Vector borne diseases in Bangladesh

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Vector borne diseases in bangladesh

Presented byCAPT SHAMSMOBC 77


Introduction

Vector borne diseases is 17% of all infectious diseases. 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of these diseases. Every year, more than 1 billion people are infected and more than 1 million die from vector-borne diseases. Among them Malaria causes more than 6,00,000 deaths every year globally.


Aim

To know about the common vector borne

diseases in Bangladesh and how to prevent

these diseases.


Scope What is vector and common

vectors. What is vector borne diseases and

common VBD. Common vector borne diseases in Bangladesh. Prevention and control.


VectorA vector is any agent (person, animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.


Common vectorsMosquitoes (Aedes, Anopheles,

Culex, Mansonia)Fly (Sandfly, Housefly, Tsetse Fly,

Black Fly )Flea (Rat Flea, Sand Flea )Ticks (Hard Tick & Soft Tick)Lice / Bugs/ Mites/ Cyclops

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Tick_male_(aka).jpg


Vector-borne disease

An illness caused by an infectious microorganism (pathogen) that is transmitted to humans by a vector, usually arthropods.


Major vector borne disease in world

MalariaFilariaLeishmaniasisJapanese EncephalitisDengue / Dengue

Hemorrhagic feversChikungunyaChagas Diseases (American

Trypanosomiasis)


Contd…Yellow FeverOnchocerciasis (River Blindness)CCHF (Crimean Congo

Haemorrhagic Fever)Lyme DiseaseTick Borne EncephalitisSchistosomiasis (Bilharzia)


Common vector borne disease in Bangladesh

MalariaFilariasisLeishmaniasisDengue


MalariaLife-threatening disease

Caused by plasmodium species

Transmitted through bite of female anopheles

Plasmodium - four parasite species


Malaria FactsMalaria kills in one year ,what AIDS kills

in 15 years For every death due to HIV/AIDS, there

are about 50 deaths due to malaria


Malaria Burden

Globally-2012

Approx 207 million cases & 6,27,000 deaths

97 countries- 3.4 billion people at

risk


Malaria in Bangladesh13 districts (with the total

population of 10.9 million) are in the high endemic areas of malaria transmissions.

In July’2008 to May’2009 total cases are found 74412 and total deaths are 89.


FilariasisLymphatic filariasis is infection

with the filarial worms, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi or B. timori.

A wide range of mosquitoes can transmit the parasite, depending on the geographic area. In Africa, the most common vector is Anopheles and in the Americas, it is Culex quilex. Aedes and Mansonia can transmit the infection in the Pacific and in Asia.


Filaria Burden

A total of 32 districts with an estimated 70 million population are endemic for Lymphatic Filariasis.

About 20 million are already infected.


DengueDengue is transmitted by several

species of mosquito within the genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti.

Most rapidly spreading viral disease in the world. In past 50 years, incidence has increased 30-fold.

Pattern changing from urban to rural settingsThere are four known serotypes of dengue

virus (DEN 1 to 4).Recovery from infection by one provides

lifelong immunity


Dengue BurdenIn Bangladesh there had been

Dengue outbreaks in 2000 (5,555 cases and 93 deaths); 2001 (2,430 cases and 44 deaths) and 2002 (6,104 cases and 58 deaths).

Cases were reported from the metropolitan cities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi)


LeishmaniasisCaused by protozoan parasites of

the genus Leishmania.Spread by the bite of sandflies.The disease can present in three

main ways as: cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis.


Disease Burden

In Bangladesh cases are reported from 45 districts (130 upaziala) and an estimated 51.2 million populations are in endemic areas.


Prevention and Control

New strategies have taken by WHO to control vector borne diseases. No single measure can control these diseases. It needs multiple approach both from government and non government institutes.


StrategiesNeeds sound knowledge of the

Bionomics

Distribution

Seasonal prevalence

Vectorial capacity

Insecticide susceptibility status

Role of arthropods in disease transmission


Integrated vector management

The utilization of all appropriate technological & management techniques to bring about an effective degree of vector suppression in a cost effective manner.

Best approach to strengthen vector control in a way that is compatible with national health systems


Key Elements of IVM

Evidence-based decision-making Monitoring & EvaluationAdvocacy & Social mobilization Intra & intersectoral

Collaboration Capacity-building Legislation & Regulation


Methods of control


Environmental controlEliminate their

breeding places

Known as "source reduction"

Results are generally permanent


Source reduction Filling

Levelling & drainage of breeding places

Water management (intermittent irrigation)


Waste managementEmpty tins,

plastic bottles, unused drums, coconut shells & used car tyres can serve as important breeding sites


Chemical controlOiling (diesel

oil,fuel oil, kerosene oil)

Paris green

Synthetic Insecticides (Fenthion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, abate)


Biological controlIntroduction of

bacterial larvicides & larvivorous fish

Target vector larvae without generating ecological impacts of chemical use

Regular monitoring & restocking is important


Genetic control"Use of any treatment

that reduce the reproductive potential by replacing the hereditary material"

Sterile male technique Hybrid male technique Sex distortion Gene replacement


Personal Protective measures

Acheived by wearing long sleeved, light-coloured shirts, trousers, socks, shoes & by the use of repellents like Benzyl benzoate, DEET

Insecticidal net are most efficient & cost-effective method.


House modificationDoor & window

screens

Plaster walls & concrete floors in good condition

Cracks & entry points sealed up


Indoor residual sprayMost widely used method

Effective way to reduce sandflies & bugs inside homes

80% of houses in targeted area need to be sprayed.

Effective for 3–6 months, depending on the insecticide used & type of surface


Outdoor sprayingSpraying outer

surfaces of - Domestic animal

shelters, - Outdoor latrines & - Damp placesAerial spraying --

control mosquitoes during epidemics of dengue & yellow fever.


RecommendationApply Integrated vector

management to control the diseases.

Awareness among the people.Best approach to strengthen

vector control in a way that is compatible with national health systems.


ConclusionVector-borne diseases are one of the greatest contributors to human mortality and morbidity in tropical settings and beyond. Although significant progress is being made in combating some diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis and Chagas disease, other diseases such as dengue continue to spread at an alarming pace. Governments, local authorities, community groups, and individuals should work togather to prevent disease.


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Vector borne diseases in Bangladesh

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Vector borne diseases in Bangladesh