Unit 2 Outline -...
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Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System 8
Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System
Overview of the Skeletal System
♦ The Skeletal System
• Parts of the skeletal system
� (skeleton)
�
�
�
• Divided into two divisions
� skeleton
� skeleton
♦ Functions of Bones
• of the body
• of soft organs
• Storage of and fats
• Blood cell
♦ The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the
part of the body
• Divided into three parts
�
�
�
♦ The Appendicular Skeleton
• (appendages)
• girdle
• girdle
♦ The Skull
• Two sets of bones
�
� bones
• Bones are joined by
• Mandible attached by freely movable joint
♦
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal
cavity
• Functions
� the skull
� Give resonance and
to voice
Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System 9
♦ The Bone
• Only bone that does not
with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the
♦ The Vertebral Column
• Vertebrae separated by intervertebral
• The spine has a normal
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its
location
♦ The Bony Thorax
• Forms a cage to protect major organs
• Made-up of three parts
�
�
� Thoracic
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
♦ Bones of the Human Body
• The adult skeleton has bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue
� bone
* Homogeneous
� bone
* Small needle-like pieces of bone
* Many open spaces
♦ Bone Markings
• features of bones
• Sites of attachments for ,
tendons, and ligaments
• Passages for and
vessels
• Categories of bone markings
� and processes- grow
out from the bone surface
� or cavities- indentations
♦ Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System 10
• (Haversian System)
� A unit of bone
• Central ( ) canal
� Opening in the center of an osteon
� Carries
and
• (Volkman’s) canal
� Canal to the
central canal
� Carries blood vessels and nerves
•
� Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
� Arranged in
rings
•
� Rings around the central canal
� Sites of lacunae
•
� Tiny canals
� Radiate from the canal
to lacunae
� Form a system
♦ Types of Bone Cells
•
� bone cells
•
� Bone- cells
•
� Bone- cells
� Break down bone matrix for
and release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts
and osteoclasts
Types of Bones and Anatomy of a Long Bone
♦ Classification of Bones
• bones
� Typically longer than wide
� Have a shaft with at both ends
� Contain mostly bone
* Examples: , humerus
• bones
� Generally -shape
� Contain mostly bone
* Examples: , tarsals
• bones
� Thin and flattened
� Usually
� Thin layers of bone around
a layer of spongy bone
* Examples: , ribs, sternum
• bones
� Irregular shape
� Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
* Example: and hip
♦ Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
•
�
� Composed of bone
•
� of the bone
� Composed mostly of bone
♦ Structures of a Long Bone
Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System 11
•
� Outside covering of the diaphysis
� tissue
membrane
• fibers
� periosteum to
underlying bone
•
� Supply bone cells with nutrients
• cartilage
� Covers the external surface of the
� Made of cartilage
� Decreases at joint
surfaces
• cavity
� Cavity of the shaft
� Contains marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
� Contains marrow (for blood
cell formation) in infants
Bone Growth
♦ Changes in the Human Skeleton
• In embryos- skeleton is mostly
cartilage
• Most cartilage is replaced by bone during
development
• Cartilage remains in:
� Bridge of the
� Parts of
�
• Bone salts (minerals)
�
�
♦ Bone Growth
• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone
during childhood
� New cartilage is continuously formed
� Older cartilage becomes
* Cartilage is
* Bone cartilage
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth
stops
� Bones change somewhat
� Bones grow in
♦ The Fetal Skull
• - fibrous
membranes connecting the cranial bones
� Allow the to grow
� Convert to bone within months after
birth
Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System 12
Appendicular Skeleton: The Arm
♦ The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• Composed of two bones
� - collarbone
� - shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to have
exceptionally free movement
♦ Bones of the Upper Limb
• The arm is formed by a single bone
�
• The forearm has two bones
�
�
• The hand
� - wrist
� - palm
� - fingers
Appendicular Skeleton: The Leg
♦ Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• Hip bones
• Composed of three pair of
bones
�
�
� bone
• Bears total weight of the upper body
• Protects several organs
� organs
� Urinary
� Part of the
♦ Differences of the Pelvis
• Female:
� is wider; more circular
� Pelvis is
� Pelvic bones are lighter and thinner
� is shorter and less curved
� Pubic arch is ; more
rounded
Male Female
♦ Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The thigh has one bone
Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System 13
� - thigh bone
• The leg has two bones
� - medial
� - lateral
• The foot
� - ankle
� - sole
� - toes
♦ Arches of the Foot
• Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong
arches
� longitudinal
� transverse
Joints
♦ Joints
• of bones
• Functions
� Hold bones together
� Allow for
• Ways joints are classified
�
�
♦ Functional Classification of Joints
• - immovable joints
• - slightly
moveable joints
• - freely moveable
joints
♦ Structural Classification of Joints
• joints
� Generally
• joints
� Immovable or slightly moveable
• joints
� moveable
♦ Fibrous Joints
• Bones united by tissue
• Examples
�
�
* Allows more movement than sutures
* Ex: distal end of tibia and fibula
♦ Cartilaginous Joints
• Bones connected by
• Examples
Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System 14
� Pubic symphysis
� joints
♦ Joints
• Articulating bones are separated by a
joint
♦ Features of Synovial Joints
• cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular
• Joint cavity filled with
fluid
• reinforce the joint
♦ Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
• - flattened fibrous sacs
� Lined with synovial membranes
� Filled with fluid
� Not actually part of the joint
• Tendon sheath
� Elongated that wraps
around a tendon
Homeostatic Imbalances of the Skeletal System
♦ Bone
• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
� (simple) fracture- does
not penetrate the skin
� Open ( )
fracture- bone penetrates through the skin
• Treated by reduction and
� of the bone
♦ Repair of Bone Fractures
Unit 2 Outline: The Skeletal System 15
• (blood-filled swelling)
is formed
• Break is splinted by
callus
• Bony replaces fibrocartilage callus
• Bone to form a
permanent patch
♦ Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
• - inflammation
of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
• - inflammation
of tendon sheaths
• - inflammatory or
degenerative diseases of joints
� Over different types
� The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
♦ Clinical Forms of Arthritis
•
� Most common arthritis
� Probably related to
processes
• arthritis
� An disease- the
immune system attacks the joints
� Symptoms begin with
inflammation of certain joints
� Often leads to
• Arthritis
� Inflammation of is
caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the
blood
� Can usually be controlled with