Tradional Grammar

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What is Grammar?The word Grammar has been derived from Frenchword gramaire or Latin word grammatical or

Greek word grammatika which means relating toletter or according to F.R Palmer the word grammarmeans to write Grammar is the system of rules bywhich words are formed and put together to makesentence or grammar is the branch of linguisticwhich deal with the relationship between words andthe structure of sentenceTen Types of Grammar

Linguists are quick to remind us that there aredifferent varieties of grammar--that is, different waysof describing and analyzing the structures andfunctions of language.Comparative Grammar

The analysis and comparison of the grammaticalstructures of related languages. Contemporary workin comparative grammar is concerned with "a facultyof language that provides an explanatory basis for

how a human being can acquire a first language . . ..In this way, the theory of grammar is a theory ofhuman language and hence establishes therelationship among all languages."Generative Grammar

The rules determining the structure andinterpretation of sentences that speakers accept asbelonging to the language. "Simply put, a generative

grammar is a theory of competence: a model of thepsychological system of unconscious knowledge thatunderlies a speaker's ability to produce and interpretutterances in a language."Mental Grammar

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The generative grammar stored in the brain thatallows a speaker to produce language that otherspeakers can understand. "All humans are born withthe capacity for constructing a Mental Grammar,

given linguistic experience; this capacity forlanguage is called the Language Faculty (Chomsky,1965). A grammar formulated by a linguist is anidealized description of this Mental Grammar."Pedagogical Grammar

Grammatical analysis and instruction designed forsecond-language students. "Pedagogical grammar isa slippery concept. The term is commonly used to

denote (1) pedagogical process--the explicittreatment of elements of the target languagesystems as (part of) language teaching methodology;(2) pedagogical content--reference sources of onekind or another that present information about thetarget language system; and (3) combinations ofprocess and content." (D. Little, "Words and TheirProperties: Arguments for a Lexical Approach to

Pedagogical Grammar."Performance GrammarA description of the syntax of English as it is actuallyused by speakers in dialogues. "[P]performancegrammar . . . centers attention on languageproduction; it is my belief that the problem ofproduction must be dealt with before problems ofreception and comprehension can properly beinvestigated."Reference Grammar

A description of the grammar of a language, withexplanations of the principles governing theconstruction of words, phrases, clauses, andsentences. Examples of contemporary referencegrammars in English include A Comprehensive

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Grammar of the English Language, by RandolphQuirk et al. (1985), the Longman Grammar of Spokenand Written English (1999), and The CambridgeGrammar of the English Language (2002).Theoretical Grammar

The study of the essential components of any humanlanguage. "Theoretical grammar or syntax isconcerned with making completely explicit theformalisms of grammar, and in providing scientificarguments or explanations in favor of one account ofgrammar rather than another, in terms of a generaltheory of human language."

Traditional Grammar The collection of prescriptive rules and conceptsabout the structure of the language. "We say thattraditional grammar is prescriptive because itfocuses on the distinction between what somepeople do with language and what they ought to dowith it, according to a pre-established standard. . . .

The chief goal of traditional grammar, therefore, is

perpetuating a historical model of what supposedlyconstitutes proper languageTransformational Grammar

A theory of grammar that accounts for theconstructions of a language by linguistictransformations and phrase structures. "Intransformational grammar, the term 'rule' is used notfor a precept set down by an external authority butfor a principle that is unconsciously yet regularly

followed in the production and interpretation ofsentences. A rule is a direction for forming asentence or a part of a sentence, which has beeninternalized by the native speaker."Universal Grammar

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The system of categories, operations, and principlesshared by all human languages and considered to beinnate. "Taken together, the linguistic principles ofUniversal Grammarconstitute a theory of the organization

of the initialstate of the mind/brain of the language learner--that is, a theory of the human faculty for language."

PunctuationUsing correct punctuation is vital to making your essayeffective. Misusing commas, semicolons, and otherpunctuation marks can give the admissions officers a badimpression, and it can even make parts of your essayunintelligible.

Although a few minor errors may not make a huge differenceto your reader, a perfect error-free manuscript will makeyour application essay outstanding. You should know thebasics, as listed here:

CommasWhen you join two complete sentences with conjunctionssuch as and, but, or for, place a comma before theconjunction.I want to go, but it is snowing.If youre unsure whether you need a comma, check to see ifthe subject changes over the course of the sentence. If itdoes, you need a comma: The parrot squawks obscenities,and the dog eats nothing but steak. If there is no subjectfollowing the conjunction, you dont need a comma: Theparrot squawks obscenities and eats nothing but crackers.Do not join independent clauses with a comma. Instead, usea period or a semicolon: Incorrect: It is about to snow, wedbetter not go. Correct: It is about to snow; wed better notgo.

Correct: It is about to snow. Wed better not go. Be sure toenclose parenthetical statements in commas: My father, anavid skier, wants to move to Colorado.Also use a comma to separate parts of a date or an addressMy niece was born in Morristown, New Jersey, on May 24,2002.Finally, be sure to separate items in a list withcommas:

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Correct: Chocolate pizza pasta and ice cream are my favoritefoods.Correct: Chocolate, pizza, pasta, and ice cream are myfavorite foods. Colons and Semicolons Dont use colons or

semicolons if you are unsure of how they function in asentence. The semicolon indicates a pause. It is strongerthan a comma but weaker than a period: My father has awonderful sense of humor; nevertheless, he is a strict man.

The colon means as follows:We learned five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining,depression, and acceptance.It should not be used to introduce a short list:Incorrect: I went to the store and picked up: corn on the cob,hamburger meat, and beefsteak tomatoes.

Correct: I went to the store and picked up corn on the cob,hamburger meat, and beefsteak tomatoes. A colon can alsobe used to introduce a single word or phrase, to show a closeconnection between the two parts, or to add dramatic effect.

There was only one problem with her theory: She had noproof.

Quotation MarksCommas and periods always go inside the closing quotationmark:

I ate too much, said my little brother. My little brother said,I ate too much.

The first word of a quotation is capitalized, but if youinterrupt the quote dont capitalize the first word of thecontinuation: Because of your rude behavior, said Mr. Littell, you cant come on the class field trip.

Exclamation MarksDo not use exclamation marks to strengthen weak words.

The exclamation mark should only be used for true

exclamations or for commands (and never use more thanone):What a day! Stop!

SpellingRelying heavily on word-processing programs like Spell-Check or Grammar Check can get you into trouble by lullingyou into a false sense of security. For example, Spell-Check

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doesnt detect if you use the wrong word; it only notices if aword is spelled incorrectly (and occasionally spell-checkersare wrong). So if youre not careful, its easy to miss that youwrote the word compete when you meant to write complete.

Incorrect: I completed in twenty three gymnastics meats lastyear.Correct: I competed in twenty-three gymnastics meets lastyear.If youre lucky, the admissions officers will be able to guessfrom the context what you are trying to say. But there is noreason to look careless.

Principle Division Of Grammar:1. Orthography:. It treats of letters. It relate to correct

spelling. Spelling with reference to correctness.2. Etymology:. The study of the origins and historical

development of the words

3. Syntax: It treats to arrange the sentence or thegrammatical rules.

The Parts of

SpeechTraditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts ofspeech: the verb, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, theadverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and theinterjection. Each part of speech explains not what the wordis, but how the word is used. In fact, the same word can be anoun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next.

The next few examples show how a word's part of speechcan change from one sentence to the next, and followingthem is a series of sections on the individual parts of speech,

followed by an exerciseWhat is a Noun?A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place,thing, and abstract idea. Example .Aslam, Pen, Peshawar etc.

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either plural form forexample,arm,brains,spirits,News etc

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1.Noun GenderMany common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher," can referto men or women. Once, many English nouns would changeform depending on their gender -- for example, a man wascalled an "author" while a woman was called an "authoress"-- but this use of gender-specific nouns is very rare today.

Those that are still used occasionally tend to refer tooccupational categories, as in the following sentences.Saeed was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor.

Nadeem was at the height of her career as an actress in the1780s.

The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn'tdecide whether he was advertising for a "waiter" or a"waitress"

2.Noun PluralsMost nouns change their form to indicate number by adding"-s" or "-es", as illustrated in the following pairs of sentences:When Aslam was small he rarely told the truth if he thought

he was going to be punished.Many people do not believe that truths are self-evident.

There are other nouns which form the plural by changing thelast letter before adding "s". Some words ending in "f" formthe plural by deleting "f" and adding "ves," and words endingin "y" form the plural by deleting the "y" and adding "ies," asin the following.

Possessive NounsIn the possessive case, a noun or pronoun changes its form

to show that it owns or is closely related to something else.Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combinationof an apostrophe and the letter "s."

You can form the possessive case of a singular noun thatdoes not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and "s," as inthe following sentences:1) The red suitcase is Cassandra's.

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2) The only luggage that was lost was the prime minister's.3) The exhausted recruits were woken before dawn by thedrill sergeant's screams.4) The miner's face was covered in coal dust.

You can form the possessive case of a singular nounthat ends in "s" by adding an apostrophe alone or byadding an apostrophe and "s," as in the followingexamples:

1) The bus's seats are very uncomfortable.2) The bus' seats are very uncomfortable.3) The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus's eggs.4) The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus' eggs.5) Felicia Hemans's poetry was once more popular than LordByron's.

6) Felicia Hemans' poetry was once more popular than LordByron's.

Using Possessive NounsWhen you read the following sentences, you will notice thata noun in the possessive case frequently functions as anadjective modifying another noun:

The miner's face was covered in coal dust.

Here the possessive noun "miner's" is used to modify thenoun "face" and together with the article "the," they makeup the noun phrase that is the sentence's subject.

The concert was interrupted by the dogs' barking, the ducks'quacking, and the babies' squalling.In this sentence, each possessive noun modifies a gerund.

The possessive noun "dogs"' modifies "barking," "ducks"'modifies "quacking," and "babies"' modifies "squalling."

The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus's eggs.

In this example the possessive noun "platypus's" modifiesthe noun "eggs" and the noun phrase "the platypus's eggs"is the direct object of the verb "crushed."My uncle spent many hours trying to locate the squirrels'nest.

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In this sentence the possessive noun "squirrels"' is used tomodify the noun "nest" and the noun phrase "the squirrels'nest" is the object of the infinitive phrase "to locate."

Types Of Nouns

There are many different types of nouns. As you know, youcapitalize some nouns, such as "Canada" or "Louise," and donot capitalize others, such as "badger" or "tree" (unless theyappear at the beginning of a sentence). In fact, grammarianshave developed a whole series of noun types, including theproper noun, the common noun, the concrete noun, theabstract noun, the countable noun. the non-countable nounand the collective noun. You should note that a noun willbelong to more than one type: it will be proper or common,abstract or concrete, and countable or non-countable orcollective. But the major classification of noun are concretenoun and Abstract noun.

.Concrete NounsA concrete noun is a noun which names anything (oranyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses:touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is theopposite of a abstract noun. The highlighted words in thefollowing sentences are all concrete nouns:1) The judge handed the files to the clerk..

2) The book binder replaced the flimsy paper cover with asturdy, cloth-covered boardIts further classified into the following nouns.

1) Proper NounsProper noun is the name of a specific person, place, or

thing. The names of days of the week, months, historicaldocuments, institutions, organizations, religions, their holytexts and their adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun isthe opposite of a common nounIn each of the following

sentences, the proper nouns are highlighted:A llama Iqbal, Quaid-e-Azam.Pakistan.America..

2) .Common NounsA common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, orthing in a general sense -- usually, you should write it with a

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noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence. Non-countable nouns are similar to collective nouns, and are theopposite of countable nouns. The highlighted words in thefollowing sentences are non-countable nouns:

1) Dawood discovered oxygen.The word "oxygen" cannot normally be made plural.Oxygen is essential to human life.Since "oxygen" is a non-countable noun, it takes the singularverb "is" rather than the plural verb "are."We decided to sell the furniture rather than take it with uswhen we moved.

You cannot make the noun "furniture" plural.The furniture is heaped in the middle of the room.Since "furniture" is a non-countable noun, it takes a singular

verb, "is heaped."The crew spread the gravel over the roadbed.You cannot make the non-countable noun "gravel" plural.

What is a Verb?A verb is used to show an action or a state of being and giveus information about subject is called verb. Such as: jump,run, cook and drive. Rashid bites his victims on the neck.

The verb "bites" describes the action Rashidtakes..

There are three types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs

ACTION VERBS:.Action verbs are words that express action (ex:give, eat, walk, etc.) or possession (have, own, etc.). Actionverbs

can be either transitive or intransitive.

TRANSITIVE VERBS

A transitive verb always has a noun that receives the actionof the verb. This noun is called the direct object.EXAMPLE: Asima raises her hand.(The verb is raises. Her handis an object receiving the verbsaction. Therefore, raises are atransitive verb.)

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Transitive verbs sometimes have indirect objects, whichname the object to whom or for whom the action was done.EXAMPLE: Nadeem gave Bushra the pencil.(The verb is given. The direct object is the pencil. [What did

he give? the pencil]. The indirect object is Bushra..INTRANSITIVE VERBSAn intransitive verb never has a direct or indirect object.Although an intransitive verb may be followed by an adverbor adverbial phrase, there is no object to receive its action.EXAMPLE: Asima rises slowly from her seat.(The verb is the word, rises. The words, slowly from her seat,modify the verb. But there is no object that receives theaction.)TRANSITIVE OR INTRANSITIVE?

To determine whether a verb is transitive or intransitive,follow these two steps:

1) Find the verb in the sentence.EXAMPLE 1: Abrahim will lay down his book. What is theaction?will lay EXAMPLE 2: His book will lie there all day. What is theaction? Will lieDetermine whether the verb has a direct object. Askyourself, What is receiving the action of the verb?

If there is a noun receiving the action of the verb, then theverb is transitive.If there is no direct object to receive the action, and if theverb does not make sense with a direct object, then it isintransitive.EXAMPLE 1: Abrahim will lay down his book. Abrahim will lay

down what?His book. Since the verb can take a direct object, it istransitive.

EXAMPLE 2: His book will lie there all day.His book will liewhat? Nothing.It does not make sense to lie something. Since the verbdoes not make sense with aDirect object, it is intransitive.A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to anoun or adjective that

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Subjective Personal Pronouns A subjective personal pronounindicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of thesentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you,""she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they."

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is asubjective personal pronoun and acts as the subject of thesentence:I was glad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the greenknapsack.

You are surely the strangest child I have ever met.When she was a young woman, she earned her living as acoal miner.After many years, they returned to their homeland.We will meet at the Calcutta at 3:30 p.m.

Objective Personal Pronouns An objective personal pronounindicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb,compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. Theobjective personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him,""it," "us," "you," and "them."Here the objective personal pronoun "me" is the object ofthe preposition "to."I'm not sure that my contact will talk to you.Similarly in this example, the objective personal pronoun

"you" is the object of the preposition "to."Rehan wassurprised to see her at the race..Here the objective personal pronoun "her" is the object ofthe infinitive phrase "to see."2) Possessive Personal Pronouns A possessive pronoun indicates

that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession anddefines who owns a particular object or person. Thepossessive personal pronouns are "mine," "yours," "hers,""his," "its," "ours," and "theirs." Note that possessivepersonal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectiveslike "my," "her," and "their."In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is apossessive personal pronoun: The smallest gift is mine.Here the possessive pronoun "mine" functions as a subjectcomplement.

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This is yours. Here too the possessive pronoun "yours"functions as a subject complement.His is on the kitchen counter.In this example, the possessive pronoun "his" acts as the

subject of the sentence.Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.In this sentence, the possessive pronoun "theirs" is thesubject of the sentence.Ours is the green one on the corner. Here too the possessivepronoun "ours" function as the subject of the sentence.3) A demonstrative pronounpoints to and identifies a noun or apronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearbyeither in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer tothings that are farther away in space or time.

The demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and"those." "This" and "that" are used to refer to singular nounsor noun phrases and "these" and "those" are used to refer toplural nouns and noun phrases. Note that the demonstrativepronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives, though,obviously, you use them differently. It is also important tonote that "that" can also be used as a relative pronoun.In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is ademonstrative pronoun:

This must not continue.Here "this" is used as the subject of the compound verb"must not continue."

This is puny; that is the tree I want.

In this example "this" is used as subject and refers tosomething close to the speaker. The demonstrative pronoun"that" is also a subject but refers to something farther awayfrom the speaker.

Three customers wanted these.

Here "these" is the direct object of the verb "wanted."4) Interrogative PronounsAn interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. Theinterrogative pronouns are "who," "whom," "which," "what"and the compounds formed with the suffix "ever"("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and "whatever").Note that either "which" or "what" can also be used as an

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Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participlephrases can also act as adjectives. In the sentence

Aslam listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hiddenunder her pillow.

For example, both highlighted adjectives are past participles.

Inflection:Most of the adjective take inflection for grad ability with athree term paradigm. For example.Positive__________Comparative_______________Superlative.

Tall Tallest Young

Youngest.The comparative and Superlative degree may be expressedeither inflectionally or analytically i.e. more/most.

Function:Adjective function as head of adjective phrase. Broadly theyhave three main functions.

1) Attributive (2) Predicative (3) Post posed

Attributive:Where it comes before a noun or verb. e.g. ( An

intelligent girl).Predicative:Where it comes after the Verb. e.g. (The girl is

intelligent).

Post posed:Post posed comes immediately after the noun and

before Verb.e.g.(Some one intelligent published the book).

Dependents:Most adjective are gradable. Syntactically they take degree

expression as dependents i.e. Too, Er, Est, More, Most, abitetcAll adjective are not gradable, and such adjectives representcategorical rather then scale properties. For example, (1)Atomic Scientist (2) Medical Student.Lexical Morphology:A number of suffixes derive adjective from nouns e.g.

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Suffixes. Nouns._____Adjectives.1. Full__________________Beauty____________Beautiful.2. Less__________________Motion____________Motionless.3. Ly___________________Friend____________Friendly.

4. Like__________________Child_____________Child like.5. Al___________________Politics____________Political.What is an Adverb?

An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb,a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time,place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as"how," "when," "where," "how much".

While some adverbs can be identified by theircharacteristic "ly" suffix, most of them must be identified byuntangling the grammatical relationships within thesentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an adjective, anadverb can be found in various places within the sentence.Inthe following examples, each of the highlighted words is anadverb:

The seamstress quickly made the mourningclothes.In this sentence, the adverb "quickly" modifies the verb"made" and indicates in what manner (or how fast) theclothing was constructed.

The midwives waited patiently through a long labour.Similarly in this sentence, the adverb "patiently" modifiesthe verb "waited" and describes the manner in which themidwives waited..

Here the adverb "more" modifies the adverb"expeditiously."

Unfortunately, the bank closed at three today.In this example, the adverb "unfortunately" modifies theentire sentence.

The Six Types of Adverbs1.Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of mannerprovide information on how someone does something.For example: Jack drives very carefully.

Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner are placed after theverb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). Forexample: Their teacher speaks quickly.

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2.Adverbs of Time Adverbs of time provideinformation on when something happens. For example:We'll let you know our decision next week.Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time are placed after the verb

or entire expression (at the end of the sentence).Forexample: She visited her friends last year.

3.Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequencyprovide information on how often something happens. Forexample: They usually get to work at eight o'clock.Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency are placedbefore the main verb (not the auxiliary verb). For example:He often goes to bed late. Do you sometimes get up early?

4.Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree provide

information concerning how much of something is done. Forexample: They like playing golf a lot. Adverbs of Degree:Adverbs of degree are placed after the verb or entireexpression (at the end of the sentence). For example: She'llattend the meeting as well.

5.Adverbs of Comment: Adverbs of commentprovide a comment, or opinion about a situation. Forexample: Fortunately, there were enough seats left for theconcert. Adverbs of Comment: Adverbs of comment are

placed at the beginning of a sentence. For example: Luckily,I was able to come to the presentation

6.Adverb FormationAdverbs are usually formed byadding '-ly' to an adjective.For example: quiet - quietly,careful - carefully, careless carelessly

Adjectives ending in '-le' change to '-ly'.For example: possible - possibly, probable - probably,incredible - incredibly

Adjectives ending in '-y' change to '-ily'.For example: lucky - luckily, happy - happily, angry - angrily

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The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after,""although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once,""since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when,""where," "whether," and "while."

Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is asubordinating conjunction:After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.

The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces thedependent clause "After she had learned to drive." If the paperwork arrives on time, yourcheque will be mailed on Tuesday.Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces thedependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on time."

Gerald had to begin his thesis over again

when his computer crashed. The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces thedependent clause "when his computer crashed."

What is an Interjection?

An interjection is a word added to a sentence to conveyemotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part ofthe sentence. You usually follow an interjection with anexclamation mark. Interjections are uncommon in formal

academic prose, except in direct quotations. The highlighted words in the following sentences areinterjections:Ouch, that hurt!Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today.Hey! Put that down!I heard one guy say to another guy, "He has a new car, eh?"I don't know about you but, good lord, I think taxes are toohigh!

Subject: The subject is the agent of the sentence in theactive voice; it isThe person or thing that does the action of the sentence,and it normallyPrecedes the verbThe subject may be a singlenoun.Example: Coffee is delicious.Milkcontains calcium.

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The subject may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase is a groupof wordsEnding with a noun. (It cannot begin with a preposition.)Example: That new, red car is Johns.

Mini-test:1. George likes boats.2. Mary, John, George, and I went to a restaurant last night.3. The weather was very bad yesterday.4. The chemistry professor cancelled class today.5. The bank closed at two oclock.In some sentences there is not a true subject. However, itand there can oftenAct as pseudo-subjects and should be considered as subjectwhen rules call for

Moving the subject of a sentence.Itis a nice day today.There was a fire in that building last month.There were many students in the room.Itis raining right now.

Complement: Complement completes the verb. It issimilar to the subjectBecause it is usually a noun or noun phrase; however, itgenerally follows the

Verb when the sentence is in the active voice.Examples of complements:

John bought a cake yesterday. (What did John buy?)Jill was driving a new car. (What was Jill driving?)He wants to drink some water. (What does he want to drink?She sawAsifthe movies last night. (Whom did she see at theMovies?)

They called Maryyesterday. (Whom did they call?)He was smoking a cigarette. (What was he smoking?)

Modifier: A modifier tells the time, place, or manner of theaction. VeryOften it is a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase is agroup of words

That begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.Example of prepositional phrases:In the morning, at the university, on the table

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A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase.Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterdayExample of modifiers:Aslam bought a book at the bookstore. (Where did Aslam

buy a book?)Arif was swimming in the pool yesterday. (Where was Arifswimming?)And (When was Jill swimming?)She drove the car on Main Street. (Where did she drive?)We ate dinner at seven oclock. (When did we eat dinner?)Note: The modifier normally follows the complement, but notalways.However, the modifier, especially when it is a prepositionalphrase, usually

Cannot separate the verb and the complement.The Noun Phrase

The noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun.It can containDeterminers (the, a, this, etc.), adjectives, adverbs, andnouns. It cannot beginWith a preposition. Remember that both subjects andcomplements are generally noun phrases. Count and non-count nouns: It is possible, however, to count some no count

Nouns if the substance is placed in a countable container.Glass of milk-one glass of milk, two glasses of milk What is Tense?Tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time,and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of anaction in relation to the time of speaking. Time).Tense is amethod that we use in English to refer to timepast, presentand future. Many Languages use tenses to talk about time.Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can stilltalk about time, using different methods. So, we talk abouttime in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but:We can also talk about time without using tenses (forexample, going to is aSpecial construction to talk about thefuture, it is not a tense) One tense does not always talkabout one time.Here are some of the terms used indiscussing verbs and tenses.

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Mood1) Indicative mood expresses a simple statement of fact,which can be positive (affirmative) or negativeI like coffee.

I do not like coffee.2) Interrogative mood expresses a question.Why do youlike coffee?3) Imperative mood expresses a command .Sit down!4) subjunctive mood expresses what is imagined orwished or possibleThe President ordered that he attend the meeting.VoiceVoice shows the relationship of the subject to the action. Inthe active voice, the subject does the action (cats eatmice). In the passive voice, the subject receives the action(miceAre eaten by cats). Among other things, we can use voice tohelp us change the focus ofAttention.AspectThe action or state referred to by the verb is completed (andoften still relevant),For example:

I have emailed the report to Jane. (so now she has thereport)(This is called perfective aspect, using perfect tenses.)

The action or state referred to by the verb is in progress orcontinuing (that is,Uncompleted), for example:We are eating.(This is called progressive aspect, using progressive[continuous] tenses.)

Determiner:A determiner is a word that determines noun use. it is a wordsuch is a, the, this, each, some, either, my, and,your, that appears before any descriptive and decides thekind of reference that a man has.

There are three classes of determiners:

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Indirect Object:Indirect is the person or thing action is done to. If function asthe recipient of the action shown by a verb and its directobject, for example the cat in she gave the cat a meal

Object Complement:.An object complement is the complement that refers toobject. It is a noun, Pronun,or adjective that is a complementof a verb and qualifies its direct object, For example,Angry in He make me angry1. He made them happy.2. They elected him their leader.

Mr. Syed Alam Subject Specialistof English.M.A English (Literature and Applied toLinguistic from NUML)

Language Diploma from NUML.Email: [email protected] No:+923329423721

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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

Tradional Grammar

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Transcript of Tradional Grammar