoh and renewed old Egyptian customs building new temples and pyramidsAncient KushLate KushAssyrians gained power and conquered Egypt kicking out KushitesIronKush started to produce iron and opened a trade network with Greece, Egypt, and perhaps even ChinaThey would export iron and import foreign goodsAncient KushDeclineKushites allowed cows to overgraze and cut down all of their trees which allowed the desert to encroachCould no longer trade and Ethiopia conquered them and eventually converted them to Christianity