Thierry Facon, RAP-NRE and Chen Zhijun, TCIO Workshop on Water Resources Demand Management Learning...

Thierry Facon, RAP-Thierry Facon, RAP-NRE NRE

and and

Chen Zhijun, TCIOChen Zhijun, TCIO

Workshop on Water Resources Demand Management Learning Forum for Irrigation

26-28 July 2011 JW Marriott Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand

Demand Management for Irrigation: Revisiting some Basics

PlanPlan

►Generalities of demand management Generalities of demand management for irrigationfor irrigation

►Some difficultiesSome difficulties►Some recent approachesSome recent approaches►ConclusionConclusion

Major options and domainsMajor options and domains

Coping with water scarcity: a Coping with water scarcity: a dynamic modeldynamic model

Supply augmentation optionsSupply augmentation options

Demand management Demand management optionsoptions

Dynamics of agricultural Dynamics of agricultural responseresponse

Different options over timeDifferent options over time

Classical optionsClassical options

PlanPlan



Informal FormalSelf-supply predominates Service providers dominate

Vast numbers of tiny, primary water diverters from nature

Very few, but large primary diverters of water from rivers, lakes

Water institutions: local, fragmented, informal

Water institutions: few, formal, legal bodies

Intermediation in water services low or absent

Very high degree of intermediation in water provision

Even if water is scarce its free… Even if water is plentiful, it costs money…

Informal and formal natures of water economiesSource: Tushaar Shah

Socio-economic development, IWRMPlanned adaptation

Irresponsive institutionsAutonomous adaptationPlanned adaptationMitigation

•Formalize land use planning/management to formalize ET Mgt•Governance-based•Policy, incentives•Lateral approaches

Multiple uses and servicesMultiple uses and services

► Multiple Uses in Large Irrigation Systems is the Multiple Uses in Large Irrigation Systems is the normnorm

► CROPS = often a fraction of water inputs CROPS = often a fraction of water inputs (<50%) (<50%)

14

• Water Share: water balance• Value Share : Economical analysis (Value,

jobs, ecosystems?)• Services identification & remuneration• Constraints and opportunities of

management• Governance of the MUSF System

Uncertainty on basic performance indicatorsUncertainty on basic performance indicators

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Confusion: Improving productivity Confusion: Improving productivity or efficiency?or efficiency?

““As irrigation is inefficient (30/40/50% of the As irrigation is inefficient (30/40/50% of the water diverted reaches the plant), we can reduce water diverted reaches the plant), we can reduce the waste and losses and reallocate this to other the waste and losses and reallocate this to other users by increasing irrigation efficiency”users by increasing irrigation efficiency”

Physical water scarcityPhysical water scarcity► Basin closureBasin closure► What is recoverable is mostly recoveredWhat is recoverable is mostly recovered

Irrigation efficiencyIrrigation efficiency► Confusion between field, system efficiency and Confusion between field, system efficiency and

basin efficiency is common and inexcusable but basin efficiency is common and inexcusable but underpins many policies and investmentsunderpins many policies and investments

► But field efficiency and more efficient But field efficiency and more efficient technologies can be very good for:technologies can be very good for: energyenergy water qualitywater quality sometimes in-stream flowsometimes in-stream flow reducing drainagereducing drainage moneymoney labour, etc.labour, etc.

““FractionsFractions”” Terminology Terminology for Water Accountingfor Water Accounting

Water UseWater Use Consumed FractionConsumed Fraction

►Beneficial ConsumptionBeneficial Consumption►Non-beneficial ConsumptionNon-beneficial Consumption

Non-Consumed FractionNon-Consumed Fraction►Recoverable flowsRecoverable flows►Non-recoverable flowsNon-recoverable flows

Water scarcity is often Water scarcity is often constructed by planning:constructed by planning:

The planning/closure spiral:The planning/closure spiral:1.1. develop a dam with an irrigation system that can only irrigate a portion of develop a dam with an irrigation system that can only irrigate a portion of

the command area in the dry seasonthe command area in the dry season2.2. create water scarcity which justifies building an other damcreate water scarcity which justifies building an other dam3.3. Which comes with its own command area upstream, and will absorb and Which comes with its own command area upstream, and will absorb and

water you try to send downwater you try to send down4.4. Back to step 2Back to step 2

IWRM: any water you want to send down for environmental flows, water IWRM: any water you want to send down for environmental flows, water quality or salinity control will be absorbed on the wayquality or salinity control will be absorbed on the way

► Many irrigation agencies still function this Many irrigation agencies still function this wayway

► Vested interestsVested interests

River basin closure processes /River basin closure processes /construction of water scarcityconstruction of water scarcity

►river basin trajectories and their driversriver basin trajectories and their drivers►Over-building of river basinsOver-building of river basins►Over-allocation of entitlementsOver-allocation of entitlements►overdraft of reservoirs and aquifersoverdraft of reservoirs and aquifers►double squeeze of agricultural water use, double squeeze of agricultural water use,

due to declining water availability and due to declining water availability and quality and rising urban and quality and rising urban and environmental needsenvironmental needs

Wuhan University/ Yuanlai CUI:

Relativity of Water saving irrigation: the scale effect

. The adapted methods of WSI is different under different water resources conditions, natural conditions and social economical development conditions;

• The standard of WSI also different under different countries, regions, and developing stages.

WSI is

relativity

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Annual Irrigation Water Supplied

Water Supplied for Irrigation - 5 Year Moving Averages

Other Uses - 5 Year Moving Averages

.Rehabilitation

•Cropping pattern change•Water pricing

•AWD spreading

•Reuse of drain and rainfall

Relativity of WSI

Evapotranspiration

Rain

D

Tubewell/pump

I ISeepage

Recyclingpump Groundwater

Outflow

Groundwaterinflow

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Percolation

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Water balance and recycling in rice irrigated area (scale effect)

WSI is relative in spatial scale. Field, irrigation system, basin, the “loss” and WSI way is different

Traditional IE: canal water use effi., field water use effi. and irrigation effi. These indicators are helpful for planning, design and management of irrigation projects. From Qnet to QgrossHowever, these indicators ignore the reuse of return water, losses from irrigation water supply system are regarded as losses of the irrigation system TIE are not suitable for WS potential evaluation.

Traditional IE indicator

Depleted fraction. Ratio of total depletion or ET to Gross or availableProcess depleted fraction. Ratio of process depletion to irrigation Benefit depleted fraction. Ratio of ET to total depletion or Gross or availableWater productivity

New evaluation indicators

New evaluation indicators

Drainage fraction . Drainage fraction to gross inflow or available water

There are mainly other new indicators which are suitable for WSP evaluation under diff. scales, but this indicators are normally not easy to calculated, such as ET, drainage etc

Case study

Jingmen City

Wuhan City

Zhanghe Reservoir

Changhu Lake

Hubei Province

China

Zhanghe Reservoir

Tuanlin

Zhouji

Zhangchang

Shili

Sifang

Xin

FuRiver

Outlet

Zhanghe Irrigation DistrictYellow River

Yangtse Rive

Command area 43 km2 (3% of area ZIS）

Six closed scales were selected for water balance and TN losses analysis

WP under different scales (2009)

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kg/m

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WPI WPET WPg

Case study

WPI increased 64% from field to small watershed scale

Drainage fraction under different scales (2009)

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DRFg DRFa

Figure 3 shows that the water saving potential of field scale was 33%, the potential of middle scale ranged from 16% to 28% and the potential of small watershed scale was 21%.

It presented the scale effect of water saving potential at different scales.

The TIE of ZIS in only 43%, means 57% WS potential, that is not true

Case study

DF decreased from field to small watershed scale

Questions

What is the proper indicator which considers the reuse of return flow but is easy to estimate?

0 2 *real E

Traditional IE

Real IE

ZIS IE and WS potential when lining canal

water resources utilization rate=ratio of ET to gross inflow

Return rate of irrigation = ratio of return flow to irrigation

WS potential (M m3)

Trad. IE 43.9% 36.1

Real IE 66.2% 10.028% of

TIE

underestimate

overestimate

Things are complicatedThings are complicated► Some water can be saved but not as much as is Some water can be saved but not as much as is

claimedclaimed► There are no silver bullets on the horizon on the There are no silver bullets on the horizon on the

productivity or irrigation technology sideproductivity or irrigation technology side► When agricultural water management is When agricultural water management is

already moderately good, things tend to a zero already moderately good, things tend to a zero sum gamesum game

► Increasing efficiency, more efficient Increasing efficiency, more efficient technologies, water rights and water pricing technologies, water rights and water pricing often lead to increased water consumption (ET)often lead to increased water consumption (ET)

► Problems are becoming wickedProblems are becoming wicked► In many basins agriculture will need to shrink to In many basins agriculture will need to shrink to

achieve water savings achieve water savings

Francois MolleWater pricing : a "good idea" with limitedpotential in large scale gravity schemes1. Is water scarce ? 2. Are losses really lost?3. Are "savings" used ?4. Are losses at the farm level?

5.Is demand elastic ?6. Is pricing volumetric?7. Is supply on-demand ?

Full supply, continuous flow, with occasional short chaotic phases; No data collection (or only at headworks); problems solved by sending more water.

Chaotic supply; land fallow;conjunctive use ubiquitous

Rotations are the rule; some fallow land in the dry season; wells and pumps widespread; serious head-end/tail-end problems

Full supply, with temporary or permanent rotations, head-end/tail-end problems increase; supply sometimes uncertain.

Data loosely collected, often faulty, and rarely analyzed.

W1 Wo D0 D1

RWS

1

Volumetric management,

secondary or tertiary canal bulk allocation; or individual quota

systems; intensive data collection and analysis

Reactive management

Volumetric management

Water pricing > conservation > conditions

Groundwaterirrigation

W1 W0 D0/D1 Bulk (S/T) Q O

% ofIrrigated

area

Type of scheme management

No effect

Possible effect of pricing

Potentialeffect

Effect atthe margin

W1 W0 D0/D1 Bulk (S/T) Q O

% ofIrrigated

area

Type of scheme management

Possible effect of pricing

Effectiveimpact

Desirable evolution: improving

management

Water pricing > cost-recovery > in practice

1. Volumetric pricing and conditions of elastic demand are extremely rare;pricing will not, in most cases, influence water use; high prices mayhave influence but at the cost of farmer income.

2. Even in on-demand systems, prices are not used to regulate demand:scarcity is managed through quotas; prices used at the margin only.

3. Improved management towards ‘volumetric management’ is needed; it is foremost a management issue

4. Once management is improved and scheme modernized, there isless scope for water savings (and role for pricing)

5. Can scarcity coexist with wastage? A management issue. FTO no TAP

6. “Pricing is needed to signal the value of water”: applies to urban supply;in irrigation, scarcity is obvious and pricing creates a sense of right

7. Prices would have to be raised much above O&M and to a significant % of income to find elasticity: will this be acceptable?

Water pricing > conservation > conclusions

use

where

PlanPlan



Developing sound integrated water Developing sound integrated water conservation strategies conservation strategies

Using sound water accounting concepts to Using sound water accounting concepts to develop and monitor integrated water develop and monitor integrated water conservation strategies in China conservation strategies in China

THE PRACTICE THE RESULTS

•it is not sufficient to control abstractions and promote “irrigation water use efficiency”

•restoring a sustainable groundwater regime ultimately depends on reducing water depletion (i.e. reducing evapo-transpiration (ET) by crops)

•ET reduction and improved water productivity/ET explicit objectives and operational targets•improved infrastructure and operation to improve productivity and incomes • institutions, allocation mechanisms and supporting information management systems •a water supply organization and water users associations

KEY POINTS

•A sound water accounting basis: a necessity for critical groundwater systems, areas with significant conjunctive use, closing river basins and systems with high return flows (deltas, rice systems).

Expanding capacity and knowledge Expanding capacity and knowledge

Farmers manage their groundwater Farmers manage their groundwater resources in Andhra Pradesh resources in Andhra Pradesh

THE PRACTICE THE RESULTS

•60%+ irrigation water requirement met by GW. •hydrocratic measures fail to address over-abstration •Farmers learn about GW and become the GW organizers, planners, and advocates •Farmers learn about ways to improve productivity of water used

•1700 farmer facilitators, 33% women•Outreach: 1 million farmers• 42% units have reduced abstraction permanently and 51% intermittently•Results have combined environmental sustainability and poverty reduction•The only successful project of community GW management at global level

KEY POINTS

•Farmers realize that GW conservation through collective decisions is a safeguard of their own interest•Demystify science•A promising approach to manage atomistic irrigation•A collective of NGOs, academic and civic leaders

ANDHRA PRADESH RURAL LIVELIHOODS ANDHRA PRADESH RURAL LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME WATER AUDITPROGRAMME WATER AUDIT

►Inflows to many tanks have Inflows to many tanks have declined in recent years, with a declined in recent years, with a severe impact on the utility (inc. severe impact on the utility (inc. recharge), biodiversity and cultural recharge), biodiversity and cultural value of the tanks and on reliability value of the tanks and on reliability of domestic water supplies. of domestic water supplies. ►Communities’ belief: Communities’ belief: i)i)Decline in rainfall Decline in rainfall ii)ii)Deforestation in the tank Deforestation in the tank catchment areacatchment areaWater auditWater auditWater harvesting created Water harvesting created upstream along drainage lines in upstream along drainage lines in the tank catchment areas in the tank catchment areas in recent years.recent years.Recharge captured locally and Recharge captured locally and small contribution to base flow small contribution to base flow captured by downstream captured by downstream structuresstructures. .

1)1) water-related participatory assessments that water-related participatory assessments that produce outputs suitable for GIS analysis;produce outputs suitable for GIS analysis;

2)2) water auditing that combines terrestrial and water auditing that combines terrestrial and remotely-sensed data; remotely-sensed data;

3)3) modeling for assessing the impact of water modeling for assessing the impact of water harvesting structures on downstream water harvesting structures on downstream water resource availability; resource availability;

4)4) decision trees that use social, and institutional decision trees that use social, and institutional information along with physical information for information along with physical information for targeting project interventions and activities; targeting project interventions and activities;

5)5) a simple GIS-based participatory assessment a simple GIS-based participatory assessment methodology for M&E of rural water supplies. methodology for M&E of rural water supplies.

(Batchelor, Calder, Sharma, DFID)(Batchelor, Calder, Sharma, DFID)

Water auditWater audit

Other optionsOther options

►Plan B approachesPlan B approaches

If you cannot ration water, ration energyIf you cannot ration water, ration energy

Gujarat restructuring of electricity gridGujarat restructuring of electricity grid► Innovative legal instrumentsInnovative legal instruments

Regulating ET by banning transplanting Regulating ET by banning transplanting in hottest season (Punjab, India)in hottest season (Punjab, India)

Exploring opportunities for “water savings” Exploring opportunities for “water savings” at system level is still worthwhileat system level is still worthwhile

► Water management is far from being moderately good Water management is far from being moderately good everywhereeverywhere

► IWRM will engineer “water scarcity” by decreasing IWRM will engineer “water scarcity” by decreasing allocations/abstractionallocations/abstraction

► More erratic supply (climate change)More erratic supply (climate change)

► There will be financing and it should be put to good use if There will be financing and it should be put to good use if possiblepossible

► Some OFWM techniques do “save water”Some OFWM techniques do “save water”

► Adjust irrigation delivery service characteristics to new Adjust irrigation delivery service characteristics to new demands from lower levels to decrease their water use for demands from lower levels to decrease their water use for various reasons, or allow them to adjust to lesser water various reasons, or allow them to adjust to lesser water allocationsallocations

► Economic opportunities Economic opportunities

MASSCOTE

Modernizing Irrigation Management The MASSCOTE Approach—

Mapping System and Services for Canal Operation Techniques

Daniel Renault Thierry FaconRobina Wahaj

PlanPlan



►Issues for the futureIssues for the future► Water efficiency, food security, and Water efficiency, food security, and

rural developmentrural development Our case studies have revealed a big variation in the economic value Our case studies have revealed a big variation in the economic value

of water by sector and by region, low economic efficiency of of water by sector and by region, low economic efficiency of agricultural water use, and poor cost-effectiveness of underground agricultural water use, and poor cost-effectiveness of underground water withdrawal in North China. Although the general direction of water withdrawal in North China. Although the general direction of improving water-use efficiency by reducing demand for water by the improving water-use efficiency by reducing demand for water by the

agricultural sector is supported, agricultural sector is supported, the issue is the issue is complicated by and associated with complicated by and associated with various issues involving the rights and various issues involving the rights and well-being of the rural population, well-being of the rural population, national food security, agricultural national food security, agricultural sector protection, and poverty sector protection, and poverty alleviation. The central issue is how to alleviation. The central issue is how to reduce rural poverty and secure the reduce rural poverty and secure the nation’s food supply while at the same nation’s food supply while at the same time improving the efficiency of water time improving the efficiency of water use. Any further policy use. Any further policy recommendations have to address recommendations have to address these concerns and will require further these concerns and will require further study.study.

►Demand management strategies and Demand management strategies and instruments need to be effective and instruments need to be effective and appropriate but seen in a broader appropriate but seen in a broader contextcontext

► Decision-makers and users need to Decision-makers and users need to review broad social and economic and review broad social and economic and environment objectives through a water environment objectives through a water lens and improved understanding of lens and improved understanding of water availability and use, to guide bulk water availability and use, to guide bulk allocation, sectoral policies, productivity allocation, sectoral policies, productivity targets and policy instruments and targets and policy instruments and investments.investments.

► To arrive at a coherent and feasible set of policy To arrive at a coherent and feasible set of policy goals, water resources management strategies and goals, water resources management strategies and investment programmes, it will be important to focus investment programmes, it will be important to focus on important policy dilemmas:on important policy dilemmas: Economic water productivity vs. equity and other Economic water productivity vs. equity and other

strategic goalsstrategic goals Resource use efficiency vs. resilience vs. Resource use efficiency vs. resilience vs.

redundancyredundancy National objectives vs. local and river basin National objectives vs. local and river basin

objectivesobjectives Water, energy and food nexusWater, energy and food nexus Managing informality of the water economiesManaging informality of the water economies Political feasibility: ideal vs. second-best optionsPolitical feasibility: ideal vs. second-best options Managing transitions: supporting resilience or a Managing transitions: supporting resilience or a

combination of improvements and exit strategiescombination of improvements and exit strategies

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Thierry Facon, RAP-NRE and Chen Zhijun, TCIO Workshop on Water Resources Demand Management Learning...

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