Tim Hieu Phan Cung May Tinh

Su tm v bin son: Ho Kang Trung Kien

TI LIU

TM HIU PHN CNG

Tp.HCM,Thng10/2008

Lu hnh ni b

Li cm n

Ngi xa c cu: Khng thy my lm nn!, qu tht rt ng! Kin thc m chng ta c c khng ngoi vic c truyn t bi ngi khc, d bt c cch no trc tip hay gin tip. Khng ai c th t ho ni rng tt c kin thc mnh c c m khng cn hc hi, l ca ring mnh. Kin thc cn c chia s. Tt c nhng g ti lm c khng ngoi hai ch hc hi nn ti xin cm n rt nhiu ngi, rt nhiu, rt nhiu...

Li cm n u tin xin c gi n cc thy dy vi tnh cho ti, v nh cc thy m ti c c nn tng, hiu bit nh ngy hm nay, d vi bt c suy ngh no cng xin cm n cc thy. V c bit xin cm n thy Di Minh Th, ngi thy a ti vo th gii vi tnh rng ln mt cch tht s. Cm n thy v nhng g thy dy, nhng kin thc thy chia s vi mi ngi, v nhng g thy lm l ht trch nhim cao c ca mt ngi dn dt...

Li cm n th hai xin ginh cho nhng ngi bn hc chung m ti xem nh nhng ngi anh. Xin cm n anh Ha, anh Duy, anh Cnh v nhng li ng vin chn thnh, nhng li khuyn b ch, s gip tn tm gip em thm n lc v quyt tm hon thnh cun sch ny. bt c phng din no cc anh gip em rt nhiu, xin cm n cc anh!

Xin cm n tt c mi ngi, tt c nhng ai chia s kin thc cho ti d ch l qua mng, sch bo; cm n cuc i v cho ti c hi sng v lm vic. Ti bit mnh hnh phc v y hn nhiu ngi ri. Hc cch tha mn vi nhng g mnh ang c v s c, ti cm thy mnh l ngi y nht.

Cm n tt c nhng li khen ch, nhng ai ght v ph bnh ti mt cch thng thn v ch nh th ti mi c th hon thin mnh hn na.

Cm n cc bn thm cm n ti v cun ti liu ny gip cc bn rt nhiu.

Cm n, mi mi lun bit cm n v ch nh th ti mi thy mnh sng c thm ngha!

H Kang Trung Kin

Li ni u

Bi hc t cuc sng

-Ti khng th bt ngi khc yu mn mnh, tt c nhng iu ti c th lm l c gng tr thnh mt ngi ng c yu mn ...

-Cho d bn b ti tt nh th no cng s c lc h lm ti b tn thng v ti phi bit tha th cho iu ...

-Trc khi mun tha th cho ngi khc, ti phi tp tha th cho chn bn thn mnh ...

-Mnh phi mt nhiu nm to lng tin ni ngi khc nhng li c th nh mt n ch trong mt giy ...

Vi tt c hiu bit v hc hi, ti su tm, bin son v vit nn cun Tm hiu phn cng ny vi mong mun t hon thin thm kin thc ca mnh, ng thi cng mun mang n cc bn mt kin thc tng hp s lc v phn cng my tnh. Do ch l s lc nn cng khng khi thiu st hoc cn ch cha ng mong cc bn thng cm v ng gp thm cho. Tuy vy ti ngh vi nhng ai mun hc hoc mun cng c thm hiu bit v phn cng th cun ti liu ny vn cung cp kh y .

Cun ti liu ny gii thiu hu nh ton b kin thc v cc thit b phn cng, cch lp rp ci t, v s dng mt s phn mm kim tra, sa li thit b. Vi nhng ai cha bit, cun ti liu ny s gip bn c mt hiu bit tng th v phn cng, cc bn c th mnh dn lp rp, ci t, kim tra my tnh ca mnh. Vi nhng ai bit s qua th cun sch ny s gip bn c thm kin thc vng chc v my tnh.

Khng ngoi mc ch chia s hiu bit, ln kinh nghim thc tin, ti c ht sc mnh lm vic ny ch n gin l chia s nhng g c ngi khc chia s. Cc bn khng tin? Cc bn khng hiu? iu khng quan trng, ch cn cc bn cm thy n hu ch l c. Chc cc bn thnh cng! Tm bit!

H Kang Trung Kin Thn tng anh Ha

Hon K

Li cm

Li ni

Mc lc

I. KhiII. S r

III. Cu 1. Phn2. Phn

IV. S lV. Lch

I. ChcII. Cc

III. NguyIV. Mt

1. Cng2. Cng3. Cng4. Vi ki

V. CPU 1. CPU 2. Lun3. Core4. Cc 5. Cc 6. Core7. Cu 8. Athlo9. Thn10. CPU11 ...v12. S 13. So

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in

m n

u

c .............

nim ......a i .......to my t

n cng .....n mm .....c lch ss pht tr

c nng cathnh phyn l hos cng ngg ngh Hypg ngh Hypg ngh EMn trc Nea nhn a nhn .

ng x l ce Duo v Cm hnh Cmodel ca

e 2 Quadtrc h thon 64 X2 cng s cc CU tm nh nhiu nhkhc bit snh cng

m o to b

...............

...............

...............nh ........................................ pht trinrin my t

B vi

a CPU .......n trong CPt ng cagh v CPUper Transpper Thread64T .........

etburst ...... Multi-core...............a CPU .....Core 2 Duo Core 2 Duo a core 2 dud Q6x00 Cng Haven

ca AMD ...CPU bn nn .............n hn nca Pentiu

g ngh Mul

bc s my t

...............

Tn

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...............

...............n my tnh nh c nhn

x l Co

...............PU ............a CPU .......U .............port ca AMding ca In..............................e ...........................................ca Intel .ca Intel .

uo Intel .....Cng nghndale/Aubu...............hn ca AM...............

a .............um D v Coti-core ca

tnh thc h

MC L

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PHNng quan m

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hnh

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N I my tnh

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PC

g 3

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13 14 15 15 17 17 22

30 30 33 36 36 45 48 51 58 58 60 61 62 65 67 68 70 72 75 75 75 77

Ho

VI. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

VII. VIII.

I. 1. 2.

II. 1. 2.

III. IV.

A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. B. 1. 2. 3.

V. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

VI.

-Trun

on Kin

Pentium XPentium IPetium IIIXeon MP .Xeon DuaIntel ra m ngha cNhng thu

Chc nngChc nngNhim v Phn loi Phn loi Phn loi Cc thnhNhng khNhng khPCI-ExprePCI-ExpreAGP ........SATA ......e-SATA ...EPS12V ...Khe cm qChn cmNhng khASRock CECS SIMADFI AudioMt s cDual ChanDual GrapSLI ca NCrossfire cPrescott ..RAID ....... ngha T

ng tm o

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mt 4 mu cc thng sut ng c

g v nhimg ..........................Mainboardtheo ngutheo kiu

h phn c bhe cm c bhe cm c bess x16 ....ess x4 v x............................................................qut 4 ch

m HD Audiohe cm cPU Board U

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m v ca M..............................d ..............n s dngchn CPU .bn trong bn trn Mbn th h...............

x1 ........................................................................u mi ......o v HDMIoc bit ........Upgrade .................................ch hp tr..........................................................................................

rn Main ...

my tnh th

a Intel cho............................................................xanh .....

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VV

Hon K

I. KhiII. Nhi

III. NguyIV. Phn

1. RAM2. RAM

V. Cc 1. RAM2. SDR3. DDR4. DDR5. DDR

VI. Cc 1. SIMM2. RIMM3. DIM4. SO D

VII. Nh1. Tc 2. Cach3. BUS 4. CAS 5. RAM6. SDRA

VIII. DDR1. Tm 2. DDR3. Dung

IX. DDR1. Tm 2. im3. DDR4. DDR

-Trung tm

in

B nh

nim ......m v ca yn l hon loi RAM

M tnh .......M ng .....

loi RAM tMBUS ........R-SDRAM ..R-SDRAM ..R2-SDRAM R3-SDRAM modul caM ............M v SO RM- dual in-DIMM- smang thut n ..........

he memory..............Latency ..

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m tin b ..R3 16GB trR3 2500 t

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a RAM .....................

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Rate .........s Time .....................2 .............00 tc nAM DDR2 ...............3 ............................nh din stc 2.5G

bc s my t

t ngu n

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tnh thc h

PHN nhin Ra

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hnh

IV andom Ac

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PC

g 5

136 136 137 138 138 139 140 140 141 141 141 142 142 142 143 143 144 144 144 145 145 146 147 148 149 149 151 152 153 153 155 157 159

Ho

I. II.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

III. 1. 2.

IV. 1. 2. 3.

V. 1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

6.

VI.

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

VII.

1.

2.

3.

VIII. 1.

-Trun

on Kin

Khi nimCu to ...B khung a t .....Cc u B dch chMt trcCc mchNguyn lGiao tip c v ghMt s nTrack ......Sector .....Cylinder ..Cc cng S.M.A.R.T cng laDirect Me

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ng ............

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NTFS .....

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V

Hon K

2. Tc 3. Cc 4. B n

I. nhII. Vai t

III. Cc IV. Thi

1. Cc 2. IDE 3. Adva

V. Nng1. Cc 2. X l

VI. Dual1. Khi2. Nguy

VII. Clea1. Clea2. Clea

I. KhiII. Chip

1. Khi2. Nhi

III. Chip1. Khi2. Nhi

IV. Mt 1. Inte2. Inte3. Inte4. Inte

-Trung tm

in

quay cthng s v

nh m ...

H thn

h ngha BIOtr ca BIOloi BIOS .t lp BIOSthit lp BPrimary Manced Biosg cp BIOSbc nng sau khi nl Bios ....... nim ......yn tc hor CMOS ...r CMOS thr bng ch

nim ......p cu Bc .. nim ......m v.......p cu Nam nim ......m v.......s loi Chil 975X Chipl chipset P9l chipset Gl chipset X

m o to b

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Ho

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

I. II.

III. IV. V.

I. II.

III. IV.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10

III

-Trun

on Kin

Tm quan

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a quaCu to ...K thut tCc thngPhn loi .

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Hon K

III. IV.

1. 2. 3. 4. C5. 6. 7. T8. 9. 10.

V. 1. C2.

VI. 1. T2. 3. C

VII. C1. G2. 3. 4. 5. T

I. KhiII. Cc

III. Mn 1. Khi2. Cc 3. Mn 4. Mn 5. Mn 6. Mn 7. Cc

IV. Cng1. Khi2. Cc

-Trung tm

in

Nhng yuc im tB vi x lRAM ........ a cngChc nngMn hnh .Nng lnTn nhit .Kt ni mBn phm .MultimediaMt s chChc nngNhn dngNhng chTo thun Bo dngChng scCentrino Gii thiu.Nn tng CNn tng SNn tng STng quan

nim ......loi thit bhnh my nim ......thng s chnh my hnh my hnh cm hnh my kiu giao tg ngh OL nim ......thnh ph

m o to b

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g pin ........c .............. Cng ngh...............Carmel .....Sonoma ...Santa Rosan nn tng

...............b ngoi vi .tnh Mon...............c bn catnh loi Ctnh loi ting ........tnh cng

tip kt nED ..........................n ca OLE

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n ......................................................................................................p .........................................................................ng thyc nhanh ...................y tnh xchn nhit ...................................

h cho Lapt.............................................a ..............Centrino 2

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g 9

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276 276 276 276 277 280 283 288 289 289 291 291 291

Ho

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

V. 1. 2. 3.

VI. 1. 2. 3.

III

III

-Trun

on Kin

Ch to OCc OLEDCc cng u v nhTng lai Chut mKhi nimCc loi cCc kiu gBn phm Khi nimCu Trc .Cng ngh

I. ChunI. Cc b

1. Gn C2. Gn q3. Gn R4. Chun5. Lp M6. Lp b7. Lp 8. Lp 9. Lp 10. Gn c11. Gn d12. Ni d13. Kim 14. u n15. Khi

I. Nhn1. Tm h2. Tham3. Chn 4. Ch

ng tm o

OLED ........D pht sng

ngh OLEDc im cha hn cy tnh M

m ..............hut my tgiao tip c Keyboar

m ............................. bn phm

n b .........bc lp rCPU vo Maqut tn nhRAM ln Man b lp Ma

Main vo thb ngun .. a cng . a mm a quangcard m rdy cng ty cho cntra ln cu

ni cc thing v kig lu kh

hiu th trm kho gi

mua linh k kim tra k

to bc s

...............g nh th nD .............ca OLED .ca cng nouse .......................tnh .........a chut mrd ..........................................

m .............

C

...............p my tnhainboard ..hit cho CPain ...........ainboard vhng my ..............................................g ..............ng ...........c ca caseng USB cai .............t b ngoi m tra .....i mua myng .........c ...........kin .........k lng h

my tnh th

...............no? ......................................

ngh ......................................................

my tnh ................................................................

Phc bc l

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PU ...........................o thng m..........................................................................................e .............a thng m...............vi ...........................

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hc hnh

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Hon K

5. C6. C

I. G1. S2. S3. T4. C

II. CIII. CIV. CV. C

VI. C

I. CII. T

I. Q

II. S1. 2.

III. 1. 2. G3.

IV. 1. 2. 3. W

Ti li

-Trung tm

in

Ch n Cng vic

Gii thiu.S ra i .So snh WTi sao gCc chc nCi t h Ci t driCi b OffiCi b g tCi b Fon

Ci t a Ti file ci

Qun l phSao lu hImage CenNorton GhKim tra lDOCMemoGoldMemoMemtest86Kim tra lHDD RegeHDAT2 4.5WDClear 1

u tham kh

m o to b

nhng sncui cng

C..............................

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nt ting Vi

Cc

CD ..........t t m

hn vng thng ....nter 5.6 ....ost 11.0.2 i RAM .....ory 3.1 - RAory 5.07 6 + 2.01 ...i a cngenerator 1.53 ............1.30 .........

ho ........

bc s my t

n phm kh...............

i t h..............................

essional vws XP? .....cht ca W

h Windowsc thit b o..............................t .............

phng

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hc .........................

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WinXP Ho...............Windows X XP Profesonboard ................................................

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Magic Pro ............................................................otics Tools iagnotics T...........................................................................

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XP ............ssional Serv............................................................

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o thit b

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PC

11

325 325

326 326 326 327 327 328 347 348 354 356

358 370

375 390 390 399 409 409 411 412 413 413 416 419

28

Trung tm o to bc s my tnh thc hnh Chuyn khoa PC

Hon Kin Trang 13

PHN I

Tng quan my tnh

I. Khi nim

My tnh, cng gi l my vi tnh hay in ton, l nhng thit b hay h thng dng tnh ton hay kim sot cc hot ng m c th biu din di dng s hay quy lut logic.

My tnh c lp ghp bi cc thnh phn c th thc hin cc chc nng n gin nh ngha trc. Qu trnh tc ng tng h phc tp ca cc thnh phn ny to cho my tnh mt kh nng x l thng tin. Nu c thit lp chnh xc (thng thng bi cc chng trnh my tnh) my tnh c th m phng li mt s kha cnh ca mt vn hay ca mt h thng. Trong trng hp ny, khi c cung cp mt b d liu thch hp n c th t ng gii quyt vn hay d on trc s thay i ca h thng.


Hon Kin Trang 14

II. S ra i ca my tnh

Cch y hn 3000 nm, con ngi bit s dng bn tnh phc v cho nhu cu tnh ton s hc ca h. Theo cc kt qu kho c, th gii xut hin 2 loi bn tnh 2 nn vn minh khc nhau. Loi bn tnh kiu phng Ty c ngun gc vng Babylon sau c ngi La M ch bin li vi mi ct c 2 hng nt. Mt bn c 1 nt v mt bn c 4 nt nh kiu bn tnh ngi Nht vn dng n nay. Kiu bn tnh c Trung quc cng c pht hin ng thi vi kiu c Babylon khong nm 1.000 trc CN. Kiu Trung Quc v sau ny c chnh li vi 2 hng nt, hng c 2 nt v hng c 5 nt nh ngy nay vn cn c s dng. S pht minh ra bn tnh cho thy nhu cu qun l sn xut-kinh doanh ca con ngi lun lun gn lin vi nhu cu tnh ton s hc.

Sut thi gian khong 3000 nm tri qua, ci bn tnh c in gn nh ng yn trong ci dng v thit k ban u ca n. Vo thi Phc Hng, mt s ch tc mi c kh ha dn kiu bn tnh th s ny. Vi cc vng bnh xe rng khuyt mt rng, ngi ta dn dn a ra nhng kiu my tnh s c kh. c bit vo u th k 19, khi mt th dt ngi Php Joseph Marie Jacquard -sinh 7/7/1752 mt 7/8/1834- sng ch mt cng c dt t ng gi l th c l. to ra cc gn s trn vi, ng ch ra mt h thng c kh gn vo u my dt v c iu chnh bng nhng tm th c c l. Do vy si t khi ko ln my s khng xut hin tri u trn mt vi nhng ni c si dc, ngang u nhau, ni li thiu si dc hoc si ngang. Nhng tm th c l ny sau c ng dng trong nhiu ngnh ch tc khc. Mt vt dng m ngy nay chng ta cn gp y l nhng ci hp nhc hoc h thng dy thiu g chung nhc trong cc loi ng h treo tng. Vi cng trnh th c l cho my dt ny Joseph Marie Jacquard c xem l nh lp trnh programmer u tin ca nhn loi. Thi k y gi l thi k lp trnh c kh.


Hon Kin Trang 15

Cc cng c c kh c lp trnh c pht trin tip vo cui th k 19 tr thnh nhng ci my cng tr nhn chia c kh. Thi y, thut ng ting Anh computer c hiu l ngi lm cng tc tnh ton. Sang thp nin 1930 v 1940, ngi ta p dng k thut in t vo cc loi my tnh s hc. Cc pht minh k tip ni nhau ra i v nhanh chng tng thm sc mnh thn k cho my tnh. n thp nin 1960, cng ty IBM ni tin th gii ca M cho ra i nhng c my tnh phc v cng vic qun l rt tinh vi. Nhng c my ny nng hng tn trng lng v t n ni ch khch hng ln nh cc chnh ph, vin nghin cu ln mi c th mua ni. Vo thp nin 1970, mch ghp IC dn n s ra i ca b vi x l. Vi x l dn n vic sn sinh ra my tnh c nhn PC-personal computer.

Th t ngy 14/08/1981, cng ty IBM cho ra i chic PC u tin. My tnh c nhn v k thut s thu gn cc c my tnh c v kch thc, trng lng ln gi thnh. K diu thay, d nh gn p v r tin nh th, my tnh c nhn vn m bo mt nng lc tnh ton mnh hn gp hng bao nhiu ln so vi my tnh thi 1960. Lch s ghi nhn t nhng chic PC nh gn ny, thi i vi tnh bt u m ra cho nhn loi.

III. Cu to my tnh

Gm 2 phn

1. Phn cng

Phn cng, l cc b phn c th ca my tnh hay h thng my tnh nh l mn hnh, chut, bn phm, my in, my qut, v my tnh, b ngun, b vi x l CPU, bo mch ch, cc loi dy ni, loa, a mm, a cng, CDROM, DVD, ...

Da trn chc nng v cch thc hot ng ngi ta cn phn bit phn cng ra thnh:

Nhp hay u vo (Input): Cc b phn thu nhp d liu hay mnh lnh nh l bn phm, chut...


Hon Kin Trang 16

Xut hay u ra (Output): Cc b phn tr li, pht tn hiu, hay thc thi lnh ra bn ngoi nh l mn hnh, my in, loa, ...

Ngoi cc b phn nu trn lin quan ti phn cng ca my tnh cn c cc khi nim quan trng sau y:

Bus: chuyn d liu gia cc thit b phn cng. BIOS (Basic Input Output System): cn gi l h thng xut nhp c bn nhm

khi ng, kim tra, v ci t cc mnh lnh c bn cho phn cng v giao quyn iu khin cho h iu hnh

CPU: b phn vi x l iu khin ton b my tnh Kho lu tr d liu: lu gi, cung cp, thu nhn d liu Cc loi chp h tr: nm bn trong bo mch ch hay nm trong cc thit b ngoi

vi ca my tnh cc con chip quan trng s gi vai tr iu khin thit b v lin lc vi h iu hnh qua b iu vn hay qua phn sn

B nh: l thit b bn trong bo mch ch gi nhim v trung gian cung cp cc mnh lnh cho CPU v cc d liu t cc b phn nh l BIOS, phn mm, kho lu tr, chut ng thi ti v cho cc b phn va k kt qu cc tnh ton, cc php ton hay cc d liu /ang c x l

cc cng vo/ra


Hon Kin Trang 17

2. Phn mm

Phn mm (ting Anh: software) l mt tp hp nhng cu lnh c vit bng mt hoc nhiu ngn ng lp trnh theo mt trt t xc nh nhm t ng thc hin mt s chc nng hoc gii quyt mt bi ton no .

IV. S lc lch s pht trin my tnh thi k u

My tnh in t Univac, c xy dng bi Remington Rand vo nm 1952. Khch hng ca loi my tnh ny ch yu l cc c quan chnh ph M.


Hon Kin Trang 18

Trc khi Univac ra i, my tnh Atanasoff-Berry Computer c pht trin bi John Vincent Atanasoff v Clifford Berry ti i hc Iowa State University vo khong thi gian t nm 1937 n 1942. i hc Iowa (M) qu quyt rng y l my tnh in t s u tin trn th gii.

Cng trnh pht trin my tnh Z3 c Konrad Zeus hon thnh vo nm 1941, c chnh ph c quc x dng ci thin kh nng thit k my bay. M hnh ca my tnh ny ang c lu gi ti Bo tng quc gia c, thnh ph Munich.


Hon Kin Trang 19

V pha ng minh, h s dng Colossus gii m cc bc in ca qun i c Quc X ti Bletchley Park. Colossus cng c ghi nhn l chic my tnh in t c th lp trnh c u tin trn th gii.

Nhng chic my tnh s dng cng ngh s u tin Anh c pht trin ti i hc Cambridge v Manchester vo nm 1949. Bc nh trn l my tnh EDSAC c i hc Cambridge thit k phc v cng tc nghin cu cho n nm 1958.


Hon Kin Trang 20

My tnh cng sut ln dn dn tr nn ph bin hn v gi c ca mt hng ny cng r hn. Trong nm 1969, Data General bn c 50 ngn my Novas, c thit k ring cho cc phng th nghim vi gi bn 8000 -la M mt chic.

Chip Intel 4004, ra i nm 1971, c sc mnh x l tng ng vi my ENIAC i 1946, khi c kch thc bng mt phng c trung bnh.


Hon Kin Trang 21

My tnh Altair 8800 ra i nm 1975 l mt trong nhng ng c vin cho danh hiu my tnh c nhn u tin. N s hu a mm 8 inch v b nh RAM 256 byte ( ch khng phi l 256 kilobyte).

My tnh ny nhanh chng to ra mt cn st trn th trng. y l bc nh ca n trn ba tp ch Popular Electronics vo thng Ging nm 1975.

My tnh Apple II, l bc nhy vt so vi Apple I trc n. Apple II c bn ra th trng vo nm 1977. V c th c coi l my tnh u tin thnh cng v mt thng mi vi vic n c trang b cho cc vn phng, trng hc v gia nh, c bit l cho mc ch s dng c nhn. ( a m chng ta nhn thy trong nh l mu thit k s dng cho Apple III.)


Hon Kin Trang 22

Steve Jobs, ngi ng sng lp v hin nay l gim c iu hnh ca Apple, bn cnh my tnh Apple II, nh chp ti London vo nm 1984.

V. Lch s pht trin my tnh c nhn Thng 6-1977, hng Apple Computer cho ra mt my tnh c nhn tn Apple II vi b vi x l c tc 1 MHz v dung lng b nh RAM l 4 KB. y l tin thn ca cc my Macintosh, PowerBook cho n Power Mac ngy nay.


Hon Kin Trang 23

Thng 8-1981, IBM cho cng b chic my tnh c nhn IBM PC u tin, s dng b vi x l (CPU) Intel c tn s lm vic (tc ) 4,77 MHz, mt a mm 5,25 inch vi dung lng lu tr 160 KB v b nh RAM dung lng 64 KB.

1984: IBM tung ra th trng my PC-AT (Advanced Technllogy) vi CPU Intel 80286 tc 6-8 MHz. Cho n lc ny, thut ng my tnh c nhn (Personal Computer - PC) dng gi chung cc my tnh c thit k nn tng phn cng khc nhau nh: Apple, IBM.


Hon Kin Trang 24

1987: Th h PC mi ra i vi CPU 80386. Bt u t y IBM cng khai cu to my v ni dung chng trnh h iu hnh vo ra c s (BIOS), iu ny gip cc hng khc c th sn xut cc my tnh tng thch v cc bn mch cm tng thch khin cu trc IBM-PC tr thnh mt cu trc chun cng nghip. T lc ny, thut ng my tnh c nhn (Personal Computer - PC) thng c dng nh ch vit tt ca my tnh tng thch IBM PC (ngi ta khng gi my tnh ca Apple l PC na m dng hn tn ring ca tng dng my phn bit vi my PC). Lch s my tnh c nhn t y gn lin vi chng ng pht trin lin tc ca my tnh tng thch IBM-PC cng b vi x l Intel.


Hon Kin Trang 25

1990: 80486 xut hin vi tn s lm vic c trng ca my tnh trong thi k ny l 66MHz. H iu hnh DOS 5.0 v Windows 3.0


Hon Kin Trang 26

1993: Vi x l Pentium u tin ra i m ra mt k nguyn mi cho my tnh c nhn. H iu hnh DOS 6.0 v Windows 3.1, Windows NT 3.1

1995: Pentium MMX , Pentium Pro, Pentium II ln lt ra i, tc cao nht 300 MHz. H iu hnh Windows 95.


Hon Kin Trang 27


Hon Kin Trang 28

1999: Pentium III ra i. H iu hnh Windows 98.

2000: Pentium 4 chy vi tc t 1.5GHz ti 2GHz. H iu hnh Windows ME, 2000, XP (2001).

Hon Ki

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Hon Kin Trang 30

PHN II

B vi x l Control Processing Unit (CPU)

I. Chc nng ca CPU B vi x l l thnh phn quan trng trong my tnh c chc nng iu khin mi hot ng ca my tnh, tnh ton v x l d liu.

II. Cc thnh phn trong CPU B vi x l l tri tim ca my tnh hin i, y l mt loi chip c to thnh t hng triu transistor v nhng thnh phn khc c t chc thnh nhng khi chc nng chuyn bit, bao gm n v x l s hc, khi qun l b nh v b nh m, khi lun chuyn d liu v php ton lun l suy on. Mch ca b x l c thit k thnh nhng phn lun l ring bit - khong hn mt chc b phn - c gi l nhng n v thc thi. Chng c nhim v thc hin bn giai on trn v c kh nng x l gi u. Di y l mt s n v thc thi ph bin nht. B lun l s hc (ALU): X l tt c nhng php ton s hc. i lc n v ny c chia thnh nhng phn h, mt chuyn x l cc lnh cng v tr s nguyn, phn h khc chuyn tnh ton cc php nhn v chia s phc. B x l du chm ng (FPU): Thc hin tt c cc lnh lin quan n du chm ng (khng phi l s nguyn). Ban u FPU l b ng x l gn ngoi nhng hin nay n c tch hp ngay trn b x l tng tc x l. B phn np/lu: Qun l tt c lnh c hay ghi b nh.


Hon Kin Trang 31

AMD K8

Pentium 4


Hon Kin Trang 32

B phn qun l b nh (MMU): Chuyn i a ch ca ng dng thnh a ch b nh vt l. iu ny cho php h iu hnh nh x m v d liu ca ng dng vo nhng khong a ch o MMU c th thc hin cc dch v theo ch bo v b nh. B phn x l r nhnh (BPU): D on hng i ca lnh r nhnh nhm gim s ngt qung ca dng chuyn d liu v lnh vo b x l khi c mt lung x l nhy n mt a ch b nh mi, thng gp trong cc php ton so snh hay kt thc vng lp. B phn x l vector (VPU): X l cc lnh n, a d liu (single instruction multiple data-SIMD) tng tc cc tc v ho. Nhng lnh theo kiu vector ny gm cc tp lnh m rng cho multimedia ca Intel, 3DNow ca AMD, AltiVec ca Motorola. Trong mt vi trng hp khng c b phn VPU ring, chng hn Intel v AMD tch hp nhng tnh nng ny vo trong FPU ca Pentium 4 v Athlon. Khng phi tt c cc b phn ny u thc thi lnh. Ngi ta c nhng n lc to ln bo m cho b x l ly lnh v d liu tc nhanh nht. Tc v np truy cp b nh chnh (khng nm ngay trn CPU) s chim nhiu chu k xung nhp, trong khi CPU li khng lm g c. Tuy nhin, BPU s phi lm vic rt nhiu ly sn d liu v lnh. Mt cch gim thiu tnh trng khng hot ng ca CPU l tr sn m v d liu thng c truy cp trong b nh ngay trn chip, nh vy CPU c th truy cp m v d liu trn b nh m ch trong mt chu k xung nhp.


Hon Kin Trang 33

B nh m chnh ngay trn CPU (cn gi l Level1 hay L1) thng ch c dung lng khong 32KB v ch c th lu c mt phn chng trnh hay d liu. Th thut thit k b nh m l tm gii thut ly thng tin quan trng vo L1 khi cn n. iu ny c ngha ht sc quan trng i vi tc nn hn mt na s lng transistor ca b x l c th dnh cho b nh m. Tuy nhin, h iu hnh a nhim v mt lot cc ng dng chy ng thi c th lm qu ti ngay c vi b nh m L1 c thit k tt nht. gii quyt vn ny, cch y nhiu nm, cc nh sn xut b sung ng truyn tc cao b x l c th giao tip vi b nh m th cp (Level2, L2) vi tc khong 1/2 hay 1/3 tc ca b x l. C th tm tt cch Cache nh lm vic nh sau:

1. CPU yu cu ch lnh hoc d liu c lu ti a ch a.

2. Do ni dung t a ch a khng c bn trong Cache nh nn CPU phi tm np n trc tip t RAM.

3. B iu khin Cache s np mt dng (thng l 64 byte) bt u t a ch a vo Cache nh. N s np nhiu hn d lng d liu m CPU yu cu, chnh v vy nu chng trnh tip tc chy tun t (ngha l yu cu a ch a +1) th ch lnh hoc d liu k tip m CPU s hi c np trong Cache nh t trc ri.

4. Mch c tn gi l tm np trc s np nhiu d liu c t sau dng ny, c ngha l bt u vic np cc ni dung t a ch a + 64 tr i vo Cache. cho bn mt v d thc t l cc CPU ca Pentium 4 c b tm np trc 256-byte, chnh v vy n c th np c 256byte k tip sau dng d liu c np vo trong Cache.

Hin nay trong nhng b x l mi nht nh Pentium 4 hay PowerPC 7450 cn tin xa hn khi a b nh m L2 vo ngay trong CPU v h tr giao tip tc cao vi b nh m ngoi L3. Trong tng lai, cc nh sn xut thm ch cn tch hp b iu khin b nh ngay trn CPU tng tc ln cao hn na.

III. Nguyn l hot ng ca CPU Bt k chng trnh my tnh no cng bao gm rt nhiu lnh thao tc vi d liu. B x l s thc hin chng trnh qua bn giai on x l: np, gii m, thc thi v hon tt. Giai on np (ly lnh v d liu) c cc lnh ca chng trnh v d liu cn thit vo b x l.


Hon Kin Trang 34

Giai on gii m xc nh mc ch ca lnh v chuyn n n phn cng tng ng. Giai on thc thi l lc c s tham gia ca phn cng, vi lnh v d liu c np sn, cc lnh s c thc hin.Qu trnh ny c th gm cc tc v nh cng, chuyn bt hay nhn thp phn ng. Giai on hon tt s ly kt qu ca giai on thc thi v a vo thanh ghi ca b x l hay b nh chnh.

Mt b phn quan trng ca b vi x l l ng h xung nhp c thit k sn, xc nh tc lm vic ti a ca nhng b phn khc v gip ng b ho nhng hot ng lin quan. Hin nay tc nhanh nht ca b x l c trn th trng l trn 2 GHz hay hn hai t xung nhp mi giy. Mt s ngi thch s dng th thut "p" xung chy tc cao hn, nhng nn nh l khi nhit lm vic ca chip s cao hn v c th gy trc trc. Trc y, CPU iu khin s truyn ti d liu gia a cng v b nh RAM. V a cng thng c tc truy cp thp hn so vi b nh RAM nn n lm chm chung cho c h thng, chnh v vy CPU s rt bn cho ti khi d liu c truyn ti t a cng vo b nh RAM. Phng php ny c gi l PIO, Processor I/O (hay Programmed I/O). Ngy nay, s truyn ti d liu gia a cng v b nh RAM c thc hin m khng s dng n CPU, nh vy n s lm cho h thng hot ng nhanh hn. Phng php ny c gi l bus mastering hay DMA (Direct Memory Access). Cc b vi x l ca AMD da trn sockets 754, 939 v 940 (Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX, Opteron v mt s m hnh Sempron) c mt memory controller c nhng bn trong. iu c ngha rng vi cc b vi x l ny, CPU truy cp b nh RAM mt cch trc tip m khng s dng north bridge chip nh th hin trn. Ngy nay, cc CPU u c h tr ch x l xen k dng m lnh. Mt s CPU i mi c n 5 ng ng x l lnh (Core 2 Dual). Tc CPU c tnh bng GHz, tng ng vi hng t php tnh trn mt giy. V th Core 2 Duo tuy c tc xung nhp khng cao lm nhng sc mnh th vt tri so vi Pen 4. V cn mt vn na chnh l hiu qu ca thao tc . V d nh do cc thut ton khng cht ch dn n CPU on nhm v copy khi d liu khng cn thit vo trong b nh m, cn khi d liu cn dng th li khng copy. V th khi CPU tm trong b nh m khng thy c khi d liu li phi lc cc tm trong RAM, tm xong li phi copy vo b nh m ri mi


Hon Kin Trang 35

x l tip. Nh vy c ngha l CPU thc hin rt nhiu thao tc tha so vi CPU on ng c ngay khi d liu chun b c x l. Core 2 Duo c cc thut ton cao cp v cc cng ngh tin tin gip cho hiu qu ca CPU rt cao. V chnh v th m hiu sut ca Core 2 Duo vt tri so vi Pentium.


Hon Kin Trang 36

IV. Mt s cng ngh v CPU

1. Cng ngh Hyper Transport ca AMD Cc b vi x l nn tng kin trc AMD64 nh Athlon 64, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX, Opteron, Sempron v Phenom c hai bus ngoi. Mt c s dng cho vic truyn thng gia CPU v b nh c gi l memory bus, bus kia c s dng cho vic truyn thng gia CPU v tt c cc thnh phn khc ca my tnh thng qua chipset ca bo mch ch v c gi l HyperTransport I/O (Input/Output) bus.

i vi tt c cc b vi x l khc gm c b vi x l AMD khng da trn kin trc AMD64 (nh cc b vi x l Athlon, Athlon XP v Sempron socket 462) CPU ny ch c mt bus ngoi, chng cng c bit n nh front side bus (FSB). i vi phng php ny, bus ngoi chu trch nhim cho c vic truyn thng I/O v b nh. V mt l thuyt, kin trc c s dng cho cc b vi x l AMD64 tt hn, theo l thuyt, chng c th truyn thng vi b nh v vi cc thnh phn my tnh khc (nh video card) ti cng mt thi im, iu khng th i vi cc b vi x l khc ch c mt ng d liu bn ngoi. Chip bridge l chipset ca bo mch ch. Ph thuc vo chipset bn c th c mt hoc hai chip. i vi cc gii php 2 chip, tt c thit b ngoi vi (nh a cng, cc card b

Hon Ki

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Hon Kin Trang 38

Mt s chuyn gia pht trin tuyn b v tc truyn ti mt cch qu mc ca HyperTransport bus m h ang s dng. Cc b vi x l AMD64 hin hnh s dng HyperTransport 1 (HT1) hay HyperTransport 2 (HT2), v cc b vi x l AMD sp ti s dng HyperTransport 3 (HT3). Trong tt c cc trng hp ny, b vi x l AMD s dng cc lin kt 16bit, thm ch HyperTransport cn cho php s dng cc lin kt 32bit.

HyperTransport 1 c s dng trn tt c cc socket 754 v socket AM2 Sempron (cc b vi x l AM2 s dng HyperTransport 2.0). y l mt phn tch thng k v tt c cc tc truyn ti v clock c th i vi HyperTransport 1.x (ngha l c cung cp trn socket 754): 200 MHz = 400 MT/s = 800 MB/s 400 MHz = 800 MT/s = 1.600 MB/s 600 MHz = 1.200 MT/s = 2.400 MB/s 800 MHz = 1.600 MT/s = 3.200 MB/s HyperTransport truyn ti 2 d liu trn mi mt chu k clock, khi nim c bit n nh DDR, tc d liu kp. Cng thc tm ra tc truyn ti ln nht theo l thuyt l:


Hon Kin Trang 39

Tc truyn ti = rng xung (s bit) x clock x s n v d liu trn mi chu k/ 8. Nh vy vi cc b vi x l socket 754, HyperTransport bus c th lm vic n 800 MHz hay 3.200 MB/s. - Ni tc clock c s dng bi HyperTransport 1.x l 1.600 MHz bi v mi mt chu k clock hai d liu c truyn ti, hiu sut t c tng ng vi tc clock 1.600 MHz ch truyn ti mt d liu trn chu k clock. Cui cng tc truyn ti s nh nhau, nh cng thc trn thay v s dng 2 cho s d liu trn mi chu k clock, n s s dng l 1. iu ny cng xy ra tng t vi DDR v cc b nh mi hn c tc clock tuyn b l gp i tc clock thc (ngha l cc b nh DDR2-800 lm vic thc t l 400MHz nhng truyn ti hai d liu trn mi chu k clock). - AMD ni rng tc clock l 1.600MT/s. MT/s l vit tt ca cm Mega Transfers per Second hay hng triu truyn ti trong mt giy. y mi l ng cch din t tng trn. Truyn ti trn giy bng tc clock nhn vi s ln d liu truyn ti trn mi chu k. Ni rng tc truyn ti ln nht ca HyperTransport 1.x l 6.400 MB/s. iu l bi v tc truyn ti c tuyn b l cho mi ng d liu (ngha l 3.200MB/s cho ng dn u vo v 3.200MB/s cho ng dn u ra), chnh v vy mt s ngi n gin ha bng cch nhn tc truyn ti ln hai dng chung cho c hai ng d liu. Mt hiu sai khc ni rng bus ngoi hoc FSB ca Athlon 64 (hoc cc CPU da trn AMD64 no ) l 16.00MHz. Ci ny cng c phn ng. Chng ta c th ni iu khi ch quan tm n cc hot ng vo ra nhng khng cp n b nh, v cc b vi x l kin trc AMD64 c hai bus ngoi ring bit. Nh vy tt hn chng ta nn ni HyperTransport ch khng phi external bus hay FSB trnh nhm ln. Bn cng cn bit mt iu rng cc b vi x l AMD c th lm vic vi mt tc clock di tc tuyn b 1.600 MT/s (800 MHz). Thc t rng chng c th lm vic bt k tc no trong danh sch cng b trn. Chipset c th nhn ra tc clock thp hn vi CPU v thm ch mt bc 8bit thay v 16bit. Trong thc t, khi cc chipset Athlon 64 u tin mi ra i, VIA tuyn b rng chipset ca h cho Athlon 64, K8T800 c nhiu u im hn cnh trnh vi HyperTransport bus tc 1.600MT/s khi khng lm vic tc truyn ti cc i. Ti website chnh thc ca HyperTransport, bn s thy rng h tuyn b tc truyn ti ln nht l 12,8 GB/s i vi HyperTransport 1.x. Tc truyn ti ln nht ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc lin kt 32bit v cc b vi x l AMD s dng cc lin kt 16bit. Nu lm mt php ton bn s nhn c kt qu 6.400 MB/s (32 bits x 800 MHz x 2 / 8). y l mt s hp tc gp i tc ln nht ch v c hai ng d liu c cung cp (mt cho pht v mt cho nhn).


Hon Kin Trang 40

HyperTransport 2.0

HyperTransport 2.0 b sung thm mt s tc clock mi tc truyn ti mi v tnh nng mi, bn ha PCI Express, y l tnh nng s gip giao tip gia HyperTransport v PCI Express hay ni theo cch khc, lm cho n d dng hn i vi cc CPU khi giao tip vi thit b PCI Express. Tc truyn ti v clock mi gii thiu trong HyperTransport 2.0 c cho di y, tha nhn cc lin kt 16bit (l cu hnh c s dng bi b vi x l AMD): 1.000 MHz = 2.000 MT/s = 4.000 MB/s 1.200 MHz = 2.400 MT/s = 4.800 MB/s


Hon Kin Trang 41

1.400 MHz = 2.800 MT/s = 5.600 MB/s Cc thit b HyperTransport 2.0 cng c th lm vic vi tc truyn ti ca HyperTransport 1.x. AMD s dng HyperTransport 2.0 trn tt c cc CPU AMD64 sockets 939 v AM2 (ngoi tr trn cc CPU Sempron, CPU s dng HyperTransport 1.0), mc d vy ch h tr tc HT2 thp hn trong thc t AMD c quan tm n nhiu hn trong tnh nng bn ha PCI Express so vi mt tc truyn ti cao. Tuy vy cc b vi x l ny da trn tc truyn ti ln nht ca cc lin kt HT2 l 4.000 MB/s .

lm cho mt s th bt ln xn, AMD s dng li vi ln tn HT1 miu t HyperTransport bus ca CPU c cc lin kt HyperTransport ca h ang lm vic tc 1.000 MHz. iu ny c th trnh ngi dng tha nhn rng ch cc phn ca HT2 mi c th lm vic n tc 1.400 MHz (5.600 MB/s). Mt s ngi cho rng lin kt 1.000 MHz/4.000 MB/s HyperTransport ny c s dng bi cc b vi x l socket 939 v AM2 vi: - 2.000 MHz. iu ny c l l v trn mi mt chu k clock c hai d liu c truyn ti, hiu sut t c s bng vi tc clock 2.000MHz ang c truyn ti ch mt d liu trn chu k. Kt qu cui cng u nh nhau, nh cng thc c th hin trn


Hon Kin Trang 42

thay v s dng 2 cho s d liu trn s chu k clock th lc ny l 1. iu tng t cng xy ra i vi DDR v cc b nh sau ny. - 2.000 MT/s. y l tc truyn ti chnh thc ca AMD. Tn vit tt ca thut ng ny c gii thiu trong phn trn. y l cch ng n din t tng trn. Truyn ti trn mi giy bng s tc clock nhn vi s lng d liu c truyn ti trn mi chu k. - 8.000 MB/s. iu ny xy ra v tc truyn ti tuyn b l cho mi ng d liu (c ngha l 4.000 MB/s cho mi ng d liu vo ra ring bit). Mt hiu sai khc l ni rng bus ngoi hay FSB (Front Side Bus) ca Athlon 64 (hay ca bt k CPU da trn AMD64 no) l 2.000MHz. Ci ny cng c phn ng. Chng ta c th ni iu khi ch quan tm n cc hot ng vo ra nhng khng cp n b nh, v cc b vi x l kin trc AMD64 c hai bus ngoi ring bit. Nh vy tt hn chng ta nn ni HyperTransport ch khng phi external bus hay FSB trnh nhm ln. Cng ging nh HyperTransport 1.x bn cn phi lu rng cc b vi x l socket 939 v AM2 c th lm vic vi bt k tc clock no di 1.000 MHz. Mt ln na cc gi tr chnh thc cho HyperTransport 2.0 li c thi phng ln nh trong mt tuyn b rng chng s dng cc lin kt 32bit v nhn 2 v c hai lin kt c cung cp (mt cho pht v mt cho nhn d liu). HyperTransport 3.0

Bn cnh vic b sung thm tc clock tc truyn ti mi - HyperTransport 3.0 cn c mt s tnh nng mi hn so vi HyperTransport 2.0, nh ch hot ng AC, Link Splitting, Hot Plugging v Dynamic Link Clock/Width Adjustment. Cc b vi x l AMD sp ti nh Phenom, s s dng phin bn HyperTransport bus mi ny. HyperTransport 3.0 s c s dng trn cc CPU socket AM2+ v 1207+. HyperTransport 3.0 c thm cc tc clock mi, vn gi tng thch vi HT1 v HT2: 1.800 MHz = 3.600 MT/s = 7.200 MB/s 2.000 MHz = 4.000 MT/s = 8.000 MB/s 2.400 MHz = 4.800 MT/s = 9.600 MB/s 2.600 MHz = 5.200 MT/s = 10.400 MB/s AMD tuyn b rng cc CPU sp ti ca h s h tr tc truyn HT3 ln nht 10.400 MB/s AMD gi l 5,2 GT/s, ngha l hng t truyn ti trong mt giy. iu ny l v c hai th. u tin l cc CPU nn tng HT3 mi c th c ci t trn cc bo mch nn tng HT2 v d nh ci t mt b vi x l socket AM2+ trn bn mch socket AM2 v nh vy h cng s khng t c hiu sut I/O ti a. Th hai l ti thi im ra mt, c th mt vi chipset s khng th chy vi tc truyn ti 10.400 MB/s, ngay c nu chng l HT3, cng ging nh iu xy ra khi Athlon 64 ra mt ln u tin.


Hon Kin Trang 43

Tng t nh iu xy ra vi cc tc clock thp hn, c th s c ngi gi tc clock ln nht ca HT3 thnh 5.2 GHz hay tc truyn ti ln nht ca n thnh 20.8 GB/s Mt ln na tc truyn ti c HyperTransort gii thiu li c cng iu cao hn. H thng bo HyperTransport 3,0 c mt tc truyn ti ln 41,6 GB/s. c c con s ny, h tnh ton cc lin kt 32-bit (khng phi 16-bit) v nhn s tm c vi hai bi v c hai lin kt. Thut ton c s dng l 2.600 MHz x 32 x 2 / 8 x 2. Ch hot ng AC cho php HyperTransport bus c th thc hin trn cc khong cch di hn. Mc tiu l cho php HyperTransport c th c s dng trc tip n cc trng hp kt ni, bo mch v cc bng ni a nng. Cc b vi x l s khng s dng tnh nng ny. Phn tch kt ni (Link splitting) cho php lin kt 16bit c th c truy cp nh hai lin kt 8bit c lp. iu ny c th c s dng cho vic tng s lin kt c sn, cho php thm s lng CPU c th c kt ni m khng cn s dng bt k phn cng m rng no. Hot Plugging cho php cc thit b HyperTransport c th c ci t v hy b ci t khi bus ang chy. N khng cho php bn thay th CPU khi h thng c bt v CPU c


Hon Kin Trang 44

mt s chn khc bn cnh HyperTransport, nhng tnh nng ny c th c s dng trn cc my ch lu tr HT3.

Cui cng l Dynamic Link Clock/Width Adjustment, tnh nng c s dng bi cc CPU AMD nn tng HT3 khi chng c ci t trn bo mch ch bng chipset HT3. Tnh nng ny cho php CPU c th thay i clock v s lng bt c pht trn mi mt chu k clock mang tnh ng. tng y l gim cng sut tiu th. V d, nu CPU cm nhn rng HyperTransport bus ca n 2.600 MHz (10.400 MB/s) l qu nhiu so vi nhng g n ang thc hin c th n c th gim bus xung 1.000 MHz (4.000 MB/s) hoc bt k mt tc g m n cho l s ph hp hn. Cng tng t vi s lng bit c pht trn mi chu k - n c th c gim t 16 n bt c s no m CPU cm thy hp l, da trn hiu sut s dng ca h thng hin hnh.


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2. Cng ngh Hyper Threading ca Intel

a. Hyper Threading Technology (Siu phn lung) L pht minh ca Intel ban u c trang b cho dng Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (Pentium IV EE), tuy nhin hin nay hu ht cc chip x l pentium 4 u c trang b cng ngh ny(v mt l do d hiu l AMD cng c mt cng ngh khc rt u vit trang b cho dng chip ca h ). Trong khi hot ng, cc ti nguyn d tha ca 1 nhn c th s c tn dng gi lp 1 nhn khc, ngha l CPU vi cng ngh ny s c 1 nhn tht v 1 nhn o, cung cp c ch song song mc thread trn mi b x l, kt qu l cc ti nguyn ca b x l c s dng hiu qu hn, ci thin hiu nng trn cc ng dng a lung ngy nay. S kt hp ca b x l v chipset ca Intel h tr cng ngh HT, cng thm BIOS cng h tr tr v bt chc nng HT ln, mang li kh nng p ng v hiu nng h thng cao hn. H iu hnh s th hin cng ngh HT bng 2 b x l (lun l) ring bit. Cng ngh HT i hi phi c s h tr ca h iu hnh, cc HH Windows XP, Vista u h tr HT. Cng ngh ny p dng cho tt c CPU Pentium 4 c bus 800MHz v 1 s bus 533MHz .

b. Mt tri cu HT:

i vi mt s tc v c bn th chnh cng ngh HT ny li lm chm qu trnh x l, nguyn nhn l CPU thc hin qu nhiu chui lnh n gin, trng lp vi nhau. Thm vo p ng cho cng ngh ny, CPU cn c nhiu transitor hn tc l n s nng hn v ngn nhiu in hn khc phc nhng khuyt im thay v phi thay i cng ngh Intel chuyn


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hng qua vic ti u ha cng ngh ny. Chng hn h s dng lnh dng (HALT). Mt trong cc CPU logic s ti a hot ng cho nhng ng dng khng c s dng cng ngh HT, CPU cn li s hot ng nh l h thng gm mt CPU. Nu mt tc v sau c th s dng HT th b x l logic th hai c huy ng.

c. B x l vi cng ngh Hyper Threading

Ngy 14/11/2002, Intel chnh thc gii thiu ti th trng Vit Nam b x l (BXL) mi cho my tnh bn, tc 3,06GHz. Pentium 4 3,06GHz c trang b 512KB b m L2, c bus h thng FSB 533MHz; v sn xut theo cng ngh 0,13 micron. So vi BXL P4 2,8GHz trc th ngoi tc cao hn, P4 3,06GHz c cng ngh mi ca Intel l Hyper Threading . tn dng c sc mnh ca Hyper Threading th phi c 4 thnh phn h tr gm: CPU, chipset, BIOS v h iu hnh. Mun kch hot, bn phi vo BIOS bt ch h tr Hyper Threading. H iu hnh dnh cho my tnh bn h tr cng ngh HT c WinXP, ring vi Linux th bn phi lin h vi nh sn xut kim tra phin bn no c h tr HT. Thit lp cu hnh th nghim vi phn mm SYSmark 2002 v phn cng bao gm MAIN Intel D850EMV2, b nh RDRAM 512MB/1066MHz, a cng Seagate 40GB, card ha V8170 Asus. Ci t h iu hnh Windows XP tn dng tnh nng Hyper Threading. kim chng s b hiu nng ca cng ngh HT, th nghim SYSmark 2002 c thc hin trn cng cu hnh h thng, ch thay BXL: P4 3,06GHz t 307 im, cao hn P4 2,8GHz 17 im. Do phn mm SYSmark 2002 khng phi l cng c chuyn dng c th


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o chnh xc hiu nng ca cng ngh HT, nn im s ny cha c s chnh lnh nhiu v ch c tnh tham kho. Lu l BXL s ta nhit nhiu hn khi bt ch HT, v vy qut tn nhit cho BXL 3,06GHz c thit k khc vi cc BXL P4 trc y, thng my cng cn c thm qut tn nhit v ng dn bo m cho lung i lu khng kh gii nhit hiu qu hn.

d. Yu cu

Yu cu bt buc s dng HT l phi c h iu hnh, CPU, v mainboard vi chipset h tr cng ngh ny. Chipset -Ti u ha cho HT (Optimized for HT Technology), gm cc chipset i875P, i865G, i865PE v i865GV. Nh tn gi, cc chipset ny mi khai thc trit cng ngh HT. - H tr HT (Supports HT Technology), gm cc chipset c chc nng HT cn li. CPU CPU desktop Intel h tr HT hin nay gm: - Pentium 4 bus 800 MHz: 3.20 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 2.80C GHz, 2.60C GHz, 2.40C GHz - Pentium 4 Extreme Edition bus 800 MHz: 3.20 GHz


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- Pentium 4 bus 533 MHz: 3.06 GHz OS W. 2000, Win. XP

3. Cng ngh EM64T

Intel a ra th trng cng ngh 64 bit cnh tranh vi cng ngh 64 bit ca AMD (AMD64). Cng ngh ny gi l EM64T (Extended Memory 64 Technology) hay cn c gi lntel 64, n c s dng trong Pentium 4 6xx, 5xx, Pentium EE, mt s CPU dng Celeron D, Celeron Dual Core, Pentium D, Pentium Dual Core Exxx, mt s CPU trong dng Pentium Dual Core Txxx, v hu nh tt c cc CPU dng Core 2 Duo (tr E4700), Core 2 Extreme v Core 2 Quad. Ch rng cc CPU dnh cho my laptop u khng h tr EM64T.

CPU s dng cng ngh EM64T c mt kiu hot ng mi gi l IA32E m trong li c hai kiu :

Kiu tng thch (Compatibility mode) cho php h iu hnh 64bit chy nhng phn mm 32 bit v 16 bit. H iu hnh 64 bit c th chy 64bit v cc chng trnh ng dng 32 bit, 16 bit cng mt lc. i vi cc chng trnh 32 bit CPU s truy cp c 4GB RAM Chng trnh chy 16 bit s ch truy cp c 1MB RAM.

Kiu 64 bit (64-bit mode): cho php h thng hot ng 64 bit c ngha l cng ngh ny c th dng 64 bit a ch.

Cng ngh EM64T c th s dng h iu hnh 64 bit nh Windows 64bit, c th dng h iu hnh 32 bit nh Windows XP 32bit, lc ny n s chy kiu IA32 thng thng v truy cp c 32 bit a ch - 4GB RAM. Nhng c im ca kiu 64-bit.

64-bit a ch c ngha l ng dng c th s dng 16EB (Exabytes) b nh (2^64). Trong khi b vi x l Celeron D, Pentium 4 v Xeon h tr EM64T ch c 36 bit

a ch, c ngha l ch c th s dng c 65GB RAM (2^36). Xeon DP h tr

EM64T ch c 40 ng a ch tc l c th truy cp b nh 1TB (2^40). Gii hn

ny s c thay i trong tng lai , do trong tng lai Intel s pht hnh b

vi x l c th truy cp b nh ti 16EB.


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Thm 8 thanh ghi: trong kiu 64 bit, CPU c tt c 16 thanh ghi 64 bit. Nhng thanh ghi mi ny c tn l R8 ti R15. R c hiu l thanh ghi 64 bit. Hnh di

y bn c th xem thanh ghi 64 bit.

Thm 8 thanh ghi s dng cho tp lnh SIMD (MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 ). Trong kiu EM64T b vi x l c tt c 16 thanh ghi MMX 64 bit. Thanh ghi XMM c di 128

bit , s ca thnh ghi XMM t 8 ln 16 thanh ghi . Nhng thanh ghi XMM c s

dng trong nhng php tnh du phy ng SSE.

Tt c Register Pointer v Instruction Pointer c rng 64 bit. Thanh ghi trong FPU c rng 80 bit.

Tt c thanh ghi 64 bit c chia thnh nhng thanh ghi nh 8 bit nh hnh trn. S nh hnh trn gi l uniform byte-register addressing.

S dng k thut Fast interrupt-priorization. C Instruction Pointer mi lin quan ti EM64T gi l a ch RIP-relative.

Pha di l mt s chng trnh xem thng tin h thng, cho php ta bit nhng cng

ngh c p dng cho CPU.


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4. Vi kin trc Netburst

a. BXL Pentium 4 Intel Pentium 4 (P4) l BXL th h th 7 dng x86 ph thng, c gii thiu vo thng 11 nm 2000. P4 s dng vi kin trc NetBurst c thit k hon ton mi so vi cc BXL c (PII, PIII v Celeron s dng vi kin trc P6). Mt s cng ngh ni bt c p dng trong vi kin trc NetBurst nh Hyper Pipelined Technology m rng s hng lnh x l, Execution Trace Cache trnh tnh trng lnh b chm tr khi chuyn t b nh n CPU, Rapid Execution Engine tng tc b ng x l ton hc, bus h thng (system bus) 400 MHz v 533 MHz; cc cng ngh Advanced Transfer Cache, Advanced Dynamic Execution, Enhanced Floating point v Multimedia Unit, Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (SSE2) cng c ci tin nhm to ra nhng BXL tc cao hn, kh nng tnh ton mnh hn, x l a phng tin tt hn. Tham kho thm thng tin trong bi vit "Pentium 4 trn ng nh hnh".

Pentium 4 u tin (tn m Willamette) xut hin cui nm 2000 t du chm ht cho "triu i" Pentium III. Willamette sn xut trn cng ngh 0,18 m, c 42 triu transistor (nhiu hn gn 50% so vi Pentium III), bus h thng (system bus) 400 MHz, b nh m tch hp L2 256 KB, socket 423 v 478. P4 Willamette c mt s tc nh 1,3, 1,4, 1,5, 1,6, 1,7, 1,8, 1,9, 2,0 GHz. Ghi ch: - Socket 423 ch xut hin trong khong thi gian rt ngn, t thng 11 nm 2000 n thng 8 nm 2001 v b thay th bi socket 478. - Xung thc (FSB) ca Pentium 4 l 100 MHz nhng vi cng ngh Quad Data Rate cho php BXL truyn 4 bit d liu trong 1 chu k, nn bus h thng ca BXL l 400 MHz. P4 Northwood. Xut hin vo thng 1 nm 2002, c sn xut trn cng ngh 0,13 m, c khong 55 triu transistor, b nh m tch hp L2 512 KB, socket 478. Northwood c 3 dng gm Northwood A (system bus 400 MHz), tc 1,6, 1,8, 2,0, 2,2, 2,4, 2,5, 2,6 v 2,8 GHz. Northwood B (system bus 533 MHz), tc 2,26, 2,4, 2,53, 2,66, 2,8 v 3,06


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GHz (ring 3,06 GHz c h tr cng ngh siu phn lung Hyper Threading - HT). Northwood C (system bus 800 MHz, tt c h tr HT), gm 2,4, 2,6, 2,8, 3,0, 3,2, 3,4 GHz. P4 Prescott (nm 2004). L BXL u tin Intel sn xut theo cng ngh 90 nm, kch thc vi mch gim 50% so vi P4 Willamette. iu ny cho php tch hp nhiu transistor hn trn cng kch thc (125 triu transistor so vi 55 triu transistor ca P

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