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A Project Report on

CONCRET MIX DESIGN WITH DIFFERENT MIXEX OF

ASBESTOS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

OSAMA AHMED 13M21A01A0MOAAZ HUSSAINI 13M21A01B9SOHAIL HUSSAINI 13M21A01B3SYED NIZAM UDDIN

SYED JAFFER ALI

13M21A01C5

13M21A01B7

Under the Esteemed guidance of

SuebhaKhatoon, Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY(Accredited by NAAC ,Accredited by NBA, Approved by AICTE &

Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

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LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Accredited by NAAC, Accredited by NBA, Approved by AICTE &

Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

SY.NO.32,Himayathsagar, Golconda Post, Near Appa Junction, Hyderabad-500091

C E R T I F I C A T E

This is to certify that major project report entitled “concrete mix design with

different mixes of asbestos” being submitted by

OSAMA AHMED 13M21A01A0

MOAAZ HUSSAINI 13M21A01B9

SOHAIL HUSSAINI

SYED NIZAM UDDIN

SYED JAFFER ALI

13M21A01B3

13M21A01C5

13M21A01B7

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelorof TechnologyinCivil

Engineeringis a record of bonafide work carried out by them, under our guidance and

supervision.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Principal Director, (R&D)

External Examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project involves many people and we are extremely

grateful to lecturers in civil engineering department for their excellent guidance right

from selection of project and for encouragement throughout the completion of project.

We express our sincere thanks to our supervisor Ms.SUEBHA KHATOON, the main

source for helping in selecting our project. She also suggested the suitable directions for

our project. Her guidance showed the path towards the successful completion of project.

We express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Mohammed Safiuddin, Head of Civil

Department for his encouragement during the progress of this project work.

We derive great pleasure in expressing our sincere gratitude to ourDirector R & D Dr.

Mohammed Masood bin Tayyaband Principal S.Altaf Hussain, for their timely

suggestions, which helped us to complete this project work successfully.

We thank both teaching andnon teaching staff members of civil department for their kind

cooperation and all sorts of help to complete our project work successfully.

Osama Ahmed 13M21A01A0Moaaz hussaini 13M21A01B9

Sohail hussaini

Syed Nizam Uddin

Syed Jaffer Ali

13M21A01B3

13M21A01C5

13M21A01B7

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DECLARATION

We, hereby declare that the project work undertaken entitled“CONCRETE MIX

DESIGN WITH DIFFERENT MIXES OF ASBESTOS” submitted to the department of

CIVIL ENGINEERING of LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of degree in Bachelor of Technology, is an authentic work and has not

been submitted to any other University / Institute for any degree/diploma.

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Table of contents

Chapter no page no.Title page i

Certificate ii

Acknowledgment iii

Declaration by students iv

Table of content v

List of figures vi

List of table vii

Abstract 7

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 History of asbestos 8

1.2 Asbestos 9

1.3Coarse aggregate 11

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 12

2.1Physical properties 13

3. MATERIALS 3.1Asbestos 14

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3.2Types of asbestos 15

3.3Concrete

16

3.4. Compositon of concrete 17

4.METHODSProcedure 19

Flow chart 20

5.RESULTS 31

6.CONCLUSION 32

7.REFERENCES 38

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Abstract

In this constructed environment, the rising prizes of building construction materials are

the factor of great worry. The coarse aggregates are the main ingredients used in

concrete. We all want that our buildings must be strong, stable and should build with the

construction material of reasonable prizes. Every construction industry totally relies on

cement, aggregates whether it is coarse or fine for the production of concrete. In this

research, we have replaced the coarse aggregate partially by using asbestos cement sheet

waste. It is a waste material so by using asbestos cement sheet waste as a replacement we

can solve the problems of price rising. Therefore, we have planned to prepared some

number of cubes using asbestos cement sheet waste at various proportions like 0%, 5%,

10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight of coarse aggregate. The properties for fresh

concrete are tested for compressive strength at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. It is found

that with the increase in the percentage replacement of coarse aggregate with AC sheet

waste there is increase in Compressive Strength upto 10 % replacement after that there is

decrease in Compressive Strength with further replacement of coarse aggregate with AC

sheet waste. It can also observed that 28 days compressive strength is increased by

3.33%, 6.41% upto 10 % replacement of coarse aggregate with AC sheet waste as

compared to conventional concrete

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Almost in all countries in the world various experiments are done aimed at reducing the

use of primary aggregates and escalating reuse and recycling have been introduced,

which is economically, technically or environmentally acceptable. As a result, in

developing countries like India, the informal sector and secondary industries recycle 15–

20% of solid wastes in various building materials and components. Asbestos products

manufacturing industries are located in fifteen industrial states of India strategically

important from raw materials and energy availability view point and also from

consumption pattern view point. The pattern of asbestos industries can be predicted from

the state wise asbestos consumption in India Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat

consume more than 75 % of the asbestos in India.

1.1 History of asbestos

A naturally-occurring mineral now known to cause asbestos cancer, asbestos has long

been considered a miracle material. Boasting excellent heat- and fire-resistant properties,

asbestos has a history that dates back to the ancient Greek island of Ewoia—what is

believed to be the site of the first asbestos mine. As a matter of fact, the word “asbestos”

comes from a Greek word meaning “inextinguishable.”

Even centuries ago, people were awed by this mineral for which they found many uses.

Asbestos has long been used as a building material, even as far back as during the Holy

Roman Empire. It was also utilized to produce fabric that would be used in clothing and a

variety of other textiles. Legend has it that an early Roman emperor used to marvel at the

fact that he could throw his asbestos tablecloth into the fire after meals and it would

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emerge clean and unscathed! Early Egyptians used cloths made of asbestos to wrap their

dead, believing it would last for centuries to come.

Asbestos found use not only in factories, but also in oil and chemical refineries, on

railroad cars, and in shipyards. Asbestos materials were used to insulate pipes and boilers

in steam locomotives, to line tanks and ovens in refineries, and could be found literally

everywhere aboard the nation’s ships, from engine rooms to galleys. Tens of thousands of

workers would soon be exposed on a daily basis and many would later begin to

experience the same problems as those from centuries past who worked in the asbestos

mines.

As the twentieth century progressed, more and more uses for asbestos were found. It was

used in the brakes and clutches of new-fangled automobiles, insulated America’s new

skyscrapers, and especially found much popularity in the construction industry, where it

was used in items like cement, roof shingles, floor and ceiling tiles, siding, stucco,

plaster, and much more.

By the middle of the 1900s, it was once again becoming apparent that asbestos was

causing health problems. Those who were especially susceptible to developing asbestos-

related diseases and disorders were individuals who were exposed to the mineral when it

was enjoying abundant use – mostly from the 1940s through the 1970s. Navy

veterans and shipyard employees were among those most likely to develop asbestosis

and mesothelioma cancer but others who worked with asbestos regularly were certainly

not exempt.

Unfortunately, records have shown that many business owners who employed the use of

asbestos in their facilities knew that the material was dangerous yet continued to allow its

use. Eventually, stories of sick employees became commonplace, causing the American

government to consider imposing laws about the use of asbestos

Some countries still mine asbestos – mostly the “white” chrysotile form – and it is still

exported from these locations to other countries around the world. However, more than

40 countries have totally banned the use of asbestos, recognizing its toxicity.

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In this constructed environment, the rising prizes of building construction materials are

the factor of great worry. The coarse aggregates are the main ingredients used in

concrete. We all want that our buildings must be strong, stable and should build with the

construction material of reasonable prizes. Every construction industry totally relies on

cement, aggregates whether it is coarse or fine for the production of concrete.In this

research, I have replaced the coarse aggregate partially by using asbestos cement sheet

waste. It is a waste material so by using asbestos cement sheet waste as a replacement we

can solve the problems of price rising.Therefore, we have planned to prepare some

number of cubes using asbestos cement sheet waste at various proportions like 0%, 5%,

10,15%, 20% and 25% by weight of coarse aggregate.The properties for fresh concrete

are tested for compressive strength at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. It is found that with

the increase in the percentage replacement of coarse aggregate with AC sheet waste there

is increase in Compressive Strength upto 10 % replacement after that there is decrease in

Compressive Strength with further replacement of coarse aggregate with AC sheet waste.

It can also observed that 28 days compressive strength is increased by 3.33%, 6.41% upto

10 % replacement of coarse aggregate with AC sheet waste as compared to conventional

concrete.

1.2 Asbestos

Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals which all have in common

their eponymous asbestiform habit: long, thin fibrous crystals, with each visible fiber

composed of millions of microscopic "fibrils" that can be released by abrasion and other

processes.[2] They are commonly known by their colors, as blue asbestos, brown

asbestos, white asbestos, and green asbestos.

Asbestos mining existed more than 4,000 years ago, but large-scale mining began at the

end of the 19th century, when manufacturers and builders began using asbestos for its

desirable physical properties:sound absorption, average tensile strength,resistance to fire,

heat, electricity, and affordability. It was used in such applications as electrical

insulation for hotplate wiring and in building insulation. When asbestos is used for its

resistance to fire or heat, the fibers are often mixed with cement or woven into fabric or

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos#cite_note-gee-2

mats. These desirable properties made asbestos very widely used. Asbestos use continued

to grow through most of the 20th century until public knowledge (acting through courts

and legislatures) of the health hazards of asbestos dust outlawed asbestos in mainstream

construction and fireproofing in most countries

1.3 Coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate

material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled

concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the

world. Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt

concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite

material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most

soils, aggregates are widely used in drainage applications such as foundation and French

drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and road side edge drains. Aggregates are

also used as base material under foundations, roads, and railroads. In other words,

aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable, uniform

properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road or building), or as a

low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.

Preferred bituminous aggregate sizes for road construction are given in EN 13043 as d/D

(where the range shows the smallest and largest square mesh grating that the particles can

pass). The same classification sizing is used for larger armor stone sizes in EN 13383, EN

12620 for concrete aggregate, EN 13242 for base layers of road construction and EN

13450 for railway ballast.

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) publishes an exhaustive listing

of specifications including ASTM D 692 and ASTM D 1073 for various construction

aggregate products, which, by their individual design, are suitable for specific

construction purposes. These products include specific types of coarse and fine aggregate

designed for such uses as additives to asphalt and concrete mixes, as well as other

construction uses. Sources for these basic materials can be grouped into three main areas:

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Mining of mineral aggregate deposits, including sand, gravel, and stone; use of waste slag

from the manufacture of iron and steel; and recycling of concrete, which is itself chiefly

manufactured from mineral aggregates.

Chapter 22. Literature review:Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous material which is widely used in construction field , so we used asbestos in replacement of coarse aggregate, partially in varying percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%. so we referred various materials and other journals by

"STUDY OF COMPRESIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH ASBESTOS" BY MANU CHAUDHARY, R.D. PATEL who have a lot of journal under their name,they are the masters in the field of construction materials. this journal helped us to know the insight of the asbestos and its properties like compressive strength of the mix concrete. the above journal gives the various aspects of compressive strength of concrete mixed with asbestos.

we did refer the book of concrete technology by M.S. SHETTY who is renowned author in this field of construction materials and technology from this we came to know the properties of concrete,cement,asbestos and its physical, chemical properties, compressive strength and its tensile strength and the other aspects of the construction materials. We got to know the procedure of the various methods of carrying out the process.

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2.1 Physical Properties: Bulk chrysotile has a hardness similar to human finger nail.

Naturally occurring fiber bundles range in length from several millimeters to

more than 10cm.

Chrysotile fiber has considerable tensile strength, and may be spun into thread

and woven into a cloth.

They are also resistant to heat and are excellent thermal electrical and acoustic

insulators.

Asbestos binds with better insulating materials to create the ultimate construction

materials.

Asbestos fibers have no detectible odor or taste.

They are all solids that do not move through soil and are insoluble in water.

Its color will vary according to type, and metallic composition.

Crocidolite, which has iron and sodium as its only metallic elements, is the most

colorful, adorned in a range of colors including shades of lavender, blue and

green.

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Chapter 3

Materials3.1 ASBESTOS:

Asbestos refers to a set of six naturally occurring fibrous minerals. Asbestos has six primary sub-classifications: chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. Among these, chrysotile and amosite asbestos are the most common.

Sl no Physical properties Test result1 Maximum size(mm) 202 Fineness modulus 7.343 Specific gravity 1.614 Water adsorption % 4.401%5 Aggregate crushing value % 14.531%6 Aggregate impact value % 9.841%

3.2 TYPES OF ASBESTOS:

1.CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS

Many studies have proven that exposure to chrysotile asbestos, commonly referred to as

white asbestos, can cause a number of serious health conditions. While most commercial

uses of asbestos in the United States have been of the chrysotile type, the use of this toxic

mineral has declined significantly during the last few decades.

Naturally occurring deposits of chrysotile are often accompanied by trace amounts of

tremolite (amphibole) asbestos, which is considered more toxic than chrysotile. However,

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several reports have indicated that exposure to solely chrysotile asbestos fibers can occur

and such exposure can be equally hazardous as exposure to amphibole asbestos types.

Scientists from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health concluded that

chrysotile asbestos should be treated with virtually the same level of concern as the

amphibole forms of asbestos.

1) AMPHIBOLE ASBESTOS

The other five types of asbestos are classified in the amphibole category. Amosite (brown

asbestos) and crocidolite (blue asbestos) are considered the most commercially valuable

types. Anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite are the other non-commercial forms of

amphibole asbestos. All amphibole fibers are straight and longer than chrysotile fibers,

and studies suggest it may take less exposure to amphibole asbestos to cause

mesothelioma than chrysotile asbestos.

2)AMOSITE ASBESTOS

According to the American Cancer Society, exposure to amosite asbestos creates a higher risk of cancer in comparison with other types of asbestos. Several asbestos studies suggest exposure to amosite can cause lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis.

Amosite AsbestosIn its natural state, amosite is known as the mineral grunerite. Commercially, grunerite is referred to as amosite or brown asbestos. Approximately 80,000 tons of amosite were mined in the Transvaal province of South Africa by 1970.

3)CROCIDOLITE ASBESTOS

Multiple asbestos studies suggest crocidolite may be responsible for more deaths than any other type of asbestos because its fibers are so thin — about the diameter of a strand of hair. When airborne, these fibers can be inhaled easily and become lodged in the lining of the lungs, more so than other forms of asbestos forms. Once inside the body, the fibers do

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not break down easily. This can lead to potentially life-threatening lung and abdominal conditions, including lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis.

4)ANTHOPHYLLITE ASBESTOS

Anthophyllite asbestos is known to cause asbestos-related diseases, but most studies

indicate the risk of developing mesothelioma from anthophyllite exposure is much less

than it is from exposure to other types of asbestos.

3.3 CONCRETE

Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as cement. However, asphalt concrete which is very frequently used for road surfaces is also a type of concrete, where the cement material is bitumen, and polymer concretes are sometimes used where the cementing material is a polymer.

In Portland cement concrete (and other hydraulic cement concretes), when the aggregate is mixed together with the dry cement and water, they form a fluid mass that is easily molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix which binds all the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses.Often, additives (such aspozzolans or superplasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as rebar) embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.

Famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of concrete technology were the ancient Romans, and concrete was widely used in the Roman Empire. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the Pantheon is the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, large concrete structures (for example, dams and multi-storey car parks) are usually made with reinforced concrete.

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3.4 COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE

1) CEMENT:

A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together. The most important types of cement are used as a component in the production of mortar in masonry, and of concrete, which is a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong building material.

Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water

Specific gravity = 3.15

2) WATER:Water (chemical formula: H2O) is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of organisms. As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice; and gaseous state, steam (water vapor). It also exists as snow, fog, dew and cloud.

3) AGGREGATES:

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Coarse aggregate or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world. Aggregates are a component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in drainage applications such as foundation and French drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains, and road side edge drains. Aggregates are also used as base material under foundations, roads, and railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help prevent differential settling under the road or building), or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete.

Preferred bitumenous aggregate sizes for road construction are given in EN 13043 as d/D (where the range shows the smallest and largest square mesh grating that the particles can pass). The same classification sizing is used for larger armour stone sizes in EN 13383, EN 12620 for concrete aggregate, EN 13242 for base layers of road construction and EN 13450 for railway ballast.

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Chapter 4

METHODSThe process of testing the concrete was done by the following steps:

1. Collection of information

2. Calculation of required quantities of materials using IS 10262-2009

3. Collection of materials according to m30 grade.

4. Measuring of the materials.

5. Preparation of concrete

6. Testing of concrete by using (i) slump cone test and (ii) compaction factor test.

7. Casting of cubes.

8. Demoulding of cubes.

9. Curing.

10. Testing the compressive strength using universal testing machine (UTM).

11. Comparing of results with the normal concrete

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Flow Chart for Experimental Procedure

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Collection of information

Selection of moulds

Mixing of ingredients

Workability test

Curing

Casting of specimen

Demoulding

1. Collection of information: Referring the various textbooks pertaing to concrete technology, and referringdifferent journals of different authors and various publications.And after doing extensive research we selected the materials and its information.

2. Calculation of required materials The required quantities are calculated by followingIS code 10242:2009 and using m30 grade mix ratio (1:1:1.5). Then the water cement ratio is calculated. And the measuring are done by volume, so the volume of the various coarse aggregate and fine aggregate and the asbestos is known.

3. Collection of material using M30 gradeThe M30 mix ratio is 1:1:1.5 in which these relate to the cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate. So according to it and by volumetric measurement the quantities of the aggregates are known.

4. Measuring of materials The materials are measured using volumetric measurement as the aggregates are measured in volume, the cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate are measured separately using a weighing scale and water is also measured which is to be added in it.

5. Preparation of concrete The concrete is prepared using the M30 grade mix ratio, so according to the quantities of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregate are known. Then they are mixed on a sheet or over a clean place then water is added and using a spade its thoroughly mixed.

6. Testing of concrete for workability They are various test to be done on concrete to check its workability, which is useful as it determines the concretes ability to mould in a shape as required easily.

The various tests done on concrete are

(i) slump cone test procedure is shown below

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Slump cone test Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity.

It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness

Principle

The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete.

Slump cone,

Scale for measurement,

Tamping rod (steel)

.

Types of Slump

The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump is termed as;

1. Collapse Slump

2. Shear Slump

3. True Slump

Collapse Slump

In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely. A collapse slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not appropriate.

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http://www.aboutcivil.org/imajes/slump-test-types.jpg

Shear Slump

In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways.

If one-half of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump.

1. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test is repeated.

2. If the shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh mixes, this is an indication of lack of cohesion of the mix.

True Slump

In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape

1. This is the only slump which is used in various tests.

2. Mixes of stiff consistence have a Zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no variation can be detected between mixes of different workability.

However , in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to the shear slump type or even to collapse, and widely different values of slump can be obtained in different samples from the same mix; thus, the slump test is unreliable for lean mixes.

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Degree of workability

Slump Compacting

FactorUse for which concrete is suitable

mm In

Very low 0-25 0-1 0.78Very dry mixes; used in road making. Roads vibrated by power operated machines.

Low 25-50 1-2 0.85

Low workability mixes; used for foundations with light reinforcement. Roads vibrated by hand operated Machines.

Medium 50-100 2-4 0.92

Medium workability mixes; manually compacted flat slabs using crushed aggregates. Normal reinforced concrete manually compacted and heavily reinforced sections with vibrations.

High 100-175 4-7 0.95

High workability concrete; for sections with congested reinforcement. Not normally suitable for vibration

(ii) Compaction factor test procedure.The compaction factor test is used to test the workability of concrete. Work-ability of concrete is the ability/ease with which concrete can be mixed, transported and placed. This is a major factor which contributes to the other properties of concrete also. If concrete is workable enough then it can be compacted with less compacting effort. So there is a relation between the amount of work required to compact a given fresh concrete and the work-ability of the concrete. This relation is well suited for the concrete of the low water cement ratio. Slump cone test is also used to find out the work-ability of the concrete but only recommended for the concrete of higher work-ability. For less workable concrete (having less water cement ratio), compaction is standardized by various standards.

NOTE

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The test is sufficiently sensitive to enable difference in work ability arising from the

initial process in the hydration of cement to be measured. Each test, there for should be

carried out at a constant time interval after the mixing is completed, if strictly comparable

results are to be obtained. Convenient time for releasing the concrete from the upper

hopper has been found to be two minutes after the completion of mixing.

7. Casting of cubes

The moulds of cubes are made of iron, with dimension of 15*15*15 cm. these cubes are oiled before the placing of concrete, the concrete when it is being placed, tamping is done after placing of about 25 mm of concrete, it is then kept for 24hrs for drying.

8. Demoulding of cubes

The cubes are to be opened by removing the bolts and keeping it in the open and dry place for some time before placing it in the curing tank.

9. Curing of cubes

The cubes which are demoulded are to be placed in a curing tank for 7 days, 14days, and 28days. Then after the curing time is done then they are removed and tested for its compressive strength.

10.Testing of compressive strength The compressive strength of cubes are known by testing them in universal testing machine, this machine applies force gradually and then the reading are noted down.

Compressive strength: The determination of compression strength of the prepared samples was carried out as per standard practice. The following table’s show the compressive and tensile strength of various samples after testing.

Compressive strength for 7 days for M-30

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S.no Percentage of asbestos Compressive strength(N/mm^2)

1 5 28.272 10 30.003 15 27.874 20 26.545 25 25.21

Compressive strength for 14 days for M-30

S.no Percentage of asbestos Compressive strength(N/mm^2)

1 5 32.202 10 33.353 15 30.314 20 27.715 25 26.24

List of tables Page | 26

Graph between Compressive Strength of Concrete and Age

Graph between Compressive Strength of Concrete and % age of A.C. Sheet Waste

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List of figures:

Compaction factor test

True slump

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casting of cubes and demoulding:

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Universal testing machine

Curing of cubes

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Chapter 5

Result

M30 grade of concrete Mix proportions 1:1:1.5

Volume of cube= 15*15*15 cm

=3.375*10^-6 m^3

=0.003375 cubic meter

Density e=mass/volume

2400kg/m3=m/0.003375m3

m=8.1 kg

assuming wastage=50%

mass =12kg

For grade M30

1:1:1.5

1+1+1.5=3.5

Cement = 1/3.5 *12

=3.42kg

Fine aggregate=1/3.5*12

=3.42 kg

Coarse aggregate=1.5/3.5*12

=5.14kg

Water cement ration= 0.50

Water content =0.5*3.42

=1.71kg

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For 1 cube of normal mix of M30 grade of concrete

Cement =3.42kg

Fine aggregate=3.42kg

Coarse aggregate=5.14kg

Water content =1.71kg

For 3 cubes of normal mix of M30 grade of concrete

Cement =10.26kg




For 5% replacement of coarse aggregate with asbestos

Cement = 9.747kg





Cement =9.234kg





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Cement =9.234kg





Cement =9.234kg





Cement =9.234kg




For 1 cube with different proportions of asbestos

%of asbestos 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Cement 3.249 3.078 2.907 2.736 2.565

Fine aggregate

3.249 3.078 2.907 2.736 2.565

Coarse aggregate

4.883 4.262 4.369 4.112 3.855

Water content

1.62 1.539 1.45 1.368 1.28

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List of Tables:

Compressive Strength of A.C. Sheet Waste Concrete

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Age Strength per cent

1 day 16%

3 days 40%

7 days 65%

14 days 90%

28 days 99%

Compressive strength of concrete at various ages:The strength of concrete increases with age. Table shows the strength of concrete at

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Chapter 6

Conclusion

It is observed from the experimental results and its analysis, that the compressive strength

of concrete initially increases with replacement of coarse aggregate with asbestos sheet

waste and after that, there is decrease in compressive strength of concrete with further

replacement of coarse aggregate with asbestos sheet waste. From the experimental test

result we can conclude that

1. In case of replacement of coarse aggregate, 10% asbestos cement sheet waste content

can be taken as the optimum dosage for compressive strength, which can be used for

giving maximum possible compressive strength at any age for the mixed design of

asbestos cement sheet waste and coarse aggregate concrete.

2. In case of replacement of coarse aggregate, the percentage increase of compressive

strength of asbestos cement sheet waste and coarse aggregate concrete compared with

compressive strength of controlled mix is observed from 0.96 % to 7.14% at 7 days.

The percentage increase of compressive strength of asbestos cement sheet waste and

coarse aggregate concrete compared with compressive strength of controlled mix is

observed from 3.87% to 7.58% at 14 days.

3. One can reduce the overall cost considerably.

Cost of coarse aggregate = R.s 500/ton

Cost of fine aggregate = R.s 1900/ton

Cost of cement = R.s 6.2 kg

4. for 1 cubic meter of concrete

Cost of cement = R.s 6.2

Cost of coarse aggregate = R.s 1,202.4

Cost of fine aggregate = R.s 4,525

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5.For 1 cubic meter of concrete replaced with 10% of asbestos

Cost of cement = R.s 6.2

Cost of coarse aggregate = R.s 1,082.4

Cost of fine aggregate = R.s 4,525

6. hence from the above calculations we observe that the replacing of coarse aggregate

with asbestos helps in reducing the overall cost considerably

For 1 cubic meter if replaced with asbestos helps in saving about 200 R.s

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different ages.

References

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY THEORY AND PRACTICEAUTHOR : M S SHETTY (BE, ME, FICI, FIIBE, FIE, MACCE)PUBLISHERS : S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 4, Issue 8, August-2015 2909 ISSN: 2278 – 7798 STUDIES ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT CONCRETE BY USE OF ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET WASTE MANU CHAUDHARY1 , R.D. PATEL2 1 PG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, M.M.M.U.T, Gorakhpur, U.P. 2Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M.M.M.U.T, Gorakhpur U.P.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate

http://theconstructor.org/concrete/compressive-strength-of-concrete-cubes

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