Türkiye II - Bir Devletin Yeniden Doğuşu - Arnold Joseph Toynbee

8/7/2019 Trkiye II - Bir Devletin Yeniden Douu - Arnold Joseph Toynbee

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eb ejibi {awini Awelbk O%[leyghh" [wc Khpwifieielbxxfx clextxekaci

kedhbhwiei [wciyh & Giw Khpbh{ie Yheikhe Klxx 7 & akb gibifthb abfateka ybh kibhjh{iwfi{iw?'Khpwif" yabe nhwnaeji giw jwx} ya ka xbxtxe {x{xdxlxebxxea aycw kfhcbh ph{hnbichbi {h}ci jbhwi yawa{facba cabfafac{akw%

Nigiw khiicbic" nabcelxebxx {awa`ekae iyicawbaefakca ccb giw khiicbic lbafa % Ph nabc ka gybh giw khiicbih yabehpwifdi giw hi{if ph aykeba{fa

ylbx ibh na wbaew%[wciyh*eie yheikhe daebaefat"khpafb ibhwbhfhtiei tabayadac

giw hpwif fikiw< Atchw kibbhtybhekii jigi" ibhwbhfhyh" ti}hw ca aebfatea" fhp ibhwh yhwbhibfhtieh ph ca aebae gxfhp ibhwie tapxexbfatea

afae gwacadac giw {hf}lkaf lbadac{w< Ylcta Ltfaebca`{aee caw} Dxfnxwiyh{}ab{ltxex tw{fa jhiwhe lc n b khpwif fikiw< {h[wciyh*yi iedhbhyhe giw {awinieie &hbiekh ith&dhpa}baekwfac lwxeka lbkxxtlwxbaw gxebawkw%'

eb ejibi {awinieie gxkhhwbhekiwfhtieh .1970)"

gxje lc iyi ph ehtehb giw akae gacfac lwxekay %


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eb ejibi {awini Awelbk O%[leyghh" [wc Khpwifieielbxxfx clextxekacikedhbhwiei [wciyh & Giw Khpbh{ie Yheikhe Klxx 7 & akb gibifthb abfateka ybh kibhjh{iwfi{iw?'Khpwif" yabe nhwnaeji giw jwx} ya ka xbxtxe {x{xdxlxebxxea aycw kfhcbh ph{hnbichbi {h}ci jbhwi yawa{facba cabfafac{akw%Nigiw khiicbic" nabcelxebxx {awa`ekae iyicawbaefakca ccb giw khiicbic lbafa % Ph nabc ka gybh giw khiicbih yabehpwifdi giw hi{if ph aykeba{fa ylbx ibh na wbaew%[wciyh*eie yheikhe daebaefat"khpafb ibhwbhfhtiei tabayadac giw hpwif fikiw< Atchw kibbhtybhekii jigi" ibhwbhfhyh" ti}hw ca aebfatea" fhp ibhwh yhwbhibfhtieh ph ca aebae gxfhp ibhwie tapxexbfatea

afae gwacadac giw {hf}lkaf lbadac{w< Ylcta Ltfaebca`{aee caw} Dxfnxwiyh{}ab{ltxex tw{ea jhiwhe lc n b khpwif fikiw< {h[wciyh*yi iedhbhyhe giw {awinieie &hbiekh ith&dhpa}baekwfac lwxeka lbkxxtlwxbaw gxebawkw%'

eb ejibi {awinieie gxkhhwbhekiwfhtieh .1970)"

gxje lc iyi ph ehtehb giw akae gacfac lwxekay %


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[WCIYH

G w Kh pbh{ie Yhe ikhe K l xxI I


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Exwhw XXWBX gacaebeka giw cxwxb {awa ekaenazwbaef{w%

Kizji & Yayfbayae? Yhei Je Naghw Aoaet Gate ph Yayedbc A%%Gatc? aka Fa{gaadbc ph Yayedbc B{k% {i%Ldac 7===


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AWELBK O%[LYEGHH

[WCIYH

Giw Khpbh{ie Y heikhe Klxx

II

hpiwhe?Catf Yawjd

Dxfnxwiyh{ JA_H[HTIEIELCXWBAWEA AWFAAEKW%


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EKHCBHW

AB[IEDI GBF[wc&Yxeae Tapa".1919&1977) :

YHKED GBFBlz ae Cle`hwaet ph Gaw Ae{bafa t 78

THC_ED GBF1:>9 @iciwbhw 49

& KLC X_XED X GB FCa}i{batylebaw ph CapifTit{hfieie Cabkwbfat ;9

LEXE DX GBF

Tab{aea{e Cabkwbfat ph Dxfnxwiyh{ie bf % % % %04

LEGWED GB FNabi`hbiie Cabkwbfat ::

LECED G BFDxfnxw iyh{ ph Kic{a{wbc 98

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AB[IEDI GBF

[WC YXEAE TAPAI .1919&1977)

Tiyatab lbaybaw khpaf hkhw ph it{aegxb ibh Aecawa awatekaci fdakhbh ji{{ich ghbiwbheiwche" Aeaklbx* ka giw atchw l&

bay ka jhbiiylwkx% ifki gxebawa giw j a{abf3 fiw*ie 1919 Fayt*fka Yxeaebbaw {awa`ekae ijabi"

yabe [wc Fibbiyh{i Nawhch{i*ei yawa{facba cabfaf" aye afaeka 1919&1977 [wc&Yxeae tapaee ka ehkhei lbfx{xw% Yxeaebbaw" yagaed ph kfae giw xbxtxe l{xwkxx jhei {l}wacbae yeh{fheie dikki tlwxebaw cawteka di cabfbawk% Yxeaebbaw" [wc {l}wacbawea ayac gataw gatfa[wc nabcea caw fhwnafh{ti giw tapaa jiwifibhw ph {a

gii gx awaka Yaceklx*ya j panh{ nawhch{bhwiei kh infabh{fhfibhwki% Phwifbi Fhekhwht pakitiei ijab h{fihw ph giebhwdh cii hpti cabf [wc hb clykxcbaw {l}wacbawe {htieh twfbhwki% Gxexe {agii tlexdx lbawac Aeaklbx*kaci fibbiyh{ibhw eh`wh{ nitbhwi ibh klbfxbaw ph nacb giw kapaee g{e xetxwbawe ihwhe giw kiwheih jhfibhwki% Fitibbhfhbhw gabaf" aw}fabaw nhw jhhe je giwa kana aw{f ph gybhdh 1919*xe tlexeka Aeaklbx*kaci Yxeae cxpph{bhwieie ta

yte thcthe gieh cawfac lwxebx lbfx{x% L afaebaw khebi [wc cxpph{bhwieie tayt gxexe yaet cakawk%

:


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F{{hìc Ycthc Clethyi*eie chekibhwieh phwkii fiw taeda ph Aypabc ca at {l}wacbae ibh {a{fie lbfayae Yxeaebbaw" lc jhfhkhe ijab h{{icbhwi {l}wacbae t{wa{hoic ehkhebhw ph Wxf a eb clwxfac ganaehtiybh jheibh{fhyhclyxbfxbawk% Yxeae ijabieh" chtie giw gae ya}bedaya cakaw ph takhdh atchw ehkhebhwbh i ie phwibfi lbfatfa wafhe"

Yxeaebbaw taeci gx {l}wacbawkae ni ji{fhyhdhcbhwfi jigikapwaefaya clyxbfxbaw" ibc i lbawac T{hwjiakit*i zfiw*h

ycthc clfithw a{afbawk% _a{hegache{ie F{{hìc cxpph{bhw {awaèkae ijabi [wcbhwie naytiyh{ieh iekiwibfi giw kaw

gh lbfx{x% ifki gxea giw kh Yxeaebbaee ya}{cbae hcbhefi{i% Nigiw hcibkh nacb jwbhfiyhdhc lbae Yxeae kapwa&ebaeea" Yxeae atchwbhwieie jiwi{icbhwi nhw caexetx nawhch{h gyc khpbh{bhw j yxfaw jigi jweylw" gx kxwxf ka[wcbhwi gtg{e ccw{ylwkx%

L jeh cakaw '[wciyh*eie c{ hwiekh {actifieh aykebawe }hc ghbiwbi lbfayae giw i{iwa ' jigi jwehe Fibbiyh{i Nawhch{" aw{c gyc giw j lbfx{x% F{awhch jhwhiedhF{{hìcbhwh phwibfhti jhwhche tibnbawe {htbifi kxwfx{x% Fibbiyh{i lwkx jbhekiwibfi{i ph Fxt{aà Chfab kh Atya [wci&

yhti*eie ietaebae awateka i{igawe ycthb{iylw ph lebawkae ji{{ich aw{ae giw kht{hc jwylwkx% Nhw ji{{ii yhwkh" ekhwi lbkxx khpwifdi nawhch{ kht{hcbheiylwkx% Kfae ijabieie nacawh{i ph jb giw ciibiie t bhwi" nacawh{h xwaf xbxtxe iie

khci a{hi" giw cpbdf jigi" yheikhe {x{x{xwfaya yh{fi{i%t{ib ab{eka ith" giw xbxtxe a{hi lc kana }awbac ph ycd lbxw% Gx tayhkh" Fibbiyh{i Nawhch{" Aeak lbx*ka xfxbfakc giw n ba" Yxeae ijabi naghwieie xba{ nhw yhwkh yaybf{% Nabikh Hki}" 'A{h{he Jfb hc ' adxekaci wlfaeeka gxfibb nitti lc jb giw cabhfbh aeba{fac{akw%


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Gx ch [wciyh ibh Yxeaeit{ae awateka }a{bac phwhe ta pa" [wc aeapa{aeee cxw{awbfat iie ya}bae giw tapxefatapayk% Gx tapa &kana edh kh ghbiw{{iifi jigi& atchwcayeacbawe ph jde iyi nhta}bafakcbaw yagaed giw bchkh" F{{hìcbhwie xyjxbafac it{hkicbhwi hf}hwyabi f }lbi{icatee giw tlexdxykx% Gyc tapa xateka ya}{cbaw ji bi aebafabawkae klae ki}blfa{ic chfhchie iiekhe cfac it{hyhe F{{hìc Ycthc Clethyi*eie leay ibh jhwhcti

giw Yxeae it{ibt gx tapaa ylb af{% @aca{ gx tapae lc kana jhei aebafe ka j khe x ac {x{fafaby % ec gxtapa{a aywda" wana{t hkibfhkhe cheki ylbxeka jhbifhc"cabcefac it{hyhe giw Klxbx xbxtxe fdakhbhtiei" whedikhhkibhe fibbiyh{ibiie kana jb khpbh{bhwh caw }wl{ht{ltxex ph Klx*ya tlcxbae Ga{ }wheti}bhwieie Ga{*ya jhwi {h}fhtiei jwylwx %

[wciyh chekiei x xe twhe giw Klxbx yeh{ifie cgx

txekae cxw{awfac iie fdakhbhyh jiwifi{i% Ga{*ya" Ga&{*kae whekii kibbh ni{a} hkiylw ph jwbc cbdf Ga{ fibbiyh{ibiiekhe abk ìciwbhwbh {apbylwkx% [wciyh aw{c gaca bchbhwie he {agii nacc lbawac {aeef lbae gaft bc ph jwbc iiekh cabcefa nacc iie nawhch{h jhiylwkx%

[wciyh*eie gx nacbawf iecw hkhebhw" lexe he h{ie kiwhefhtiybh cawbafbawk% Nact giw ganaeh ibh Aeaklbx*ya ywf" gaw yhwieh cb jh{iwfi lbaebaw" tlebawe yi

eh cb ab{eka gxbadacbawk% ]a{bac phwhe tapa" giw xbxta ya}bae nacawh{ie tlexdxykx% Gx tapa{a" g{e giw xbxtxe cab gi giw {hc aw x ibh a{f{w? Xbxtab g{ebc ph kayaebfa giw yagaed glyxekxwxx {hnkikiekhe cxw{xbfac%

Gybhdh kiwhefh na wbcbawea nhfhe jiwiibki% Yhei ekhw" Aeaklbx*ka atchw gxbfac{a jbc hcfhfi{i% Le ici yb


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twhe twhcbi tapabawkae tlewa" F{awhch if abaek afae"

nhfhe [wc lwkxtxexe {hwnitieh gabaef{% [hwnit lbaebaw" ylwjxekx% Gxea wafhe kapaee cx{tabb yieh nhwchti tibnab{eka {l}bak% Gabaej{a ekhwie hbiekh k hebi atchwbhwkhe fhykaea jhbfi ici {fhe pawk% Tipat ph Xac nabceaawka gxbxekxx afae hbi tibn {x{ae nhwcht lexe gaywaab{eka {l}baefaya clfx{x% Gx awaka" Gaekwfa& fiw gbjhtiekhci cxpph{bhwie cxfaekaf lbae Abgay Ghciw Tafi" t{aegxb*a gacabkwf ph le gie atchwi ibh Fxt{aà Chfab*h

ca{bf{% Fxt{aà Chfab" aw{c g{e fibbiyh{i cxpph{bhwie gaclfx{aeyk%

Fxt{aà Chfab*ie gaywa ab{eka {l}baeae atchwbhwie jawi} giw jwe pawk% Tapa{ae àciw cf giw bcheie ietaebawykbaw% t{bhwi gabae kcbylwkx% @aca{ he h{ie atchwie gibh kayaefat j lbae aw{baw iiekh" yhei giw tapaef{ni naya{ea thphwhc ph it{hyhwhc clfxbawk%

Gx awaka Chfabit{ lwkx iie lc hy xykxwxbfx{xw% At

chwbhwie awateka" Hwfheibhwie ph Wxfbaee hwbhwieh tabkw{&fac iie [ab{ ]aa {awaèkae na}itnaehbhwkhe tabef fadhwadbaw gxbxekxx tybhefi{iw% Chfabit{ lwkxexe" yafa

ph ca ae ifcebae gxbxekxx iie jbhefi lbkxx tybhefi{iw% h{hbhwie" naykx{baee lwkxya gx ehkhebh ca{bflbkxcbae ka tybhefi{iw% Lyta Fxt{aà Chfab ]aa*fe hbiekh lc kana iyi giw j cayea pawk% Gx" f}awa{lwbxc lwkxtxexe txgaybawyk% F{awhchkhe tlewa" lx t{aegxb*ka ph

gaca hniwbhwkh iti jt klbaylwbawk% Ltfaeb lwkxtxeka 78%=== txgay gxbxekxx ph lxexe ka Aweapx{" Awa}"Cw{ jigi [wc lbfayae xetxwbawkae lbkxx nhta}baef{w%Fxn{hfhbhe gx htci txgaybawkae gh giei naya{bawe ca aefac iie Fxt{aà Chfab*h ca{bfbawka% Gx jbhwbh fhyka&

1=


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ea jhbhe fibbiyh{i lwkxexe gaea jhhe Fxt{aà Chfab kh"

[wc aeapa{aef tapxefac iie it{ibd Yxeae cxpph{bhwieia ifbh cawbafaya cf{%[wc&Yxeae tapae htat ta`naya aywagibiwi % 197=*kh

jhhe giwiedi ta`na" Yxeaebbawe bhnieh lbaekw% 1971 ph1977*khci iciedi ph ed ta`nabawka gaawb Yxeae tabkwbae lbfx" àca{ nhw giwi giw [wc a`hwiybh tlexbaef{w%1977*kh ith [wc a`hwi {afafbaef{w%

a) bc tabke 197= Na iwae* tlebaeeka lbfx{xw% ejib

{hwh" @waeta ph {abya*kae i ie abae Yxeaebbaw dh}nhkh gatae ibh ibhwbhfibhwki% Giw Yxeae lwkxtx" cawba{ jb kiwhefhyh wafhe Gabchtiw*khe ibhwbhfhyh gabaf ph Fawfawa Khei i*eh xbaf{% Gx ibhwbhfh twateka Gaekwfa"Gxwta" Fxkaeya" Jhfbic ph fi{ hbh jhiwibfi{i% Yxeaebbaw ayeda Gaekwfa&Acnitaw&Faeita khfiwylbxexe cle{wlbeka tabafbawk% ci ejibi wnbtee ka kanib lbkxx giw Yxeae cawfa khei cxpph{i {awaèkae kht{hcbhehe giw gaca Yx

eae lwkxtx ka [hciwka ph kihw Fawfawa bifaebaee ijab h{fi" ici na`{a iiekh [wc kiwhediei cwawac 78 [hffx *kaHkiweh *yh jiwfi{i% Hkiweh*kh Yxeae ijabi ab{eka yaafac it{hfhyhe le ici gie [wc*e Gxbjawit{ae*a jhfi lbkxx tybhefhc{hkiw% Nawhch{ tt i fiw lbae ed giw lwkx ka klxya klwx ibhwbhfhyh clyxbfx ph 79 Axt{lt*{a Xac* a xbaawac gxway ijab h{fi{i%

Gx agxc gaawbaw" Yxeaebbawe gae kekwf{%

Aeaklbx*kaci hf}hwyabit{ th`hwbhwie gabda Yxeaeb tlwxfbxtx lbae Phei hblt" Gyc Tapa twateka Yxeaeit{ae*eF{{hìcbhwh ya}{ ni fh{bhwie fcà{ lbawac gaca [wc {l}wacbawe ka it{hfhc dhtawh{iei gxbfx{x%

Yxeaebbaee gx cta th`hwbhw twateka hbkh h{{icbhwi ga&

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aebawe ehkhei" fakk ifcebaeee glbbxxykx% Flkhwe ta pabawka lwkxbawe dae kafakae lbae xba{wfa gacfekae Yxeaebbaw fchffhb giw kxwxfka gxbxexylwbawk% Hbbhwiekh glb fic{awka cafyle pawk ph zfiw*khe cae khfiwylbxex cle{wlbbae ab{ea abfbawk% Tibn gacfekae ka nhwnaeji giw tcf{bae ylc{x% Gyc Tapa*e tle ybbaeekaci Fachkleya th`hwiekhe cabfa" ejibiz ph @waetzbawe phwkicbhwini cxbbaebfaf tibnbawba kleaefbawk% 191> F{awhch&ti*ekhe tlewa ka Yxeaebbawa yhei tibnbaw phwibfi{i% Yxeae&bbaee kheiz ylbbae ka {afafhe ac{% Gxea cawbc" [wcbhw" bcheie dlwa`ya giifiekhe {w" Aeaklbx*exe lw{ateka tcfbaw ph gxbagibkicbhwi fabzhfh ibh yh{iefhc zlwxeka cabfbawk%

Ayeda" yieh [wcbhw nhez kzhebi giw lwkx hcbiekh w&j{bhefhfibhwki% Gxwta gbjhtiekhci Aezapxw h{hbhwieie Fibbiyh{ibhwh caw cfat ph t{aegxb ncfh{ieie kfaebnh} ayac ga lbfx{x% Yabez Lw{a Aeaklbx*kae jhhe khfiw ylbx ibh gxexe Aecawa clbxekae àykabaeagibiylwbawk% Hbbhwiekh flkhwe {a{bae ph iyi ylbbaw ylc{x% F{awhch*khe tlewa hbbhwiekh glb fic{awka naì` tibn cabf{3 àca{ yh{hwbi {l} ylc{x% Gx yh{hwtizbicbhw cawteka" [wcbhwie" tapae gx ta`nateka Yxeaebbae kxwkxwafaf lbfabaeea afafabkw% Gxeawafhe jt{hwkicbhwi kiwhe" Yxeaebbae aw{faya yh{fi{i%

g) 1971 ybee gabaeeka atchw kxwxf" Yxeaebbae phF{{hìcbhwi hekihbhekiwiylwkx% [wciyh*eie Atya pibyh{bh

wiei ijab ab{eka {x{fac Yxeaebbaw iie xfkxc{ae cakaw clbay lbfaf{% Ph [wcbhwie jd kh ji{{ich aw{ylwkx% Gx kxwxf cawteka" xga{ ayeka Blekwa*ka giw cle`hwaet {l}baefat {hcbi` hkibfi{i% Gxea Yxeae khbhjhbhwi" t{aegxb ncfh{ieie {hftibdibhwi ph Aecawa ncfh{ieie {hftibdibhwi a

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ebfbawk% F{{hìc khpbh{bhw" gx cle`hwaet{a {awa`bawa ga

{hcbi`bhwkh gxbxekxbaw%Gxebaw" atbeka Thpw Ae{bafat*ee" aw{c i{igaw ph jbhwi ibh chekibhwiei taykwfaya gabaf lbae [wcbhw iie kana yxfxac ph kana cagxb hkhgibhdhcbhwi giw hcibkh khi{iwibfhtiekhe gaca giwhy khibki% @aca{ Chfabit{ [wcbhw it{hcbhwiekh jhwibhfhfibhw ph {hcbi` hkibhe aw{bae {aefafbawk% Awagxbxdxbxc agabawee giw tlex phwfhkiiei jwedh" F{{hìc khpbh{bhw hbbhwiei ycay} iie iiekhe tywbadac&

baee ph [wc& Yxeae tapaeka {awa`t giw {x{xf i bhyhdhcbhwiei ibe h{fibhwki% Ei{hcif gx cawawbaee fayt ayeka ya}&{cbae giw whtf {awa`t bc khcbhwatylex ibh giw chwh kana {hcwawbafbawk%

F{{hìcbhwie aw{c chekibhwiei kht{hcbhfhyi whkkh{fhticawteka ieìabh ya}bae Yxeaebbaw" gx th`hw klt{bawee yawkf ibh hbkh hkhfhkicbhwiei cheki gabaeea ca aefac nhphtieh ca}bfbaw ph kana jhei a}{a atchw na wbcbawa jiwi

fibhwki% [wcbhwie Fibbiyh{i lwkxyx {af giw hcibkh wj{bhfhbhwieh afae gwacfakae" aye fhptif iiekh gyc giw tabkeya cabcfaya cawaw phwfibhwki%

Gx khà Yxeaebbawe chtie nhkhì" Fibbiyh{i [wc Ncfh{ieie fhwch i lbae Aecawa iki% Yxeae lwkxtxexe ekhwbhwi" gx nhkh`h ya}badac gaaeb giw tabkwee aye afaeka gyc giw flwab" ki}blfa{ic ph }lbi{ic a`hw lbadaea ka ieaefbawk% Aecawa*ee hbh jhiwibfhti" g{e tapa hwiekh khwie giw

}ticlbloic i geacadac" nhf kh Chfabit{bhw tbhwiekhe a{bflbadacbawk% Aecawa k{ {ackiwkh" gxwaya cakaw jhbhe khfiwylbx icfab clbaybcbae tabayadac" gxekae àykabaebawac caae Fibbiyh{ibhw clpabaeadac ph tlexeka g{e Aeaklbx hbhjhiwibhdhc{i% Aecawa kiwheth gibh" gxwaya cakaw x aeae khfiw&

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ylbx" gx awaka Yxeae cxpph{bhwi {awaèkae {anwi} hkibhdhc3 gx

exe tlexdxeka ka Fibbiyh{ibhwie fhwch i aw{c ih yawafa giw t lbadac{% Yxeaebbawe cawawe th he Fxt{aà Chfab ]aa" Aecawa*y tapxefac ph Yxeaebbaw jhwi hpiwfhc iie nhw {wb {hw{igi abf{% Giw Yxeae ya awe khkii jigi 'Aecawa" cc giw Phwkxe lbadac hcibkh {acpiyh hkibfi{i'%

Aecawa*ee tapxefat iie [wcbhw lbkxca apae{aob giw kxwxfka ikibhw% hnwh" abac {h}hbhwie hpwhbhkii cx hy yeekh yacbafac j{% Jehykh kh [x Jb gybh giw yac

bafay ifcet cbylwkx% Aw{c [wc lwkxtx ka iyidh wj{bhefi ph Yxeaebbawa nhw eh }anatea lbxwta bte kiwhefh

yh na w nabh jhbfi{i% Yxeaebbaw" ldac ayeka Htcihniw*kh giw ylcbafa ya}{c

{ae tlewa faw{ ayeka A`ylecawanitaw ph Htcihniw*h tabkw ya jhfibhwki% bc nhkh`" A`yle ph Htcihniw khfiwylbx capacbawe hbh jhiwfhc{i% Gx gaawbk {ackiwkh" t{aegxb*kae fiw*h x aeae yawf ay giifiekhci khfiwylbx cle{wlb ab{ea abef3 [wcbhw" fiw dh}nhtiekhci cxpph{bhwiei ghtbhfhc iie cxbbaekcbaw Aecawa&Cleya khfiwylbxekae ylctxe cabf lbadacbawk% Yxeaebbaw" A`yle*x ijab h{fibhw" àca{ lc jhfhkhe gxway gwacfac lwxeka cabfbawk% ec Htcihniw*h klwx ya}{cbaw atb tabkw eitae ayee ibc jebhwiekh ee*kh kxwkxwxbfx{x%

1= [hffx 1971 *kh Yxeaebbaw yhei giw tabkwya jiwifibhwki% Gx ch C{anya*ya klwx nawhch{h jhhe Yxeae cxpph{bhwi" gabaej{a ga clbay gataebaw hbkh h{fibhw ph n ba ibhwbhfibhwki% C{anya kf" [wc cxpph{bhwi hcibiedhyh cakaw Htcihniw cxa{bf{% tfh{ ]aa*ef cxpph{bhwi" Htcihniw*kh ylwjxe Yxeae atchwbhwieh le je j a{wfaf" àca{it{ibdbaw [wcbhwie gx tabkwbaeea caw clyagibfibhwki%

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Gxekae tlewa A`ylecawanitaw ijab hkibfi ph [wcbhw

dh}nhyh }awabhb x aeae khfiwylbxekae ylctxe gwacbfbawk% Gxea wafhe" [wc cxpph{bhwieie gyc giw ctf awaw jwfhkhe Aecawa*ee tapxefa na{{ lbae Tacawya ehnwieh cakaw hcibhgibfi{i% [wcbhw gxwaka kxwfxbaw ph kfaea cawclyfac iie g{e jbhwiei {l}bafbawk% Yxeaebbaw giwcana`{a kiebhekic{he tlewa yieh ibhwbhfhyh clyxbfxbaw ph 7; Axt{lt*{a Tacawya ehnwiekh [wcbhwbh yheikhe {hfat cxwfxbawk%

Gx kh`a [wc lwkxtxea Fxt{a`a Chfab ]aa cxfaekahkiylwkx ph yawkfdt ka tfh{ ]aa iki% Cawbafa" ikkh{bi aw}fabawba awabct na`{a twf{w% [wcbhwie ekhwi tc tc tapa abaeee lw{atfkayk% Giw th`hwiekh kh dikki giw hcibkh yawabaef{% [wcbhw ph Yxeaebbaw jt jthjhbfibhwki% Gx" nhfhe nhfhe hi{ jbhw awateka jhhe clwcxe giw a{fayk%

Gx" jhwhc{he Klx ibh Ga{*ef" Ga{bbaf giw khpbh{

ibh yhei [wciyh*eie t{ebc iie aw}fabawyk% na`{atlexeka [wcbhwie kiwhediei cwafayae Yxeaebbaw einayh{ibhwbhfhc{he pa jhfhc ph caw tabkwya jhhe [wc Fibbi yh{ibhwi eekh jhwi hcibfhc lwxeka cabfbawkw%

Yxeaebbawe flwabbhwi cf{% 10 Hybb*kh jhehb *wida{* hfwi phwibfi{i% Ph yheic Yxeaebbaw hcibiwche ylbbae t{ekhci cybhwi kxwfact e yac} ycylwbawk% Aye yiwfiekh Htcihniw&A`yle na{{ekaci htci fhp ibhwieh cakaw h

cibfibhwki%Nhkh`bhwieh xbafac{a gaaet ba xwafbaw ph [wc

bhw kh iciedi gyc a`hwbhwiei ca aefbawk% Jhwi" gx a`hw chtie giw tlex phwfhfi" Yxeae lwkxtx ylc hkibhfhfi{i% @aca{ [wcbhwh jhwhcbi flwab {acpiyhtiei phwfi{i% Tacawya Ta&

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pa ibh" [wc&Yxeae tapaeka kxwxf {hwtieh kef{% Kh

ehgibiw ci% gx tapa" iiekh yaakf y yb {awinieie he g yc tapabawekae giwikiw .1)% Gx tapa i bhyhe giw ybbc kxwjxebxc" [wcbhwh jbhwiei {l}bafac ph lwkxyx kana iyi kxwxfa jh{iwfhc iie glb afae ca aekwf{w%

Tacawya a`hwiekhe nhfhe tlewa Fxt{a`a Chfab ]aa" Aecawa*ya kef ph [wciyh Gyc Fibbh{ Fhdbiti lea 'Ja

i' xepaee phwfi ph w{ghtiei kh fawhabbih ycthb{fi{i%Fxt{a`a Chfab ]aa gx feathgh{bh Fhdbit{h ya}{ clex

faka" Yxeaebbawba tapa clextxeka Fibbiyh{ibhwie {x{xfxex aca ghbiw{fi ph xebaw tybhfi{i?

'xex aca tybiyhyif ci" gi tapa it{hfiylwx % Gi gaw it{iylwx % Caeaa{if lkxw ci" gybh giw jayh iie hejhb ylc{xw% Yxeae lwkxtx" gi if fhwx nacbawf kae pa jhhdhifi i taeylwta" yaebylw% Xbxtxfx x lw{akae cabkwfa {hhggtbhwieh caw pawlbxxfx x tibnba tapxefaf lc {a

giikiw% Gxekae" kana facxb ph nacb giw {x{xf lbfa % H`heki

bhw" xekae hfie lbxex ci" bchfi ie {l}wacbaweka giw {hc kfae atchwi cabfayfdaya cakaw Yxeae lwkxtxea caw tabkwbawf a khpaf hkhdhi %'

@aca{ atchw tabkwbawka aybawda giw kxwacbafa lbkx% Na&ebcbaw" th`hwghwbic" wj{bhefh n ba khpaf h{fi3 gxea caw

bc giw yba yace giw twh iiekh htatb a{fa lbfaf{% Yxeaebbaw nb Aeaklbx*kaykbaw ph fhp ibhwiei ffce lb&

.1) ' Tacawya cybawekaci [wc a hwi Yace ph Lw{a Klx*exe tiyatab ye khi{iwfhfi{iw% ci y ybkae ghwi Ga{" in{iyaw Ltfaeb f}awa{lwbxx*ex }awabafaya abylwkx% @aca{ Tacawya*ka [wce chekiti ibh cawbaf{w ph lea klcxekxx aeka ka {awinie ye khifi{iw% [awin giw je" Tacawyacybaweka dhwhyae hkhe ph lc ciftheie gibfhkii gx tapa* khpwifi ie he g yc lbaybawekae giwi lbawac caykhkhdhc{iw%' &Dbaiw ]widh3 '[nh Whgiw{n l [xw&chy& [wciyh*eie Yhfkhe Klxx'

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kxx cakaw {acpiyh h{fhyh" ijab h{{icbhwi {l}wacbawe tewba

weka {x{xefaya abylwbawk%Gx awaka tiyatab khiicbicbhw n ba khpaf hkiylw ph gxe

baw kxwxfx [wc Fibbiyh{ibiieie kapat bhniekh jhbi{iwiylwbawk%

Tacawya a`hwi giw lc h{citi ya}f{% Aeaklbx tapaeka [wcbhw aw{c 't{e {awa`{% Aw{c g{e keya" Aecawancfh{ieie" ji{{ich aw{ae atchwi jd ibh" nxcxche khibth gibh ìibhe [wciyh*eie ncfh{i lbkxxex cagxb h{fhc l

wxebxbxxex kxyxylwkx% 1977 Faw{* fka F{{hìcbhw" ]awit *{h yieh giw cle`hwaet {l}baefate {hcbi` h{fibhwki% @aca{ ibhwitwbhe aw{baw cagxb hkibfhkiiekhe" gx ka gaawt bcba tlexbaef{% Aw{c F{{hìcbhw kh Klx*kaci tapa{ae tcbfa ya" Yxeaebbaw Aeaklbx*ya yhwbh{iwfhc }bebawee txya k{e jwfhyh gabafbawk%

Yxeaeit{ae* kht{hcbhfhtieie chekiekhe lc ejib{hwh*eie }lbi{icat lbkxxex nitthkhe ph Chfabi f*kh ab ph

wi hkibhdhc yhei giw j àwchkhe @waeta" chekitieh àykab lba gibhdhc giw aebafa ylbxex {x{fx{x gibh% 1971 xga{ ph Faw{aybaweka Blekwa*ka {l}baeae cle`hwaet{a Aecawa ibh klwxkae klwxya aebafaya {hhggt h{fi lbae @waeta" Tacawya

a`hwiekhe tlewa" ici bch awateka ayw giw aebafa ya}fac iie @waecbie&Glxibble*x Aecawa*ya jekhwfi{i% 7= Hcif1971 *kh if abaeae ph chekitieh naghw phwibfhkii" hb eji&bi &@waet aebafabawea aycw lbkxx iie ejib{hwh*eie ik

kh{bi {h}citi ibh cawbaae" @waecbie Glxibble ]ac{" Aecawa aebafat ya ka [wc&@waet aebafat lbawac {aeeae gx ghbjh Thpw Aebafat*ea jwh [wciyh iie kana yawawbyk% Giw chwh" [wciyh ibh Txwiyh awatekaci tew {htgi{ hkibiylwkx% Tlewa @waet baw Akaea gbjhtiekhe cxpph{bhwif hcfhyi cagxb

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hkiylwbawk% %Jhwhc{h @waet baw" [wcbhwie atchw gatcbaecawteka cxpph{bhwieie giw ctfe kana edh hcfi gxbxexylwbawk% Gxea cawbc @waet baw ka [wcbhwkhe ga cawbaw hbkh hkiylwbawk% Cawakhei gbjhtiekhci cwlf" khfiw phjf fakhebhwiekhe 99 ybbc giw if{iya cl}awfbawk%Gaka{ Khfiwylbxexe giw ctff ka ibh{hdhcbhwki%

@waet cxpph{bhwieie Akaea gbjhtiekhe hcibfhti" Fxt{aà Chfab*ie cxpph{bhwieie >=%=== cii ibh {acpiyhti khfhc{i% @waeta Gagacae Awit{ikh Gwiaek*e tybhkiieh jwh" gbjhkh giw fic{aw @waet atchwi ph gxebawe cawtfka aye fic{awka [wc cxpph{i gxbxefac{ayk% Aywda @waet baee hcibiwche [wcbhwh ;=%=== ciiyi klea{adac tibn ph fab hfh kh

gwacf lbkxcbaw tybhefhc{hkiw% Gx" yabe Yxeaebbawa iekiwibhe gyc giw kawgh lbfacba cabfaf" @waet baee [wcbhwie kapatf kht{hcbhfhyh gabafabae ibh Yxeaebbae Aeaklbx*ya yhwbh{iwfhc it{hyhe F{{hìcbhw awatekaci igiwbiikh tlea hwfi{i% Gx" @waeta aw{c" Aecawa ncfh{iei [wci&

yheie ìibi ncfh{i lbawac {aeylw" khfhc{i% Ayeda ka" nbt{aegxb*kaci b Ltfaeb ncfh{iei kht{hcbhfhyh khpaf h&khe ejib{hwh*khe giw cl}fayk% [wciyh tlwxexeka F{{hìcbhw awateka giwbic ylcbxx ka gybhdh lw{aya cylwkx% @waeta" [wciyh ibh giw aebafa ya}{c{ae tlewa" [wc&Yxeae tapafa ìibi nigiw ca{bfaka gxbxefayadac{%

1971 Na iwae*fka" @waet baee Akaea gbjhtiekhe hcibfhbhwiekhe edh3 [wciyh*eie" 1918 Blekwa Ae{bafat ph

tlewa Thpw Ae{bafat*eka ejwk jigi F{{hìcbhw awateka giw }aybafaya wa lbfayadaf aebayae {abyaebaw ka cheki cxpph{bhwiei Ae{abya gbjhtiekhe hcfibhwki% Gx ybe ganafka {abyaebaw ka Chfabit{bhwbh giw aebafaya pawfbawk%Gxekae gaca {abya" 41 Faw{ 1977*kh t{aegxb ncfh{i ibh

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kh giw gaw aebafat ya}f{% Gybhdh" i{abya ka" @waeta ji gi Yaceklx*kaci chfhch{he hbiei h{hiei hcfi{i%

Kana edh kh ghbiw{{iifi jigi" F{{hìc kibhwi gacaebaw 1977 Faw{*fka ]awit*{h {l}baefbaw ph Thpw Ae{bafa&t*eka [wciyh*eie bhnieh khiicbicbhw ya}fbawk% 77 Faw{*{aka" F{{hìcbhw Aecawa ph A{iea*ya giw f{awhch {hcbiì jekhwfibhwki% Kw{ je tlewa ka gaca giw {hcbi` ya}bf{% Gxea jwh" giw f{awhcheie if abaefatekae tlewa Yxeae cxp ph{bhwi kw{ ay iiekh Aeaklbx*yx glab{adacbaw ph gx yhwbhw

{hcwaw [wcbhwie hjhfhebiieh phwibhdhc{i%Gx {hcbi`bhw A{iea ph it{aegxb ncfh{bhwi {awaèkae ca gxb hkibfi àca{ Aecawa Ncfh{ieie Kibhwi Gacae Yxtx` Chfab Ghy {awaèkae i{iwa ba cawbaef{% Aecawa" Yxeae {anbiyhtieie khwnab gabafate" kw{ ay iiekh {afafbaefate ph f{awhcheie lekae tlfa if abaefate it{iylwkx%F{{hìcbhw" Yxeaebbawe Aeaklbx*yx glab{fabaw twhtieiectabagibhdhi" àca{ edh f{awhcheie ya}bfatee aw{ lb&'

kxx ylbxeka giw dhpa} phwfibhwki% [hffx a cakaw giw tlex abeafayeda" Yxeaebbaw yieh x ay} jikhe gx tcd kxwxfa cheki gabawea ph tibn lwx ibh awh gxbfaya nhpht h{fibhwki%

1: [hffx *ka" fiw*khci Yxeae Ycthc Clfithwbii" A{iea*kaci yhei cwabd ncfh{{he" gbjhyi fxn{aw giw 'Iyle& ya' khpbh{i nabieh jh{iwfhc hfwiei abf{% Aecawa" yieh" fhp&

dx{ ae{bafabawe gx {hc {awa`b gl xbfate ikkh{bh }wl{ht{l

h{fi ph gxex ebhfhc iie g{e kiwhediei jt{hwhdhiei gibkiwfi{i% Yxeaebbaw gaca yhwbhwkh kh aye nhphtbhwi ghtbiylwbaw" it{aegxb*x ijab ph hbh jhiwfhc eiyh{iekh lbkxcbawe gibkiwiylwbawk% Gxexe iie kh*kxwfakae [wacya*ka yfac ya}ylwbawk% F{{hìc khpbh{bhw akea clexae iejib{hwh Gaga&

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cae Bblyk Jhlwjh" Yxeaebbawe t{aegxb*x ijab h{fhbhwieh

i ie phwibfhyhdhiei gibkiwiylwkx%d) [wc&Yxeae tapaee tle aw}fabaw 1> Axt{lt1977*kh gabaf" gx na`{a iiekh Gxwta gbjhtiekh ph Fhekhwht pakitiekh cc a{fabaw lbfx{x% Khwche giw tabk&w&tapxefa nawhch{iybh tfh{ ]aa" 70 Axt{lt*{a" A`yleca&wanitaw*kaci Yxeae dh}nhtieie lw{atea ycbhefi{i% ikkh{bi giw aw}fakae tlewa Yxeae dh}nhti cwbf ph Yxeae lwkxtx adhbh ibh jhwi hcibfhyh gabaf{% Yxeaebbaw {aci} hkhe

[wcbhw aye 79*xea cakaw cwc ciblfh{wh ibhwbhfibhwki% Aye79% ph 4=% jebhwi Kxfbx}faw*ka iciedi giw aw}fa lbfx ph Yxeaebbaw tapa abaee gwac} cafbawk% Gxekae tlewa Xac*{a {x{xefaya abfbaw" àca{ gaawafafbawk% 7Hybb*kh [wc tpawibhwi Xac*a ph Yxeae cawawjnea kabf"Jhehwab [wicl}it ph g{e cxwfayf htiw h{fi{i% Gx lbaykaetlewa Yxeae lwkxtx cf{% Flwab ph kayaefa jd {afafhe ylc lbfx{x%

Yxeaeit{ae*kaci tiyatab he{wicabaw tlexdx Phei hblt*xekfhti ph Cwab Clet{ae{ie*ie {hcwaw {an{ea kefhti hwieh" Aeaklbx tapae yw{fhc{h lbae {hdwghbi Phei hbltdxtxgaybaw ka dh}nhkhe abefbaw" gxeaee yhwieh yh{hwti cwabd txgaybaw jh{iwibfi{i% Gx lbaybaw" Aeaklbx*ka F{{hìcbhwie Yxeaebbaw kht{hcbhfhc{he pa jhfhbhwi3 [wcbhw cawtekaxwaebae yheibjibhwbh flwabie kfhti ph tybhekiieh jwh " Yxeae atchwbhwi awateka Glbhpic }wl}ajaekaee ab} yw

fhti giw awaya jhbiedh Yxeae lwkxtxeka atchw yh{hwbibic kiyh giwhy cabfaf{% Atchwbhwie iyi ghtbhefhfhti" iyi jiykiwib&fhfhti" ì ic aw{baefe c{b gx yh{hwti bii aw{wae h{chebhw lbfx{xw% Gxebawa A`yle ph Kxfbx}faw yheibjibhwi kh gieiedh Xac*{aci {af ce{ caebfa lbfx{x%

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Kwafe gxekae tlewate nhwcht gibiylw% Tapa abaebawe

ka yheibfi" f{{hìcbhwi {awaèkae abka{bf" yh{hwti tiyatab clfithwbhw {awaèkae c{ yeh{ibfi" }wl}ajaekabaw ph fiw*ie glab{bada tybhe{ibhwi ibh hniwbhefi Yxeae lwkxtxexe eatb }awa }awa lbkxxex gibfhyhe ylc% Xac gl jxexekae tlfa" @hp i ]aa*fe cxfaekatekaci [wc atchwbhwieie }hbhwieh k{ Yxeaebbawe eatb cafaya clyxbkxcbawf" thci jekh 78= ciblfh{wh ylb abkcbawe kxyfayae cabfak% Yxeaebbawe eatb gl jxe nabiekh caawche" yabe iiekhe jh{icbhwi cybhwi a{hh phwfhc iie kxwkxcbawe" awcabaweka yaeje yhwbhwi ph nawaghbhwkhe gaca giwhy gwacfakcbawe ph einayh{ 9 Hybb je fiw wn{fbawea eatb twehwhc pawkcbawe ph fx a``hw [wc lwkxtxexe ka aye aekahnwh jiwi} eatb aw}fakae che{i ijab h{{iiei whefhyhecabfak%

Tapa gi{fi{i% Jhwiyh Yxeaebbawe glab{bfat" fiw*kh[wc facafbawee k hei cxwfabaw3 xwaka gxwaka tacbaef kfae cee{baeef gxbxex} a{bfat ii cabf{%

Ga{a" k he lbkxca iyi clwxefx{x% @aca{ giebhwdh [wc atchwieie hnwh klbfat ibh gx i tlewabaw kana jbh{i% Yhw yhw yafa ph ikkh{ lbaybaw lbfx" ga {hnbichbi cifthbhwietacbaek taebae Hwfhei fanabbhtieh gatcebaw ya}bf{%

Cawcbcbawe gabafatekae giwca je tlewa clwcxe giw yaeje hnwie yawte ab} j{wk% Yaeje giw na`{a twf ph fiw*ie he hejie gbfe ylc h{fi{i% Gx yaeje"'Jpxw fiw'ie dhnheehf a{hi" [wciyh*eie {hfi bhefhtieie thfglbyk% Fibbiyh{ibhw ca aefbawk%

Tapa ca aefbawk% fiw*ie ijabi jigi j giw teapca aefbawk% ifki ebhwiekh he gyc teap" teapbawe hejd pawk? bchyi yeh{fhc!

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fiw*kh jhbihe gx lbaaet{ lbaybaw g{e keyaeenaywh{ klbx gacbawe hwieh hchw" caae Yxeaebbawa cxp ph{bi giw thf}a{i kxyxbxwche ph gxebaw cxw{awfac iie hbbicbh Afhwicae yawkf wj{bhwi {awaèkae nhw awhyh gapxwxbxwche [wcbhw kh gl kxwfxylwbawk Yxeaebbawe yabe Aeaklbx*kae a{bfabaw ibh yh{iefhyhe Fxt{aà Chfab ]aa" Yxeaebbawe Klx [wacya*kae ka cfabawe ph gx gbjheieFibb Fitac*{a ghbiw{ibfi lbkxx jigi [wciyh*yh jhwi phwib

fhtiei it{iylwkx% Gx afaba [wc cxpph{bhwi" [wacya*ya jhfhc ph Aeaklbx*ka ya}{cbaw jigi lwakae ka Yxeaebbaw a{fac iie" cx hyh" Gla baw*a klwx nawhch{h jhfibhwki%

Gla baw* a paweda" Fxt{aà Chfab ]aa" ylbxexe aeaccabh*kh ejibi bhw {awaèkae chtibkiiei jwf{w% F{{hìcbhw" 18 Fayt 1918*{h [wc&Yxeae Tapaeka {awa`t bcbaweibe hkhwbhwche Ackhei ph Cawakhei Gla bawee nhw ici yaeeka {awa`t gbjhbhw kh fhykaea jh{iwfi ph tapaae {awa`

bawe gxwabawa jiwfhbhwiei yatacbafbawk%[hffx ayeka Yxeaebbaw gx gbjhyh tlcfaf lbaeejibi cxpph{bhwi clfx{ae Jhehwab Nawwiej{le" [wcbhwh caw ka ayf {x{xfx jt{hwiylwkx% Fxt{aà Chfab ]aa ith" Yxeaebbaw [wacya*ka ka clpabafac iie chekitieh ylb phwibfhtiei it{iylwkx% Whk dhpag abeda ka cxpph{bhwiei fi{ gbjhtieh ph aeaccabh hnwiekhci f{{hìc jawei lexexe cawtea yf{%

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Gxnwae" @waeta*ee giwkhe }lbi{ica khi{iwfhti ibh kanaka gyk% 17 ph 14 Hybb*kh" @waeta*ee" {awa`t gbjheie

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clwxefat clextxeka ejib{hwh*eie yaeeka lbkxx gibkiwibki%Gxexeba ghwaghw" tapa {hnbichtieie aw{{e jwhe ph ghb

ci kh [wcbhwh thf}a{i kxykxcbaw iie" @waet Cagiehti" aeaccabh*kh gxbxeae @waet giwbiieie jhwi hcibfhtieh cawaw pwhki% 19 Hybb*kh @waet ph {abyae giwbicbhwi Jhbiglbx yawfakatea hcibkibhw%* @aca{ Bblyk Jhlwjh ph Kibhwi GacaeBlwk Dxw le ejibi giwbiiei aeaccabh*kh twawba {x{xylw ph gxex kht{hcbhfhc iie kh tapa jhfibhwiei jekhwiylwbawk% Gxawaka" [wcbhwkhe" giw a{fay ebhfhc iie {awa`t gbjh

tewekae jhwi hcibfhbhwiei it{iylwbawk%Tlexeka t{aegxb*kaci F{{hìc Cxpph{bhwi gacxfaeka

e lbae Jhehwab Nawwiej{le giw a{fay ebhyhdhc ph kihw F{{hìc cxfaekaebawba ghwaghw Fxkaeya*ya jikhwhc tfh{]aa ibh giw f{awhch }a awbea jiwihdhc{i% 4 Hcif*kh gabayae f{awhch jwfhbhwi giw awa cfa a jiwhw jigi lbfx"àca{ 11 Hcif*kh if abaef{w%

f abaeae f{awhch" Chfabit{bhwie it{hcbhwieie gatct ab{eka" F{{hìcbhwie {htbif lbfabaw khfhc{i%

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Fxkaeya {l}bae{t" F{{hìcbhwie gx hcibkh giw akf a{fabawekae tlfa" Aecawa*ee ka lbxfbx dhpa} phwfhti hwieh ffce lbagibfi{i% f abaeae f{awhch" giw hi{ gawae{bafat {atba lbfx ph F{{hìcbhwie cagxb h{fhyh na w lbkxcbaw aw{baw ka gxea clefx{x%

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Fxkaeya aebafatea jwh3 Yxeaebbaw" Klx [wacya*y

khwnab glab{adacbaw" gx gbjh Fhwi ehnwieh cakaw [wci yh*yh phwibhdhc{i% K hei" [wc tipib yeh{ifi ibh >%=== ciibic giw [wc oaekawfa cxpph{i tabayadac{% Gybhdh [wciyh" Apwx}a c{ateka yieh giw c}w gaea tani} lbxylwkx% Ji bi ph% ac aebafabaw" hi{bi {hhggtbhwbh [wcbhwi Atya*ya twfhc }baebae giw chwh kana txya kf{%

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fabit{bhw ph F{{hìcbhw {awaèkae whkkhkibfhcbh cabfaf"aw{c chekibhwi kh gxebawkae pa jhfibhwki%Ei{hcif Yxeaebbaw ka 1; Hcif*kh Fxkaeya F{awhch&

ti*ei if abafbawkw% Fx a``hw [wcbhw Fibb Fitac*{a ibae h{fi lbkxcbae it{hcbhwieie nhfhe nhfhe nh}tiei hbkh h{fibhwki% [wc&Yxeae tapa tlea hwfi{i% ]lbi{icatee i`bte jwhe Bblyk Jhlwjh ka" 19 Hcif*kh it{iàte cwaba phwhdhc{i% Yaceklx }lbi{icat {af giw gaaet bc lbfx" [wc xbxtxex

lw{akae cabkwadac yhwkh lex yheikhe daebaekwf ph Yxeaeit{ae* `hbch{h twcbhfi{i% Jhwhc chekiti" jhwhc gafka gxbxekxx clabityle ncfh{i ejibi nabcee j ekhe kf{% Thifbhw" tcxeh{ ph gae paak hkhe yhei giw ejibincfh{iei igaea jh{iwhdhc{i%

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YHKED GBF

BL_AE CLE@HWAETI PH GAWI AE[BAFATI

Fxkaeya*ka nhfhe khwbhei} {l}baeawac ya}bf lbaeaebafa" Yaceklx*ka tapaa tle phwfi{i? Gxekae tlewaci

i chtie giw gaw ae{bafat if abay} [wciyh fhthbhtiei ca}afac ph Yaceklx*kaci cawjaab gi{iwfhc{i% 1977 ybCatf ayeka tpiwh*eie Bl ae hnwiekh giw gaw cle`hwaet {l}baefat iie na wbcbaw ya}bf{%

7: Hcifkh" t{aegxb*kaci Ltfaeb ncfh{ieh kh Aeca&wa*kaci [wc ncfh{ieh kh" ak jhhe cle`hwaeta khbhjhbhw ylbbafabaw iie kaph{iyhbhw jekhwibki% @aca{ Aecawa nhfhe gx i`{h kaph{i }wl{ht{l h{{i% Aecawa*ya jwh3 t{aegxb*kaci hjh

fhe giw ncfh{ khibki ph 10 Faw{ 197=*kh nxcxcbiiei cay gh{fi{i%t{aegxb*kaci htci ncfh{ie Aecawa*kaci yhei ncfh{

{awa`ekae gx hcibkh whkkhkibfhti cawteka Ltfaeb ncfh{i" ; Catfka it{i`atf phwki ph 1: Catfka ka Txb{ae Pankh{{ie [wciyh*yi {hwc h{{i% t{aegxb aw{c Wh`h{ ]aa*ee yeh{ifiekh giw {awa hnwi lbfx" aye afaeka 197= Faw{ekae ghwi twhjhbhe i`{h ncfh{ kxwxfx ka tle gxbfx{x%

Bl ae Cle`hwaet 7= Catf 1977*kh akf{w% Jhwhc B&blyk Jhlwjh*xe clabityle ncfh{iekh" jhwhcth kana tlfa

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Gleaw Baz*xe Fxna`a acw ncfh{iekh Kibhwi Gacae

lbae Blwk Dxw le" ejib{hwh*yi {hftib hkiylwkx% Aw{c [wci yh*eie {hc ncfh{i lbawac cabae Aecawa ncfh{iei ith Kibhwi Gacaebea jh{iwibhe ph kana tlewa ka ici chwh gagacaebc ya}adac lbae tfh{ ]aa {hftib hkiylwkx%

Jwfhbhw h{ie }a awbcbaw nabiekh ay twf phnigiw tlexda xbabafaf{% Gxexe hwieh ; xga{ 1974 *{hBlwk Dxw le*xe giwkhe ejib{hwh*yh kefhti hwieh chtibi& phwfi{i% tfh{ ]aa ka Aecawa*ya ji{fi ph cle`hwaete ga

awt tlexdxex gibkiwfi{i%Gxexe hwieh" tfh{ ]aa*ya {hcwaw Bl ae*a keke

kh [wc it{hcbhwi hwiekh kana iea{ba kxwfat gibkiwibki% Gxawaka Fxkaeya Aebafat*ef cxwfx lbkxx t{a{cl clwxexylw" ejibi khei ph cawa cxpph{bhwi t{aegxb ph Gla baweijabiei twkwylw" [wacya ith Fhwi ehnwieh cakaw giw [wc cxpph{i {awa`fkae {x{xbxylwkx% Gx [wc cxpph{ieie Fxkae ya Aebafat*eka ejwbf lbae oaekawfa giwbiiekhe ka

na gyc ph jb lbkxx j h aw}ylwkx%Bl ae Cle`hwaet 74 Eitaeka yheikhe gabak% Blwk Dxwle*xe yhwiei t{aegxb*kaci ejibi Ycthc Clfithwi Tw Nlwa&

dh Wxfglbk abf" tfh{ ]aa ka [wc it{hcbhwiei cagxb h{{iwfhc iie kana a ifbi lbawac cle`hwaet fatatea kef{% Jwfhbhw ay kana twcbheki% [wc khbhjatylex" Fibb Fi&tac*{a ghbiw{ibfi lbae {l}wac clexbae" ca}i{batylebaw" glwbaw

ph kihw fibb cawbaw clexbaweka giw akf kani jhwibhfhki%Einayh{ 7; [hffx 1974*{h Bl ae*ka Gaw Ae{bafat

if abaef{w% ejib{hwh ae{bafay 18 Eitae 197;*{h leaybaf{w% Jhehb Gaw Ae{bafatee yae twa le thci clepaetiyle" khcbhwatyle ph }wl{lclb ka yhw abf{w% Gx ghbjhbhwielx" cle`hwaeta ca{bf lbae bchbhwkhe yabe giw ctf {awa`ekae if abaef{w% Gxebawe he ehfbibhwi Gla baw"

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[wacya tewe" yagaedbawe [wciyh *kh l{xwfa ph {idawh{ ya}

fa aw{bawe3 [wc ph Wxf nabcbawee fgakhbhtiei hbh abae gh clepaetiylekxw%

Ae{bafaee he ehfbi fakkhbhwi kh [wciyh*eie yhei tewbawe {ht}i{ hkhe" Ltfaeb glwbawee khfh hcbiei ejwhe" ca}i{batyle ph capif tit{hfbhwiei cabkwae" a ebcbawe clwxefat ph fgakhbhtiei k hebhyhe fakkhbhwkiw% Gxkhiic tlwxebawe f ibh ibjibi fakkhbhwi kana tlewa j khe jhiwfhc hwh &ifki gxwaka& [wciyh*yh Aeaklbx {l}

wacbawe jhwi phwhe ph [wcbhwh Apwx}a*ka giw c}wga tabayae" ctada Fibb Fitac*{a ghbiw{ibfi lbae g{e {l}wac it{hcbhwiei {a{fie hkhe fakkhbhwi hbh ababf%

Apwx}a*ka {ht}i{ hkibhe yhei tewbaw [wciyh*yh" Hkiweh khkanib lbfac hwh g{e Klx [wacya*y ici [wacya awateka{agii giw tew lbae Fhwi ehnwieh cakaw phwfi{iw% Aywda [wci yh" Yxeaeit{ae*kae it{hkii {a fiea{a cawbc Fhwi ehnwieie ga{teka ka" khfiwylbxexe jh{ii giw cc gbjhyi abf{w%

Gybhdh [wciyh" tle le yb iiekh caygh{fhc {hnbichtiybh cawba{ Apwx}a {l}wacbawe yheikhe hbh jhiwfi{iw% Yieh gybhdh ]abfhwt{le" Jbakt{leh ph lebawkae tlewa jhbhe Apwx}abkhpbh{ akafbawee [wcbhwh '}xbbawe" }w{bawe {l}ba{}' Apwx}a*kae twfhc nayabbhwi giw chwh kana txya kf{w%

Leaybaefat ffce lbfaf gxbxeae Thpw Ae{bafatea jwh? Gla bawe ph gxebawe ici {awa`ekaci gbjhbhwie

yeh{ifbhwi" fibbh{bhwawat giw cle{wlb clfitylexea phwibfhti kebhe t{aegxb" yhei ae{bafa ibh khpbh{ie gbefh giw }awat lbawac [wciyh*yh ph [wcbhwie {af hjhfhebic ph yeh{ifieh phwibfi{iw% [wcbhw" aywda hniwkh giw jawei le ka gxbxekxwagibhdhcbhwki%

Tapa ph gaw afaeeka Gla bawe eh hcibkh cxbbaebada ith htat ae{bafaya hc giw clepaetiyleka ghbiw{ibfi&

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i paakiekh gxbxexbfx{x% Bl ae Ae{bafa?

I{wie [wciyh*yh gwacbfat bU%Bt" A %tx{ R didtw%y&zeybh {hck h lbae Aeaklbx*ka wc gacfekae Cw{" kie gacfekae ka}hc Ftbfae lbfayae" jhehb e`xt iiekh clbaybcba hwi{ibhfhyhe giw a ebc" yagaed giw xetxw lbawac cabf{w% Kana tlewaci ybbawka fhykaea jhbhe Cw{ ayacbaefabaw gx yagaed xetxwxe h{citiei jt{hwfi{iw%

Gx yhei tewbawe ae{bafa iiekh ghbiwbhefhti iie giwlc {hkgiw kh hcbhefi" gxebawba ghwaghw giw tw atchw aw{

baw ph ct{bafabaw ka clefx{xw%Ca}i{batylebaw ak ab{eka yagaedbawa {aeef lbaenacbaw ph if{iya bawe {afafhe cabkwbfat" F{{hìc hjhfhebiieh tle phwibfhti ph [wciyh*eie iibhwieh yagaed fkanabheie ebhefhti" fibbiyh{i ikhabbhwieie Bl ae*ka ca aekcbaw gaawya {aecbc h{fhc{hkiw% G{e gxebaw" y ybbaw glyxeda Klx ibh Ga{ awatekaci ibicibhwie he ga{a jhbhe xetxwbawyk%

Nhfhe nhfhe nhw clexka [wc fibbiyh{i it{hcbhwi" Blae*ka F{{hìcbhw {awaèkae cagxb hkibfi{iw% Ph keya" {a

win{h giw hi kana lbfayae giw lbayba cawbaf{w? Yheibfi"}awabaef giw xbxtxe" gx nawagh iiekhe ayaa cabcfat phkeyaee he gyc xbxtbaw ibh" {af hi{ aw{baw iiekh caw cawya jhbfhti ph Gyc Tapa*f gx jabi}bhwiei ki h jh{iwhwhc nhw it{hiei gxebawa cagxb h{{iwfhti abadac giw hyki%

[wc ki}blfatitieie Bl ae*kaci gaawt" giw {hc clex nawi" htci kfaebawba giw gaw ae{bafat ya}bfat ibh tlexbaef{w% Nabbhkibfhyhe {hc clex ka Fxtxb Fhthbhtikiw ph gxka" kihw clexbae giw cfa ka gwacfafac iie kana tlewa ya gwacbf{w%

1919*ka" ]awit*{h {l}baeae ibcgae cle`hwaeteka [wciyhtlwxex ka nabbhkibfi lbtayk" eh lbxwkx< Gx" j khe jhiwfh&

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yh khhw hbhedhbi giw clexkxw% L afae" F{{hìcbhw ca ae

kcbaw a`hwbh fawfbaw" chekibhwiei ae gyc jww lbfxbawk% Gacae Zibtle*xe ikhabi fi gx gycbc ikkiabawf yxfxa{afaf{% [wciyh ith yheibfi ph fi{ti bic iiekh" jabi}bhwie ayacbae ab{eka ya{ylwkx% Thpw Ae{bafat giw yb edh ya}bf ph lwba cagxb h{{iwibfi lbtayk &fxn{hfhbkiw& [wciyh giw kana {l}awbaefafac hwh jabi}bhw awateka gbe}ji{fi lbadac{% @aca{ jhdicfh" gx `wta{e cafatfa thgh} lbfx{xw% Gx twh iiekh [wciyh*yh eh`ht abfac ifce phwibfi"

l awaka [wcbhw kh tibciei} iieh k{cbhwi xyxxcbxcbxc{ae cxw{xbfay gibfibhwkiw% Gxexe yae twa giwgiwbhwiei ctcaeae g yc khpbh{bhw kh cheki awabaweka hcifhyh clyxbfxbawkw% Bl

ae Gaw Ae{bafat" [wciyh Dxfnxwiyh{i*eh cxkwh{ ph tayj" gaft bc ph jphebic ca aekwf" gyc khpbh{bhwi x xetwhkhe ghwi cxwfaya ab{cbae ph tlexeka {afafbafaya ei

yh{ h{{icbhwi hjhfhebic{he ylctxe geacf{w%Gx tlexdxe ehkhebhwiei kana edh kh ghbiw{fi{ic% G

yc Khpbh{bhw {{iàc" giw Jhehb Tapa*e chtie a`hwieie tawnlbxxex cabkwfayadac cakaw *ea ic*{i% Giw chwh" lw{ac Abfaeya clwcxtx lw{akae cabc{c{ae tlfa caw a{fabae" giw

giwieh { }lbi{icabaw "giwgiwieh ayce nhkh`bhw F{{hìcbhwieki}blfa{ic dh}nhtiei ay`ba{f{w% [wcbhw {awaèkae ibhwitwbf lbae it{hcbhw nigiw afae lw{ac giw i{iwa dh}nhti ibhcawbafaf{w% Gx y khe Bl ae Cle`hwaet*eka Ga{ khpbh{ akafbae Aecawa*kae jhbhe khbhjatylexe khpafb ph a ifbi tabkebae cawteka glyxe hfhc lwxeka cabfbawk% Gx

gbef i{{iàc cawteka nhw hyie {afafe a ifbh it{h yhe" Fibb Fitac*{a ghbiw{ibfi lbae {af gaft be nigiw xetxwxekae he xàc giw `hkacwbc{a gibh gxbxefayae giw xbxtx cawbawea kicibfi gxbfxbawkw% Gx khbblka ca aebae gaawee he gyc hwh` }ay" cxba aw ii{he àca{ nhw hyi

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Awabc ayeka {an{ea yheikhe l{xwae Cwab Clet{ae{ie" 1977

àdiatekae tlewa {an{e yheikhe caygh{fi{i% Caet giw in{ibb" cwab" {ade gyc lbx Ylwji Ib%*eie bhnieh gwacfayalwbaf{% lc jhfhkhe }a{bac phwhe yhei giw in{ibb cwabbc

whofiei khpiwfi gxexe yhwieh dxfnxwiyh{ whoifiei jh{iwfi{i% Gx ka" Ga{ tiyatab ikhlbloibhwieie Yaceklx*ya t fatee yhei giw wehiyki% L {awin{he tlewa Yxeaeit{ae" A{iea*ka giwgiwiei clpabayae ncfh{ kawghbhwi ph tiyatab ekhwbhwiekxwfakae khifhti ibh {x{awt giw khejh iiekh yaaf{w%

[wciyh kh {l}wacbaweka gaw cxwfac" ibhwif giw k heh tlcfac ph [wc khpbh{iei yheikhe *iea* h{fhc iie gyc giw abfa iiekhyki% Yagaed fkanabhbhwkhe chekiei cxw{awf ph kana wana{ eh`ht abfaya gabaf{% Gx tceh{ khpwhtiekhe yawawbae} bchyi cawjaabc k hyiekhe it{icwaw k h yieh jh{iwfhc" tabaf giw tiyatab ya} cxwfac" ffce lbaen ba gawe eifh{bhwiei jhbi{iwi} i cabcefay tabafac lwxekayk% Fxkaeya F{awhchti" [wc fibbiyh{ibhwieh" elwfabaw{baw ab{eka ya}adacbaw abfay }baebafac `wta{f phwfi?Bl ae Ae{bafat ka fibb hehwoieie xbxtbawawat a{fakaex ac lbawac i àabiyh{bhwh yehbfhti ifcee tabaf{w%

[wc fibbiyh{ibhwieie 1919 ibh 1977 ybbae awatekacinaywh{ phwidi gaaebaeef {awiniei" gx ci{a}{a gxwaya cakaw i bhfi lbaebaw" {agii" cheki chekibhwieh x tlwxbae tlwfxbawkw? Eatb lbfx{xw ka Fxt{aà Chfab ]aa F{{hìcbhwh caà {a{fx{xw< Eatb lbfx{xw ka F{{hìcbhw" a{faee nhw ta`nateka" gx caà {x{faya caw cfafbawkw< Eatb lb

fx{xw ka" cawbaw aw{c Yxeae fibb cawbae lbfac npiyh{iei cayghki} F{{hìcbhwie cheki cawbaw nabieh jhbkii afae gibh F{{hìcbhw awhti cabfbawkw9> ybeka fhykaea jhbhe @hkla lbay ph einayh{ [wciyh*eie Atya*kaci htci Awa} pibyh{bhwieie" F{awhcheie if abaefatekae tlfaF{{hìcbhw awatfka gbefhti twateka atbae }ayee iejib{hwh*yh ji{fhti ibh gtg{e cwcbhefi{iw% @waeta" kaifa iejib{hwh*eie awabaweka ya}bf 1910 {awinbi ji bi aebafaka ghbiw{ibfi lbaekae kana lxex abkea ieaef{w%

@waet whtf hpwhbhwi" @waet Tfwjh ]aw{iti ph @waet gatf Apwx}a*ee actieh" Klxka he gyc kfaeee yheic ph jt Abfaeya khib" àca{ fx a``hw ph chekieh j phehe iejib{hwh lbkxx nitti ibh Gyc Tapa{ae cfbawk%@waet nabc ith Lw{aklx tlwxebaw ibh ni ibjibhefiylwkx% Gxnit" f{awhchkhe tlfa iejib{hwh*eie" khei bhwkhci t{ebeh kayaeawac Gla baee ijabiekh gawlb lyeafatyba gt g{e cxpph{bhefi{i% Gxekae gaca Ga{b xbxtbaee tapa{ae ylwjxe cfabae" Ga{b ncfh{bhwie Abfaeya ibh nhta}bafaya l{xwfabae ph gx awaka [wciyh fhthbhtiei infab h{fhbhwi y ekhe fhykaea jhbhe glbxc{ae àykabaeawac BblykJhlwjh*xe Yxeaebbaw Aeaklbx*exe `h{nieh kaph{ h{fhti"@waet bawe iejibi bhwh caw ghtbhkicbhwi nitbhwi gtg{e c&

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wiicbhfi{i% Yxeaebbaw aca" iejib{hwh ya ka ni khibth l j

ee iejibi gagacaeea giw gacfa }a{wlebaw j ibh gacfbawkw% Gx kxwxfka @waet baw" Yxeaebbawe" Thpw Ae{bafateka }baebaek jigi iejib{hwh*eie ki}blfa{ic ph khei kheatchw yawkf ibh gyfhbhwi nabiekh &ejibi bhwh pidkae glwdxex khfhc iie& Yaceklxka lebawa" kihw Ga{b khpbh{bhwh gacawac" t{ebc tabayadacbawekae clwcfaya gabafbawk% Gx y khe Thpw Ae{bafat if abaew if abaefa @waet baw gxea eh`wh{bh gacaw lbkxbaw% @waet bawe gx eh`wh{i"

197=*eie tlebawea klwx Phei hblt *xe khpwibi} Cwab Clet{ae{ie*ie yheikhe {an{a cfat hwieh kana ghbiwbi giw nabh jhbfi{iw% ec Cwab Clet{ae{ie" Gyc Tapa ybbae twatekaiejibi ph @waet it{hcbhwieh caw clyfx{x% @waet baw ka gxcaw clyfa tlexdx" iejibi bhwkhe kana lc dae cayg phwfilbkxcbawekae" Yxeaebbae a``h{fhyh iejibi bhwkhe kana a na

wkbaw% Gx awaka [wc fibbiyh{ibhwi kh Akaea gbjhtiekh@waet bae iyidh tc{wfaya gabafbawk% Yhei giw tapaa jiwfhc{he kh hciehe @waet baw" Cwab Clet{ae{ie Yxeaeit{ae*eacaw kana ac giw dh}nh abfbaw ph 1971 Faw{eka" Blek&wa*kaci gaaet bcba tlexbaeae cle`hwaet twateka [wc khbhjhbhwieh cxw ya}faya jiwifibhwki% Aye ybe iiekh" giwgiwiei i bhyhe Yxeae tabkebae ka gaaet ba xwayeda3 @waet baw" iie tlexeka" chekibhwiei cayghkhebhwie {awa`eka gxbfac it{hfhfibhwkiw% Kana edh kh Tacawya Tapafkae tlewa @waecbie Glxibble*xe eatb hb giw jwhpbh Aecawa*ya ji{{iiei" 1971 Hbkfiekh Aecawa ncfh{i ibh giw aebafa ya}{e ph gxexe Yxeaebbawa caw tle tabkebaeea jiwihe [wcbhwh eatb gyc giw atchw yawkf lbkxxex aeba{f{c%

Yxeaebbawe khei h kcbfhtiekhe tlfa [wcbhwie gx chkh yieh tibnbaw ibh iejibi bhwi {hnki{ h{fhyh gabafabae twateka" aeaccabh*khci @waet giwbiieie jhwi hcibfhti" ct&

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ka nigiw afae F{{hìc awateka cxwxbfx giwbhic giw

dh}nh gxbafafbawkw% F{{hìcbhw3 [wciyh*eie cawteka ka Abfaeya" Apxt{xwya" Fadawit{ae ph Gxbjawit{ae cawtekacijigi kaya{tabawk ya ka ejib{hwh {hc gaea nawhch{h jhhwhc @waeta*ee Wxnw gbjhtiekh ya}{ jigi nawhch{ h{fi lbtayk3 Fxt{aà Chfab ]aa*ee a`hwi nhfhe nhfhe ifcaet baadac{% Gxexeba ghwaghw xwate ka cagxb h{fhc jhwhciw3 gx giwbic*yabe cxwxbafafacba cabfaf{w" aye afaeka cxwxbafa k ka% ec Apwx}ab F{{hìc*ie Yaceklx*ka

aeapa{aebaw ya ka lc ehfbi fibb cawbaw {hnbichkh khibki" htci ph yhei whcagh{bhwbh giwgiwbhwieh yagaedbafbawk phlw{ac giw clwcx lebaw giwgiwbhwieh hcfiylwkx%

F{{hìcbhw awatekaci gx cl}xcbxc [wc fibbiyh{ibhwi bhnieh lc gyc giw apae{ao lbxwche" aye apae{ao [wciyh ibhWxtya awatekaci caw giwbii kh tabylwkx% Gxexe ehkheieikana edh jwf{c% Ga{b khpbh{bhw" Cawakhei *i khei cxp ph{bhwi ibh hjhfhebicbhwi ab{fka {x{{xcbaw ph gx tayhkh Tlp yh{ ncfh{ieie atchw cxpph{bh kwbfhti iie Ghya Wxt

lwkxbawe kht{hcbhkicbhwi twhdh3 Wxtbaw" Gla bawe cle{wlbe F{{hìcbhwie hbiekhe abfac iie nhw {wb awhyh gapxwfac lwxekaykbaw% ec Cawakhei *ie hjhfhebii Gla bawe cle{wlbeh gab gxbxexylwkx% [wc fibbiyh{ibhwi tibnatawbawac Fibb Fitac* ibe hki} Klx [wacya*ee ph t{ae gxb*xe jphebiiei it{hkicbhwi ph gxebaw iie aw}adacbawe gibkiwkicbhwi afae" Glbhpic khpbh{ akaebae" [wcbhwie kht{hcbhefhtieie" chekibhwieie kh he h{cibi giw hcibkh tapxexbfat khfhc lbadae aebafbawk% L aekae i{igawhe kh Fltclpa ibh Aecawa awatekaci kxpawbaw ycbfaya gabaf" 1919 Axt{lt*xeka" Ga{xf kekaci Ca`catbawkae ejibi cxpph{bhwi hcibfibhwki% Gxexe tlexdxeka Ca`cat kabaefe cx h yiekh kxwxfa ncif lbae Jhehwab Kheicie cxfaekatekaciGhya cxpph{bhw wcfbhwkiw%

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197= Eitae*eka" Fltclpa ncfh{i" A hwgaydae*kaci

giw fanabb Glbhpic in{ibbi ibh Gacx*exe ph g{e gbjheiecle{wlbe hbieh jhiwfi ph awkekae ka kana ay` lbae phFltclpa ibh Aecawa awatfka {hc hejhb lbawac cabae HwfheiDxfnxwiyh{ieh gatcya jiwifi{i% 197= Hybbee tlebaweaklwx Hwfheit{ae gache{i Hwipae" C f Cawaghciw]aa*efcxpph{bhwi {awaèkae ijab hkibfi3 71 Hcifkh kh Cawt cabhti hbh jhiwibfi{iw% Giw kawghbhw" Hwfhei ncfh{iei gaw it{hfhyh lwbaf{w% 41 Hcifkh C blwkx" Jehy Wxtya*ka kiwhehe tle Ghya Wxt cxpph{i Jhehwab Zwaejhb lwkxtxex yawf3 1; Catfka ka Jhehwab ph naya{{a cabae atchwbhwi Cwf* glab{fbawkw% Awabc ayee gafka" kana edh Gac*kh lbkxx jigi" Hwipae*ka ka giw ncfh{ kawghti ibh yhei Tlpyh{ yeh{ifi cxwxbfx ph gx yhei ncfh{ Fltclpa*ee j h{ifi ab{eka nhfhe Aecawa ibh gaw ae{bafat if abaf{w%

ejibi cxpph{bhwieie 197= [hffx xeka Ga{xf*kae hcibfhbhwi ibh Jwd Dxfnxwiyh{i*eie kh kxwxfx ay`baf ph1971 xga{ ph Faw{ aybaweka gx gbjh kh C blwkx {awaèkae it{ib hkibhwhc Aecawa&Fltclpa cawaylbx {afafhe {hfi bhefi{iw%

L afae caexe k taybae gx ici ncfh{ awateka gxhcibkh kiwhc{ ibicieie cxwxbfat ga {l}wac tlwxebawe lw{aya cawf{w% 1>:> ybeka Wxt f}awa{lwbxx {awaèkae[wciyh*eie hbiekhe abfae Cawt" Awkanae ph Ga{xf3 Gwht{&Bi{lptc Ae{bafat ibh Tlpyh{ ncfh{i {awa`fkae jhwi phwibfi{iw% @aca{ tlfa [wcbhw Flekwlt F{awhchti jhwhiedh gxwabaw glab{} ejibi cxpph{bhwieie ijabieh gwacfac lwxeka cabfbawkw% ejibi bhw kh gx gbjhbhwie giw ctfe Hwfheit{ae*a" giw ctfe ka Jwdit{ae*a gabafbawkw%

197= Awabc ayeka ya}bae gaw ae{bafat ibh kh Hwfheit{ae chekitieh phwibhe {l}wacbaw [wciyh*yh jhwi phwfhc

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lwxeka cabf{w% 1971 Faw{*fka fibbiyh{i [wc cxpph{bhwiibh C blwkx aye aeka Ga{xf*a ywfbhw ph aye le yhkitiekh awabaweka giw a{faee }a{bac phwfhtieh wafac cabf{w% Gxexeba ghwaghw 10 Faw{ je ici ncfh{ awatekaFltclpa ka if abaef lbae ae{bafa" gybh giw a{fay ebhfi ph {l}wac tlwxfae nabbhkibfi{iw% Gxexe tlexdxeka Ga&{xf keka cabae yhwbhw [wciyh*yh phwibfi" ici jhe khpbh{awateka Ga{b khpbh{bhwh caw lw{ac giw dh}nh cxwxbfx{xw%

Aecawa ncfh{ieie Kibhwi Gacae Yxtx` Chfab ghy*ie Fltclpa*ya jikhwhc yw{{ jwfhbhw twatekaif abaef lbae gx ae{bafaka nhw ici {awa`" giwgiwbhwieh caw lwba cagxb h{{iwibfi nigiw gae ae{bafate ph kihw xbxtbawawat aebafabae {aefafay cagxb h{fibhwkiw% Aye afaeka Fltclpa" Aecawa*kaci [wciyh Gyc Fibbh{ FhdbitiNcfh{i*ei ph Fibb Fitac*{a ghbiw{ibfi lbae {l}wacbaw hwiekh gx ncfh{ie hjhfhebiiei kh {aef{w%

Gx ae{bafakae edh ga whtf aebafabaw ka ya}bf{% Cawaylbx abw abfa &aebabkea jwh& Glbhpicbhw

khwnab [wc fibbiyh{ibhwieh tibn ph ab{e yawkfeka gxbxefaya gabafbawkf Gx ylbkae phwibfi lbae tibnbaee ph }awaee fic{ae ici ncfh{ {awaèkae nigiw afae acbaefaf{w ph klbaytyba kawkae giwiti iie gx clexka nhwnaeji

giw {anfie yw{fh ifce ylc{xw%Kihw {awa`{ae Fltclpa*ee klt{bxx ph kht{hi" Aecawa

iie gyc giw flwab ph ki}blfa{ic aebaf {af{w% Fxt{aàChfab ph awcakabae" Yxeaeit{ae ph lexe kht{hcbhyiditi ie

jib{hwh*yh caw cawche kfaebaeef awkeka yabe i{abyae ph @waet thf}a{i aebaeee khib" cheki awcabaweka ka &Gla baw iejibi kleaefatee hbiekh gxbxekxx twhdh& takc giw klt{xe gxbxeadafe àwcfa pawfbawkw%

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THC_ED GBF

1:>9 @CWBHW

1919&1977 [wc Khpwifi*eie ici y pawkw3 [wc aea pa{aeee tapxexbfat ph [wc khpbh{ieie yheikhe cxwxbfat% Yxcawka jhbifhbhwiei aeba{f lbkxxfx xbxtab pawlbx ta pa Fxt{a`a Chfab ph awcakabawee ibc nhkh`iyki% @aca{ ikhpwif" Yxeaebbawa caw ca aebae a`hwie Bl ae*ka leaybaefatekae lc kana edh jhbifh ylbxea jiwfi{i% Gxexeba ghwaghw gx khpwifie he ehfbi akafbaw Fxkaeya F{awhch&ti*eie if abaefatekae tlfa a{bf{w%

Nh}ti khpwifdi ph lx ka jhbhdhie thfhwhbhwiei abfac yhwieh kana lc jhfii ycfac afadf jkhe 1977 ibh 197; ybbae awatekaci n b khifhbhwi kana iyi aebayagibfhc iie yabe ae{bafabae" clepaetiylebae" khpbh{ akafbawee eiyh{bhwiei acth{{iwhe caexebae ph kihw tiyatab ghbjhbhwi iedhbhfhc yh{hwbi khibkiw% Na{{a lbx} gi{hebhwi yacekae i bhfhc gibh{af klwx gibji phwfhc{he x ac{w% ec lbaybaw" nhw afae ghbjhbhwkh ghbiw{ibhe eiyh{bhwh xyfaf{w% Lexe iie gx khifhbhwi lbx{xwfx lbae ciibhwie &nayab ylbx ibh kh lbta& iniebhwieh jiwfhc jhwhcfhc{hkiw% [wcebbiyh{ibhwieie{akc&bae ineiyh{ &197= ybeka& [wciyh Gyc Fibbh{ Fhdbiti*eie Aecawa khehe cc Aeaklbx catagatea yhwbhfhti ph 1974

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ya eka Bl ae Gaw Ae{bafat*ef if abaefat hwieh"

[wbkyh*eie keyaee jhwi cabae ctf ibh yheikhe elwfab ibicibhwh gabafat {awinbhwi awatfka chekif lc iyi giw giifkh ghbbi h{fi{iw%

Gx ici {awin awatfka" Aecawa yhwbibhwi" giwca yb edh jhiwkii giw yaejeka gtg{e cbf ph àciwbhfi cata gabawea &keyaee {a gw xbawekae& chekibhwieh ghe hfh yhe ph hehwoi klbx giw{acf ietaebawe ace h{{icbhwiei naywh{bhthywh{fibhwki% Gxebaw" dh}nhbhwkh lbfakcbaw afae Ghwbie

ya ka ]awit*{h atchw a{ah lbawac jwhp ya}f" atchwbhw3 jebhwiei t{aegxb whtf kaiwhbhwiekh jhiwfi yeh{idibhw" Ltfaeb gache{iekh i taa{bhwiei Ga{b ki}blfa{bawba {hfatbawba klbkxwfx fhfxwbaw ph fa{gaatee facieabaee F{{hìcbhwiej bhwi eekh Gla f caw yacatea jhiwi}" }awabaw nabiekh khphbhwh ycbhyi} Aeaklbx*exe iieh cawf lbae giw khja h{hdiyki% Aecawabbawa }hc hcidi jwehe gx pa{aekabawefhykaea jh{iwkii {l}bxbxc" kana tlewa kana x ac yhwbhwkhe jh

bhe yagaedbawba ka {acpiyh hkibfi{i? A`jaeit{ae" A hwgaydae ph Tlpyh{ Dxfnxwiyh{ihwi Giwbii*ekhe jhbhe ki}blfa{baw" gaft giw Ftbfae khpbh{ieie gaywa ab{fka yaafac iieejibi ijabiekhci Niekit{ae*kae cabc}" bbhwi ph kabae aawac ]heda}*{ae Aecawa*ya jhbfi Nie{ Ftbfaebaw3 Ftwbkhpwifdibhw ph na{{a Bigya bee lw{atekae cabc} giw nadjigi Aecawa*ya clfx Text ekhwi%

Ph gx yagaedbaw l jeh cakaw Aecawabbawe ni jwfh

kicbhwi giw hehwoi ibh klbxykxbaw% [wciyh Gyc Fibbh{ Fhdbiti" chekieh" aye gycbc{hci giw ejibi catagateka fanabb ikawh {awaèkae ya}{ebf giw lcxb khehgibhdhc" giw }awbafhe{l gieat iea h{{iwfi{iw% [hhggt cagibiyh{i lbkxx jwbhe giw htci }wl`htw" Fhdbitie yaeekaci giw awtaya giw bl&

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cae{a af{" it{aegxb*kae faciehbhwiei }awa }awa khph tw

{eka jh{iwfi lbae ja h{hdi" gxebaw giw anwka yheikhe cxwfx ph Ncifiyh{i Fibbiyh ja h{htiei cawfaya gabaf{%Jhehbcxwfaybc" fanabb cbaya yhwbhfi{i% Khpbh{ ka

iwhbhwi gwlbawf hb hpbhwkh afbawk% Ga hb hpbhwh kh yagaed fitylebaw fitaìw hkibfi{i% Gagacaebc" it{atyle gieatee t{ ca{aekayk% Nawhch{ ekhwi lbawac cagxb hkibfi gxbxeae Fxt{aà Chfab kh hnwie keka g{e giw cc ijab h{fi ph ibhwiei agxc jwhgibfhti iie kh hfwieh giw l{l

flgib phwibfi{i%Gx aw{baw ab{lka" ciithb wana{bawea gacfakae ph gyc giw hehwoi iiekh abae Aecawa*ee yhei taciebhwi" htci [wciyh*eie {hfhbbhwiei yc} yhwieh yhei [wciyh*eie {hfhbbhwiei cxwfaya clyxbfxbawk% Cawba{cbaw he gyc tce{keyakae *{hdwi{* hkibfi lbfabawyk% ec nhfhe nh}tiGa{ cb{w iiekh yh{ifi ph gx cb{we a{ ìciwbhw ke yateka faehp ph ine hehwoibhwiei jhbi{iwfibhwki% [hdwi{

hkibfi lbfac" fibbiyh{ibhwie yhei inie jkabaw abfabawf ebylw" gxexe tlexdxeka ka cheki ibhwieh kefhbhwieh" kanaedh Ga{kae hkiefi lbkxcbaw ìciwbhwh kana lc ta}baefabawea ylb aylwkx% ]lbi{ic abaeka gx ìciwbhwie lx @waetKhpwifiekhe cabfayk%

[wcbhw kh kihw clfx Nwit{iyae klxbxbaw jigi iniebhwiei Ga{ xyjawbea aawbawche" j bhwiei @waeta*ya hpiwfibhw ph Ga{ wfaee txyxex @waet caeabbawekae ifibhwki%

Yacfklxexe flkhwe {awiniekh lc ehfbi h{chebhwkhe giwi lbae gx @waet h{citi khiic ehkhebhwkhe ibhwi jhbfhc{hkiw% Gx h{cieie gabaejde" Caexe Txb{ae Tbhyfae ibh@waeta Cwab @waelit I awateka Nagtgxwjbawa caw 1848 ybeka ya}bf lbae cawbcb ca}i{batyle aebafateka gxb&

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fac ffcekw% Gxekae tlfa @waet h{citi" Klxka @waet {idawh{ieie" kihw Ga{b bchbhwieciehfa awae aw{fat tlexdx kana lc nitthkibiw giw kxwxf abf{% ^PIII% y ybka@waeta ibh [wciyh awateka ya}bf lbae tiyatab ae{bafa kah{cieie aw{fatea yawkfd lbfx{xw% @aca{ he gyc wlbEa&}lbyle*xe 1:>9&1>=1*kh Ftw* it{ibt lyeaf{w" khehgibiw%Gx ibici" klxbx iniebhwkh khwie i bhw gwacf{w% Apwx}a*ka&ci Ea}lbyle tapabawee tle ta`nateka @waeta*ee yheibfhti gx i bhwie cayglbfatea yh{fhfi{iw% ec 1>1;*{h @waeta" Abfaeya*ee 191>*khci kxwxfx jigi &g{e Apwx}a*y atchwi hjhfhebii anfka giw twh {x{{xc{ae tlfa& taybawe awb coU{TGika khp[bwe{iw%

1 1T1; ybbaw" awateka taeayi khpwifiei {afafbaflbae ejib{hwh" Klx {idawh{ieie atbae }aye @waeta*ee hbiekhe cl}aw} abf{w% @aca{ Tphy*ie ph @wa{*e ga{tekaciklxbxbaw iie @waet kibi ph hkhgiya{ ibh @waet tiyatab kedhti" Ga{ cb{wee aea hfhti lbfaya khpaf h{fi{iw%

Gybhdh 197= ph 1974 ybbae awateka Aecawa*ka tc}cabf yhei [wc nawhch{ieie ekhwbhwi" Ga{ xyjawbea @waeta*ee j bhwiybh gacfbaw ph Ga{bbaf [wciyh*yi @waeta*ee giw ghe hwi lbawac kefbhwkiw% @aca{ lebaee chekibhwieh wehc abkcbae @waeta" 191;&191> Gyc Tapaekae" *fx a``hw* àca{ ylwjxe lbawac cae *fxnaà acw*@waeta khibki%

Keyaka hjhfhe kxwxfka gxbxeae nhwnaeji giw {l}bx

fxe h{citi" gx {l}bxfxe yawa{{ fakk" faehp khhwbhwiehcibbhefhti cakaw n ba h{waà yaybw% @aca{ h{ci kabjabaefeikkh{i" gxebaee xba{cbae lw{afe {agia{ea jwh kh khiiw%

Atchw gxbxbaw" nh}tiekhe kh kana n b lbawac yaybw% 191;&191> ybbaeeka @waet atchwbic taea{ee g{e gxbxbaw

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197=&1974 ybbaweka Aecawa*kaci [wc t{wa{hobhwi {awaèkae

gibiefhc{hyki%Tlyx{ ìciwbhwie yaybfat ith lc kana awkw% 1974 y

beka @waeta*kae Aecawa*ya xbaae ìciw kabjatee cayea1:>9 ybeka ]awit*{h fhykaea jhbfi{i% 1974 Aecawa*teka"@waet Khpwifi wxnxexe" txyxe y e nb kabjabaekwfac{a lbkxx jwbfhc{hyki% L yb Aecawa*y iyawh{ h{fi lbaeGa{b giw j bhfdieie tybhkii jigi lwaka @waet Khpwifinapatff iniebhwkh daebaek eh cakaw klwx ith3 ]awit*{h

1:>9&1:98 ybbae awatfka ncf twf napay gibfhkhe"197=*khe ghwi jhbihe [wciyh {awiniei aebafaee ifcet lbkxx ka l cakaw klwxkxw%

L y khe ]awit*{hci khpwif ibh Aecawa*kaci khpwifkhetlfa giwgiwbhwiei i bhyhe aafabae ctada j khe jhiwfhc jhwhchdhc{iw% Tiyatab khifheie twfhc{h lbkxx bchbhwkh"aw{baw giw {awinieie gxebaw whtfhkhfhyhdhi cakaw lyeac{wbaw% Gx kxwxfka {awinieie ya}agibhdhi he iyi hy" {afafhe

aykebaef ph lgohc{i` giw j bhfdi lbawac ph ffce lbkxx cakaw chekif nhw {wb gabawkae tywawac" {awinie ghe

hw jhfi lbaybawee phwkii gibji ph {hdwghbhwie }wlohc{&be jee jhbihe lbaybae hwieh {x{fac{w% 19=>&19=9 Jhe[wcbhw Khpwifiei i bhyhe {h}cibhw ghcbhefhkic giw giifkhk ciedi lbkxcbaeekae" l khpwie nhyhdaeb {awinibhwi clex

yx" x xe ybbaw" ghtbhkicbhwi fi{bhwie waèa cabkwfbawkw%Gxjee n ba khihe tanehtiei iedhbhyhebhw kh gxje jw

kcbhwi hwiekh jhbhdhc iie gyc fi{bhw iea h{fheie {hnbichbhwieie àwceka lbfabkwbaw%

Aecawa*ka yhwbhfi ph tlfa yhei [wciyh*eie nhw {awaèa yaybf khpwifdi wxnxe Hw xwxf ph Tipat clejwhbhwiekh lbxfaya gabak tybhehgibiw% Gx wxnxe jhbifhtieie w&

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ehcbhwiei Fibb Fitac*f ya be" t{aegxb*ka {l}baeae Fhd

bitie" F{{hìcbhwie hnwi ijab h{fhbhwi ph giw ctf yhbhwieiFab{a*ya twfhbhwi tlexdx" Aecawa*ya {aefate aeba{wche phwfi{ic% Fhdbitie Aecawa*ka abfaya gabafatekae tlewa bcheie yeh{ifiekh ji{{ich h{cibi giw ikaw fhcaei fa nabieh jhbfhti" Fxkaeya F{awhchtiekhci gaaw ph gxekae kana naywh{ phwidi lbae Bl ae Cle`hwaet ph Gaw Ae{bafatekaci gaaw3 Aecawa ]awbafhe{ltxexe i{igawe ph chekieh j pheiei aw{wae h{chebhw lbfxbawkw% Gxexe tlexdx" giw {awa na

whch{i lbawac gabayae Fibbiyh{i Nawhch{" keyaee j ekhehf ca aef ph ekhwbhwi kh giw xbxtxe fifawbaw lbawac jwbfhyh gabaefbawk% Gx ekhwbhw awateka ici ya ka "bcheie iiekh gxbxekxx {bafabaw khpwiekh giwhw j cxbhti jigi ycthbfibhwkiw%

Gxebawe he ga{a jhbhei" giw atchw ph atchw canwafae lbawac yheic xbxtxex a`hwh xba{wf gxbxeae Fxt{aà Chfab]aa*kw% Giw khpbh{ akaf lbawac ka gx ibhwidi ph Ga{bbaf

[wc" jhwhc ciibii" jhwhc gaawbaw ibh naywaebc ph tayjxyaekwfac{akw% Lw{a yae cytea jhbfi lbae gx ekhw" giw fae{c ph tawtbfa a if" chekiekhe lc bchti iie ghtbhehe{x{cxbaw" jb giw ciibic ph kiti}bie akafkw% Jhe giw txgay lbawac ca{bk wj{bhwkh clexfa taea{e whefi" @waet Khpwifi*eie g{e yebhwiei iedhbhfi ph gx" lexe iie g yc giw naywaebc ph ibnaf cayea lbfx{xw% ecw hkibfh giw j{h lbae ph Fhdbit*{h ni actafayae hcidibiiei" hbic

wheji j bhwiei" aebafb y e" jhei lfx bawe" hwchc jwee" ncif ph h{cibi clexfat {afafbafac{akw% Lexelc ycthc ph ncif giw ic{ikawa cekae kana tlfa thkhdhi % ifki x cakawe ghbiw{hbif3 Fxt{aà Chfab" [wc Khpwifieie gagat ph Yhei [wciyh*eie cxwxdxtxkxw%

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Chfabit{ whoifie gaekaci he ehfbi ekhwbhwkhe giwi kh

Wax` Ghy lbfx{xw% Lexe" Fibbiyh{i Nawhch{ie ibc gbfbhwiekhci agabawekae t h{fi{ic% Wax` Ghy htci giw khei tx gay iki% Tle hywhc y ybe g{e tapabaweka chekiei jt{hwfi" Gyc Tapa*f tlebawea klwx h{ ]aa cagiehtiekh Ganwiyh Ea wb ya}awche Afiwab Dab{nlw}h ibh FlekwltF{awhchti*ei if abafaya jekhwibfi ph gybhdh 4= Hcif191>*kh [wciyh ibh F{{hìcbhw awatfkaci tapa nabi lexehbiybh tlea hwfi{i% Gxekae tlfaci aybawka Fibbiyh{i Nawh

ch{i gaba{fac iie Fxt{aà Chfab*ie he yace ph h{cie kht{hcbhyiditi lbfx{xw% Ei{hcif" Fxt{aà Chfab Taftxe*ka phKlx*ka eh ya}fta3 Wax` Ghy kh" fiw*kh ph Ga{*ka lex gaawf{w% Nhw icitieie gaawbaw" fibbiyh{ibic fhabhtiei{x{x{xwfac{a ehfbi giw wlb lyeaf{w%

Kana tlfa" Wax` Ghy" 197= j ekh ya}bae thifkhetlfa {l}baeae Ltfaeb Fhdbiti*eh ca{bfac iie t{aegxb*ajhfi ph Jhehwab Fibeh*ie gatceeka yacabae} Fab{a*ya

twbf{% Fab{a*kae kekc{he tlfa Aecawa Fhdbiti*eieiciedi gacaebea thibfi ph 1977 [hffx xeka ka Gagacae lbfx{xw% Bl ae Cle`hwaet*eka" tfh{ ]aa*ef gxbxefak afaebawka Gagacaebcba ghwaghw Kibhwi Gacaeb jwhpiei kh ya}f{w% Wax` Ghy" [wcbhwie lxexe actieh" Yaceklxka jhhw kib lbae @waet day clexafafac{a&kw% @aca{ lc iyi ejibi dh gibfhc{hkiw ph ejib{hwh ibh lex Kl&x*ka ncif cbf ei{hbicbhwieh kxykxx naywaeb ji bhfh&

fhc{hkiw% Aecawa ncfh{ieie lphebii lc ibhwi ji{{ii afaeka Wax` Ghy }aw{itiekhe aywbf ph kana bighwab lbae [hwacci}hwphw ]aw{i*yh ca{bf ph jb giw fxnabh`h{ cxwfx{xw% Gx hcibkh nawhch{ h{fhcbh" Dxfnxwiyh{ Nabc ]aw{iti*ekh&ci htci awcakabawee }nhtiei ph kfaebe hcfi{iw%

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197; ybeka" fxnabh`h{ }aw{itieie jhbifhc{h lbkxx giw

twaka" @h{ni Ghy" Gagacaeba jh{fbfi{iw% Gx khpbh{ akafka htci giw atchwkiw" ici yb ]awit*{h atchw a{hhbic" tlfa i{{ina{ ph [hwacci*eie thcwh{hwbiiei ya}f{% {h yaekae" Tl` ya*ka gxbxekxx twaka Fxt{aà Chfab kh lwaka atchw a{hhiki% Awabaweka gyc giw klt{bxc cxwxbfx ph }hc lc lbay

giwbic{h yaafbawkw% @h{ni Ghy kana tlfa" 191> *kh i h{ ]aa cagiehtiekh iibhwi Gacaeb ya}f{w% 1971*kh it{ae gxb*ka ejibi bhwdh {x{xcbaeae {aeef ciibhw awatfka @h{ni

Ghy kh pawkw% Fab{a*ka cabk twh iiekh ejibi dh whefi{iw% Ph ifki gx kibi iyi clexfac{akw%@h{ni Ghy" Fab{a*kae kekc{he tlewa Fxt{aà Chfab* h ca

{bf ph *h{cie* fibbiyh{ibhwkhe giwi lbfx{xw% 1977 ybeka"ibhwi Gacae lbawac" gaw aw{bawe jwfhc iie Blekwa*yaji{fi3 àca{ nigiw ejibi gacae {awaèkae cagxb hkibfhkiiekhe giwca na`{a ghcbhkic{he tlfa Aecawa*ya kef%ph ncfh{ieh chie tabkwya jhfhtiei {aptiyh h{fi{i% Gx tabke

tlexeka [wc lwkxtx fiw*h jiwi} Yxeaebbae khei h kcf{w% @h{ni Ghy 197;*{h Gagacae thibfi" àca{ 1978*{hci Cw{ayacbaefat twateka i bhkii }lbi{ica yxfxac jwbkekhe gx jwhpkhe abef ph ]awit*h hbi lbawac jekhwibfi{iw%

Gxje [wciyh*kh" Fxt{aà Chfab*khe tlfa he cxpph{bi akaf &1971*kh Wax` Ghy*ie 1978*{h kh @h{ni Ghy*ie yhwieiGagacae lbawac abf gxbxeae& tfh{ ]aa*kw% L itfh{ ]aaka hì jigi yh{hehcbi ph {aeef giw atchwkiw ph gaaebae awa

teka Tacawya Tapa ka gxbxefac{akw% Fxkaeya F{awhchti" itfh{ ]aa*y hci giw ki}blfa{ ph ejibi {hftibditi Jhehwab Nawwiej{le*xe f{ni giw natf lbawac lw{aya cawf{w%Bl ae Cle`hwaet*eka Blwk Dxw le*a caw kiwhefhtiybh e giw ca{ kana aw{f{w%

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itfh{ ]aa" cta glybx" iedh y b" j bhwi" giw aeka nhw

hyi jwfhc ph cxbacbawee aw ii{fhtieie yawa{{ glbxx jikhwfhc it{hwdhtieh kxwfakae yxpabaweka kehe giw ciikiw% Cc giw atchw gy" caw{ab gxwex" iedh hbbhwi tlyxeka hwch bic lbkxxex jt{hwfhc{hkiw% Ki}blfatikh yabe hc khib" fae{c jt{hwiti kh ya}fac{akw% Abfae atchw {hw giyhti abfat" @waet atchw fh{lkbawe iedhbhfhti" lea nawhch{bhwiekh atchw giw napa phwfhc{hkiw% Kiti}biebikiw ph tlxccaeb lbawac {afef{w% @aca{ ga ae tagwt baek ph

}awbak ka lbxw% lc khà yxfxac giw }lbi{icad napateka&kw% Cawtekacibhwh" ciibiiekh nawhch{ti jigi jwehe jd cxbbaeawac h{ci ya}fac{akw%

Fxt{aà Chfab ph hbbicbh itfh{ ]aa" Khpwifdi phDxfnxwiyh{i Aecawa*ee he ehfbi ici ciitikiw% Fibbh{ Fhdbiti" gx icitieie hbiekh giw cib nafxwx jigikiw% Gx nafxwa" ga

ae yxfxac gatcbawba ga ae jbhwiei giw awaya jh{iwi} h fhc txwh{iybh giif phwfhc{hkiwbhw% Lw{ac ic{ikawbaw ibh .e

c giwi twhcbi lbawac Dxfnxwgacae" gw kh Gagacaekw)[wciyh*eie yheikhe cxwxbfat gabaf{w ph ikaw lbkxx ji

gi" tltyab ph hclelfic wh`lwfbawe bchyh jh{iwibfhti n ba phactafakae khpaf h{fhc{hkiw%

74 Eitae 197=*kh Aecawa*ka na wbaef lbae [hcib{Htatiyh Caexex" 79 Hcif 1974*{h Dxfnxwiyh{ie ibfea cakaw Aeayata lbawac ih yawaf" àca{ lekae tlfa yh{hwti nabh jhbkiiekhe 4= Eitae 197;*{h yhei giw Dxfnxwiyh{ Aeaya

tat cagxb hkibfi{iw% Gybhdh gyc Fibbh{ Fhdbiti" ncfh{ ph khpbh{ cxwxbxbawee gabae Aeaklbx*exe lw{atekaci cc Aecawa catagateka {l}baeawac" naywh{ phwidi giw igiwbiinhyhdaf iiekh bchyi cxw{awfa" cabcekwfa ph khpwifh yabae ikkh{bi giw hpwifbh yheibh{iwfh iieh clyxbfxbawkw%

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Gxekae tlewa" aw{c" [wciyh Dxfnxwiyh{ieie gyfhti

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txwx lbawac Wxfbaw cabf{ ph jwfhbhw kh he lc gxebaw hwiekh {l}baef{% Ga{ Aeaklbx*kaci Wxfbaw" Yxeae `hbch{i hwieh ya Aeaklbx*kae cawbfbaw ya ka Yxeaeit{ae*acafbawk% Yabe Klx [wacya ph t{aegxb*ka ehfbi tayka Wxf cabf{ ph gx ka [wc Fibbiyh{ibhwieie cawtea kicibfi giw }wlgbhfki%

bc Bl ae Cle`hwaet*eka" gx clex ibh ibjibi lbawac 4= L&dac 1974*{h giw [wc&Yxeae aebafat ya}bf{w% Gx aebafaka Ftbfae ph Lw{lklct nabcbawe fgakhbhti cawawba{wbf{w% Yabe Ga{ [wacya*kaci Ftbfae [wcbhw ibh t{aegxb*kaci Lw{lklct Wxfbaw gx aebafaee ca}taf keka gwacbfbawkw%

[wciyh" Wxf Lw{lklct ]abwicnaehti*eie ga aw{baw ab{eka t{aegxb*ka cabfatea ka wa lbfx{xw% Gx aw{bawa jwh3 tiyatab àabiyh{bhwi y ekhe it{hefhyhe akaf kxwxfxeajhbhe ]a{wic Fhbbh{ilt IP a bhkibhdhc ph yhwieh" [wc ncfh{i {awaèkae cagxb hkibhgibhdhc gaca giw kie akaf jh{iwibhdhc{i% ]a{wicnaeh yabe kiethb clexbawba fhjxb lbadac" ni giw tiyatab àabiyh{{h gxbxeafayadac{%

A ebcbawe fgakhbhti yhei giw w aae giw cawaw lbfx{xw% Apwx}a ph Afhwica*kaci cafxlyx gx cawae khiic nitbhwbh cawbaf lbfacba ghwaghw" Cle`hwaete kihw {awa`baw gxea w a jt{hweibhwkiw% ec gybh giw cawawba" [wc {l}bxfx iiekh hwi{ibhfhyhe Nwit{iyae a ebcbaw tlwxex tle gxbadac ph jaywi ftbif xetxwbaw aw{c" [wc fhthbhtiekh giw nx xwtx bxc h{chei lbfayadacbawk% Giwgiwbhwiybh iyidh cheh{bhefi ph caef lbae kie ph fibbiyh{" Ltfaeb khpbh{iekhkaifa giw tw{fh ph {anwic xetxwx lbfxbawk3 aw{c gx tw{fh kh lw{akae cabcadac{% Gatcbaw" cyf ph fitibbhfh tle yawf y yb {awinieie tayàbawe caea gxbaf{% Aw{c" ni kh&

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ibth" [wciyh tewbae iiekh gybh lbaybaw lbfayadac3 i ga

w cxwxbadac{% [wcbhwie ph Nwit{iyaebaee gxjec napaiiekh ciebhwiei jfhfhyhdhcbhwiei ph giw awaka yaayafayadacbawe aebayae [wciyh ph Yxeaeit{ae" l jeh cakaw Yacf&Klx tlwxexeka ni hb a{bfaf he wakicab nab awhtieie xyjxbaefate it{hfibhwkiw% Gx" ikkh{ ph bkwfh ylbx ibh [wciyh*khci Nwit{iyaebaee" Yxeaeit{ae*kaci Ftbfaebawe lw{akae cabkebfat khib" cawbcb aebafa ibh ibhwiekh gxbxeae kichebhwie {hfi bhefhti iki% Gx cawbcb aebafa ibh [w

ciyh*khci Wxfbaw Yxeaeit{ae*a" Yxeaeit{ae*kaci [wcbhw kh[wciyh*yh j hkhdhcbhwki% Gybhdh nhw ici bcheie ec ph kie{hck hbii kh tabaef lbadac{%

Y giebhwdh ietae hpbhwiekhe tcfhc ph gxebae yagaed giw hpwhyh yhwbh{iwfhc }wl{ht{l bcbae ibh cawbafakae ffce lbfaf{w% hbbicbh [wciyh" Nwit{iyae {hgaay tew k hkhwhc ietaebc k giw kapwae{a gxbxefacbatxbaef{w% @aca{ atbeka" a fbcbae fgakhbh h{fhc" Ph&

ei hblt*xe giw gxbxxkxw ph 1914 ybekae ghwi gx gxbxxex giwca khà lw{aya clyfx{xw% _a{he tapa y ekhe yhwbhwiekhe lbfx Nwit{iyae a ebcbaw" gx aebafa ibh kana iyi giw kxwxfa jhfibhwkiw% ec" aebafa jhwhiedh gxebawa jhwikh gwac{cbaw fabbaw iie nhw ici {awaà {a fiea{ phwibfi{iw%

Jhwhc{h" fibbh{ tit{hfieie cabkwbfatekae edh gx i"jhwhc lwba" jhwhc it{hyhwhc ya}bae jbhw ph cawbcb f gakhbhbhwbh nab ylbxea jiwfi{i% Gx fgakhbheie hclelfic h{

cibhwi" hbbicbh Yxeaeit{ae*kae [wciyh*yh jhhe *fxnadiw*bh&wie kxwxfbaw kana ibhwkh aeba{badac{w%Wxfbawe" Klx [wacya ph Aelklbx*kae j h{fhbhwieie

tiyatab h{cibhwi ith hbbh {x{xbagibiw% [wciyh" giw khpbh{ lbawac x xe pawlbxxeka ibc khà" giw {hc kibi" giw {hc fibbiyh{i ph giw

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{hc fibb ikhabi lbae ylxe giw g{ebc jwef jt{hwfi

{iw% Fadawit{ae jigi }awabaef" cc giw {l}wac }awat iieh tc{ebf lbfacba ghwaghw" [wcbhw {hc giw wc lbawac3 {hc giw kib clexae" giw {hc kieh ieaeae giw xbxt lbkxcbawe jwfbhw ph bf&cabf tapaee a{hi iiekh xbxtab giwbic cabgea kcbfbhwkiw%

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LEXEDX GBF

TAB[AEA[IE CABKIWIBFATI .1 Catf 1977) PH DXFNXWYH[E BEI .79 Hcif 1974)

Fxt{aà Chfab ]aa Ncfh{i *eie htci Ltfaeb cxwxf

bawe ycfa iieh clyxbkxx khpwh iiekh ghcbhefhkic phnaywh{ xyaekwae nawhch{i" txb{ae {an{ekae iekiwfhti ph tbf {awinieie he eb tab{aea{f cabkwfatkw% Gx nawhch{ lc ae lbfacba ph yagaed bchbhwkh ni ghcbhefhfhcbh ghwaghw"{awinthb lbaybawe jhbiifiekh {agii giw akf lbawac jwbfhc{hkiw% Gx y khe" nawhch{" giw lbkx gi{{i lbawac naywh{ phwhdhc giifkh }hc a }wl{ht{l ph {h}ciyh ylb af{w%

Aeaklbx*ka Fibbiyh{ibhwie Yxeaebbawa caw ca aekc

baw a`hwkhe ph aeaccabh*kh F{{hìcbhwh caà {x{fabaee&kae tlfa" Aecawa*kaci fibbiyh{i ncfh{ie chekieh jphei tew {affa giw kxwxfa jhbfi{i% Hbiekh gxbxeae ic{ikawe àwceka lbawac ph lc aw aw{bawa wafhe ca aek a`hwi" gaekaci canwafaee phwkiwnhyhdaf {ayawac yhei ncfh{ chekiei nhw hyh *fxc{hkiw* nitthkiylwkx ph gxex giw lc phtibhybh jt{hwfi{i% @aca{ nigiwi" t{aegxb*kaci cxcbatxb{aea caw jiwiibfi nawhch{ cakaw t{ebc ph jxwxw wxnx

yaet{faf{w%Gagbi" aybaw edh [wciyh*khci tle gaft l{lwi{h ei&

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{hbiieie i bhwiei kh yi{iwfi{i% Nb [aew*ee phwkii giw nacba ncf twkeh ieaekae txb{aea caw ghtbhehe tayjy

ph gxekae klae i{igaw c{yh cxbbaef{% G{e ay`be lw{aya clyfx" F{{hìc facafbawe hbiekh giw awa{ae

gaca giwhy lbfayae txb{ae {awaèkae yeh{ibfhyh chekiei gwacf{% Kana edh kh ghbiw{{iifi jigi" [wc khpbh{i iie ya}d ph xbxtab nigiw àabiyh{{h gxbxefaf{% ejibi atchwbhwieie t{aegxb*kaci fhwx }awbafhe{lya ya}{cbaw gatcea kathyiwdi cabf" he cc giw }wl{ht{lka gxbxefaf{% Lexeiie yabe ejibi yhtieie khib" g{e F{{hìc Ycthc Cle&thyi*eie '}awate yaeb a{a lyeaf lbkxx'ea ni afafabkw% Blwk Tabitgxwy*eie eb i{iwaèka ghbiw{{ii jigi3 F{{hìcbhw cw cweh Aecawa Ncfh{i *ei {aefay whkkh{fhfhbi ph t{aegxb*ka aw{c nigiw l{lwi{hti cabfaf ph eh F{{hìcbhwie eh kh cheki xbxtxexe cawbawea ni fh{ hkhfhkxwxfa kf gxbxeae txb{aea gabaefafabykbaw%

Twhcbi giw gawe aw{bawe jwfhc iie Bl ae*ka giw cle`hwaet awt ya}bk afae F{{hìcbhw t{aegxb*kaci*jbjh ncfh{*{he kh {hftibdi jekhwfhtiei it{hfibhwki%

Aw{c b giw kxwxfa jhbfi ph ciftheie kht{hcbhfhkii txb{aea" iea{ba tawbfac ph lexeba ab phwih jiwifhc3 eh gl giw `lwfabi{h jhwhi ph eh kh giw faehpwa iki% Takhdh [wc Fibbi

yh{ibhwieh giw nacawh{{i% Gybh giw {a{{f ka" Aecawa Fhdbi&ti*eie yhei giw tabkwya jhfhti iie iawh{ lbfx{a% 1 Catf1977*kh Fhdbit aakaci cawae lygiwbii ibh cagxb h{fi{i?

'[wc xbxtx" xbxtxe jhwhc {hftibditi lbae [wciyh G yc Fibbh{ Fhdbiti*eh nabhe {hpki h{fi lbkxx ph gx Fhdbit{awaèkae cxbbaebfac{a lbae hjhfhebic nacbawee gbefh " pa jhibfh ph gacabaeea khpwhkibhfh lbkxxea cawaw phwfi{iw%

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Gxekae gaca [wc xbxtx" xbxtxe iwakhtieh kayaefayae

nigiw ic{ikaw ka cagxb h{fhfhyh cawaw phwfi{iw%[wc xbxtx" Fibb Fitac tewbae iiekh [wciyh Gyc Fibbh{ Fhdbiti Ncfh{i*ekhe gaca nigiw ncfh{ {aefafac{akw%

Gxea jwh" [wc xbxtx t{aegxb*kaci {hc ante hjhfhebiieh kayaeae ncfh{ie pawlbxx

Türkiye II - Bir Devletin Yeniden Doğuşu - Arnold Joseph Toynbee

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