Unit 1 Outline

Meera Keshav, Hannah Bell, Kathryn Brandos, Brianna Bockman

Cells:

• Shrink/crenate in hypertonic solution– Water leaves cell

• Swell, can lyse in hypotonic solution– Water enters cell

• Remains the same in isotonic solution– Water enters and leaves cell at same rate

Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins • Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

• Made up of sugars for energy and structure• Monosaccharides for quick energy• Dissacharides for short storage• Polysachharides for long storage and forming

structures– Glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Lipids:

• Triglycerides: fats and oils• Phospholipids: primary component of cell

membrane• Steroids: cell signaling. Can pass trhough lipid

membranes.• Waxes: Protection and prevents water loss.

Proteins:

• The building blocks of proteins are 20 types of Amino Acids.

• Amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, and polypeptide chains.

• Structural proteins and enzymes.

Nucleic Acids:

• Nucleortides: building blocks of nucleic acids. Contains a phosphate, a nitrogenous base and a 5-carbon sugar.

• DNA, RNA, and ATP.

Blood pH

• pH below 7: acid.• pH above 7: base• pH=7: amphoteric (neutral)• Buffers resist pH changes.• More carbon dioxide in the blood equals more acid=lower pH• Blood pH= 7.35• Acidosis= pH below 7.35• Depresses the nervous system

– Coma state• Alkalosis= pH above 7.45• Overexcites the nervous system

– Convulsions of the body

Levels of Organization:

Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atomMolecule – water molecule, glucose moleculeMacromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatusCell – muscle cell, nerve cellTissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue Organ – skin, femurOrgan System – skeletal system, digestive system

Organism - human

Homeostasis

• The body’s maintenance of a stable environment• Homeostatic Mechanisms: the factors that

control the different aspects of the environment and corrects the changes:• Receptors - provide information• Control center - tells what a particular value should

be• Effectors - causes responses to change internal

environment

Body Cavities

Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

• Terms of Relative Position• Superior versus Inferior• Anterior versus Posterior• Medial versus Lateral• Proximal versus Distal• Superficial versus Deep

Body sections

• Sagittal/midsagittal• Transverse(cross)• Coronal(frontal)• oblique

Abdominal Sections

Body Regions