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Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 14

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System

Introduction to A&P

♦ The Human Body- An Orientation

• - study of the

structure and shape of the body and its parts

• - study of how

the body and its parts work or function

♦ Anatomy- Levels of Study

• Anatomy

� Large structures

� Easily observable

• Anatomy

� Very small structures

� Can only be viewed with a

♦ Levels of Structural Organization

• level

� and molecules

• level

� Cells are made of

• level

� Tissues are made of

types of cells

• level

� Organs are different types of

• level

� Different organs make up organ systems

• level

� Organ systems make up organisms

♦ The Language of Anatomy

• Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding

• Exact terms are used for:

�

�

�

�

♦ Orientation

• Anatomical position

�

� Feet width

� Arms at the

� Palms facing

Anatomical Position

♦ Orientation and Directional Terms

•

� Toward the or upper part

of the body

•

� from the head or upper part

of the body

• Anterior ( )

� Toward or at the of the body;

in front of

• (dorsal)

� Toward or at the of the

body; behind

•

� Toward or at the of

the body; on the inner side of

•

� Away from the midline of the body; on the

side of

•

� Close to the point of

of a limb to the body trunk

•

� from the point

of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 15

♦ Body Planes

• plane (median)

� Divides the body into left and right

• plane (coronal)

� Divides the body into

and posterior

• plane

� Divides the body into superior and

♦ Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavity

� cavity

� cavity

• body cavity

� cavity

� Abdominal cavity

� cavity

Life Functions and Survival Needs

♦ Necessary Life Functions

• Maintain

•

� Locomotion

� Movement of

•

� Ability to sense and react

•

� Break-down and delivery of

• - chemical reactions

within the body

� Production of

� Making body structures

•

� Elimination of waste from

reactions

•

� Production of future generation

•

� Increasing of cell and

♦ Survival Needs

•

� Chemicals for and cell building

� Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and

minerals

•

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 16

� Required for chemical

•

� % of body weight

� Provides for

reaction

• Stable body

• Atmospheric must be

appropriate

Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

♦ Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a stable

environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

• Homeostasis must be maintained for

body functioning and to sustain life

• Homeostatic imbalance- a disturbance in

homeostasis resulting in

♦ Overview of Homeostasis

•

• detected

•

•

• of effector

♦ Maintaining Homeostasis

• The body communicates through

and hormonal control systems

�

* Responds

* Sends information to control center

�

* Determines

* information

* Determines appropriate

�

* Provides a means for response to the

stimulus

♦ Feedback Mechanisms

• feedback

� Most homeostatic control mechanisms

� or reduces

intensity of original stimulus

� Works like a household

• feedback

� Increases the original stimulus to push the

variable farther

� Only occurs in

and birth of a baby

♦ Organ System Overview

•

� Forms the body covering

� Protects deeper tissue from injury

� Synthesizes

� Location of cutaneous receptors

•

� Protects and supports body

� Provides attachment for

movement

� Site of cell formation

� Stores

•

� Allows

� Maintains

� Produces

•

� -acting control system

� Responds to and

external change

� Activates and glands

•

� Secretes regulatory

*

*

*

•

� Transports materials in body via

pumped by heart

*

*

*

*

•

� Returns fluids to vessels

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 17

� Disposes of

� Involved in

•

� Keeps blood supplied with

� Removes

•

� Breaks down

� Allows absorption

into blood

� Eliminates indigestible material

•

� Eliminates wastes

� Maintains balance

� Regulates water and

•

� Production of offspring

Inorganic Compounds

♦ Composition of Matter

• Major elements ( % of the body)

� (C)

� (O)

� (H)

� (N)

• Lesser element

� , Phosphorus

� , Sulfur

� , Chlorine

� , Iodine

�

♦ Molecules and Compounds

• - like atoms combined

chemically

� H + H → H2 molecule

• - different atoms

combined chemically

� 4H + C → CH4 ( )

♦ Chemical Reactions

• bonds

� Atoms

� Requires

• Chemical bonds are

• Atoms

• Energy

♦ Chemical Bonds

• Bonds

� Electrons are transferred from one atom to

another

� Form

•

� particles

* electrons (+)

* electrons (-)

•

� Atoms electrons

� - share one electron

� - share two electrons

• Polarity

� Covalent bonds

*

± Electrically as a

molecule

*

± Have a positive and negative side

• bonds

� chemical bonds

� H+ is attracted to

portion of polar molecule

� Provides between

molecules

♦ Important Inorganic Compounds

• compounds

� Lack

� compounds

� Ex: H2O

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 18

•

� Most inorganic

compound

� Vital properties

* heat capacity

* /solvent properties

* Chemical

*

•

� Include (conduct

current)

� Easily into ions

in water

� Vital to body functions

•

� Release detectable

� Proton

•

� Proton

• Neutralization reaction

� Acids and bases react to form

and a

♦ pH Scale

• Measures relative

of H ions

� pH 7 = neutral

� pH 7 = acidic

� pH above 7 =

• : chemicals that can

regulate pH change

Organic Compounds

♦ compounds

• Contain

• Most are bonded

• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)

♦

• Contain carbon, , and oxygen

• Sugars and

• Classified by

� saccharides- simple sugars

� saccharides- two simple sugars joined by

dehydration synthesis

� saccharides- long chains

simple sugars

• Ratio of C:H:O is

♦

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and

� C and H O

• in water

• Common lipids in the human body

� Neutral fats ( )

* Found in deposits

* Source of stored

�

* Form cell

�

* , bile salts,

vitamin D, some hormones

♦

• Made of acids

� C, O, H, N, and sometimes

• Over of body’s organic matter

� Provides for construction materials for body

tissues

� Vital role in function

• , hormones, and antibodies

♦ Enzymes

• Biological

� Increase rate of reactions

♦ Acids

• Provide blueprint of life

•

� A =

� G =

� C =

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 19

� T = (DNA only)

� U = (RNA only)

• Make and

♦ Deoxyribonucleic acid ( )

• Complimentary bases form

• before cell division

• Instruction for every in

the body

♦ Adenosine triphosphate ( )

� energy used by all cells

� Energy released by breaking

phosphate bond

� Replenished by of food fuel Cell Transport

♦ Cells

• Carry out all

needed to sustain life

• of all living things

• - groups of cells that are

similar in structure and function

♦

• Movement of substance into and out of the cell

• methods

� transport

* No is required

� transport

* The cell must provide

♦ Solutions

• mixture of two or

more components

� - dissolving medium

� - smaller quantities

within a solution

• fluid- inside the cell

• fluid- outside the cell

♦ Types of Solutions

• more solutes than

inside the cells

• less solutes than

inside the cells

• Isotonic same number of solutes as inside the cells

♦ Selective

• Cell allows some

materials to pass and not others

• Into or out of the cell

♦ Transport Processes

•

� Particles tend to distribute themselves

w/i a solution

� Movement from concentration

to concentration (down a

concentration gradient)

� Types of

* diffusion

± process

± Solutes are or small

enough to pass through membrane pores

• - simple diffusion of water

� Highly water easily crosses

the plasma membrane

• diffusion

� Substances require a carrier

•

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 20

� Water and solutes are forced through a

membrane by fluid (

pressure)

� Pressure must exist

* Fluid pushed from high pressure to lower

pressure area

♦ Transport

• Substances that are to pass

by diffusion because they may

� Are

� Not able to in the fat

of the membrane

� Have to move against a concentration gradient

• Solute

� , some

and

� ATP energizes protein carriers; moves

substances concentration

gradients

• transport

�

* the cell

* Carried in a vesicle

± Vesicle to plasma

membrane

± Vesicle with

plasma membrane

± Material is emptied to the

�

* Extracellular substances engulfed by cell

* Types

± - cell eating

± - cell drinking

Tissue Types

♦ Body

• specialized for specific functions

• Tissues

� Cells with similar

and

� Four primary types

*

*

* tissue

* tissue

♦ Epithelial Tissues

• Locations

� Body

� Body

� tissue

• Functions

�

�

�

�

• Characteristics

� Cells fit together

� Tissue always has one surface

� Lower surface bound by a

membrane

� (have no

blood supply)

� easily if well

nourished

• Classification

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 21

� of cell layers

* one layer

* - more than one layer

� of cells

* : flattened

* : cube-shaped

* : column-like

♦ Simple

• Simple

� One layer; cells

� Usually forms

* Lines body

* Lines

and

• Simple

� One layer; cells

� Common in and their ducts

� Forms walls of tubules

� Covers the

• Simple

� One layer; cells

� Goblet cells (produce mucus)

� Lines

•

� One layer, some cells are

than others

� Looks like two layers

� Sometimes

� Function- or secretion

♦ Epithelium

• Stratified

� Cells at the free edge are

� Protective covering where

is common

� Locations

*

*

*

• epithelium

� Shape of cells depends upon amount of

� Lines organs of the

♦ Tissue

• Function- to produce

• Three types

�

* - can be controlled

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 22

* cells

± Attach to tissue

± More than one

�

* Only in the

* Pumps blood ( )

* cells

± Connect to other cardiac muscle cells at

± nucleus

�

*

* Surrounds

* Cells not

* nucleus

♦ Tissue

• and nerve support cells

• Sends to other areas of the body

�

�

Connective Tissue

♦ Connective Tissue

• and widely distributed

tissues

• Functions

� body tissues together

� the body

� Provides

• Characteristics

� matrix

* material

surrounding living cells

± - water

with proteins and polysaccharides

±

- Produced by the

- Three types

o fibers

o fibers

o fibers

♦ Connective Tissue Types

• (osseous tissue)

� Composed of:

* Bone cells in

* Hard matrix ( salts)

* Numerous fibers

� Protect and the body

• cartilage

� cartilage

* Abundant fibers

* matrix

� Entire skeleton

• cartilage

� Provides

� Ex: ear

•

� Highly

� Ex: discs between

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 23

• connective tissue

� Collagen fiber matrix

� (cells)

� Ex:

* - attach muscle to bone

* - attach bone

to bone

• tissue

� Most

connective tissue

� Soft,

� Contains all types

� Can soak up

• tissue

� tissue

matrix with globules

� Contain large deposits

� Functions

* body

* Protects

* Store

• tissue

� Network of fibers

� Stroma of organs

* Lymph nodes

*

* Bone

•

� Blood cells surrounded by fluid

� Fibers are visible during

� Transport materials to cells

Tissue Repair and Regeneration

♦ Tissue

•

� of destroyed tissue

by the same kind of cells

•

� Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue

( tissue)

• Determination of method

� Type of damaged

� of the injury

• Events in Tissue Repair

� become very permeable

* Introduce proteins

* Wall off injured area

� Formation of tissue

� Regeneration of surface

♦ of Tissues

• Regenerate

� tissue

�

tissue and

• poorly

� muscle

• Replaced largely with tissue

� muscle

� tissue in the brain and

spinal cord

Body Membranes

♦ Body Membranes

• Function

� or body surfaces

� body surfaces

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 24

� body surfaces

♦ Classification of Body Membranes

• membranes

� membrane

� membrane

� membrane

• tissue membranes

♦ Membrane

• Cutaneous membrane =

� membrane

• protective boundary

• Superficial

� Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

• Underlying

� Dense tissue

♦ Membranes

• Epithelium

� Type depends on

• Underlying loose connective tissue

( )

• Lines body that open to

the exterior

• or

♦ Membranes

• epithelium

• Underlying connective tissue

• Lines open body cavities that are

to the exterior

• Serous layers separated by

• Specific serous membranes

�

* cavity

�

* Around the

�

* Around the

♦ Connective Tissue Membrane

• membrane

� Connective tissue only

� Lines fibrous capsules surrounding

Integumentary System (Skin)

♦ System

• (cutaneous membrane)

• Skin derivatives

� glands

� glands

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 25

�

�

♦ Skin Functions

• Protects deeper tissues from:

� damage

� damage

� damage

� damage

�

�

• Aids in regulation

• Aids in excretion of

and

• Synthesizes

♦ Skin Structure

• - outer layer

� epithelium

� Keratinized

•

� Dense tissue

♦ Layer of Epidermis

•

� Cells undergoing

� Next to dermis

• Stratum

• Stratum

• Stratum

� Occurs only in

• Stratum

� Shingle-like

♦

• Two layers

� layer

* Projections called

* receptors

* loops

� layer

* vessels

*

* receptors

♦

• to dermis

� Not part of the skin

� skin to underlying organs

� Mostly tissue

♦ Normal Skin Color Determinants

•

� Pigment produced by melanocytes

* Mostly in the

� Yellow, or black pigments

� and

exposure

•

� pigment in

some vegetables

•

� coloring (blood cells in capillaries)

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 26

� content determines the

extent of red coloring

♦ of the Skin

• glands

� Produce

* skin

* Kill

� Most with ducts empty into

� Activated at

• glands

� Widely distributed in skin

� (most numerous)

* Open via ducts to pores on

�

* Ducts empty into

� and Its Function

* Composition

± Mostly

± Some

± and

(apocrine only)

* Function

± Dissipate

± Excretes products

± Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

* Odor is from associated

• Hair

� Produced by

� Consists of hard keratinized

cells

� Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color

� Hair Anatomy

* Central

* surrounds medulla

* outer layer

± Most heavily keratinized

� Associated Hair Structures

* Hair

± Dermal and epidermal sheath around hair

root

*

± Smooth

* gland

* gland

•

� Scale-like modifications of the epidermis

* Heavily

� extends beneath

the nail bed

* Responsible for

� Colorless- lack of pigment

� Nail Structures

*

*

* of nail

* - proximal

nail fold that projects onto the nail body

Homeostatic Imbalances of the Skin

♦ Skin Homeostatic Imbalances

• Infections

�

* infection

� and

* infection

� Cold

*

• Infections and allergies

� Contact

* Exposures cause allergic reaction

�

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 27

* infection

�

* Cause

* Triggered by trauma, infection, stress

• Burns

� Tissue and cell

caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or

chemicals

� Associated dangers

*

* imbalance

*

� Rule of

* Determine extent of burns

* Body divided into areas for quick estimation

± Each area represents about

� Severity of Burns

* -degree burns

± Only

± and

* -degree burns

± Epidermis and upper

± Red with

* -degree burns

± Destroys skin layer

± or black

� Critical Burns

* Burns are considered critical if:

± of body has

degree burns

± of the body has

degree burns

± Third degree burns of the ,

, or

• Skin Cancer

� Cancer- abnormal

� Two types

*

± spread (encapsulated)

*

± (moves)

to other areas

� - most common

type of cancer

� Skin Cancer Types

*

± Least

± Most

± Arises from stratum basale

*

± Arises from stratum spinosum

± Metastasizes to nodes

± Early removal allows a good chance of

cure

*

± Most skin cancer

± Cancer of melanocytes

± Metastasizes rapidly to

and vessels

± Detecting Cancer- ABCD rule

* A =

Unit 1 Outline: Introduction, Cells, Tissues, and the Integumentary System 28

± Two sides of pigmented mole

match

* B = Border

± Borders of mole are

* C =

± Different colors in pigmented area

* D =

± Spot is larger then in

diameter