Tourism Concepts

TOURISM CONCEPTS AND IMPACTS

WHAT IS TOURISM ?

Tourism is a socio-economic phenomenon

Tourism accounts for the single largest peaceful movement of people across cultural boundaries of the world.

Dictionary says: The activity of visiting places for pleasure

is tourism

CONCEPT

Tourism as a phenomenon involves the movement of people within their own country or across the national borders.

It is composed of three elements, namely, (S. Wahab)– man (the human element as the creator of the act of

tourism), – space (the physical element to be necessarily

covered by the act itself), and– time (the temporal element which is composed by

the trip itself and the stay at the destination).

These elements constitute the essential conditions for the existence of the phenomenon of tourism. There could be no tourism act without them.

CONCEPT CONTD..

Elements of Tourism ( Ray Youell)

Travel between a tourist home area and a destination

Temporary and short term visit Use variety of tourist facilties Will undertake activities associated with toursm,

including visit for business or VFR Results in positive or negative impacts.

WHY DEFINE TOURISM?CONTD......

First, travel research requires a standard definition in order to establish parameters for research content

Second, without standard definitions, there can be no agreement on the measurement of tourism as an economic activity or its impact on the local, state, national or world economy. It was found that there are forty- three definitions for the three terms – TRAVELLER, TOURIST AND VISITOR.

DEFINING TOURISM CONTD..

Etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin word TORNARE/ TORNUS and the Greek word TORNOS, meaning, to represent 'one's turn'.

The suffix -ism is defined as an action or process

While the suffix -ist denote 'one that performs a given action.‘


Two main groups or classifications of tourism definitions:

Technical Definitions: -– to identify different types of tourist – to identify different tourism activities, – normally for statistical or legislative purposes– as those put forward by League of Nations and then by

the United Nations.


Two main groups or classifications of tourism definitions:Technical Definitions: -

– to identify different types of tourist – to identify different tourism activities, – normally for statistical or legislative purposes– as those put forward by League of Nations and then by

the United Nations.Conceptual Definitions:

– an essentially anthropologically perspective. – to understand the meaning and role of tourism– impacts


1910, Herman V. Schullard, defined it as, "Tourism is the sum total of operators, mainly of an economic nature which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or region".


1910, Herman V. Schullard, defined it as, "Tourism is the sum total of operators, mainly of an economic nature which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or region".

1936, the committee of Statistical Experts of the League of Nations, first proposed that a 'foreign tourist' is one who 'visits a country other than that in which he habitually lives for a period of at least twenty four hours'.


1942, Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf - Conceptually, tourism is defined as "the sum of the phenomenon and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non residents in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity".


1942, Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf - Conceptually, tourism is defined as "the sum of the phenomenon and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non residents in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity".

The International Union of Official Travel Organisation (IUOTO) broadened the concept to include various form of business and vocational travel as well.


In the year 1945, the United Nations (which had replaced League of Nations) endorsed the proposed definition of 1935, but added to it a maximum duration of stay of less than six months.

1963, Rome conference on Tourism recommended that a new word "visitor" be adopted which define a tourist as "any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited."


Jafari, who states "tourism is study of man away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host-socio cultural economic and physical environments.“


Jafari, who states "tourism is study of man away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host-socio cultural economic and physical environments.“

Wanhill defines 'tourism' as the temporary, movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence and the activities undertaken during the time spent at those destinations.


Leiper postulated that "there are three approaches in defining tourism: economic, technical, and holistic. Economic definitions view tourism as both a

business and an industry. Technical definitions identify the tourist in order to

provide as common basis by which to collect data. Holistic definitions attempt to include the entire

essence of the subject".


Leiper postulated that "there are three approaches in defining tourism: economic, technical, and holistic. Economic definitions view tourism as both a business

and an industry. Technical definitions identify the tourist in order to

provide as common basis by which to collect data. Holistic definitions attempt to include the entire

essence of the subject". Smith, developed a more explicit reference to

motivation, a tourist being a temporarily leisure person who voluntarily visits a place for the purpose of experiencing a change.


According to WTO , tourism is the movement of people away from their normal place of residence and work for a period of not less than 24hrs and not more than 1 year and whose main purpose of travel is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the places visited.

TRAVELLOR TYPOLOGY

TRAVELLERS

VISITORS OTHER TRAVELLERS

TOURISTS SAME DAY VISITORS

TRAVELLERS

VISITORS OTHER TRAVELLERS

TOURISTS(OVERNIGHT

VISITORS)

SAME DAY VISITORS

(EXCURSIONST)

COMMUTERS

MIGRANTS

NOMADS

TRANSIT PASSENGERS

REFUGEES DIPLOMATS

ARMED FORCES

DAILY/ ROUTINE TRIPS

LEISURE/RECREATION

BUSINESS/ PROFESSIONAL OTHER

RESIDENTS

NON RESIDENTS

RESIDENTS NON RESIDENTS

TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY?

Robert Chirstie Mill states that 'Tourism is not an industry, although tourism gives rise to a variety of industries. Tourism is an activity engaged by people who travel".

Wahab, states that "the appellation of the term 'industry' to tourism is justified because of the modern approach to the definition of industry as a group of firms producing identical goods, i.e., which the consumer regards as being substitutes for one another although they may be physically different.

TOURISM – AN INDUSTRY? CONTD..

According to Roger Doswell there are three levels of tourism which work together:

LEVELS OF TOURISM Kaiser has advocated that "there is no such thing as Tourism

Industry, but it is a collection of several industries that function separately with various types of links with tourists. These links can be both incidental as well as purposeful, direct or indirect.“

FIRST LEVEL Tourism policy and strategy framework, the Government Tourism Administration (GTA)

SECOND LEVEL Hotels, Accommodation, Catering, Attraction, Transportation

THIRD LEVEL Network of supporting services


The UN source identified seven industrial areas, which could be regarded as belonging in different degrees to the tourist sector, although for the most part not concerned exclusively with tourism

accommodation,attraction managementtravel agents and tour operators, restaurants, passenger transport enterprises, manufacturers of handicraft and souvenirs designed for visitors and related outlets, agencies concerned with tourism.


Tourism is not one single industry but an amalgamation of many industries and allied industries.

(1) Aviation (2) Transportation (Surface - Rail and Road), (3) Water Transport, (4) Hospitality, (5) Attraction Management (Theme Parks,

Monuments) (6) Communication (CRS, Internet, etc.) and (7) Travel Facilitators (Travel Consultants, Guides,

Escorts, etc.) come together to form the Tourism Sector.

Home Local Regional National International

LeisureThe time available to an individual when work, sleep and other basic needs have been met

RecreationPursuit engaged upon during leisure time

The recreation activity continuum

Home-based recreationReading, gardening, watching, T.V., socializing etc.

Daily leisure Visiting theatres or restaurants, sports (as participant of speactator) socializing, etc

Day trips Visiting attraction, picnicking, etc.

TourismTemporary movement to destinations outside normal home and workplace, the activities undertaken during the stay, and the facilities created to cater for their needs

HOME

TOURISM SYSTEM

Tourism SystemSource: Leiper, 1990

TOURISM SYSTEM CONTD..

RegulatoryFramework

DEMAND

Domesticand

International Tourists

SUPPLY

Tourist Destinations

and Facilities

Influences on Demand

Tourism Impacts

Tourism Intermediaries

A simplified model of Tourist ActivitySource: Ray Youell

SIMILARITY WITH CONSUMER GOODS

Customer Satisfaction Profit Generation Service element

CHARACTERISTICS

Intangibility Perishability Heterogeneity / variability Inseparability Lack of ownership

NATURE

Fragile Risky Demand based Seasonal

COMPONENTS OF TOURISM

Attraction or Tourism Patrimony Man made Natural Hybrid

COMPONENTS OF TOURISM CONTD..

Attraction or Tourism Patrimony Accessibility

Surface Water Air Space


Attraction or Tourism Patrimony Accessibility Accommodation

Organised Unorganised


Accommodation Organised

– Hotels Heritage Luxury

– House boats – Guest houses– Resorts– sPas

Unorganised– Paying guest– Charitable organisations– Others


Attraction or Tourism Patrimony Accessibility Accommodation Amenities


Attraction or Tourism Patrimony Accessibility Accommodation Amenities Activities


Attraction or Tourism Patrimony Accessibility Accommodation Amenities Activities Available packages

FORMS OF TOURISM

DOMESTIC

OUTBOUNDINBOUND

INTERNALNATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL

Source: World Tourism Organisation

TYPES OF TOURISM

1. On the basis of Origin and Destination· Incoming tourism· Outgoing tourism· Internal Tourism2. On the basis of Movement Patterns· Residential Tourism· Seasonal tourism· Roving tourism3. On the basis of Seasonal Character of Tourism· Winter tourism· Summer tourism· Circumstantial tourism

TYPES OF TOURISM

4.On the basis of the Incentives

· Recreational tourism· Pleasure tourism of Leisure tourism· Sporting tourism· Business or Technical tourism

5.On the basis of Socio-economic aspects of demand

· Self financing tourism· Juvenile tourism· Social tourism

6.On the basis of Range

· Domestic tourism Or Internal tourism· International tourism

TYPES OF TOURISM

7.On the basis of Sociological Aspects · Mass tourism· Popular tourism· Social tourism

8. On the basis of Purpose of Visit

· Holiday tourism

· Business tourism

· Common Interest Tourism

TYPES OF TOURISM

PROPOSED BY THE UN (Based on purpose of travel)

1. Leisure recreation and holidays

2. Visiting friends and relatives

3. Business and profession

4. Health treatment

5. Religion/pilgrimage

6. Other (sports, crews of public carrier)

PURPOSE OF TRAVEL

TRAVEL

BY OBLIGATION FOR PLEASURE

VFR

HealthReligion PilgrimageOther

BUSINESS AND MAINSTREAM, ROFESSIONAL SECIAL

INTEREST,ALTERNATIVE TOURISM

TYPOLOGY OF TOURISTS

ORGANISED INDIVIDUAL EXLORER DRIFTERMASS TOURIST MASS TOURIST

TOURIST TYPOLOGY

INSTITUTINALISED TOURISM

NON INSTITUTIONALISED

TOURISM

• Environmental bubble

• Personal choice

• Less real experience

• Independent

• Off beat track

• Environmental bubble or safety

• Away from all things familiar

• No fixed itinerary

• Cultural experience

• No connection with the industry

Readymade tour

Environmental

bubble Guided tour Little

contact No

adventure

ENVIRONMENTAL BUBBLE

TOURIST

TOUR OPERATORS

ESCORT

PERSONAL BELIEFS

HOSPI

TAL

I

TY

CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISTS

PSYCHOCENTRIC– Concentrate on self– Safe destination– Conservative in travel pattern – Small problem areas of life– Return trip

ALLOCENTRIC – Varied in form– Adventurous– Travel or discover new places– Rarely return to the same place

MIDCENTRIC– SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN

Tourism Concepts

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