Trisha Garcia

Nutrition & CarcinogenesisNutrition & Carcinogenesis Trisha

Garcia

Learning Objectives

Define carcinogenesis and carcinogen.

Describe the three phases of carcinogenesis.

Discuss examples of known carcinogens.

Discuss the preventions of carcinogenesis.

Overview

What is carcinogenesis?Phases of carcinogenesisFactors of carcinogenesisClassification of carcinogensTypes of carcinogensPrevention

What is carcinogenesis?

Carcinogen: a physical, chemical, or viral agent that induces cancer.

Phases of carcinogenesis

1. Initiation

2. Promotion

3. Progression

Factors for Carcinogenesis

Classification of carcinogens

1. Genotoxic agents: cause genetic damage or mutations.

Ex.) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, mycotoxins, etc.

2. Nongenotoxic agents: do not directly affect DNA, but promote tumor growth in other ways.

Ex.) Dioxin, estradiol, asbestos, etc.

Carcinogens

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs)Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs)Advanced glycation end products

(AGEs)

HCAsHeterocyclic amines:

formed inside muscle meats during various types of high temperature cooking; when creatine and amino acids react together with heat.

Four factors influence HCA formation:

1. Type of food2. Cooking method3. Temperature4. Cooking duration

PAHsPolycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons: formed by the incomplete burning of organic matter at temperatures over 392 F

PAH formation is influenced by:1. Temperature of cooking2. Duration of cooking3. Type of fuel used in heating4. Distance from heat source5. Fat content of the food

AGEs

Advanced glycation end products: created when sugars and proteins in food react together with heat

oMaillard reaction

Nitrates

BPA

AlcoholAlcohol consumption is associated with

increased cancer risk for cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, lung, colon, rectum, liver, and breast

Energy intake & Body WeightExcess calorie intake is a risk factor for cancer

Obesity is a risk factor for cancer and may account for 6% of all cancers.

Fat IntakePositive correlation exists between fat intake

and incidences of breast, colon and prostate cancers.

ProteinIncreased protein intake = enhancement

of tumor development

Salt IntakeA close correlation between daily salt

intake and gastric cancer incidence

Prevention

Cook with low and slow heat:PoachingStewingBraisingSteamingAvoid processed foodsAvoid charring foodsAvoid direct exposure to open flame

Prevention

Vitamin DCalciumCoffee & teaFruits and vegetablesSoy and phytoestrogensOmega-3 FA

Cancer-Protective Phytochemicals in Vegetables and Fruits

Color Phytochemical Vegetables and Fruits

Red Lycomene Tomatoes, pink grapefruit, watermelon

Red and purple Anthocyanins, polyphenols

Berries, grapes, red wine, plums

Orange - and -carotene Carrots, mangos, pumpkin

Orange and yellow -cryptoxanthin, flavonoids

Cantaloupe, peaches, oranges, papaya, nectarine

Yellow and green Lutein, zeaxanthin Spinach, avocado, honeydew, collard and turnip greens

Green Sulforaphhanes, indoles

Cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower

White and green Allyl sulphides Leeks, onion, garlic, chives

PreventionAmerican Cancer Society:Physical activityHealthy body weightEat healthful, colorful foods (plant based)Limit alcohol

American Institute for Cancer Research:Lean body weightPhysical activityLimit energy-dense foodsPlant foodsLimit animal foodsLimit alcoholLimit salt intakeMeet nutritional needs

Asses your risk

http://www.diseaseriskindex.harvard.edu/update/hccpquiz.pl?lang=english&func=home&page=cancer_index

http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/quizzes/nutrition-activity-quiz/index.htm

ReferencesSugimura T. Nutrition and dietary carcinogens. Oxford

journals. 21(3).Prashant T, Shrama G, Hussain S, et al. Magnanimous

effects and role of dietary nutrition on carcinogenesis. International medical journal of sifa university. 2014. 1(1).

http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-cooking-carcinogens

http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/generalinformationaboutcarcinogens/known-and-probable-human-carcinogens

Mahan K, Escott-stump S, Raymond J. Krause’s food and the nutrition care process. St. Louis, MO. Elsevier. 2012.

http://www.healthyodds.com/cancerprevention.html