ENGR 111 Class 5.2a AutoCAD Basics Thursday, September 30 th, 2004.
Thursday, September 20 th
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Transcript of Thursday, September 20 th
Thursday, September 20th
QUIZ QUIZ TODAY!!!TODAY!!!
Atoms, Ions, Isotopes, pH, Water Properties, Bonding
Look over your notes!!
Thursday, September 20th Do Now:Identify the “building blocks” in the structures below.
A
B
C
MacromolecMacromoleculesules
Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds• CompoundsCompounds that contain
CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.– This is different from organic foods
in the grocery store.Compounds that do not contain CARBON are called inorganic.
PracticeWhich compounds are Which compounds are
considered organic?considered organic?•CHCH44
•HH22OO•CC66HH1212OO66
•AgNOAgNO33
More on Organic Compounds•May exist in different forms May exist in different forms (isomers)(isomers)–Same formula, different Same formula, different structurestructure
•Carbon backbone (skeleton) can Carbon backbone (skeleton) can be linear, cyclic, or branchedbe linear, cyclic, or branched
•Contain “functional groups”Contain “functional groups”–Held together by covalent Held together by covalent bondsbonds
IsomersIsomers Carbon Carbon BackboneBackbone
Functional Functional GroupsGroups
Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 outer electrons4 outer electrons• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent
bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.
• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)
Carbon Video
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds•MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.
•Bio-moleculesBio-molecules are the macromolecules of life
MacromoleculesMacromolecules• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.
– Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS. (poly = many)• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERSMONOMERS. (mono = one)• 4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-
molecules:molecules:1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids4. Nucleic acids
Video!
Friday, September 21st Get out your notes Get out your notes
on on macromolecules macromolecules from yesterday!from yesterday!
ALL make-up work and ALL make-up work and quizzes are due next quizzes are due next
Friday!!Friday!!After next Friday, all zeros After next Friday, all zeros
are permanent!!are permanent!!Quizzes should be made up Quizzes should be made up
before or after school.before or after school.If you need another copy of If you need another copy of
something, look in the something, look in the make-up work folder first, make-up work folder first, then fill out a pink form.then fill out a pink form.
CarbohydratCarbohydrateses
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Made of Made of CarbonCarbon, , HydrogenHydrogen, and , and
OxygenOxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. in a 1:2:1 ratio.
• Building Block:Building Block:monosaccharidemonosaccharide
Types of CarbsTypes of CarbsA. monosaccharideA. monosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonoMonosaccharide: saccharide: oneone sugar unit sugar unit
aka: simple sugarsaka: simple sugarsExamples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribosedeoxyriboseriboseriboseFructoseFructoseGalactoseGalactose
glucoseglucose
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDiDisaccharide: saccharide: twotwo sugar units sugar unitsExamples: Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose + fructose)Sucrose (glucose + fructose)– Lactose (glucose + galactose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)– Maltose (glucose + glucose)Maltose (glucose + glucose)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolyPolysaccharide: saccharide: manymany sugar units sugar unitsExamples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread,
potatoes)potatoes)glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Starches:Starches: serves as plant serves as plant energyenergy storagestorage
(think potatoes)(think potatoes)– Glucose monomers joined together, Glucose monomers joined together,
branchedbranched• Glycogen:Glycogen: serves as animal serves as animal energy energy
storagestorage– Glucose monomers joined together, Glucose monomers joined together,
straightstraight• Cellulose:Cellulose: structural componentstructural component in plants in plants
– CannotCannot be broken down by humans be broken down by humans
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomermonomer
Functions of Carbohydrates
Broken down as a Broken down as a source of source of energyenergyPart of Part of cell cell structurestructure
Test for Carbohydrates• Simple Sugars: Benedict’s SolutionSimple Sugars: Benedict’s Solution
– Turns from blue to orange/yellow in simple sugar Turns from blue to orange/yellow in simple sugar solutionssolutions
• Starch: IodineStarch: Iodine– Turns from brown to black in starch solutionsTurns from brown to black in starch solutions
Monday, September 24th Short quiz today over
carbohydrates and characteristics of organic
molecules!!All make-up work due Friday!
If you turned in a pink request form, your work is on the front table.
ProteinsProteins
Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)
Elements:Elements:
CarbonCarbon
HydrogenHydrogen
OxygenOxygen
NitrogenNitrogenSulfurSulfur
Monomer:Monomer:Amino AcidsAmino Acids
Linked together Linked together by many peptide by many peptide
bonds bonds (polypeptide!)(polypeptide!)
20 Amino Acids! 20 Amino Acids! (your body makes (your body makes 11)11)
Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)Amino AcidsAmino Acids
• Made of Made of carboncarbon bonded to a bonded to a carboxyl groupcarboxyl group (-), an (-), an amine groupamine group (+), a (+), a hydrogenhydrogen, and an , and an R-group.R-group.
• Variation between amino acids Variation between amino acids comes from different comes from different R-groupsR-groups..
R Group = Functional R Group = Functional GroupGroup
Amin
e Gr
oup
Carboxyl Group
Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)• Six functions and examples of proteins:Six functions and examples of proteins:
1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobin (blood)hemoglobin (blood)3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions
Protein: Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
Protein Indicator TestProtein Indicator Test•Biuret’s Test:Biuret’s Test:
–Turns purple in the presence Turns purple in the presence of proteinof proteinWater
(control)Protein solution
More on Enzymes…
Wednesday, September Wednesday, September 2626thth Blue Table of Contents:
1.Chemistry Vocabulary*2.Basic Atomic Structure Worksheet and Atom Notes3.Periodic Table4.Atom Chart w/ neutral, ions, and isotopes5.Bonding and Water Notes6.pH Notes7.pH Lab and Worksheet*8.H2Olympics*9.Macromolecule Notes10.Enzyme Notes11.Macromolecule Worksheets*12.Macromolecule Lab*
Fill in your table Fill in your table of contents and of contents and organize papers.organize papers.
ALL make-up and ALL make-up and missing work due missing work due
FRIDAY!!FRIDAY!!
Today’s Agenda1.Finish Enzyme Notes2.Lipid and Nucleic Acid Notes3.Begin Review
LAB TOMORROW!!LAB TOMORROW!!
TEST FRIDAY!!TEST FRIDAY!!
ALL ALL macromoleculmacromolecule worksheets e worksheets
due due tomorrow!tomorrow!
LipidsLipids
LIPIDSBUILDING BLOCK:
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL
ELEMENTS:C H O (NO RATIO but there will be more C’s and H’s)
FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL
HH-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
fatty acid
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which
are not soluble in waternot soluble in water. (non-polar)
• LIPIDS ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES----DO NOT DISSOLVE IN POLAR SUBSTANCES (ex: OIL/WATER)
• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic are soluble in hydrophobic solventssolvents. (phobic=fear, hydro=water)
Examples of LIPIDSExamples of LIPIDS1. Fats1. Fats2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes 5. Steroid/ 5. Steroid/ HormonesHormones 6. 6. TriglyceridesTriglycerides
LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:
1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss4.4. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)5.5. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)
LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:
ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.
HH-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
fatty acids
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
3
=
Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids (carbon chains)fatty acids (carbon chains) you may
see on food labels:1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturatedsaturated
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH2-CH
3
=
unsaturated
Solid fats!Solid fats!
Liquid oils!Liquid oils!
Video!
Indicator TestIndicator TestPaper Bag Test
Lipids leave a translucent stain
Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids
Nucleic AcidsBuilding Block: Nucleotides
ELEMENTS: C H O N P
Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:
phosphate groupphosphate groupsugar sugar
DNA: deoxyriboseDNA: deoxyriboseRNA: riboseRNA: ribose
nitrogenous basesnitrogenous bases
NucleotideNucleotide
OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix)
**stores genetic **stores genetic information**information** b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single single strand) strand)
**builds proteins****builds proteins**
DNA - double helixDNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A
Vocabulary• Organic• Inorganic• Building block• Monomer• Polymer• Carbohydrate• Monosaccharide• Disaccharide• Polysaccharide
• Lipid• Fatty acid• Glycerol• Glyceride• Protein• Amino acid• Dipeptide• Polypeptide• Nucleic acid• Nucleotide