Tom Tat Lich Su Kien Truc Phuong Tay

7/21/2019 Tom Tat Lich Su Kien Truc Phuong Tay

1/49-- 1

LCH SKIN TRC PHNG TY

Kin trc thi k

Kin trc Ai Cp ci

Kin trc Lng H

Kin trc Cin

Kin trc Hy Lp ci

Kin trc La M ci

Kin trc Trung c

Kin trc Byzantine

Kin trc Roman

Kin trc Gothic

Kin trc Phc Hng

Kin trc Baroque

Kin trc Rococo

Kin trc Tn Cin

Kin trc Hin i

Kin trc Hu Hin i

Chngha Ph bnh bn a


2/49-- 2

KIN TRC THI K

M (dolmen) Ireland Vng trn Anh

Thi k trong lch skin trc bt u tkhong 10.000 nm trc Cng nguyn vng Cn ng,Ty Nam , mrng ra hng ng v hng ty.Thi k vn minh mi ng nam Anatolia, Syria v Iraq vo khong 8.000 nm trc Cngnguyn.

Hnh thi x hi hi lm bt u t7000 nm trc Cng nguyn ng Nam chu u, v Trung uvo khong 5500 nm trc Cng nguyn.

chu Mv chu i dng, ngi thdn bn a vn cn thi k cho n khi ngi chu ukhm ph ra h.

Cc cdn thi Cn ng, Anatolia, Syria, pha nam bnh nguyn Lng H v Trung lnhng nh xy dng vi.

H bit sdng gch-bn xy nh v cc ngi lng.Ngi ta bit trang tr nh ca vi nhng tranh vto hnh ngi v th vt.

Trung u, cc cn nh di bng phn lip c xy dng.Cc khu mtmcng c cng xy dng. c bit, ngy nay vn cn hng ngn ngi mnhvy Ireland.

Ngi thi mi qun o Anh cng xy dng nhng nm mv phng mcho mnh v cc tri

tng t p (causewayed camps), cc vng trn (henges flint mines) v cc i ln hnh trn (cursusmonuments).


3/49-- 3

Kin trc Ai Cp ci

Kim tthp Khephren

Trang tr trn trong snh chnh ca Medinethabu

Nh nc Ai Cp ci l mt trong nhng nh nc ra i sm nht lu vc sng Nil vng ng bcchu Phi. Nn vn minh Ai Cp ci l mt trong nhng nn vn minh cxa nht v rc rnht canhn loi.

c im ca k.trc Ai Cp l cng trnh c quy m ln, kch thc s, nng nv thn b.

Vt liu trong x hi Ai Cp c nhiu loi: vi, sa thch, en, thch anh, hoa cng, minh ngc...

Kinh nghim xy dng thy li trn hai bsng Nil gip cho ngi dn Ai Cp pht minh ra my nng vvn chuyn, bit cch tchc lao ng cho hng vn ngi mt lc. Mt bng, mt ng, mt ct ca cngtrnh kin trc c dng vi thc o. Vic sdng dng cnhru, ba v thc thy chun cng rtchuyn nghip.

Kim tthpNgi Ai Cp ci c tc lp xc, to thnh cc "momi" v chn chng trong nhng ngi mslMastaba v Kim tthp.Mastaba l lng mca tng lp qu tc, l mt khi xy bng , c mt ct hnh thang, mt bng hnh ch

nht. Trong Mastaba c ba phng: snh, phng tlv phng th(ni t tng ngi cht). Tmt trnca Mastaba ngi ta o mt ging hnh trn hoc hnh vung, su n khong 30 m. y ging thngsang mt hnh lang ri n phng mai tng (ni quan ti). Sau khi chn ngi cht, ging c lp kn.Ai Cp cn tm thy nhiu ni c du vt ca cc khu vc c Mastaba nhkhu lng mvua cha Memphis, xy dng vng triu thba, khong thk18 trc Cng nguyn. Loi hnh kin trc ny lngun gc ban u ca cc Kim tthp.

Mt trong nhng Kim tthp ln xut hin u tin l Kim tthp Djoser. N c y hnh chnht, haicnh di 126 m v 106 m, cao 60 m, c 6 bc, cc tng thu nhvpha trn. Cng trnh ny do Imhotep cho xy dng. ng l mt vquan u triu ca nh vua vng triu th3, nm 2770 trc Cng nguyn.

Ngoi Kim tthp ny cn c Kim tthp Meidum v Dashur l nhng loi c ba bc cp. Sau ny,chng c nghin cu v pht trin thnh Kim tthp trn, tiu biu nht l qun thKim tthp Giza.

Qun thny bao gm ba Kim tthp ln, mt con nhn sSphinx, 6 Kim tthp nh, mt sn i v400 Mastaba. Ba Kim tthp trn l: Kim tthp Kheops (hay Kim tthp ln ti Giza), Kim tthpKhephren v Kim tthp Mykerinos. Cc Kim tthp ny mang tn cc nh vua ca Vng triu th4; cckim tthp nhhn l ca cc hong hu cng thi. Vt liu xy dng thp l vi c khai thc ti ch,

bn ngoi c phlp vi trng nhn bng, ly tcc m Tourah, trn hu ngn sng Nil, lp phny ngy nay btrc mt.


4/49-- 4

n th

Mt bng n Luxor

Nhng n thHy Lp ci dng ththn Mt Tri. Ththn Mt Tri cng chnh l thvua. n th

thng c mt ci ca ln, ng bv ph hp vi tnh cht ca cc nghi ltn gio. Phn quan trng thhai ca n l khu vc ni bca i in. y l ni vua tip nhn ssng bi ca mt sngi nnkhng gian c tchc sao cho u un, kn o, mang tnh thn b. i khi, n cn c bao quanh bi

bc tng thnh, y c trmt ca gi l tin thp mn (propylon), sau l mt con ng lt , rng34 m, di khong 140 m, hai bn t nhng con Sphinx, tip n l cc thp bia, tng vua v thp mn.Nhn s(ting Anh: Sphinx) l tng u ngi, mnh stnm canh kim tthp (mca cc pharaon)thi Ai Cp ci. Sang thi Hy Lp, Nhn su n b thn st, cnh chim. Thng oc dng trongtrang tr gthi Hi Lp ha v La M.Tng Sphinx (Xphanh) nm sa mc Ai Cp cch th Cairo khong 8 dm, c ngi xa dng canh gc ba kim tthp ln Gizah. l mt qui vt tc bng , u ngi mnh stvi nhng chnc vut tri ra pha trc.Tng cao hn 18 mt v tri di ti 57 mt, mt c bngang 5 mt, ti 1,57 mt, mi 1,7mt.i vi cc tn gio nguyn thy Ai Cp cng nhcc ni khc, nh vua c coi l sc mnh v skhn ngoan ca nhiu con th bng cch khoc ci lt ca chng. V vy ngi Ai Cp chm cc vthnv cc vhong ca hna ngi, na th.Quan nim vSphinx tAi Cp truyn ti cc nn vn minh khc, chng hn nhAssyria v Hy Lp. cc vng ny, Sphinx thng c thm cnh. Assyria Sphinx thng l n ng, nhng Hy Lp Sphinxli c u n b.

Nh Vo khong thk17 TCN, nhiu loi hnh nh c thy thnh Telel Amarna. C ba loi nh chnhsau :

Nh ba gian, vt liu xy dng l lau sy v t st, mi bng. Nh cho quan li, tng gch cao, mba ca quay ra ph.

Loi lu i, dinh thc ao c, vn cy pha trc, vt liu dng ct g, tng gch, dm g, mibng v trong nh c trang tr tranh tng. Cc cung in ca nh vua c quy m ln, nhn mnhtrc dc, bn trong cc phng c nhiu ct, ngoi trc dc cn c thc trc ph. Glm cung in,Ai Cp khng c m c vn chuyn tSyrie ti.


5/49-- 5

Kin trc Lng HLng H(Mesopotamia) l mt bnh nguyn nm gia hai con sng Tigris v Euphrates thuc Ty ,ngy nay l min nam ca Iraq.

Nhng tn tch ni ting nht tthi Lng Hl cc thp n ti Uruk tthin nin kth4trc Cng Nguyn, nhng n i v cung intcc a im thuc Triu i sm ti thunglng Sng Diyala nhKhafajah v Tell Asmar,nhng tn tch ca Triu i Ur th3 ti Nippur(in thEnlil) v Ur (in thNanna), nhngtn tch gia Thi ng ti cc a im Syria v ThNhK, nhng cung in giai oncui thi ng Bogazkoy (Hattusha),Ugarit, Ashur v Nuzi, cc cung in thi kst v cc n i ti Assyria, Babylonian ,Urartian v cc da im Neo-Hittite. Cc nginh thng l tn tch cn st li ca Babyloniacti Nippur v Ur. Trong snhng vn bn vvic xy dng cng trnh v mc ch cachng, Gudea tthin nin kth3 trc Cng

Nguyn l ng ch nht, cng nhnhng vnbn ghi chp hong gia Assyria v Babylonia tThi st.

Kin trc ca ngi SumerCc cdn ngi Sumer u tin nh cLng H v xy dng nn nn vn minh y vo khong3500 nm trc Cng nguyn cho n thi i Babylon. Kin trc ca vng Lng H thng c xemnhbt u vi shnh thnh cc thnh phca ngi Sumer v ssng to nn chvit v khong 3100nm trc Cng nguyn.Nh ca

Nhng vt liu sdng xy dng nh ca ti Lng H tng tnhvt liu ta dng ngy nay: gch bn,va bn v ca g, tt cchng u c sn xung quanh thnh ph, d gc him hn. a snh u c

phng trung tm hnh vung v cc phng khc bao xung quanh, nhng nh ni chung khc bit nhau nhiuvkch thc v vt liu sdng ty theo gia nh. Nhng phng nhkhng ng ngha vi vic chnhngho kh; trn thc tnhng ngi ngho nht xy nh bng cc vt liu nhanh hng nhlau sy ly t

bn ngoi thnh ph, nhng c rt t bng chng trc tip viu ny.Cung inCc cung in ca tng lp trn ti Lng H thi ku l nhng phc hp cng trnh ln, v thngc trang hong rc r. Nhng cng trnh nhvy cn c ththy ti cc di chchu thSng Diyala. Cccung in c tthin nin kth3 trc Cng Nguyn c dng cho nhng nh chkinh tx hi bccao, v th, ngoi chc nng v nh ring, chng cn l xng chto thcng, kho thc phm, sn tchc nghi l, v thng c ccc in th. Mt phc hp tng tl mt cung in Lng H c khaiqut ti Mari Syria, c nin i tgiai on Babylonia C.Cc cung in Assyria tThi st, trnn ni ting nhnhng hnh nh v nhng on vn miu t

trn cc bc tng ca chng, tt cu c khc trn nhng phin . Nhng hnh nh hoc thhincnh thcng hoc miu tvqun i ca nh vua hay cc thnh tu dn s. Nhng cnh cng v nhngli vo quan trng c trang tr bng nhiu hnh khc cc vthn trong thn thoi trnh iu khng may.Bcc kin trc cc cung in thi st cng c tchc xung quanh mt sn nh. Thng phng thittriu ca vua c ca trng ra mt sn nghi lln, ni nhng vtriu thn gp gv tchc cc lnghi triunh.n thCc cng trnh kin trc c xy dng trong thi k Protoliterate l chyu l cc n i tn gio.

Ngi Sumer sdng vt liu chyu xy dng bng gch-bn, vi thloi cng trnh ni ting l cc ichim tinh Ziggurat, cn c gi l bni, ra i trn cssng bi i ni, sng bi thin thv tc lxem sao, cc v tinh t trn tri. Ziggurat l loi hnh kin trc kiu tng bc, bcao nt trn bcao kia,


6/49-- 6

cng ln cao th thu dn li, c ng dc trt hoc bc thang thng gc hoc men theo khi xy i lnnh, trn nh c mt n thnh. Bc thang c khi i ln tbn phi v bn tri khi xy, cng c kiu

bc thang xoy trn c.Mi thnh phu c mt hoc mt sZiggurat. Du vt cn li chng minh l nhng cng trnh kintrc bng t nn, bn ngoi c xy mt lp gch. Ziggurat cn li thnh phUr l chng tch ni tingnht ca loi hnh kin trc ny, c nin i khong nm 2125 TCN, c kch thc y 65 x 43 m, tng mtcao 9,75 m, tng hai c kch thc 347 x 23 m, cao 2,5 m, chiu cao tng trn cng khong 21 m. NgoiZiggurat Ur, ngi ta cn tm thy du vt cc Ziggurat khc Uruk, Eridou, Ninive v to dng li chnh nh Ziggurat Babilon. Nhn chung, cc Ziggurat c tba n by bc, mi tng c trang tr mtmu khc nhau, tng trng cho mt ngi sao th.

M phng mt Ziggurat Ziggurat ti Ur

Ziggurats l nhng ngi n to ln c xy dng cng tcc vthn. Chng c xy bng t st vbn v c ba hay bn phn. Chng c xy rt cao lun c gikh ro bi thi y thng xuynxy ra nhng trn llt. Cn nhiu nhn cng xy dng mt ziggurat. t nht phi c ngi o tst, lm gch, v xp nhng vin gch li vi nhau. Nhng vin gch c lm bng bn v sy p.

Chziggurat ti Ur cn tn ti ti ngy nay bi nhng ngi xy dng chng sau ny nhn ra rng vicnung t st skhin nhng vin gch c tui thlu hn. Nhng Ziggurat c xy dng theo hnh kim tthp, vi nhng bc thang dn ln mt phng trn nh - rt ging nhng vn treo. Chng c xy trngging nhnhng ngn ni, v ngi dn mun c c scy gv cc khong cht phong ph nhngn

ni Zargos, nm gia Lng h v nc Iran hin nay, cng nhbi ni l ni tr ngca cc vthn, vvic xy dng mt hn ni gikhin con ngi gn gi hn vi cc vthnh thn cng nhsthng xuync tha huhn khi lun c cc vthn bn cnh.Vn treo Babyloncng c gi l vn treo Semiramis, l mt cng trnh do vua Nebuchaduezzar xy dng trong cyc trng trn cc tng nh chng ln nhau.

tranh khc mu thk16ca Martin Heemskerck

Trong vn treo c mt hthng i phun nc gm hai bnh xe ln lin kt vi nhau bng dy xch c gnthng g. Khi bnh xe quay, dy xch v thng nc cng chuyn ng a nc mt ci bpha di lntrn cao ti nc cho cy. ti nc cho hoa v cy ca khu vn, cc n lphi lun phin nhau anc tcon sng Eupharates ln khu vn.


7/49-- 7

Kin trc Assyri- Nghthut trang trn 3000 nm trc Cng nguyn tri, cc hnh thc trang tr cng trnh rt pht trin. Gch p lt luly l nh cao ca nghthut trang tr mt tng kin trc Lng H ci. Gch c mu men ng nh khcnhau, c bn vng tt. Nn ca nhng din tch ln trang tr bng gch lu ly c mu lam m, ph iumu trng hoc mu vng kim nh, ton bto thnh nhng "tm thm" rt n tng. Lch spht trin loigch lu ly gn b vi vic xy dng ln ca Babilon thi i Tn Babilon thk6 TCN.Triu i Nabucodonosor 2 cn li cho nhn loi hai chng tch ln vkin trc c sdng gch lu lytthk6. Chng tch thnht l ca thnh Ishtar, c bcc trang tr cc mng tng ln, phn bu cc

hnh ng vt, lp di lp li mt cch n gin nhng n tng vnhp iu rt mnh. Chng tch thhai lbc tng pha sau ngin trong cung in ca nh vua Nabucodonosor. Ton bmt tng l bc tranhln, c mt lot con stchn tng, bng gia ca tng c bn cy, mi cy li nhng b hoa haitng, bng trn cng l di hoa c


8/49-- 8

Kin trc Hy Lp ciKin trc Hy Lp cira i v hnh thnh trn mt vng t ai rng ln, bao gm min Nam bn oBalkans, cc o nhvng bin Aegaeum (,Aigaion), khu vc Tiu , vng ven Hc Hi, ,Sicilia, Php, Ty Ban Nha v Ai Cp.

Cc qun thkin trc thnh a v kin trc dn dng Hy Lp ci

ni y, ngi ta thng tchc cc lhi, tin hnh thi u thdc ththao, bnh lun vn chng, dinthuyt, ngm thv biu din kch, ngoi ra cn c thtrao i, mua bn. Do , vsau ngi ta xythm xung quanh cc qun thny nhng sn bi thi u, qun tr, hi trng, cc hnh lang ct v cc loin i.

Hai qun thkin trc cng cng phi bin trong thci lc by gil

AGORA(qung trng cng cng, mang tnh dn dng) v

ACROPOL(l nhng qun thkin trc vi nhiu n i, c xy dng trn nhng khu i cao).

Din tch cc agora khong 5% din tch t thnh ph. Nhng agora c dng hnh hc nht nh v cbao vy bi cc hng ct thc hai tng. gia agora c t bn thv tng thn. Cc agora quan trng cthkra l agora Miletos, Megalopolis.

Vo thi kcin thnh k, cc acropol c xy dng thm cc nh ht ngoi tri c thm dc bc cckhu vc chn ni. Cc acropol ni ting nht l acropol Athena (Acropolis), Bergama (Pergamos) v Paestum.


9/49-- 9

Qu trnh pht trin n i Hy Lp cin thHy Lp ci c c im l nhiu ct chy vng pha bn ngoi. Cc loi hnh n i c phntheo mc phc tp ca cch thit knhng ct nhsau:

Mt bng n th

dng DistyleLoi n cnht cdng hnh chnht,li vo chnh cnhngn v c hai ct chnh cnh ngn ny,gi l dng Distyle;v dnhngi nththn Themis Rhamnus

Mt bng n thdng Distyle ct haipha

Loi n cthhai c dng nhtrn,nhng c thm hai ct cnh ngn phasau na, gi l dng Distyle hai cnh;v dn thArtemis.

Mt bng n thdng ProstyleLoi n ging loin thnht, nhngthay v hai ct m l

bn ct pha trc,gi l dng Prostyle;v dngi n Selinus

Mt bng n th

dng Amphi-prostyleLoi n ging loin thhai, nhng c

bn ct cnh ngnpha trc v bn ctcnh ngn pha sau,gi l loi Amphi-Prostyle(tin t"amphi" c ngha l"chai pha")

Mt bng n thdng Peripteral

Loi n hnh chnht c mt hng ctchy vnh ngoichu vi cng trnh, ctn l Peripteral; v

dn Hephaestos vn Parthenon Athena , nPaestum...

Loi n hnh chnht, c hai hng ctchy bao xung quanh cng trnh, c tngi l n Dipteral; v dn OlympeionAthena, n thApollo Miletos

Loi n hnh trn,vnh ngoi c hngct vng quanh gil Tholos; v dTholos

Loi n hnh chnht c tng chu lcl chnh, nhng mtngoi tng ghpthm cc ct, gi lloi n c cc ctgi, hay l nPseudo-Peripteral; vdn ththn ZeusOlympia

Mt bng n thHy Lp ci c to thnh bi ba thnh phn chnh:

pronaos (tin snh),

naos (gian th) v

pathenon (phng chu bu).

Ngoi ra, trong mt sn cn c thm opisthodomos(hu snh).Vp ca n i Hy Lp ci gn lin vi sra i v pht trin ca cc loi thc ct.


10/49-- 10

Shnh thnh v pht trin ca cc loi thc ctThc ct l hthng tlv hnh thc trang tr ct, l cch ngi Hy Lp ci tm kim n ci p ltng. C 3 loi thc ct cbn trong kin trc Hy Lp: ct Doric, ct Ionicv ct Corinth. Nhng thcct Hy Lp mang n cho kin trc mt hnh thc, mt sc sng, chu ng c ththch ca thi gian,

biu trng cho vp trong sng, khe mnh v tinh tca kin trc cin. Thc ct Hy Lp c xemnhbiu tng ca kin trc cin.

Thc ct Doric:Thc ct Doric, c hu thn l thcct Toscan, l thc ct cnht vn gin nht trong hthng ccthc ct cin. Thc ny chnh thnh tmt trthng ng

phnh to y. Ni chung, thc ctny khng c phn ct (base) lnkhng c phn u ct (capital). ctDoric c 20 g. Vp thc ct nythng c so snh vi vpkhe mnh ca ngi n ngcng trng, do n c sdng tng di cng ca u trngColiseum v n Pathenon v ckhnng chu lc cao nht. Tlng knh ct trn chiu cao ctkhong 1:4

Thc ct Ionic:Thc ct Ionic mang dng dp ntnh, mnh dv giu tnh trang trhn ct Doric. Ngun gc ct Ionicl Ionia, thuc a ca Hy Lp. CtIonic c 24 gsng ng, tlng knh ct trn chiu cao ct l1:9. Ngoi ra, ct ny c thm

ct (base) pha di v u ct chnh m nh, pha trn c hnhxon c loe ra ri cun vo trong(volute). Cc dm ngang ca ctIonic c phn vtheo chiungang thnh ba di. Cc ngi nc ct ny l n Artemis ,n thApollo Epikourios , n Erecteyon

Thc ct Corinth:Thc ct Corinth ra i sau haict trn, vo khong thkth5trc Cng nguyn, c ngnt mnh mai, giu trang tr, uct c nhiu chi tit hoa l, ging

nhmt lng hoa kt hp cngvi my tng l phin tho dip(acanthe). Thc ct ny do kintrc sCallimachus sng to ra.Ct ny c u im hn hai cttrn l i xng nhiu chiu vc thcm nhn c trongkhng gian. C ththy cngtrnh sdng loi ct ny ti nOlympeion Athena v nApollo Bassae

n thApollo o Delos, bn vphcchca thk19

114 Winsor Ave- NY


11/49-- 11

Mt hng ty n thHephaestus Athena

Albert F Laub mausoleum William Butter house- Oak

n Parthenon Anthena

Forman- Cabana house

NY Public library

Cc loi ct trn sau ny c ngi La M ci ktha v pht trin, ng thi sng to thm hai loi thcct mi l Toscanv Composite.

Thc ct Toscan : Thc ct Composite:


12/49-- 12

Cc cng trnh tiu biu cho kin trc thi kny

Acropolis Athena. Propylaia - Sn mn n Athena Nike

n Parthenon n Erecteyon

Nhng loi hnh kin trc khc trong thgii Hy Lp ci Hi trng v kch trng Megalopolis v Epidaurus.

in thBergama. Lng mHalicarnassus. Agora Assos v Miletos .

Cc phv nh Olynthus.


13/49-- 13

Kin trc La m ci

Ngi dn c mt sm nht trn bn o Italia () c gilItaliot, trong bphn sng trn ng bng latium lngi gc Latinh (Latin), ngoi ra cn c mt snhngi

gc Gloa v gc Hy Lp

Bn o Italia (), ni hnh thnh nh ncLa M ci nm Nam Chu u nhmtchic chn ngi cha ra a Trung Hi.Bn o Italia c nhiu ng bng, tngi thun li cho vic pht trin nngnghip, trong lng t li cha nhiu khongsn, thun li cho nghluyn kim. a hnhy li khng bchia ct, to iu kincho sthng nht. Bbin pha nam bno c nhiu vnh, cng thun tin cho tu

b tr n khi thi tit xu.Do iu kin a l nhvy nn bn oItalia c iu kin tip xc vi nhng nnvn minh pht trin sm phng ng.


14/49-- 14

753 TCNTheo truyn thuyt, ngi dn ng bng Latium dng nn mt tothnh bn bsngTiber, h ly tn ngi cm u l Romulust cho to thnh , v vy c tn lRoma.

753 - 510 TCN, thi k Vng chnh, ng u nh nc l vua, di vua c Vin nguyn lo v i hinhn dn.

I TCN, Thi k Cng ho La M. Giai on ny quyn lc ti cao nm trong tay Vin nguyn lo do dn

bu, ng u Vin nguyn lo l hai quan chp chnh c quyn lc ngang nhau. T, vic chnh quyntrthnh vic chung ca dn. y cng l giai on La M sdng sc mnh qun sca mnh mrnglnh th.

VIII TCN, La M chl mt thnh bang nhb nm min trung bn o th n thkI TCN, La M trthnh mt quc rng ln bao trm ton bnhng vng t quanh ba Trung Hi.

l thi kpht trin rc rca La M bng vicbnh trng lnh th, quc La M c lnh thhu nhton bkhu vc a Trung Hi. Ln ltcc vng lnh thnh, Hy Lp (146 TCN), cngvi lnh thTiu , Syria, Phoenecie, Palestine vAi Cp bst nhp vo quc La M. Trong th

kth1 n thkth2, quc La M pht trincc thnh, lnh thrng ln, cc thca La Mc xy dng v li cho n ngy nay, nhLondinium, (London ngy nay), Lucdium, (Lionngy nay), Cologne, Strasburg, Vienna...

Nhng tthkth2, quc La M c nhiu tranh dnh quyn lc v suy yu.n thkth4, nhiu cdn bn ngoi xm nhp v quc La M bchia hai: Ty La M v ng LaM (gi l chByzantine).


15/49-- 15

Kin trc v iu khc

Ngi La Mkhng chktha nn vn minh ca ngi Hy Lp thi ci m cn c nhng ng gpng k, to thnh nn vn minh Hy-La, csca vn minh Ty u sau ny.

Cuc sng ca cc cdn La M ci c xc nh quanh cc thnh phnhthnh phRoma. Thnhphc mt slng khng lcc cng trnh xy dng nhl Colosseum, din n ca hong Trajan vn thcc vthn (Pantheon). Trn thnh phRoma cc cc vi nc ng ti mt c cung cpthng xuyn bi nhng hthng dn nc di hng trm dm, cc rp ht, khu ththao ln, thpcc phng tm phc hp vi thvin v khu mua sm, khu chln, cng vi cc khu vc sn xuthng ha. Trn lnh thca La M, cc kin trc vnh rt a dng, tnhng cn nh n gin cho ncc bit thqu tc. Bn trong th Roma ca La M ci, l ni ca hong nm trn ngn ithong mt, Palatene, c ltpalacebt ngun ty. Cc tng lp cdn ttrung xung thp, sng trongthnh phth sng trong nhng cn hnhiu ngi, trng ging nhnhiu khu dn cthi hin nay.

La M c nim tho vcc cng trnh kin trc ca h, khi m c skt hp cc kin thc truyn thngca nn vn minh Hy Lp kinh in. Tuy nhin, do sbnh trng ca cng ha La M, m cc cng trnhxy dng ca Roma gn nhcng kiu ca Hy Lp ng thi. Mc d vy, vn c skhc nhau gia haitrng phi La M v Hy Lp vkiu cch trong xy dng:

- hai kiu ct mi l kin trc hn hp Composite v kiu Tuscan,- v kiu mi vm vi phong cch tEtruscan.


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im c bit thi gian thk1 TCN, La M bt u bit dng b tng, m ngun xi mng thay thcho cm thch ging nhcc thphRoma c xy dng bng vt liu ny v cng nhn cho nhiu ccxy dng kin trc khc. ng thi thk1 TCN, Vitruvius ln u tin cho ghi chp cc kin thc kintrc xy dng vo shc. Vsau thkth1 CN, La M cng bt u cho sn xut thy tinh ngay sau khiSyria pht hin ra chng. chm khm cng theo on qun vin chinh Hy Lp quay vLa M.

Mt trong nhng gi trkin trc ca ngi La M ci thhin qua

- cc cu vm bng . Nhnhng chic cu ny m hthng giao thng ni lin ccvng ca chLa M trnn thun li.

- n Parthenon,- u trng Colessium

- Khi hon mn.

- Basilica Saint Peter

Kin trc sLa M ni ting thi l Vitruvius.

iu khc La M c cng phong cch vi iu khc Hy Lp. Nhng bc tng cn li thnh Roma vnhng ph iu trn Khi hon mn l hin vt tiu biu cho iu khc La M.


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KIN TRC TRUNG C

KIEN TRUC BYZANTINE

Thk5-11, Byzantium (ThphConstantinople hay Istambul ngy nay).

Phong cch kin trc hnh thnh thnh bi hnh thc Vm cong, mi Vm, bmt gch xy v va trt,trang tr c tnh biu tng v sdng gch mosaic trang tr. Phong cch ny pht trin chyu ch

Nga v ng u, ni m phong cch ny c ththy sut t1782 Thnh ng Sophia n 1882 Thnhng Alexander Nevsky Sophia. Phong cch ny rt phbin Nga bi Konstantin Ton ngi quyttm pha trn phong cch ny vi nhng yu tphong cch phc hng Nga v Tn cin.

Kin trc Tn Byzantine lmt phong cch kin trc phc hng na cui TK 19 u TK 20, thng thynhng cng trnh cng cng, cung in v tn gio. Kin trc Tn Byzantinehp nht nhng yu tca

phong cch Byzantine vi yu tkin trc Cc gio chnh thng v Cc gio phng ng hnhthnh tTK 5 - 11, c bit nht c ththy Byzantium (Constantinople, hay Istambul ngy nay).


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Kin trc Romanl phong cch kin trc ca cc vng Trung v Ty u vo khong thk11-12Mt thi gian sau khi chquc tan r, cc nh nc ng v Ty u lm vo mt thi k en ti, ccnh nc phong kin c thnh lp trong c sra i ca triu i Carolingian. Nm 800 sau CN, khiCharlemagne ng quang hong , quc ny tn ti c mt thi gian ngn cho n khi bngi

Normandes xm lc (tnm 843 n nm 911).Nn kin trc Trung v Ty u thk11 v thk12 c tn gi l kin trc Roman hay phong cchRoman. Kin trc Roman tri di trn mt bnh din rng, pht trin chyu cc nc Ty u v Trung

u, gm Php, Anh, , B, H Lan, Ty Ban Nha... khi cc thnh ph bt u gng dy nhng bmtkin trc nhiu cng trnh cn th s.

Nn vn ha thlc by gikhng khc xa vi vn ha lnh a nng thn trc t lu, v cc tng lpdn thcng va mi nng thn ra, h l cc thhthdn u tin. Tuy vy, tthk10, nngnghip v thcng nghip phc hi v pht trin, ngi dn xy nh khng chbng g, m cn bnggch, , xy nh nhngi La M ci.Hn mi quc gia dn tc Trung u v Ty u chnh thc tin vo x hi phong kin, vi nn kinh ttnhin v trt tx hi tng i n nh.

c im v loi hnh kin trcVo giai on Roman tin k, mi nh c lm bng gv rt dchy nn thi kny khng cn linhiu vt tch cho i sau. Thi gian tip theo, kin trc Roman dn dn tin thm mt sbc mi,

nhn bit c kin trc Roman ta c thcn cnhng c im sau: Chu nh hng ca kin trc La M ci v kin trc Byzantyne, do mt skhu vc ca

kin trc Roman nm trong bin gii chLa M trc y. Kin trc c slng khng nhiu, nm ri rc cc a phng.

Loi hnh kin trc khng a dng, phn ln l kin trc tn gio nhnh th, tu vin v ccnh v cng trnh kin trc c tnh phng thca giai cp phong kin.

Kin trc khng c quy m ln v cu knhkin trc La M ci. Phn nhiu cng trnhc mt ngoi th rp, t yu ttrang tr, kin trc nng n, sdng ca i v ca skch thcnh.

Vkt cu, sdng nhiu cun ca tr, vm ni v vm bn cu, cc loi mi vm c lmbng v kthut cn hn chnn mt bng kin trc cc bphn thng chl vung, trn

hoc hnh chthp La tinh. Pha Ty nh thRoman thng ni bt ln hai hay nhiu thp cao, nhng thp ny c hnh

trtrn hoc c dng hnh hc, trong khi pha ng thn nh thc ct bng mtcnh ngang.

Bn thc t pha ng ca nh thhng vpha Jerusalem v tng hm mt dithnh phn ny ca kin trc.


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StSerninToulouse, 1080 1120 elevation of the east end

Kthut xy dngCi tn kin trc Roman ni nn phong cch kin trc ca ngi ng thi hi ging v mun tm n chtt cch thc ca kin trc La M ci.

Tuy vy vquy m cng nhhnh thc, kin trc Roman cn xa mi t trnh ca ngi La M ci,thit kthi cng cn th s, vt liu c lc ly tnhng cng trnh hoang phca kin trc La M.

Vmt dng kt cu cun ca tr, kin trc Roman hc tp cch lm ca ngi La M.Tuy vy kin trc Roman khng phi l khng c nhng bc tin nht nh vmt loi hnh v kt cu,gp phn ng kvo vic hnh thnh kin trc Gtch sau ny.Kthut xy tng, xy cun c sng v xy ct trdn dn lm cho kin trc trnn tt hn. Tng dy, cc lp va cn dy, ca smnhv t nh sng, mt mt thhin trnh xy dng cha chn muinhng mt khc li ph hp vi ttng cm dc ca tn gio. Spht trin ca kthut kt cu ca kintrc Romanl da trn tay nghca nhng ngi thdn gian. Do kthut xy dng cn hn chnn cim ca cc nh thRoman l kh thp, chiu cao ti a thng khng qu 20m.

Vic sdng i tr tng v vch ngn a n mt kt qul phi tm ti mt sc biu hin michonhng bc tng v vch ngn , do vy, dn n vic trang tr gn vi cng vic n.

Nhng bc tng u tin xy dng bng mnh v cui trn ln vi va, sau dng tng gch, giaion sau cng dng tm vi vp mc mc c bc ltrung thc ra pha ngoi. Hu qul tng rt


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dy, nhm mc ch chu lc hn l mc ch bo v. Tng dy nhvy dng chng cc cun. Mimt tng c cun tng ng, tng di cun to tng trn hp dn, lm thnh nhng ca sghp i hocghp ba, c ngha l lmca cun c chia lm hai hay ba phn, bi nhng ct hnh trn hoc hnhnhiu cnh.

Cng vi vic dng nhiu cc loi hnh kt cu thng, cun c sng v ct, kin trc Roman likhng nht qun trong vic dng thc ct.Chn ct, thn ct ca kin trc Roman rt khc nhau, cc u ct thng c hnh ci u ngc, c trangtr bng hoa l hoc bng nhng trang tr hnh hc cun vo nhau, cng c lc u ct trang tr bng cnhngi hay th.


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Mt ct in hnh ca mt nh thRoman gm mt nhp gia cao hn v hai nhp bin thp hn, nhp binc hai tng tng sn gp phn gia cng kt cu. Do nh sng phi xuyn qua ca sca hai tng hainhp bin mi vo nhp gia nn ni tht nh thkhng c sng sa.

Nh thKnechtsteden (1038-1165) cho thy quy cch in hnh ca hthng kt cu vm Roman, v dngvm cun ca tr, nn cc l chiu ca mt bng u c dng hnh vung.

Cho n gia thkXII, tuy c nhng tin bnht nh, kin trc Roman trng vn thiu vnhnhng vkt cu cha thun thc, v dbi ton xy vm c hnh chiu mt bng hnh chnht, phi kin trc Gtchmi gii quyt c.


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Nh thv tu vin trong kin trc RomanBasilica kiu chthp La TinhBasilica l sn phm ca thi k Cc gio ra cng khai, sau ny vo giai on tin Roman, Gio hi vnly kiu hnh dng Basilica lm nh th, vsau c thm hai cnh ngang, hnh thnh mt bng kiu chthp,nn c tn gi chung l mt bng kiu chthp La Tinh.

The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore is thelargest church in Romeca vo nh thpha Ty

n thnh pha ng hnh bn nguyt, lp bng mi na bn c

Cc thnh phn ca Basilica cng c ngha tng trng rt ln,ni tht ca Basilica l biu hin ca nhng yu ttrong thgii thng nht (civitas mundi)m con ngi thy trong thnh phca mnh.Snh chnh tng ng vi i l, snh phtng ng vi cc hng ct thc,khn i tng ng vi ni ca cc thy tu,

ban thtng ng vi nhng ni chn thing ling, hm mtng ng vi ngha a


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Basilica vn c mt bng hnh chnht, mnh vi di, chy dc theo chiu dc c my hng ct, chia chiungang ra lm nhp gia v nhp bin; nhp gia thng rng v cao hn.Nh thca cc tu vinBn cnh cc tuyn ng hnh hng, Gio hi xy dng cc tu vin khch hnh hng c th tru ng,n ung v lm l. Nh thc xy dng bn trong tu vin, cng vi tu vin trthnh qun thkin trcln, nhiu khi vt qu phm vi cn thit ca mt a phng.

Nc Php l ci ni ca cc kin trc nh thxy dng km vi cc tu vin. Loi nh thny thng cxy dng cng vi nh ca cc thy tu, tu vin, nh ngh i khi gy n tng nhmt thnh ph.Cc nh thbn trong tu vin tiu biu Php lc gm c:

Nh thCluny. Nh thSaint-Sernin Toulouse. Nh thSainte Gtrusde Nivelles. Nh thSaint Foy Conques. Nh thSaint tienne Caen.

Nh thSaint Sernin Toulouse (1060 1150), cchiu di 112m

mt trc v mt bn nh thc tng btr, u l nhng hnh thc kt cu skhi ca kin trc Gtchsau ny.Vo thi kRoman, thng hay c cc cuc hnh hng, a sl cc khch hnh hng i n Jerusallem,nhiu ngi khc i n Roma hoc Santiago de Compestela Ty Ban Nha.C nm nc Php c ti 50 vn ngi i hnh hng. p lc nng ln cc ni thcng rtnhiu thnh ph, do xut hin cc nh thdnh cho khch hnh hng. c im ca cc nh thny lu pha ng hu cung c mt li i vng trn bao quanh ban th.


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Nh thca thnh phMt trong nhng tnh cht ni bt ca hnh thc nh ththnh phca kin trc Roman l sdnh kt chtchgia cc khi v to c cho tng thkin trc mt vuy nghim.Cng thuc loi hnh ny, Italia, c qun thtn gio Pisa, c coi l stng hp nhun nhuyn ca nhsng v cm thch.

Qun thtn gio Pisa (thkXI- thkXIII) l tc phm xut sc ca kin trc Roman Italia thhin skt ni truyn thng kin trc La M. Qun thny bao gm ba n ththnh phn xy dng trong 3 thigian khc nhau thp thnh:

Nh thPisa (1063-1118, 1261-1272).

Nh ra ti The Baptistery (1153-1265). Thp chung The Campanile (1174-1271).

Thp chung ngy nay gi l thp nghingPisa t pha ng Nam ca nh th.


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Nh ra ti t pha trc, c hnh thc l mtkhi tr, trng vi trc dc ca nh thkhiuBasillica c hnh chthp La Tinh, c ngknh 39,3m, nh thphn giao nhau giaBasilica vi cnh ngang c lp mt mi vm

bn cu thp chung cao hn 50m. dng knhthn tr16m, hin ny nghing tnh theohnh chiu tnh thp xung l 4m.Hnh khi ca cqun thcn bng v hi ha,

nh thgia, nh ra ti v thp chung uc hnh dng hi ha, u l hnh khi tr(mtdnh khi platong) nhng mt bn to hn vcao va phi, mt bn nhhn v c chiu caoln.Cba cng trnh pha bn ngoi u c lm

bng vn thch trng v hng xen knhau,trang tr mt tin bng cc cun na trn tngtgia cc tng vi nhau, to nn vthng nhttinh t.


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Kin trc thnh quch v dinh thCu trc cc ta thnh thi trung cc nhng c im sau y:

Bngoi c cc tng thnh kin c, cao v dy thng c xy dng bng cc vt liu sn c caa phng nhgch, , g Mt trn tng thnh thng lm kiu rng ca np bn, cc phntng rng ca cng c thnh ra ngoi theo kiu cngxn to ra lhtrn mt thnh th hayvc du xung qun ch. Ty vo quy m ca ta thnh m c thc mt hay hai lp tngthnh.

Pha ngoi thnh thng c ho su bo v, ca vo thnh thng l cu dy xch c thnng lnhxung.

Trn ta thnh c cc vng lu cao quan st, trn vng lu btr cc lchu mai. Pha trong thnh c thp trung tm (thp ny cng thng l lu i ca giai cp phong kin). Thp

ny dng cthkhi qun ch vo trong thnh, hoc i ph trong trng hp nng dn,binh lnh trong thnh ni dy.

Thnh thng btr nhng vtr him yu nhcc khu vc c cao c thkhng chton bkhu vc, ca sng, ca bin.


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Trong scc cng trnh phng ththi trung c, ni ting nht l thnh phpho i CarcassonnePhp c xy dng tthkXIII. Thnh phny c cu trc gm hai lp tng thnh bn

ngoi. Mt ngoi cao 10m, mt trong cao 14m. Trn tng thnh btr nhiu thp c hnh dngkhc nhau: trn, vung, a gic, trn cc thp canh c btr cc lchu mai. Cc thp canh phnln u c lp ngi mu xanh, vi cao khc nhau nn nhn trn tng thrt sinh ng


29/49-- 29

Kin trc GothicKin trc Gothic l 1 phong cch kin trc, c bit thng gn vi Thnh ng v Nh th, phong cchny ny rt hng thnh Chu u trong thi hu Trung C. Bt u vo TK 12, phong cch ny c

bit n nhl phong cch Phptrong sut thi kny. TGothicln u xut hin trong phong tro cicch vi ngha l mt sph phn nghthut/phong cch.Phong cch ny c tipni bi phong cch kin trc Phc Hngkhi u Florence vo TK 15.Mt lat cc cng trnh phc hi phong cch Gothic bt u vo gia TK 18 Anh, lan rng trong sut TK19 Chu u v tip tc trong TK 20 phn ln cc cng trnh tn gio v Trng H.

Ngun gcPhongcch ny bt ngun tTu vin Nh thThnh Denis, gn Paris, l mt v dvquan im ca AbbotSuger. Suger mn to 1 i din vt cht ca Thin ng Jerusalem, 1 cng trnh sdng nhiu phngthng/phn vtrn ngp as v mu sc. Mt ng c Suger thit kvi gian gia ca Thnh ng mhng trm nm sau c p dng. ng thit kmt ng ca Nh thThnh Denis phn chiu Vm cungConstantine theo phong cch Roman vi khu u hi gm 3 phn. Khu u hi ny thng thy phongcch Roman. Ca shnh hoa hng pha ng vn c ca ngi nhiu l 1 hnh nh m thnh tng cavng trn Thnh. Cng trnh Gothic u tin c xy dng l nh/chngi gin ng ca ca Nh thny vo 1144. Vi ct nh, csknh mu, v vi cm gic nhnhng ca phng vng, nhng yu tny c trao chut trong sut thi kGothic. Phongcch ny c tha nhn u tin Bc nc Phpvsau l Anh , v lan rng tan nc Php, cc nc Nam u v mt svng ca c, TBN v Bc .

Notre-Dame Cathedral seen from the River Seine.

"Gothic"

Kin trc Gothic khng lin quan g n ging ngi Goths xa. TGothic l tc ngha ch bai/mit thc sdng u thp k1530 m ch1 lai vn ha c xem l th lv man r.

Cc c imMt kthut mi trong kin trc Gothic l vm cung gy hay vm cung nhn. Nhng c im khcc pht trin thquvic p dng vm cung gy.

Phong cch Gothic nhn mnh phn vthng ng v cu trc bng dng xng vi cc khang mrngln bng cc mi vm gy, cc ct dng b ct v c lp knh, ngai ra cn c cc chp nhn, cc ginchng cho cng trnh v cc chi tit iu khc y sng to nhl ming mng xi hnh u th /u ngi.

Bn trong ni tht thng nhn mnh vo nhng ca sknh mu ghp ln cho php nhiu as vo cng trnhhn so vi kin trc Roman trc . t c chiu sng nhvy, cc gin chng cng trnh csdng gia cc ca schng cho cc trn cao hn v cc ct thon hn. Nhiu trong scc c imny bt u xut hin vo 1093, nhti Thnh ng Durham.

c xem l c im ca KT Gothic, vm cung nhn c p dng v mc tiu thgic/thm mv ktcu. Vmt thgic, phn vng thhin skht vng hng n Thin ng. Vmt kt cu, sdng nto cho sthch ng nhiu hn vi hnh thc kin trc.Mi vn Gothic, vn khng ging mi bn vm cakin trc Roman, c thc sdng mi vung v cc mt bng bt thng khc nhhnh thang. uim khc na l vm cung nhn chuyn ti vo ct chu lc theo mt gc ng hn.


30/49-- 30

Kin trc Phc hng

Vnguyn tc c thphn bit hai xu hng khc nhau trong kin trc Phc Hng.

Mt xu hng hi sinh cc ng nt thi kCi mt cch nghim khc. Khong nm 1500. Cc cngtrnh xy dng Phc Hng c phc tho trong sng v hi ha cn i. Trong smt bng cc kintrc shng vcc hnh dng n gin l tng trong hnh hc nhhnh vung hay hnh trn. Cc chi titkin trc nhct, trbtng, u ct, u hi tam gic,... u trc tip da vo kiu mu thi Ci. Bncnh l cc pht trin mi dn xut tkhun mu ca thi kCi. Tt ccc phn xy dng ring lu phi c ha hp vi nhau v vi ton bta nh. Cc lun thuyt kin trc ca nh xy dng niting ngi La M Vitruvius c tham kho tm ra nhng tltng quan l tng.

Xu hng thhai tuy cng da vo thi kCi nhng bin i hnh dng cc yu txy dng tng tnhnghthut xy dng thi Trung c, khng vn n mt nghthut xy dng theo cc nh lut mtcch nghim ngt.


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Ni chung khi nn vn ha cng bm rsu trong thi Trung cmang du n ca min Bc chu u thphong cch kin trc tng tca Phc Hng cng mnh, tc l trc tin l vng Trung u v Bc u.Hai xu hng ny tn ti bn cnh nhau cho n thi kBaroque. Ti c v Ba Lan hai xu hng nyc trn ln mt phn (th dnhlu i Heidelberg (c) hay lu i ti Wawel, Krakw (Ba Lan), thnhng xu hng tng tvn chim u thcho n thi gian cui.

"The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Lamb" (interior view) painted 1432.

The Cortile del Belvedere in Rome by Donato Bramante


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Kin trc BaroqueCc cng trnh ca KTS Michelangelo thi hu Roman, c bit c ththy Thnh ng Thnh Peter, cthc xem l tin ca kin trc baroque, v thit kny ca thi hu kRoman t n mt tngththng nht rt ln vn cha tng c bit trc . Hc tr ca ng Giacomo della Porta Rome tip tc cng vic ny, c bit trong mt ng ca nh thJesuit Il Gesu dnh hng trc tip n vicxy dng cc mt ng nh ththi ktin baroque, nhSanta Susanna bi Carlo Maderno. Vo TK 17,

phong cch baroque lan rng khp Chu u v MLatin, ni m n c c bit cxy bi cc thy tu.Cc c im quan trng ca kin trc baroque gm::

Gian gia ca gio ng di v hp c thay thbi gian rng ri hn, thnh thang c dng trn.

Ssdng nh sng rt n tng, nh sng mnh v bng , sdng nghthut tng phn, ccca sng dng ly sng.

Chi tit trang tr phong ph nhph iu, tng bng g(nhvng), gm, marbe hoc BT va.

Tranh vtrn trn ln


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Mt tin ngai thng c c im nh ra gia rt n tng.

Ni tht thng nhmt khng gian y tranh vv tng /iu khc. (c bit l hu baroque)

Nhng hiu ng trnh din nhtranh vnhtht v spha trn gia hi ha v kin trc.

Mi vm hnh qul rt phbin trong phong cch baroque Bavarian, Czech, BaLan, v Ukrain

Basilica di Superga near Turin: Filippo Juvarra,.

Convent of Mafra, Portugal: Ludovice,.


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Chteau de Maisons near Paris: Franois Mansart, 1642.

Vaux-le-Vicomte near Paris: Louis Le Vau and Andr Le Ntre, 1661.

Les Invalides, Paris: Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1676.

The Library in Pjazza Regina, Valletta, as seen in the film "Munich"


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Amsterdam City Hall: Jacob van Campen, 1646.

Greenwich Hospital: Sir Christopher Wren, 1694.

Seaton Delaval Hall: Sir John Vanbrugh, 1718.

French chteaux of the 17th century provided models for numerous country houses across NorthernEurope.


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Amalienborg, a Baroque quarter in the center of Copenhagen.

Augustusburg, a typical baroque palace from Westphalia.

The Church of St. Nicolas in Prague. Radical Bohemian Baroque

Wilanw palace in Warsaw represents a modest type of baroque residence.


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View of the Winter Palace from the Palace Square

Palcio do Raio in Braga,.

So Francisco de Assis in So Joo del Rei: Aleijadinho, 1777.


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The most impressive display of Churrigueresque spatial decoration may be found in the west facade ofthe Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela).

Church of St. Michel in Louvain, Belgium: Willem Hesius, 1650.

San Francisco de Ass Church, Lima, 1673.

The facade of the church of Ss. Sebastian y Santa Prisca in Taxco) bristles with Mexican


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Rococo

North side of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo - carriage courtyard: all the stucco details sparkledwith gold until 1773, when Catherine II had gilding replaced with olive drab paint.

The ballroom of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo

The Rococo Basilica at Ottobeuren (Bavaria): architectural spaces flow together and swarm with life

Phong cch nghthut Rococoxut hin Php vo u TK 18 nhl 1 sni tip ca phong cchBaroque . Ngc li vi phong cch nng nv mu sc ti hn ca phong cch Baroque, phong cchRococo c c im sng, vui ti, tao nh, phong ph sang trng. M tp Rococo tp trung vo i sngqu tc nhn nh v slng mn hi ht hn l tp trung vo hnh tng anh hng v tn gio; cng nh

xem xt li vic tchc ngai tht v khng gian tnhin xung quanh. Vo na sau TK 18, Rococo cthay thbi phong cch Tn cin.Rococo l tghp ca trocaille ca ting Php c ngha l vcv tbarocco ca ting . V vic sdng ng cong dng vs cng vi stp trung vo nghthut trang tr, mt snh ph bnh sdng tny m chrng phong cch ny l phong cch kt hp.


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Le Dejeunerby Francois Boucher, demonstrates elements of Rococo. (1739, Louvre)


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Kin trc Tn cin

Phong tro Tn cin gii thiu kin trc Tn cin vo gia TK 18, cphong tro v phong cchkin trc ny c xem l phn ng li phong cch Rococo vn chng li xu hng trang tr tnhin, vmt sc tnh hu Baroque theo hng cin ha pht trin qu nhanh trong thi kny. SiegfriedGiedion, m cun sch u ca ng vo 1922 c ta lHuBaroque v Chngha cin lng mng, khng nh sau phong cch Louis XVI hnh thnh nn hnh thc v cu trc kt thc xu hng hu

baroque, c chngha cin hu thun. Vcm nhn ca Tn cin trong kin trc l c tnh lintng v hnh tng, l sti to li mt thgii mt c hnh thnh tsnhy cm lng mng.

Prado Museum in Madrid, by Juan de Villanueva

Karl Friedrich Schinkel's Elisabethkirche in Berlin (1832-1834)

Finnish towns were built of wood, often in the Neoclassical style. (Studio of W Runeberg on Porvoo)

At the Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh (1822-26), William Henry Playfair employs a Greek Doricoctastyle portico


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The Alexander Column in Palace Square, St Petersburg, Russia, viewed from an open window of theHermitage Museum in the Winter Palace.


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Kin trc Hin i

Tro lu kin trc Hin i(Modernism) l mt khi nim rt rng c sdng miu tcc cng trnhkhc nhau c cc c im tng ng v:

o Sn gin trong bcc hnh khi khng gian,

o Tchc mt bng tdo phi i xng,

o Mt ng loi bvic sdng cc ha tit trang tr ca trng phi cin cng nh

o Vic sdng vt liu mi nhknh, thp, b tng.

Kin trc hin i l mt son tuyt mnh mvi kin trc cin, thhin mt li tduy mi ca spht trin bng nca cc x hi chu u cui thk19, u thk20.

Trng phi kin trc ny, xut pht chu u tcui thk19, u thk20 v nhanh chng phbin,trthnh mt trng phi cho ra trn ton thgii n thp nin 1970.

Hin nay mc d mt nh ngha chun xc vkhi nim kin trc hin i vn cn ang c tranh lun,nhng ngi ta thng nht rng tro lu kin trc Hin i ca thk20 c thay thbng tro lu kintrc Hu Hin i (Postmodernism).

Lch skin trc Hin i thk20

Khi ngun

Cung Thy tinh ca Joseph Paxton

Crown Hall - i hc Illinois - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Bit thSavoye Poissy, Php- Le Corbusier

Kin trc Hin i, bt ngun tchu u, l mt sphn ng li nh hng ca qu khkin trc tcuithk19. Cc kin trc scm thy tro lu kin trc Cin khng cn sc sng, vay mn v lthuc


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qu nhiu vo nhng g c trong qu kh, khng phn nh trung thc li bi cnh ca thi i cng nghip.Khng nhng vy, kin trc cin cn trthnh vt cn, tri buc con ngi vi qu khhoc nh lathhiu kin trc bng nhng yu ttranh tr dim da v v ngha. Vo na cui ca thk19, u thk20, trong tro lu pht trin ca phng Ty, chngha Hin i ni chung c ngun gc tthi k Khaisng (Enlightenment) nh hng xung suy nghca cc kin trc s, htin rng cn phi to ra mt trolu kin trc mi, phn nh c tinh thn ca thi i mi v phi vt qua, rbc ci bng ca qukh.

a snh nghin cu vlch skin trc Hin i ca thk20 u ly mc ca khi u tsra i cacng trnh Cung Thy tinh (Crystal Palace) Hyde Park, (London, Anh) nm 1851 do Joseph Paxton thitk. Cng trnh

ng d

u m

t b

c ngo

t v

t

duy khng gian kin trc, v

ph

ng php s

d

ng vt li

u,

bin php thi cng cng nhbo hiu mt vp mi ca thi kcng nghip ha.Bn cnh l cc kin trc sca "Phong tro Nghthut Thcng" (Arts and Crafts movement) Anhdo William Morris khi xng thc y sa dng ca kin trc. l vic sdng vt liu a dng,tnh a phng ca kin trc, quay vvi cc khi hnh hc cbn. Tiu biu cho thi k ny c PhilipWebb vi cng trnh Bit thGch (The Red House) hay Charles Rennie Mackintosh Scotland viTrng NghThut Glasgow. n tng trc Phong tro Nghthut Thcng, ty vin vn ha c tiAnh lc Herman Muthesius vit tc phm "Vn ha trang tr" (Dekorative Kunst) ca ngi nhng nginh ca Morris, Webb v cc cng s.

o c Otto Wagner v Adolf Loos. Vphn mnh, Wagner tm ti vp to hnh khi kin trc qua ccyu tkthut v kt cu. Tiu biu cho cch cng trnh ca ng c Qutit kim bu in Vien v mtlot cc ga tu in Wien. Cc cng trnh v ttng ca Wagner c nh hng mnh ln kin trc s

Antonio Sant'Elia. Sau ny, trong scc hc tr ca Wagner c Joseph Maria Olbrich, mt trong snhngngi sng lp ra trng phi Ly khai Wien (Wiener Secession). Nm 1899, Olbrich tham dCng xDarmstadt (Darmstdter Knstlerkolonie) c cng vi Peter Behrens, Herman Muthesius. Cng xDarmstadt chnh l tin thn ca Hip hi Cng trnh c (Deutscher Werkbund) sau ny.

Sthng trca kin trc Hin iVo thp k20 ca thk20, nhng gng mt chnh ca kin trc Hin i xc nh c danh tingcng nhvtr ca h. chu u, ba khun mt ni ting nht l Le Corbusier Php, Ludwig Mies vander Rohe v Walter Gropius c. Gropius l ngi sng lp ra trng Bauhaus, v Mies l hiu trngcui cng ca trng Bauhaus trc khi bgii th.

c im

Trng Bauhaus, c do KTS Walter Gropius thit k

To nh Quc hi ca Brasil do Oscar Niemayer thit k


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u im Dy chuyn cng nng c cao, hp l. Tit kim c khng gian giao thng, tit kim vt liu.

Khng trang tr ph phim. p dng cc thnh tu ca khoa hc v kthut.

Khuyt im Tnh cht kh khan, ngho nn vhnh thc, do nhng gio l cc oan nh"trang tr l trng ti"

(Adolf Loos), "Nh l ci my " (Le Corbusier) v.v.

Mang tnh cht quc t, khng c tnh dn tc v a phng. Coi nhsgiao tip vi thin nhin, sgiao tip gia kin trc vi x hi, sgiao lu gia con

ngi vi nhau.

Cc kin trc stiu biu Le Corbusier

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Walter Gropius

Tange Kenzo

Richard Meier

Maki Fumihiko

Adolf Loos


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Kin trc Hu Hin i

Trsca nhm ING, Amsterdam, H Lan, thit kbi KTS. R. Meyer v Van Slooten, theo nguyn l nd

Trin lm Hin i, Hamburg, c, thit ktheo xu hng tn bn x

Tro lu Hu hin i (Postmodernism) trong kin trc, hay kin trc Hu hin i, c xem nhstiptc ca kin trc Hin i, bt u xut pht tcui thp nin 1950, ko di n thi im hin ti.Mu cun sch "Ngn ngca kin trc Hu hin i", tc giCharles Jencks thng bo "Kin trc

Hin i cht Saint Louis, Missouri ngy 15 thng 7 nm 1972 vo hi 15h32". Km theo l bcnh chp mt ngi nh nhiu tng ang bntung. l mt trong nhng block ca qun thln nh dokin trc sMgc Nht Minoru Yamasaki thit k. Cun sch ny gy ting vang ln trong gii kin

trc v c ti bn nhiu ln, c dch ra nhiu thting. N bo hiu mt tro lu kin trc mi ra i:Kin trc Hu hin i.Trng phi kin trc ny, tri ngc vi trng phi ca kin trc Hin i, l sxut hin ca cc chi tittrang tr, tnh a ngha ca biu tng trong kin trc.

Cc nguyn l ca kin trc Hu hin iTheo Robert Stern, mt kin trc sngi M, kin trc Hu hin i c chia thnh ba dng nguyn lsau:

Bi cnhCc cng trnh kin trc Hu hin i phi gn vi mi trng xung quanh, l mt bphn ca mi trng.y, vn khc so vi kin trc Hin i l khng xem xt n bi cnh m c tht cng trnh

bt kmi trng no, bt knc no.

n dHnh thc ca cng trnh phi ni ln nhiu ngha, c nhiu chi tit kin trc mang tnh tng trng.

Trang tr

Tnh cht trang tr ca cc chi tit kin trc c khi phc li, tri ngc li vi nhng g m kin trcHin i cho l "trng ti".

Xu hng kin trc Hu hin iXu hng "Lch s"Xu hng quay vvi cin c a chung kin trc Hu hin i. Thit kcng trnh loi ny saocho to c cm tng y l mt cng trnh cin c thit ktheo quan im thm mca phong


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cch quc t. Hai khi nim cho ca kin trc Hu hin i nhm chngc cng chng l xc nhc tinh thn tng nhn lch s(qu kh) v xc nh hnh nh hin ti ca thnh ph.

Xu hng "Hi sinh nghim ngt"

xu hng ny c hai cch sau:

Sao chp nguyn xi cc chi tit kin trc c.

Kt hp li cc chi tit kin trc ca mt scng trnh c.

V dcho xu hng ny l n thTrung ng do Quynlan Terry thit kvo nm 1975 vi ngphp cLa M nhng li c cc chi thp kiu thc dn Anh n . Nm 1974, kin trc sngi Nht BnMozuna Monta thit kngi nh Okawa House vi mt ngoi l phong cch lu i Farnse, bn trong th

phong cch nh thPazzi. Monta dng phong cch nhi li cin sng to nhng tc phm nghimtc.

Xu hng "Tn bn x"Xu hng ny pht trin trong thp nin 1970, n l mt slai to ca kin trc Hin i v cng trnh bnggch thk19. N bao gm cc yu t:

Mi dc,

C chi tit no dng vung vc,

Cc khi phn chia rt ngon mc v bng gch.

Cng trnh tiu biu cho xu hng ny l Trung tm Hillingdon Civic, xy trong khong 1974-1977.Xu hng "thch hp"

Xu hng thch hp da trn snhnguyn vtnh dhiu v dc ca th.Mt cng trnh in hnh cho xu hng ny l qun thcng trnh nh Byker Wall do kin trc sPhpRalf Erskine lm nm 1974.

Xu hng "n dv tru tng"Kin trc La M c xu hng thhin lng tin vo bmy ca Hong , kin trc Phc Hng th biu thtnh siu hnh nghim ngt. Cn kin trc Hu hin i, tnh n dxut pht ttruyn thng hu cc linquan n hnh nh con ngi, ng vt v thc vt. Si xng hnh mt ngi, cm gic vn ng ttrongra ngoi, ttrn xung di v.v... Ngi nh Daisy House xy dng trong thi gian 1976-1977 bangIndiana, do kin trc sngi MStanley Tigerman thit k, c mt bng v mt ng tng tnhhnhnh mt sbphn thn thphnv nam gii. Kin trc sngi Nht Bn Yamashita Kazumasa cng thit kmt ngi nh kiu mt ngi, cng trnh c lm nm 1974 Kyoto.

Xu hng "Khng gian Hu hin i"Xu hng thit kny to ra mt khng gian v hn, khng r rng, nhp nhng vi nhau... Ca hiu trang sc Schullin th Wien ca o thuc xu hng ny. Cng trnh ny do kin trc sHans Holleinlm nm 1975.

Xu hng "chit trung trit "Chngha trit chung thk19 l strn trnh ci kh khi phi la chn, l tnh chi v vk, i tmnhng thddng. Cn kin trc Hu hin i, chngha trit chung mnh mv a dng mt cch trithn.

Nhng thphp ca kin trc Hu hin iSdng hthng kin trc cin Hy Lp-La M

Cc kin trc sHu hin i c cc tc phm rt a dng, phong ph, nhng Chngha Hu hin i lm hgn nhau hn, cc tc phm ca hlun thhin strung thnh vi truyn thng. Robert Venturi

bt chc theo ngi n Dori trong thit kngi nh Electic House, nhi li thc ct Ionic trong Bo tngNghthut Pop Art bang Ohio. Li vo qung trng Italia, bang Missisipi, xy dng khong 1978-1979, ging Khi hon mn La M nhng hin i hn. Trong cng trnh ny cng c cc ct Ionic m cunu ct l thp mvng, thn ct bng cc ng n hunh quang.

Thphp bi trsthiu tnh ng nht cho cng trnhTrong kin trc ny, ngi ta khai thc tnh cht i xng, tnh "chnh, ph" v c "tm" ca cng trnh.


49/49

Thphp vn dng ngc i cc chi tit cThphp ny vn dng khi thit kcng trnh, ngi ta lp cc chi tit ckhng ng vi vtr thngthy. M tp hnh bn nguyt c chui nh thSanta Maria Della Pace Roma do Pretroda Cortona xydng nm 1656-1657 c kin trc sIsozaki Arata vn dng lm ca strong cc ngi nh Kj Housev H. House. Cn trong ngi nh Sun-Tumori, kin trc sWatanabe Toykazu lm mt mi nh c sngmi dc ngc ln to mt phi cnh kd. Kin trc sAida Takefumi nm 1979 cng lm mt ngi nhc hai ci mi hnh tam gic cn. Ci mi ny li c bng mt ct gia theo truyn thng nh NhtBn.

Thphp cao tnh trt t

Cc kin trc svn dng thphp ny trnh trang tr, khng dng trc tip cc yu tkin trc Cinnhng sdng tnh trt tca bcc, cc trc chnh, ph. Hthng sdng nhng hnh hnh hc scp,l nhng hnh n gin nht. Trong ngi nh Matematician House ca Reichlin v Rainhardt, ngi ta thynhiu quan nim cin nh: "tm nh", hnh chthp ca Leone Battista Alberti v Palladio, v.v... Kintrc sIsozaki Arata li sdng chyu hnh vung v khi lp phng din t tng cho cng trnh.

Nm 1972-1974 ng thit kbo tng Kitakyushu v to nh Shu Sha, chai cng trnh u l nhng hnhvung v khi lp phng ht sc n gin. Nh ht ni Teatro del Mondo Venezia ca Aldo Rossi lmnm 1979 cng l mt cng trnh ht sc c o.

Cc kin trc sHu hin i

Robert Venturi

Aldo Rossi

Lon Krier

Michael Graves

Watanabe Toyokazu

Isozaki Arata

Hans Hollein

Robert Stern

Hnh nh

Nh ING, AmsterdamBo tng nghthut, NagoyaThp Lun n

Tom Tat Lich Su Kien Truc Phuong Tay

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