THE MUMMIES

Ma’am Asra Khan

BS-BIOTECHNOLOGY(IV-Semester)

Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology

B.Z.U. Multan

Group # 3

Faraz Ahmad BS-BT-11Tooba Maqbool BS-BT-20Ejaz-ul-hassan BS-BT-27Zahra Naz BS-BT-04Sheeba Rauf BS-BT-19Bushara Rafique BS-BT-18Faiza Shauqat BS-BT-23

FARAZ AHMAD BS-BT-11

A mummy is the body of a person or animal that has been preserved after death.

A withered, shrunken, or well-preserved body that resembles an embalmed body

“Mummy” comes from the Persian and Arabic words that describe bitumen

Bitumen a black substance that comes from the Mumya Mountain in Persia

Arabs first saw mummies named them bitumen due to black waxy looking substance on mummies

MUMMY

Mummification was a feature of ancient cultures in areas of South America and AsiaThe oldest known naturally mummified human corpse is a severed head mummy which is 6,000 years old in South America.Mummies of humans and other animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifactsMummies were formed due to environmental conditions like lack of air, heat, cold and dry sand in which body was buried

DISCOVERY OF MUMMIESMost of the mummy discoveries are in EgyptA few discoveries about mummies were also in areas of South America, Africa, Asia.Discovered mummies are mostly artificially mummified

Nicknamed for its red hair, “Ginger”The most famous of six naturally mummified bodiesExcavated in the late 19th century from shallow graves in the Egyptian desertOn display at the British Museum from 1901The first mummy to be exhibited in publicGinger is the oldest known mummies in existence, dating back to about 3400 B.C. Its body was naturally dried and preserved by the warm sand in which it was buried

GINGER

Female pharaoh, Hatshepsut reigned over Egypt for two decades

died in 1458 B.C.The archaeologist Howard Carter

discovered her royal tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings in 1902

Molar tooth found in a wooden box bearing Hatshepsut’s name showed her queen

HATSHEPSUT

Ancient Egypt’s “boy king”Became pharaoh at the age of nine and ruled

for 10 years Was known as Tutankhamen–or “King Tut” in 1922, archaeologist Howard Carter found

his tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the KingsThe tomb was crammed with a wealth of

ancient treasures including jewelry, gilded shrines and a solid gold funerary mask

KING TUTANKHAMEN

Egypt’s most powerful pharaohRamesses II reigned for six decades Lived to be over 90 years old He is said to have 100 childrenHis body was originally entombed in the

Valley of the Kings In 1881, Ramesses II’s mummy was

discovered in a secret royal cache In 1974, archeologists noticed its

deteriorating condition and flew it to Paris, where it was treated for a fungal infection

Ramesses II was issued an Egyptian passport, which listed his occupation as “King (deceased).”

RAMESSES II

Located in Egypt’s Western DesertThe Bahariya Oasis was a major agricultural

center during ancient times In 1996, a guard was riding his donkey on

the temple’s grounds. Suddenly, the donkey’s leg stumbled into a hole, revealing an opening in the desert floor and the edge of a tomb

A team of archaeologists led by Dr. Zahi Hawass began excavations there, known as the Valley of the Golden Mummies

VALLEY OF THE GOLDEN MUMMIES

This uncovered several hundred mummies as well as a treasure

The diversity of the mummies showed that the site served as the final resting place for every level of society

(including wealthy merchants, members of the middle class and poor inhabitants)

Archeologists believe that as many as 10,000 additional mummies may be lying under the sand.

TOOBA MAQBOOL BS-BT-20

HISTORY OF THE MUMMIES Egyptians began to burry their dead ones in coffins.Body decomposed in coffin.Here arouse the concept of artificial mummificationEgyptians practiced mummification for nearly 2,000 yearsIn start, mummification was only for the rich peopleWith passage of time, mummification became less expensive.

Mummification started naturally and spontaneouslyBodies were placed in shallow oval gravesHeat and dryness of sands dehydrated the bodyMajority of natural mummified bodies were found as skeletonized bodies

REASONS OF MUMMIFICATIONThere were several reasons for which Egyptians and others nations of past started mummification.These are:Life after deathFalse believesReligion Immortality

LIFE AFTER DEATHEgyptians believed that after death, their soul left their body.The soul then would return and be reunited with the body after it was buried.However, the soul needed to be able to find and to recognize the body in order to live forever.Therefore, it was necessary to preserve the body.

Egyptians believe that death was not the end of one’s life as there is a life called after life

The afterlife was prettier than life on earth so they preserve the bodies

They also used to mummify them with all the jewelry, and weapons that they would need in the afterlife

FALSE BELIEVES

Religion was important basic of the mummification process

Most who were mummified were kings and pharaohs who were thought to be most religious

Religious people had to preserved after death to get their blessings

So, mummifying them was much important

RELIGION

It was believed that the Pharaoh would go into the heavens and join his father

His family and high ranking officers could also attain immortality

It was through the favor of the Pharaoh, that people of the Old Kingdom had a chance at immorality.

Pharaho Mummy

IMMORTALITY

ZAHRA NAZ BS-BT-04

MUMMIFICATIONInvolves the procedure to make a mummy of dead person. It involves the following steps:

Cleaning ProcessRemoval Of Internal OrgansDrying ProcessOiling Of BodyStuffing Of BodyWrapping Of BodyFinal Wrapping Of BodyFuneralReligious Rituals

1. CLEANING PROCESSFirst, his body was taken to the tent known as 'ibu' or the 'place of purification'. There the embalmers washed his body with good-smelling palm wine

                                                            .

2. REMOVAL OF INTERNAL ORGANSOne of the embalmer’s men made a cut in the left side of the body and removed many of the internal organs. It was important to remove these because they are the first part of the body to decompose.

The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines were washed and packed in natron (A natural salt used to dry out dead bodies and internal organs in the mummification process)

The heart was not taken out of the body because it was the centre of intelligence and feeling and the man would need it in the afterlife.A long hook was used to smash the brain and to pull it out through the nose.

The body was then covered and stuffed with natron which would dry it out.

                                        

All of the fluids, and rags from the embalming process were saved and buried along with the body.

3. DRYING PROCESS

After forty days the body was washed again with water. Then it was covered with oils to help the skin stay elastic.

                                                            

4. OILING OF DEAD BODY

The dehydrated internal organs were wrapped in linen and placed in the canopic jars. The body was stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust, leaves and linen so that it looks lifelike. Finally the body was covered again with good-smelling oils. It was now ready to be wrapped in linen.

5. STUFFING PROCESS

        Imsety the human-headed god looks after the liver.

Hapy the baboon-heded god looks after the lungs.

        

         Duamutef the jackal-headed god looks after the stomach

Qebehsenuef the falcon-headed god looks after the intestines.

        

First the head and neck were wrapped with strips of fine linen. Then the fingers and the toes were individually wrapped.

6. WRAPPING PROCESS

The arms and legs were wrapped separately. Between the layers of wrapping, the embalmers used to place amulets to protect the body in its journey through the underworld.

              

This was the 'Isis knot' amulet which would protect the body

This was the 'Plummet' amulet which would keep the person balanced in the next life.

                    

The arms and legs were tied together.

More linen strips were wrapped around the body. At every layer, the bandages were painted with liquid resin that helped to glue the bandages together.

A priest read holy verses loudly while the mummy was being wrapped. These spells would help ward off evil spirits and help the deceased made his journey to the afterlife.

                                                            

                   

Finally, a large cloth was wrapped around the entire mummy. It was attached with strips of linen that run from the top to the bottom of the mummy, and around its middle.

7. FINAL WRAPPING OF THE BODY

                                                               

A ritual called the 'Opening of the Mouth' was performed, allowing the deceased to eat and drink again.Finally, the body and its coffins were placed inside a large stone sarcophagus in the tomb. Furniture, clothing, valuable objects, food and drink were arranged in the tomb for the deceased.

8. RELIGIOUS RITUALS

                                                            

  The funeral was held for the deceased

and his family used to mourn his death.

9. FUNERAL

Now his body is ready for its journey through the underworld. There his heart will be judged by his good deeds on earth.

EJAZ-UL-HASSAN BS-BT-27

TYPES OF MUMMIESMummies are typically divided into one of two distinct categories: Anthropogenic MummiesSpontaneous Mummies

Spontaneous Mummy

Anthropogenic Mummy

Created by the living for any number of reasons, the most common being for religious purposes

Mummification of bodies was a natural process used in Egypt and other cultures

Where the dryness of the sand or salts in which the body was buried, the heat or coldness of the climate, or the absence of air in the burial helped preserve the body

ANTHROPOGENIC MUMMIES

Natural Conditions

Embalming

WHAT CAUSES THE BODY TO DRY OUT QUICKLY?

Created unintentionally or due to natural conditions such as extremely dry heat or cold, or anaerobic conditions

An example of spontaneous mummification is the 1950's discovery of the Tollund Man who was buried in a peat bog in Europe. The natural acid of the bog along with other natural elements caused the body to become mummified

SPONTANEOUS MUMMIES

PRESERVATION OF MUMMIESAfter complete wrapping of Mummy, it is preserved in different ways but four methods were prominent.After wrapping they bury the mummy in soil and mark them.Sometime after wrapping the mummy they used to kept in a coffin and bury whole of the coffin in soil.

They also bury the coffin amongst stones in a pyramid.

The coffins of Kings were not buried. They illustrate in a pyramid for the worship.

SHEEBA RAUF BS-BT-19

MUMMY MUSEUMMummies discovered from different

areas of world are kept in museums of

different countries e.g.

1. Egyptian Museum, Egypt

2. British Museum, London

3. Penn Museum

4. Brooklyn Museum, Egypt

5. World Museum, Egypt

BRITISH MUSEUMMummification investigated through objects display in ROOM 62-631300 year old mummies are present.Age range at the time of death: 2-50 year.2004: unique project to unlock the secret of 3000 year old mummies

THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUMWas Established in 1891Contains12,000 itemsDuring Egyptian revolution (2012) two mummies were reported to be destroyedMuseum mainly have 2 floors

Establish in 1887 It has 5500 year old mummies

PENN MUSEUM

Exhibition feature of humen and animal mummies

BUSHRA RAFIQUE BS-BT-18

MUMMIFICATION IN MODERN ERA

A few years before, mummification was thought specific for the people of old centuries.21st century, a few people wished to be mummified after their death.Old time mummies formed due to religious as well as cultural reasons

JEREMY BENTHAMWished to be mummified after his deathFounder of utilitarianismHis body ,out fitted with wax head created because of problems preparing it as Bentham requested

His Mummified Dead Body

Died in January, 2008In 1975 , an organization by the name of

SUMMUM introduced “Modern Mummification”.

First person undergo “SUMMUM Process Of Modern Mummification” was the founder of SUMMUM.

SUMMUM

His Mummified Dead Body

Died in 2010 Mummified using techniques based on 19

year of researchHe made the decision after being diagnosed

with cancer in 2009His body present at “London's Gordon”

museum

ALAN BILLS

FAIZA SHAUQAT BS-BT-23

MUMMIES & SCIENCEMummies are well-preserved bodiesIngredients used for mummification preserved the body for a long time Mummies are studied in detail by using modern technique which are: Radiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging-MRI Computed Tomography-CT Scan Mass Spectroscopy DNA Analysis Proteomics

X-rays discovery by W. RoentgenX-rays imaging (X-I) of mummiesX-I revealedWrapping clothes or linen of mummykinds of health problems the personDiseasesDental IssuesFractures Traumatic Wounds

RADIOLOGY

The mummy of a 7th century B.C.It’s a Egyptians boy with

Irregular bone developmentDental problems

Started a few years agoResults suggested:Periodontal diseasesDental Cavities  Evidence of numerous other health issuesBone disorders InfectionsTraumasAntherosclerosis

COMPUTED TOPOGRAPHY

Chemical analysis technique used to sort out types of atoms and molecules in sample

Mostly applied to hair samples of mummiesSamples may be clothes, tissues, etc.Provides information aboutSpecific molecules & their concentration in

body e.g. narcotics.Clothing of the very well studied Iceman Ötzi

’s mummyHis coat and pants were made of sheepskin

MASS SPECTROMETRY

Provide a wealth of information about:Diseases Gender Family relationships Genetic correlation between individuals

DNA ANALYSIS

Mainly used to know about diseases and infectionsProteomics of a woman’s mummy showed that

she had severe lung infection

PROTEOMICS

A process used to make the faces of mummiesPlastic is used as alternative of water and fats

PLASTINATION

Other techniques used to study mummiesEndoscopy (the study of the internal body

using a flexible tube)Histology (microscopic study of tissues) Imunocytochemistry (a method to look for

antigens associated with particular parasites).

OTHER TECHNIQUES