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Issue No. 06 - June 2015

VISION ETIMAAD Monthly Bulletin

Eid Mubarak

The ABC of non-destructive weld examination

Food Poisoning

Electrical safety

Climate Change

VE Iftar Party

VE Achievement Ramadan Scoop of work

June 2015 VISION ETIMAAD

01Eid Mubarak VE Monthly Bulletin

May the day delight and the moments measure all the special joys for all of you.

May the year ahead be fruitful too, for your home and family and specially for you.

VE Management wishes to all.

02VE Achievement Ramadan Scoop of work

VE Monthly Bulletin

June 2015 VISION ETIMAAD

Every year the most challenging work is to make the under construction projects of Haram expansion temporarily ready to cater for the heavy influx of pilgrims with very tight deadlines. Management is pleased to report that VE was able to build on its last year's achievements and successfully completed the Ramadan scope works of Pedestrian Tunnel, Makkah First Ring Road and Zone-4 expansion works within the targeted time and budget.

Pedestrian TunnelPedestrian tunnel is extending from a local Makkah neighborhood to the Grand Mosque where pilgrims will be able to walk from the Jaroul neighborhood straight into the Grand Mosque.

The pedestrian tunnel is equipped with advanced air conditioning, emergency and fire systems.The tunnel, which is 1000 meters long and 15 meters wide, will extend through public transport stops and end at the King Abdullah extension in the northern area of the Grand Mosque. The tunnel is divided into two sections. One section, which is six meters wide, which is devoted to security authorities and emergencies, while the other nine-meter-wide tunnel is for pilgrims.

Zone # 4 of Haram Expansion

Makkah First Ring RoadMakkah First Ring road project comprises of bridges, tunnels and surface roads. This project fashioned is a way to ease the traffic of vehicles carrying pilgrims around the Haram.

03The ABC of non-destructive weld examination

VE Monthly Bulletin

June 2015 VISION ETIMAAD

Introduction The philosophy that often guides the fabrication of welded assemblies and structures is "to assure weld quality." Generally, any weld is of good quality if it meets appearance requirements and will continue indefinitely to do the job for which it is intended. The first step in assuring weld quality is to determine the degree required by the application. A standard should be established based on the service requirements.

Standards designed to impart weld quality may differ from job to job, but the use of appropriate examination techniques can provide assurance that the applicable standards are being met. Whatever the standard of quality, all welds should be inspected, even if the inspection involves nothing more than the welder looking over his own work after each weld pass. A good-looking weld surface appearance is many times considered indicative of high weld quality. However, surface appearance alone does not assure good workmanship or internal quality.

Nondestructive examination (NDE) methods of inspection make it possible to verify compliance to the standards on an ongoing basis by examining the surface and subsurface of the weld and surrounding base material. Five basic methods are commonly used to examine finished welds: visual, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic and radiographic (X-ray). The growing use of computerization with some methods provides added image enhancement, and allows real-time or near real-time viewing, comparative inspections and archival capabilities.

Visual Inspection (VT) Visual inspection is often the most cost-effective method, but it must take place prior to, during and after welding. Many standards require its use before other methods, because there is no point in submitting an obviously bad weld to sophisticated inspection techniques. The ANSI/AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code-Steel, states, "Welds subject to nondestructive examination shall have been found acceptable by visual inspection." Visual inspection requires little equipment. Aside from good eyesight and sufficient light, all it takes is a pocket rule, a weld size gauge, a magnifying glass, and possibly a straight edge and square for checking straightness, alignment and perpendicularity.

Radiographic Inspection (RT)Radiography (X-ray) is one of the most important, versatile and widely accepted of all the nondestructive examination methods

X-ray is used to determine the internal soundness of welds. The term 'X-ray quality," widely used to indicate high quality in welds, arises from this inspection method.

Radiography is based on the ability of X-rays and gamma rays to pass through metal and other materials opaque to ordinary light, and produce photographic records of the transmitted radiant energy. All materials will absorb known amounts of this radiant energy. The permanent film record of the internal conditions will show the basic information by which weld soundness can be determined.

Magnetic Particle Inspection (MT)Magnetic particle inspection is a method of locating and defining discontinuities in magnetic materials. It is excellent for detecting surface and subsurface defects in welds, including discontinuities that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, and those that are slightly subsurface.

Liquid Penetrant Inspection (PT) Surface cracks, porosity and pinholes that are not visible to the naked eye can be located by liquid penetrant inspection. It is widely used to locate defects in welds and can be applied with austenitic steels, nonferrous and ferrous materials. Cost of this inspection is much lesser than Magnetic Particle testing.

Ultrasonic Inspection (UT)Ultrasonic Inspection is a method of detecting discontinuities by directing a high-frequency sound beam through the base plate and weld on a predictable path. When the sound beam's path strikes an interruption in the material continuity, some of the sound is reflected back. The sound is collected by the instrument, amplified and displayed as a vertical trace on a video screen.

Both surface and subsurface defects in metals can be detected, located and measured by ultrasonic inspection, including flaws too small to be detected by other methods. Such inspection are best for more than 10 mm thickness.

Table 1 - Reference Guide to Major Methods for the Nondestructive Examination of Welds

Inspection Method

Equipment Required

Enables Detectiort of

Advantages Limitations Remarks

Visual

Magnifying glass Weld sizing gauge Pocket rule Straight edge Workmanship standards

Surface flaws - cracks, porosity, unfilled craters, slag inclusions Warpage, underwelding, overwelding, poorly formed beads, misalignments, improper fitup

Low cost. Can be applied while work is in process, permitting correction of faults. Gives indication of incorrect procedures.

Applicable to surface defects only. Provides no permanent record.

Should always be the primary method of inspection, no matter what other techniques are required. Is the only "productive" type of inspection. Is the necessary function of everyone who in any way contributes to the making of the weld.

Radiographic

Commercial X-ray or gamma units made especially for inspecting welds, castings and forgings. Film and processing facilities. Fluoroscopic viewing equipment.

Interior macroscopic flaws - cracks, porosity, blow holes, nonmetallic inclusions, incomplete root penetration, undercutting, icicles, and burnthrough.

When the indications are recorded on film, gives a permanent record. When viewed on a fluoroscopic screen, a low-cost method of internal inspection

Requires skill in choosing angles of exposure, operating equipment, and interpreting indications. Requires safety precautions. Not generally suitable for fillet weld inspection.

X-ray inspection is required by many codes and specifications. Useful in qualification of welders and welding processes. Because of cost, its use should be limited to those areas where other methods will not provide the assurance required.

Magnetic Particle

Special commercial equipment. Magnetic powders - dry or wet form; may be fluorescent for viewing under ultraviolet light.

Excellent for detecting surface discontinuities - especially surface cracks.

Simpler to use than radiographic inspection. Permits controlled sensitivity. Relatively low-cost method.

Applicable to ferromagnetic materials only. Requires skill in interpretation of indications and recognition of irrelevant patterns. Difficult to use on rough surfaces.

Elongated defects parallel to the magnetic field may not give pattern; for this reason the field should be applied from two directions at or near right angles to each other.

Liquid Penetrant

Commercial kits containing fluorescent or dye penetrants and developers. Application equipment for the developer. A source of ultraviolet light - if fluorescent method is used.

Surface cracks not readily visible to the unaided eye. Excellent for locating leaks in weldments.

Applicable to magnetic and nonmagnetic materials. Easy to use. Low cost.

Only surface defects are detectable. Cannot be used effectively on hot assemblies.

In thin-walled vessels will reveal leaks not ordinarily located by usual air tests. irrelevant surface conditions (smoke, slag) may give misleading indications.

Ultrasonic

Special commercial equipment, either of the pulse-echo or transmission type. Standard reference patterns for interpretation of RF or video patterns.

Surface and subsurface flaws including those too small to be detected by other methods. Especially for detecting subsurface lamination-like defects.

Very sensitive. Permits probing of joints inaccessible to radiography.

Requires high degree of skill in interpreting pulse-echo patterns. Permanent record is not readily obtained.

Pulse-echo equipment is highly developed for weld inspection purposes. The transmission-type equipment simplifies pattern interpretation where it is applicable.

04The ABC of non-destructive weld examination

VE Monthly Bulletin

June 2015 VISION ETIMAAD

05VE Monthly Bulletin

VISION ETIMAAD

Food poisoning is the result of eating organisms or toxins in contaminated food. Most cases of food poisoning are from common bacteria like Staphylococcus or E. coli.

Causes & Risk FactorsFood poisoning can affect one person or it can occur as an outbreak in a group of people who all ate the same contaminated food. Food poisoning affects hundreds of million people worldwide each year and results in numerous deaths.

Food poisoning tends to occur at p icn ics, school or of f ice cafeterias and large social functions. These are situations where food may be l e f t unrefrigerated too long or food preparation techniques or kitchens are not clean or the food may be contaminated.

Infants and elderly people have the greatest risk for food poisoning. Those people are also at higher risk who have a serious medical condition, (like kidney disease or diabetes, a weakened immune system etc)..

Symptoms The symptoms from the most common types of food poisoning generally start within 2 to 6 hours of eating the contaminated food. That time may be longer (even a number of days) or shorter, depending on the toxin or organism responsible for the food poisoning. The possible symptoms include:Ÿ Nausea and vomiting Ÿ Abdominal cramps Ÿ Diarrhea (may be bloody) Ÿ Fever, chills & headaches Ÿ Weakness.

Treatment Most people will recover from the most common types of food poisoning within a couple of days. People with food poisoning should modify their diet. During period of active vomiting and diarrhea they should not try to eat and should drink only clear liquids frequently but in small quantities. Once active symptoms stop, they should eat bland, soft, and easy to digest foods for two to three days.

One example is the BRAT diet of Bananas, Rice, Apple sauce, and Toast, all of which are easy to digest. Milk products, spicy food, alcohol and

fresh fruit should be avoided for a few days. These modifications are often all the treatment that is necessary. Children should be given an electrolyte sold in drug stores.

Prevention Food poisoning is almost entirely preventable by practicing good sanitation and good food handling techniques. These include: Ÿ Keep hot foods hot and cold foods cold. Ÿ Cook meat to the recommended temperature.Ÿ Refrigerate leftovers promptly. Ÿ Avoid contaminating surfaces and other foods with

the juices of uncooked meats. Ÿ Wash fruits and vegetables before using. Ÿ Purchase pasteurized dairy products and fruit juices. Ÿ Throw away bulging or leaking cans or any food that

smells spoiled. Ÿ Wash hands well before and

during food preparation and after using the bathroom.

Ÿ Sanit ize food preparation surfaces regularly.

Ÿ Do not let food stand at room temperature.

Ÿ Thaw frozen food completely before cooking.

Ÿ Store raw and cooked foods separately - cooked food above raw food.

Ÿ Closely wrap all food before putting into fridge or freezer.

Ÿ Cover cuts and boils using a waterproof plaster. Ÿ Avoid certain habits such as touching your nose,

mouth, and hair, when handling food. Ÿ Avoid smoking during food preparation.

Food Poisoning

June 2015

06VE Monthly Bulletin

VISION ETIMAAD

Electrical safety in modification and installation work

Electricity is used in most industries, offices and homes and our modern society could now not easily function without it. Despite its convenience to the user, it has major danger. The normal sense of sight, hearing and smell cannot detect electricity. Making contact with conductor at supply of 110V to 220 V can be potentially lethal.

Safety is very important while carrying out Electrical & Instrumentation (E & I) work. The safety issues in E &I work can be broadly divided into two main categories i.e. work on existing E & I installations and deploying new installations.

Existing Installations Ÿ No one should be allowed to interfere with or work

on, or work in the immediate vicinity of, any existing electrical installations or equipment without a valid permit to work.

Ÿ Installation, modification or work in the immediate vicinity of any electrical equipment should only be carried out under full time supervision by a competent qualified electrician.

Ÿ Only persons under full time supervision by a competent qualified electrician should be permitted inside substations.

New Installations Ÿ The electrical supply to powered hand tools should

not exceed 24 volts. Where this is not possible, due to the type of tool being used, these electrical supplies must be protected by ELCBs (Earth Leak Circuit Breakers).

Ÿ Electrical lighting for use in confined spaces should not exceed 24 volts. Powered hand tools used in confined spaces should be air operated. Where this is not possible, all such tools should be equipped with a dead man's switch.

Ÿ The temporary electrical network installed for job should be protected by ELCBs (Earth Leak Circuit Breakers) to avoid any accidental contact.

Ÿ Proper rigging should be ensured during lifting of panels/switch gears.

Ÿ Winch should be operated by an experienced person and not by a helper or some untrained person.

Ÿ Suitable fire extinguishers should be provided in electrical/instrument panel rooms. Preferably Carbon dioxide.

Ÿ Panel rooms should be kept lock and entry should be prohibited for unauthorized persons.

Ÿ For excavation in rocky areas, while using jack hammer, ear protection should be provided.

Ÿ Unfilled excavated trenches must be provided with warning lights during night.

Ÿ Area of cable pulling winch & cable drums jacks should be cordoned off / guarded. Hands signals should be used while pulling cables.

Ÿ Persons should be provided hand protection (gloves) while pulling cables manually.

Electrical safety

June 2015

07Climate Change VE Monthly Bulletin

VISION ETIMAAD

According to the National Academy of Sciences, the Earth's surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming during the past two decades. There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last

50 years is attributable to human activities. Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Our changing atmosphereEnergy from the sun drives the earth's weather and climate, and heats the earth's surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse.

Without th i s natura l “greenhouse ef fect ,” temperatures would be much lower than they are now, and life as known today would not be possible. Instead, thanks to greenhouse gases, the earth's average temperature is a more hospitable 60°F. However, problems may ar i se when the atmospher ic concentration of greenhouse gases increases.

Scientists generally believe that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Plant respiration and the decomposition of organic matter release more than 10 times the CO2 released by human activities; but these releases have generally been in balance during the centuries leading up to the industrial revolution with carbon dioxide absorbed by terrestrial vegetation and the oceans.

What has changed in the last few decades is the additional release of carbon dioxide by human activities. Mainly due to burning fossil fuel and coal. Increased agriculture, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions. By 2100, in the absence of emissions control policies, carbon dioxide concentrations are projected to be 30-150% higher than today's levels.

Changing ClimateGlobal mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th century. The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased. Globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century. Worldwide precipitation over land has increased by about one percent.

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are likely to accelerate the rate of climate change. Scientists expect that the average global surface temperature could rise 1-4.5°F (0.6-2.5°C) in the next fifty years, and 2.2-10°F (1.4-5.8°C) in the next century, with significant regional variation. Evaporation will increase as the climate warms, which will increase average global precipitation. Soil moisture is likely to decline in many regions, and intense rainstorms are likely to become more frequent.

Greenhouse Gases?Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases:

Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products are burned.

Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills, and the raising of livestock.

Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels.

Very powerful greenhouse gases that are not naturally occurring include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are generated in a variety of industrial processes.

Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to absorb heat in the atmosphere. HFCs and PFCs are the most heat-absorbent. Methane traps over 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide.

June 2015

08VE Iftar Party VE Monthly Bulletin

June 2015 VISION ETIMAAD

V VE Management arranged Iftar Parties for its staff at Jeddah and Mecca separately. Management is pleased to Eshare some moments of the occasions.

VISION ETIMAAD

VISION ETIMAAD CONTRACTING COMPANY LTD

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Disclaimer: Information provided in this bulletin is for awareness purposes only and taken from reliable resources. Special care has been taken to present facts and statistics, however Vision Etimaad is not responsible by any mean about authenticity of shared information.