Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention of Accidents Among Mothers’ of

Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur

by

G. VIJAYA KUMARI

Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences

Bangalore, Karnataka.

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Master of Science in Nursing

In Child Health Nursing

Under the guidance of

Mrs. J. Shantha Kumari Assistant Professor

Department of Child Health Nursing Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur

December, 2005

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation/thesis entitled “Effectiveness of

Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention of

Accidents Among Mothers’ of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur”

is a bonafide research work done by Mrs.G.Vijaya Kumari in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in

Nursing.

Place : Signature of the Guide

Date : Mrs. J. Shantha Kumari M.Sc(N),M.Sc(Psy),(Ph.D) Asst. Professor

Department of Child Health Nursing

Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur

ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL /

HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation/thesis entitled “Effectiveness of

Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention of

Accidents Among Mothers’ of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur” is

a bonafide research work done by Mrs.G. Vijaya Kumari Under the

guidance of Mrs. J. Shantha Kumari, M.Sc(N), Asst.Professor, Department

of Child Health Nursing, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Principal Mrs. J. Shantha Kumari Dr. R. Vasundhara

M.Sc (N),M.Sc(Psy),(Ph.D) R.N., R.M., R.P.H.N., M.Sc (N), Asst. Professor M.Sc(Psy).,P.G.D.H.E.,Ph.D Department of Child Health Nursing Principal

Navodaya College of Nursing Navodaya College of Nursing

Raichur. Raichur.

Date: Date: Place: Place:

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences

Bangalore, Karnataka

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “Effectiveness

of Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention

of Accidents Among Mothers of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur”

is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the

guidance of Mrs. J.Shantha Kumari M.Sc. (N), M.Sc. (Psy), (Ph.D)

Assistant Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing, Navodaya

College of Nursing, Raichur.

Place : Signature of the candidate

Date : (G. Vijaya Kumari)

COPY RIGHT

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Bangalore, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate

this dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research

purpose.

Place : Signature of the Candidate

Date : (G. Vijaya Kumari)

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“I lift up my eyes to the hills – where does my help come from?

My help comes from the Lord, the Maker of

Heaven and Earth.

- Psalms 121 : 1

I will praise you, O Lord, with all my Heart.

I will tell of all your wonders and Praise to your name, O Most High!”

- Psalms 9: 1

First of all, I will bow down before God with deeper sense of ever

lasting gratitude to God, that Almighty, without whose grace and blessing

my research would not have come out fruitfully.

I proud to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Guide

Mrs. J. Shanthakumari, M.Sc.(N), M.Sc.(Psy)., (Ph.D)., Asst. Professor,

Department of Child Health Nursing, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur

for her magnanimous as well as generous support and Guidance, immensely

inspired me to materialize the dissertation work.

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude with whole

heartedly to Dr. R. Vasundhara R.N; R.M; R.P.H.N; M.N., M.Sc. (Psy).,

P.G.D.H.E., Ph.D., Principal, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur for her

measureless help and ceaseless encouragement in providing memorable

milestone activity in the completion of research work.

Alphabetic alliance cannot substantially explores by deeprooted

outspoken evangelic words to my masterly minded mentor research

supervisor, Dr. K. P. Neeraja, B.Sc., M.Sc. (N)., M.A.(Socio)., Ph.D.,

Professor, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur for her inexplicable

inspiration in flowering manner to come out my thesis work with flying

color under her benevolent philanthropic counsel.

The Investigator is grateful to all the experts for their constructive

criticism and valuable suggestion towards validating the tool.

Investigator extends her heartfelt thanks to all the respondents and

their caretakers who participate willing fully.

I thanks to library staff of Information Center and National Institute

of Family Welfare, Hyderabad and Navodaya College for their assistance in

collection of studies for research review.

I have great pleasure to express my thanks to Mrs. Shameem

Gulnaz Unnissa for her constant encouragement and valuable suggestions

throughout this Investigation.

I express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Prema M.Sc. (N),

Mrs. Sreelekha, M.Sc. (N) and Ms. S.Annapoorna for their kindness and

cordial relationship to conduct the study.

I wish to thank Mr. Madhusudhan, Bio-Statistician, Gulbarga for his

co-operation in statistical analysis.

I derive great delight to thank God for giving Mr. Stalin Jayakar as

my companion for life, who lighted the spirit of encouragement to complete

this huge task successfully. And my heart melts of thinking of great pleasure

towards my cute kids J.Melvin and J.Merlin for their unexplained

cooperation, love in the completion of the thesis. Thank you for your

cooperation in balancing me with peace and joy and giving me strength.

I have great pleasure to express my prayerful thanks to my parents

Mr. Abraham and Mrs. G. Chandraleelamma for their overwhelming

support during the period of my research work.

I derive great delight to explicit my abysmal gratitude to my Sisters

and Brothers for their pragmatic help rendered in a research work.

I express my special thanks to my classmates and friends for their

cooperation and encouragement during study.

Date : Signature of the candidate

Place : (G. Vijayakumari)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. CHAPTERS PAGE NO

I INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study 1-5

• Significance of the problem 5-9

• Statement of the problem 10

• Objectives of the study 10

• Operational Definitions 10-11

• Variables 11-14

• Assumptions 14-15

• Delimitations 15

• Hypotheses 15-16

• Conceptual Framework 17-20

• Organization of the Report 21

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Studies related to mothers’ knowledge on accidents

among toddlers

23-26

• Studies related to effectiveness of planned teaching

programme

26-30

• Studies related to association between variables

and knowledge of mothers

30-32

III METHODOLOGY

• Research Approach 33

• Research Design 34

• Setting of the study 36

• Population 36

• Sample and Sampling technique 38

• Criteria for the selection of the sample 38-39

• Limitations 39

• Method of data collection 39

• Development of the Tool 40

• Description of the Tool 40

• Ethical consideration 41

• Validity 41

• Pilot study 42

• Reliability 42

• Data Collection Procedure 43

• Plan for Data Analysis 43

IV RESULTS 44-86

V DISCUSSION 87-91

VI SUMMARY 92-96

VII CONCLUSION 97-97

VIII IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 98-100

IX STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME 101-125

ABSTRACT 126-128

BIBLIOGRAPHY 129-133

ANNEXURES 134-167

LIST OF TABLES

S.NO. TABLES PAGE NO

1. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their age.

46

2. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their education status

48

3. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their occupation

50

4. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their religion.

52

5. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their monthly family income

54

6. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their number of toddlers in the family

56

7. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their type of family

58

8. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their type of house.

60

9. Percentage distribution of over all knowledge scores of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers related to pre test and post test.

62

10. Percentage distribution of knowledge levels of mothers on different sections on nature and prevention of accidents related to pre test and post test.

64

11. Mean and standard deviation of pre test and post test for different sections of knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

67

12. Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on 69

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers by comparing pre test and post test.

13. Association between the age of mothers’ with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers

71

14. Association between education status of mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

73

15. Association between the occupation of mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

75

16. Association between the religion of mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

77

17. Association between the monthly family income of mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

79

18. Association between number of toddlers in the family with their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

81

19. Association between the type of family of mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

83

20. Association between the type of house of mother with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

85

LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO. FIGURES PAGE NO

1. Conceptual Framework. 20

2. Schematic Diagram for the Research Design of the

Study.

35

3. Map showing area under the study. 37

4. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by

their age.

47

5. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by

their education status.

49

6. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by

their occupation.

51

7. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by

their religion.

53

8. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by

their monthly family income.

55

9. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by

their number of toddlers in the family.

57

10. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by

their family type.

59

11. Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by

their type of the house.

61

12. Percentage distribution of overall knowledge scores

of mothers’ on nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers related to pre test and post test.

63

LIST OF ANNEXURES

S.NO. ANNEXURES PAGE NO

I Letter seeking permission to conduct study in

Zaheerabad area.

134

II Letter granting permission to conduct study in

Zaheerabad area.

135

III Letter to experts for their opinion on content

validity.

136

IV Content validity Certificate. 137

V List of experts consulted for the content validity 138-139

VI Structured interview schedule to assess the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers on nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers.

140-157

VII Scoring Key. 158-159

VIII Association between knowledge of mothers’ of

toddlers and socio-demographic variables of the

mother.

160-167

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study:

“Shape the future of life; healthy environments for children”

They deserve to inherit a safer, fairer and healthier world.

There is no task more important than safe guarding their environment.

“Child safety is Nations’ safety”

The child is the most precious possession of mankind, most loved

and perfect in its innocence. Children to be cared and protected from

environmental hazards. The suffering of children due to environmental

hazards is inevitable. One of the global problems of environmental

hazards is the unintentional injuries. Children are at windows of

vulnerability for accidents. Among children, toddlers are always at the

doorstep of accidents (or) injuries1.

The toddlers’ age is a troublesome age. Although this can be

a challenging time for parents and child as both of them learn to know

each other better2. Toddlers are like a “discovering machine” and love to

explore the environment persistently to find out new things. Because of

curious, rambunctious in nature, the toddler does not understand the

inherent dangers of their playful and exploring environments3.

Traditionally, ‘injury’ is regarded as “a chaotic, random event”4.

“An accident is an event, independent of human will, caused by an

outside force acting rapidly and resulting in bodily or mental injury. The

occurrence of injury is unintended”5. An accident can be defined as

“an unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event which usually

1

produces unintended injury, death or a property damage”6. In toddlers the

minor accidents are unavoidable and major accidents are preventable3.

In 1979, a study has been done on “accidental injury in childhood”

was summarized the factors affecting pediatric trauma that is the host, the

agent and the environment. During childhood age and sex differences on

accidents were reported; vehicle accidents, falls, drowning, burns and

ingestions are found to be common agents of injury. The home affords a

virtual breeding ground for accidents to children; parents play an

important role in child’s environment, prevents the consequences of

which may eventuate in injury7.

Unintentional injury was a huge problem for kids. It is a leading

cause of death and disability among children. Accidents were the fifth

leading cause of death in children under age of five8. The unintentional

injury included most common childhood mishaps like falling, drowning,

accidental burns, swallowing cleaning products or medication. It was not

ending scenario. Injury related deaths are the tip of the iceberg.

Disfigurement, disability, developmental delay and emotional problems

were major sequelae of accidents are injurious to children8. Accidents are

preventable if by the education and enhancement of parental awareness

and effective anticipated guidance to parents and caretakers. Learning

more about injuries is the first step for reducing the risk of accidents and

injuries in community7.

Accidents are the source of concern in both developed and

developing countries as the mortality and morbidity sequelae, costs and

years of potential life lost, due to accidents each year. Accidents are on of

increasing concern in developing countries as the traditional causes of

2

mortality decline in importance. Highest number of domestic accidents

occurred in 1-3 years age group. Boys are more often involved in

domestic accidents than girls9.

In 1984, child injury survey gathered demographic details found

falls are leading cause of unintentional childhood injury leads to fatal

injury, upper and lower limb fractures, finger cuts. The majority of

injuries related from falls 85 per cent were on to concrete, tomac, or

packed earth, 29 per cent of these children had head injury from falls.

Experimental impacts involved from standing height and equipment.

Placement of furniture away from windows can prevent falling out of

windows and from balconies10.

Drowning is a common, preventable problem especially in

childhood where it is the second most common cause of death by

accidents with 0-3 years old and comprising 22 per cent of drowning.

Rates of drowning vary with age, gender and race. Age groups at greatest

risk are toddlers and boys at greater risk. It occurs while in bathtubs,

pools, spas or wadding pool or near irrigation ditches or other open

standing water11. It is important that a small child can drown in a matter

of seconds and in just few inches of water. Thousands of innocent

children were drowned every year from not being aware of the danger of

water3.

Accidental poisoning was commonly involving 50-90 per cent of

children below 5 years of age. It is a global problem. Children between

1-3 years age were the most vulnerable group. During toddler period,

exploratory nature aided by their newly acquired hand skills and mobility.

Negligence and ignorance of parents and caretakers in making

3

environment of child conducive for poisoning. In small houses with

limited space, the households chemicals, disinfectants and kerosene are

most likely ingested by the children accidentally. Raising awareness in

safe keeping of all toxic chemicals and keep out of child’s reach into

child resistant closures12.

Burns are leading cause of death among toddlers, as children are

easily burnt due to thinner skin and more composition of body fluids. Hot

water scalds causes a majority of burns. A common reason for the scald

of burns is that the parents do not test the temperature of water prior to

placing their children in a bath tub and child plays in kitchen when parent

is cooking and preparing food is itself dangerous condition. Spillage of

hot liquids, grease and hot food is an unfortunate yet preventable cause of

burns. The young child may also exposed to the risks caused by

electricals when introducing an object into electric plug (or) when playing

with electric appliances and electric cords13.

Accidental aspiration of food objects such as nuts and seeds are

common in young children may result death. Inedible objects such as

balloons, coins, pills, safety pins, marbles and baby powder may also be

fatally aspirated14. Toddlers, while enjoying their new found freedom of

movement are frequently at risk of accidental injury caused by household

items. Such objects to be kept out of reach of children15.

Historically, research on pediatric pedestrian injuries has analyzed

that children younger than 5 years of age as a single group. Toddlers

between 1-2 years frequently injured in non-traffic situations and 3 years

frequently inferred in traffic situations. A high proportion of toddler road

traffic injuries occurred in residential drive ways and were caused by

4

backing up vehicles. The majority of toddlers injured while crossing /

darting mid block on pedestrian streets near their homes. Most of the

accidents could have been prevented by closer supervision of the

children. Devices such as child proof - door further reduce this type of

accidents16.

Significance of the Problem: “Give surety on child’s safety before you strive for life security”

Developmentally children at 1-3 years can run, jump, climb stairs,

rides a tricycle, throw a ball and play with toys that may have

many small, intricate parts. According to Erikson, the psychological

developmental phase of toddlers is “a sense of autonomy Vs shame and

doubt”17. The toddler period extends from 1 year to 3 years. During this

time the child emerges from total dependency of infancy into beginning

of independence or autonomy. The toddler who learned to trust the

parents during infancy will use this trust in exploration and investigation

of the world. When the infant reaches the toddler age, it is an exciting

time for him, but also for the parents. Toddlers have curiosity,

inquisitiveness and love to explore everything in environment and they

enjoy act of exploring wherever it may be supervised or not. Parents are

not aware of what their children can do. Toddlers can prone to injury or

death as a result of any type of accident with persistent exploration2.

In today’s high tech world, there are dangers for children in

everywhere example on road, at home, at school or in play ground. Injury

is the number one cause of death and life loss for children. In children,

injury mortality is greater than other childhood diseases combined.

World Health Organization, has announced theme of the World Health

5

Day in 2003 is, “Healthy environments for children”18. In 2004, on World

Health Day, WHO announced ‘Road safety is no accident”. This brochure

is meant to provide general information about road traffic accidents and

their prevention by raising awareness and promote action to save millions

of children from death and disability between now and 2020 and in the

years beyond19.

One of the fundamental right of every child is to grow up in a

healthy home, school and community. More than 5 million children from

0-14 years die every year world wide from diseases occurs in the

environments in which they live, learn and play in home, the school and

the community19.

Accident prevention and safety awareness are skills that need

practice, it is a sort of sixth sense for danger. Most children learn safety

concerns from their mothers. Mothers are often torn by keeping a baby

safe or allowing him to explore with more freedom obviously a child

cannot be confined forever because child is always making new

discoveries at all the times3.

Ordinary household items can be very hazardous to young children.

The best defence against common household accidents involving young

children is intelligent prevention with a planned child safety. At home

few safeguards and good supervision are necessary. Even with the best

supervision, their ability to get themselves into trouble is uncanny. Once

a child is up and moving around, his world expands rapidly. Lucky once

doesn’t necessarily make child lucky twice. So learning about injury is

the first step to prevent injury at second step. Prevention efforts to be

triggered when the first injury occurs20.

6

Injury is a major public health problem, particularly in urban

minority communities in India. This evaluates a comprehensive injury

prevention trial on home hazards and injury prevention knowledge in

poor urban community. The intervention consists of (a) home

modification for a simple preventive measures (b) home inspection

accompanied by information about home hazards (c) education about

selected injury prevention practices. It needs safety knowledge and

moderate effort to correct home accidents21.

In 2004, a study was conducted on “understanding toddlers in

home-injuries” by examining parental strategies, and their efficiency, for

managing child injury risk. Multimethod strategies were used to study

home injuries experienced by toddlers and to identify anticipatory

prevention strategies implemented by parent on a room-by-room basis

that effectively reduces child injury risk. Three types of prevention

strategies were used by parents. Environmental (ex: hazard removal,

safety devices to prevent access), parental (ex: increased supervision,

parent modification of their own behaviour to decrease injury risk for

their child) and child based (ex: teaching rules or prohibition to promote

safety), with parents often using these strategies. The conclusions are (1)

child-based strategies never decreases and often elevates the risk of injury

to toddlers (2) parental strategies saved protective functions to reduce the

children’s prone for risk22.

The study was conducted to assess parental awareness regarding

common childhood injuries and to focus on preventive issues.

Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in childhood in

developed countries. Data about prevention trials from developing

countries, particularly from India, is woefully lacking. Studies have

7

conducted between (a) Educated mothers (b) uneducated mothers.

Educated mothers were equipped with safety knowledge and both groups

have lack of awareness regarding injury prevention legislations. Adequate

knowledge regarding home injuries is lacking. Highlighting the need for

health care providers to include injury prevention counseling in their

services was observed23.

Accidents are one of the leading cause for death in developing

countries, yearly 10 per cent of children are suffering with accidents.

Accordingly to the National Road Transport Council and Trauma

cases association, at least 25,000 lives are lost every year due to road

accidents in India and nearly 6 per cent of the total cases were

unintentional injuries. The unintentional injury rate in India is

24.6/10,000 vehicles, while the accident rates in USA and Sweden are

only 14 and 4.8 respectively. In Delhi 2002, age wise annual incidence

road traffic injuries per 1000 population among 0-5 years age is 7.7 per

cent. Mortality due to injuries and violence, reported as percentage of all

deaths within each age and gender group world wide in 1990 is 0-4 years

4.6 per cent(boys) 3.9 in (girls) unintentional injuries. In 2000,

approximately 2,300 under-fives and children aged 14 died from

accidents in home. Children from birth to 4 years old account for nearly

60 per cent of deaths in house fires. Around the world at most 16,000

people die from injuries every day. Road traffic injuries are the ninth

leading cause for death globally are estimated to rank sixth by the year

202019.

In 2004, a study was conducted on “Mothers home safety practices

for preventing six types of childhood injuries”.

8

To identify determinants of mothers home safety injuries to

children (burns, poisoning, drowning, cuts, strangulation /suffocation

/chocking and falls). Home interviews were conducted on home safety

practices. The results revealed unique determinants of mothers’ home

safety practices to prevent these six types of home injuries. The factors

that motivated mothers to engage in precautionary measures at home

varied depending on the type of injury. Intervention programs to enhance

maternal home safety practices will need to target different factors

depending on the type of injury25.

The world health day, 2004 also provided a forum for advocacy in

allocating more attention and resources for the prevention of road traffic

injuries. Injury is the number one cause of death among children in

developing countries and fifth in the world among the entire population,

injury has greater importance attached to it. Compounding the problems

is the acceptability of accidents as a way of life, the increasing lack of

supervision of the young and lack of parental awareness. Accidental

injury causes individual tragedy since children are usually untreated and

the effects are long lasting. Prevention programmes should be initiated1.

The literature search was not shown any valid study in Raichur

district with all the aspects of child injuries, its prevention and the impact

of planned education an aspects of it. Hence the Investigator felt the need

to assess the knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers about nature and

prevention of accidents in seven aspects then intervened structured

teaching programme and is interested to see its effectiveness.

9

Statement of the problem

“ A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme

regarding nature and prevention of accidents among

mothers’ of toddlers in a selected area of Raichur”.

Objectives

• To assess the knowledge of mother’s of toddlers regarding nature

and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme

regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• To analyze the relationship between the knowledge of mothers’

regarding nature and prevention of accidents with selected socio-

demographic variables.

Operational Definitions

Effectiveness

Refers to determining the extent to which the structured teaching

programme has achieved the desired effect in improving the knowledge

of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

Structured Teaching Programme

Well-organized Teaching material prepared and used by the

Investigator for the selected mothers’ of toddlers to enhance mothers’

knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

Accidents

“Is an unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event that produces

unintended inquiry, death or damage to property”6.

10

Mothers

Women who are having atleast one toddler child.

Knowledge

Cognitive ability of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers as expressed by their responses.

Knowledge was measured in terms of scores. For the purpose of the

study, the knowledge of the mothers’ were classified into three levels.

Percentage Range of score

• Low knowledge levels < 50% 0-15

• Average Knowledge levels 51 to 75% 16-23

• High Knowledge levels > 75% Above 23

Selected Area

Refers to the place where the study will be conducted i.e. ward

no.13 Zaheerabad area, Raichur.

Variables

A variable is a characteristic or attitude that differs among the

persons, objects, events and so forth that are being studied”.

Three types of variables were identified in the present study and

they were categorized as

• Independent variable.

• Dependent variable

• Attribute variable.

11

Independent Variable

It is the cause or the variable that is thought to influence the

dependent variable.

In the present study structured teaching programme on nature and

prevention of accident among toddlers was the independent variable.

Dependent Variable

It is the effect or the variable that is influenced by researcher’s

manipulation (control) of the independent variable.

Knowledge level on accidents among mothers’ of toddlers was the

dependent variable in the present study.

Attribute Variables

Socio-demographic variables of the sample were considered as

attribute variable such as age, education, occupation, religion, monthly

family income, number of toddlers in the family, type of the family and

type of the house.

Age

Refers to chronological age of mothers’ of toddlers of the present

study was categorized as:

• Below 20 years

• 21 – 25 years

• 26-30 years

• > 30 years

12

Education Status

Refers to the training that helps to promote the knowledge level.

Mothers’ education status was divided into following categories:

• Illiterates

• Primary school

• Secondary school

• High school

• Collegiate education

Occupation of the mother

Refers to the employment status of the mothers’ of toddlers. For

the present study the occupation of mothers were categorized as:

• Coolie

• House wife

• Petty business

• Any other, specify

Religion

It refers to the subsystem of belief and worship of God. For the

present study it was categorized as:

• Hindu

• Muslim

• Christian

Monthly Family Income

Refers to the monitory earning of the family of mothers’ of

toddlers. It was categorized as:

• < Rs.1000/-

13

• Rs.1001-2000

• Rs.2001-3000

• >Rs.3000

Number of toddlers in the family

The living number of toddlers in the family. It was categorized as:

• One

• Two

• Three

• Four and above

Family Type

The type of family which the respondent is living:

• Nuclear family

• Joint Family

• Extended family

• Single parent

Type of the house

Refers to the standard condition of house. It was categorized as:

• Pakka

• Kucha

• Semi Pakka

Assumptions

It was assumed that:

• Mothers’ of toddlers will have some knowledge about the common

types of accidents among toddlers.

14

• Mothers’ of toddlers will be practicing preventive measures of

accidents.

• Mothers’ of toddlers will be willing to participate in the study.

• Mothers’ of toddlers will have desire to learn about the nature and

prevention of accidents and will cooperate with the Investigator.

• The structured teaching programme will improve the knowledge of

mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of accidents.

• The response measured by a structured tool will represent the

actual knowledge level of the mothers’ of toddlers.

Delimitations

The study was delimited to mothers’ of toddlers who were not

• Residing at Zaheerabad area of Raichur during the study

• Willing to participate in the study

• Able to understand and speak Kannada or Telugu

Hypotheses

Conjectural statement of relations between two or more variables

H1 : There will be a significant difference between pre test and

post test knowledge score of mothers’ of toddlers regarding

nature and prevention of accidents.

H2 : There will be a significant association between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their age.

H3 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge

of mothers of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of

accidents with their education status.

15

H4 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge

of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of

accidents with their occupation.

H5 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge

of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of

accidents with their religion.

H6 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge

of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of

accidents with their monthly family income.

H7 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge

of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of

accidents with their number of toddlers in the family.

H8 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge

of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of

accidents with their type of the family.

H9 : There will be significant relationship between the knowledge

of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of

accidents with their type of the house.

16

CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

Conceptual framework deals with the interrelated concepts that

assemble together in some rational schemes by virtue of their relevance to

a common theme. The development of conceptual framework is

a fundamental process required before conducting actual research,

because it guides each stage.

The conceptual framework of the study is based on Ludwig Von

Bertanloffy’s General systems theory. In 1952 Bertanloffy’s introduced

this theory as a universal theory that could be applied to many fields of

study.

According to Bertanloffy, General systems theory provides a way

of examining interrelationships and deriving principles. Theorist

described human being as an open system, for proper functioning of

human being depends on the quality and quantity of its input, throughput,

output and feedback. Being an open system, the client is capable of

receiving information and gain knowledge from his environment.

Utilizing this capacity of client, nurse takes the opportunity to provide

information. The nurse examines whether the information is processed or

not with the help of feedback.

Bertanloffy’s model includes the following components.

System

System refers to a whole human being who contains articulated

sets of many sub components and this whole system operates or functions

with in the boundaries of self, family and community and also constantly

exchanges information, energy and matter.

17

Input

Input is nothing but information, energy, matter that are needed and

absorbed by the individual. It is the imparting phase.

Throughput

Throughput is the processing and transformation of the input which

is absorbed by the individual in a way that is useful to self. It is the

activity phase.

Output

Output is the transformed form of information, energy and matter

that is given out by individual after processing. It is the evaluation phase.

Feed back

Feedback is the response of individual which may be positive,

negative or neutral. The process of feedback enables the individual to

evaluate whether the input is processed satisfactorily or not, and if needed

enables to recycle the entire process.

Conceptual frame work of the present study is based an

assumptions that the mothers’ of toddler will be interested to get more

awareness about additional precautions adopted to prevent toddler

accidents, responds positively to those preventive measures and is

receptive to information. The nurse educator assumes that mothers’ of

toddler possess certain level of knowledge and follows the practices

because of constant interaction with toddler surrounding. The education

aims for input which includes prior assessment of mothers’ of toddler

existing knowledge with regard to nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers. The nurse educator acknowledges the need for and

18

develops a structured teaching programme on nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers, based on the pre test knowledge score of

mothers’ of toddlers and vast review of literature.

The nurse educator along with mothers’ of toddlers enters into

through put i.e. the action phase. The educator disseminates the

information on nature and prevention of toddlers accidents. The mothers’

of toddlers receives the information by showing careful attentions during

the health education session on nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers.

The output is based on the assumption that information is

processed and released in an altered state. It is assumed that mothers of

toddlers will have improved knowledge, follow correct practices in

prevention of accidents among toddlers. The outcome may be either

satisfactory or un-satisfactory improvement in the knowledge on nature

and prevention of accidents among mothers of toddlers which will be

graded as above average score and below average based on a post test

scores. High knowledge improvement indicates that the structured

teaching programme is effective. Average knowledge and low knowledge

improvement in feed back of the entire situations by the nurse educator,

where the total process will be recycled.

The conceptual frame work of study is presented in fig. I

19

20

Organization of the Report

The report of the study is organized into nine chapters.

Chapter – I : INTRODUCTION

Chapter – II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Chapter – III : METHODOLOGY

Chapter – IV : RESULTS

Chapter – V : DISCUSSION

Chapter – VI : SUMMARY

Chapter – VII : CONCLUSION

Chapter – VIII : IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter – IX : STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME

The study concluded with Abstract, Bibliography and Annexures.

21

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature is a key step in research process. Review of

literature refers to extensive, exhaustive and systematic examination of

publications relevant to research project27.

The task of reviewing literature involves the identification,

selection, critical analysis and reporting of existing information on the

topic of interest26. A review will acquaints the researcher with what has

been done in the filed and it minimized the possibility of unintentional

duplications. It justifies the need for replication, provides the basis for

future investigations and help to relate the findings from one study to

another.

Review of literature is undertaken to establish the need for the

study, methodology, development of a tool and planned teaching

programme.

The review of literature related to present study was organized in

three sections,

• Studies related to mothers’ knowledge regarding accidents among

toddlers.

• Studies related to effectiveness of planed teaching programme with

regard to selected aspects of nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers.

• Studies related to association between socio-demographic variables

and knowledge of accidents among toddlers.

22

Studies related to mothers’ knowledge on accidents among toddlers

A descriptive study was conducted on understanding of toddlers

with injuries in selected areas of Ontario, Canada. A sample of 150

mothers’ of toddlers were used in study and collected data by multi

method strategies (questionnaire, parental observations, telephone and

interviews) were used to study toddler injuries over a 3 months period.

The findings of study were cuts, scraps and puncture wounds were the

most common injuries and majority were affected limbs, occurred in the

morning. Analysis and results showed that both child (risk taking) and

parent (protectiveness) are significant determinants of child injury28.

A descriptive study was conducted on examining parental

strategies for managing child injury risk in selected areas of Ontario,

Canada. A sample of 150 mothers were used in study and collected data

by multi method strategies over a 3 month period to identify anticipatory

prevention strategies implementation by parents on a room-by-room

basis. Results revealed that use of supervision and rule-base teaching

doing so too early age clearly elevates children’s risk of injury in the

home29.

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the parental

knowledge regarding common childhood accidents in selected areas of

New Delhi, India. A sample of 200 mothers’ of young children were

selected and structured questionnaire by interview method was used to

collect the data. The findings of study had the knowledge about existence

of legislations relating to injury prevention was low and the various ways

in which child could get injured was also limited. Results revealed that

highlighting the need for injury prevention counseling in legislatory

services30.

23

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the mothers’

anticipation and prevention of unintentional injury to young children in

home in selected areas of Canada. A sample of 150 mothers of 1 years to

2 years and 3 years old children selected and data collected through

weekly diaries of anticipated injuries and anticipated injuries/near injuries

to their child. Mothers anticipated between 57 and 67 per cent of all

injury events. Results of study showed the mothers of young children

most frequently reported preventing injury by a physically restricting or

moving the child away from changing environment31.

An experimental study was conducted to assess mothers’

knowledge on safety hazards in households with young children. A

sample of 230 mothers was selected and data collected by telephone

survey and parental observations. The findings of study showed safety

hazards related to burns example poisoning, falls and self reported

measures of risk perceptions, the child’s pervious injury experiences were

observed. Results of study were suggested that residential injury

prevention strategies for young children should stress active (child

related) as well as passive (parental related) counter measures32.

A descriptive study was conducted to assess mothers’ knowledge

on equipment and accidents of young children from selected hospitals of

Northern Sydney. A sample of 162 injuries were selected from children

aged 2 – 4 years. The data were collected by administered questionnaire

in survey of municipal hospitals. Results revealed that falls to hard

ground were identified as the primary mechanism of injury. 24 per cent of

injuries were fractures from falls and severity increased with increasing

fall height33.

24

A retrospective study was conducted to assess mothers’ knowledge

on childhood poisoning from eight regional hospitals in India. The

retrospective data showed 50-90% were below 5 years. The analysis

showed that peak incidence was in 2nd year of life (40 per cent), 12 per

cent in 1st year of life, and 20 per cent in 3rd year of life and 0.03 per cent

mortality in infants. Finally concluded that kerosene was the most

accidental poisoning in all hospitals12.

A retrospective study was conducted to assess parents’ knowledge

on awareness about use and storage of drugs from selected health centers

of Oman. A sample of 2009 cases assessed for incidence of poisoning in

random sampling method. Results revealed that 55.8 per cent of cases

aged 1-4 years and among them 38.5 per cent cases due to ingestion of

substances, 18.2 per cent due to drugs, 8.2 per cent food and 4.7 per cent

had lack of awareness about use and storage of drugs.

A comparative study was conducted to assess mothers’ knowledge

on toddlers and backyard pools from selected areas of Canada and United

States. A sample of 1020 mothers were selected and data collected by

cluster sampling method. Results revealed that factors surrounding

immersions experienced by young children are the environmental and

supervisory factor. Finally concluded that lapse of supervision is

contributing factor and all pool owners with young children should be

aware of child drowning accidents35.

An experimental study was conducted to assess mothers’

knowledge on accidental burns from hot tap water among young children

in USA. A sample of sixty family units were selected and data were

collected by use of simple random technique for measurement of

25

temperature of water by a mechanical and electronic thermometer.

Results revealed that fifty three (88.3%) and forty four (73.3%) units has

temperature below 520 and 540C respectively. The findings of study was

found temperature were unsafe at all heater settings. Results revealed that

most of the parents of young children are unaware of danger of hot tap

water to their children. Finally concluded that health care providers

inform parents about danger of hot water temperature and advice setting

of water at 490C by American Academic of paediatrics36.

An experimental study conducted to assess parents’ knowledge on

foreign body ingestion in children from selected hospitals of China. A

sample of 1,265 cases were selected and data collected by simple random

method. The findings of study were foreign bodies detected in 43 per cent

of cases with age of toddlers (3.8 years) were most prone to ingest

inanimate objects. The most common objects were coins (49 per cent)

and non metallic sharp objects (31.1%). Results revealed that efforts are

needed for the prevention of ingestion of inanimate foreign body should

focus on toddler group37.

Studies related to effectiveness of planned teaching programme

A descriptive study was conducted to identify the knowledge of

mothers on prevention of accidents among toddlers in selected areas of

Mangalore, India. A sample of 150 mothers were used and data collected

by structured interview schedule. The findings of study were 46 per cent

of mothers had poor knowledge on primary prevention and 47 per cent of

mothers had poor knowledge on secondary prevention. The results

revealed that health workers could educate mothers during their home

visits on primary prevention and first aid2.

26

An experimental study was conducted on knowledge, attitude, and

practices of childhood injuries and their prevention by primary caregivers

in selected areas of Singapore. A cross-sectional nation wide study with a

two-stage stratified random sampling was conducted to obtain data.

Parents and caregivers interviewed at their homes. Results revealed that

the primary caregivers had good knowledge on road safety whereas poor

knowledge on home safety and first aid because only 38 per cent of

caregivers obtained information from health personnel. Finally concluded

that a need to educate parents and caregivers on home safety and first

aid38.

A comparative study was conducted to understand the current

knowledge, attitudes and information needs about childhood injuries in

selected areas of Toronto and Barrie. A sample of 1,516 parents were

selected from Toronto and Barrie and the data were collected by

telephone survey. The findings of study were over half of parents knew

that injuries were leading to death and 70 per cent parents believed that

injuries were the most preventable of major health disorders. The results

showed that although parents were aware of the risk of general childhood

injury, they need to be educated about specific injury risks and effective

counter measures39.

A prospective study was conducted on parents’ safety practices and

to explore possible factors to unfavorable safety behaviours in selected

areas of United States. A sample of 289 mothers were selected and data

were collected through prospective interviews of parents in well baby

clinics by using structured 38 items questionnaire. The findings of study

were only 88 per cent mothers were interviewed and found that 75 per

cent mothers sleeping next to infant and 74 per cent mothers keeping

27

medications in a high or locked cabinet, twenty four mothers allowing

their children to play unsupervised in the streets. Results revealed that

many families with infants needs health promotion intervention including

education, environmental modification and legislation40.

A descriptive study was conducted on level of supervision of

children aged two through six years in selected areas of New Delhi, India.

A sample of 59 parents aged 31-40 years assessed by self-administered

questionnaire. The results of study revealed 95 per cent of parents

perceived that their child was at no risk or slight risk of injury when

getting up in the morning. Finally concluded that many parents supervise

their children by being close-by and on-hand as needed, rather than

directly being involved in child’s activities.41

A study from World Health Organization reported by a specialized

unit that a high prevalence of toxic exposures and poisoning in children in

selected area of New Delhi, India. A sample of annual reports registered

in A and E departments were selected through survey method the data

was collected. Results showed 58.2 per cent poisoning cases among

toddlers due to pesticides because of toddlers exploring their home.

Finally concluded that the provision of advice may be required by all

emergency departments42.

A longitudinal study conducted on toddler drowning in domestic

swimming pools from selected areas of Australia. A sample of 33

toddlers selected from each 1000 population. The data was collected by

survey method for 5 years. The findings of study showed that 46 per cent

of children drowned in the three summer months. Over half of the pools

lacked fencing, inadequate gates. This finding highlights the need for

28

pool owners to install standard fences and gates regularly and need of

supervision to prevent drowning accidents43.

A descriptive study was conducted on prevention of drowning in

infants conducted on prevention of drowning in infants and children in

selected are of United States. A sample of 1400 children were selected

and collected data through survey method. The findings of study were

installation of 4-sided fencing and yard is effective in preventing more

than 50% of swimming pool drowning. Results revealed that toddlers

need to be advised that they should never ever for a moment leave

children alone or in the care of another young child and needs supervision

of children when in or around water44.

A descriptive study was conducted on rates of paediatirc injuries by

3 months interval for children 0-3 years of age with education of

paediatirc anticipatory counseling on injury prevention topics. A sample

of 23,173 children were selected and data collected by survey method

with an interval of quarter year (3 month interval). The study observed

motor, behavioural and cognitive developmental mile stones of children.

Results revealed that between 15-17 months old all injuries were highest

because of exploratory behaviour, independent mobility. These injuries

can be reduced by effective anticipatory guidance to parents from

paediatricians and health care providers29.

An experimental study wad conducted on home observation for

measurement of the environment from selected areas of Mahasarakham,

Washington. A sample of 36 dyads of mothers and toddlers 13-35 months

and data collected by using convenient sampling technique. Results

showed that further need of study on use of home assessment instruments

29

by nurses and other workers in multicultural settings in use of

anticipatory guidance of mothers’ interactions with children45.

A longitudinal study was conducted to assess parents’ knowledge,

attitudes and beliefs related to childhood injuries in selected areas of New

Delhi. A sample of 220 mothers were selected and data collected by

questionnaire and participated in discussing scenarios depicting child

injury situations that involved a parent and a child. The result of study

demonstrated that parents view injuries as a natural consequences and

learn about risk avoidance when injury experienced. Injury prevention

programming that targeted parents need to focus on increasing awareness

of the scope of the problem, altering attitudes, beliefs related to

prevention46.

Studies related to association between socio-demographic variables

and knowledge

A descriptive study was conducted on parental awareness regarding

common childhood injuries and preventive issues in selected areas of

New Delhi, India. A sample of 400 mothers were selected and divided

into two groups, they were from private clinics and Government

hospitals. Data collected by interview method. The commonest injuries

identified in both groups was falls (53% Vs 83%). 2/3 of family having

stair gates, recommended that awareness was forced to be greater in

higher educational and socio-economic background status. Finally

concluded that awareness regarding common childhood injuries and their

prevention was lacking24.

A comparative study was conducted on childhood injury

prevention practices by parents in Mexico. A sample of 1123 children

30

were selected from three socio economic status (Upper, middle, lower).

Data collected by interview method through administration of

questionnaire. Results showed that safety score increased with increasing

socio economic status. Use of safety devices declined from 47 per cent

(upper socio economic group) to 25 per cent (middle) to 15 per cent

(lower). Finally concluded that considerable differences in knowledge

and practice of safety exist among parents of different socio economic

levels47.

A descriptive study was conducted in home injury prevention

practices for infants and toddlers, the role of parental beliefs and housing

quality from selected urban areas of Baltimore, USA. A sample of 150

mothers were selected and interviewed about their living environment

when they brought their children (6-36 months) to hospital based.

Findings of study showed 59 per cent of mothers did not use stair gates,

37 per cent of mothers knew hot water temperature. The study observed

factors of injury associated with family income, housing quality and

environmental barriers. Results revealed that to persuade parents about

value of injury in substandard housing and very limited financial

resources. Results showed that the combination of health beliefs, social

influence, demographic and experimental variables accounted for 51 per

cent of variance in hazard acceptability and 44 per cent of variance in

hazard frequency, age, the birth position of children were significant

predictors of home safety practices48.

A descriptive study was conducted on accidents in the home

among children under 5 in selected areas of London. A sample of 402

children were selected from different areas of London. Data collected by

attendance rates based on the population of electoral wards at the census.

31

Results revealed that there was a strong gradient by social class and

strong association with unemployment of the mother, over crowding and

tenture of housing21.

An experimental study was conducted on effect of socio-economic

status and prevention of childhood injuries in selected urban and rural

areas of Hamilton. A sample of 1020 mothers were selected and postal

survey of two random sampling technique used in collection of data.

Results revealed that home safety is higher in high socio economic status

children, where educational approaches are complemented by

environmental modification49.

An experimental study was conducted to enhance anticipatory

guidance for injury prevention in selected areas of Mexico. A sample of

thirty are residents were selected as experimental group and control

group. A quasi experimental design was used in collecting data. Results

recommend that frequency and impact of paediatric counseling on

anticipatory guidance can be enhanced because low-income families face

many barriers to carry out recommended safety practices50.

An experimental study was conducted on health beliefs and social

influence on home safety practices of mothers with toddlers in areas of

Muncie, USA. The purpose of study was to determine relationship among

health beliefs. A sample of 140 mothers of toddlers selected and data

were collected through structured interviews and observation. Results

showed that the combination of health beliefs, social influence,

demographic and experimental variables accounted so 51 per cent of

variance in hazard acceptability and 44 per cent in hazard frequency25.

32

METHODOLOGY

The methodology of a research study is defined as the way of

pertinent information is gathered in order to answer the research

questions or analyze the research problem. Research methodology

involves the systematic proceeding by which the researcher starts from

the time of initial identification of the problem to its final conclusion51.

The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of

structured teaching programme on nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers in a selected area of Raichur.

This chapter deals with brief description of different steps

undertaken by the Investigator for the study. It involves research

approach, the setting, population, sampling techniques and sample

selection of the tool, development and description of the tool, content

validity, reliability, pilot study, data collection procedure and plan for

data analysis.

Research Approach

Research approach is the most significant part of any research. The

appropriate choice of the research approach depends on purpose of the

research study which was undertaken. “Approach to research is an

umbrella which covers the basic procedure for conducting research”52.

The researcher found that experimental approach is the best suited as it is

a scientific investigation in which observation are made, data are

collected according to a set of well defined criteria and studies observable

changes that are taken place under controlled conditions.

33

Research Design

It is “a over all plan for obtaining answers to the research questions

or for testing the hypothesis”53. The research design spells out the basic

strategies that the researcher adopts to develop information that is

accurate and interpretable.

The research design guides the researcher in planning and

implementing the study in a way that is most likely to achieve the

intended goal.

After considering the entire factors related to the selected problem,

the Investigator has selected the pre experimental design to be specific,

one group pre test and post test was considered as an appropriate one.

E O1 x O2

E - Experimental group

O1 - Pre test assessment of knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers on

nature and prevention of accidents.

X - Treatment – structured teaching programme on nature

and prevention of accidents among mothers of toddler.

O2 - Post test assessment of knowledge of mothers’ on nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers.

34

Cluster random

Sampling

Mothers’ of toddlers

Mothers’ of toddlers in Zaheerabad area of Raichur

Target Population

Accessible Population

Random Sampling technique

Study Sample 40

Pre Test

Structured Teaching programme

Post - Test

Analysis and interpretation by Descriptive and inferential

statistics

Report

Evaluation of structured teaching

Programme

Criterion measure • High knowledge • Average knowledge • Low knowledge

Background Factors • Age • Education of the mother • Occupation of the

mother • Religion • Monthly family income • Number of Toddlers • Family type • Type of house Data Collection

by Structured interview schedule

Lottery method

Fig. 2: Schematic representation of research design

35

Setting of the Study The study was conducted in urban area of Raichur, Karnataka, Raichur is one of the backward district, it has an area of 60 sq.m, it comprises of 5 towns and 300 villages, with a total population of 3,42,686 and urban population of 2,07,596. It has 3,87,555 houses and total under-five children population is approximately 26,471. Raichur town consists of 35 wards, out of these wards, ward no.13 i.e., Zaheerabad area was choosen for conducting the present study. The schematic representation of area is given in figure 3.

The area is falling within the boundaries as follows: East : KSRTC Divisional Control Office West : Ashok Depot Road, Kurumgadda, North : Church South : Hillocks Covering the house no.4-1-1 to 4-6-100, the total population of ward no.13 is 14,233, among that 1,655 were under-five children (Municipal Office, Raichur). Population A population is an aggregate or totality of all subjects that possesses a set of specifications26. The target population is the group of population that the researcher aims to study and to whom the study findings will be generalized. The target population comprises of all mothers of toddlers. Accessible population is the list of population that researcher finds in study area. The accessible population in this study are mothers’ of toddlers who are residing in Zaheerabad area of Raichur.

36

Zaheerabad

RAICHUR

KARNATAKA

RAICHUR

Fig. 3: Map showing the area under the study

37

Sampling Technique

Sampling technique is “the process of selecting a portion of the

population to represent entire population”26. Cluster random sampling

method is a term of sampling where large grouping was selected first,

with the successive sub sampling of smaller units. The areas in Raichur

were listed out by the Investigator and in that Zaheerabad area was

selected for the study by using cluster random sampling.

Sample

“A sample consists of a subset of the units that comprises the

population”.

Sample size for the present study was 40 mothers’ of toddlers from

Zaheerabad area as an experimental group. Subjects for the sample were

selected by using simple random sampling technique i.e. by Lottery

method.

Inclusion Criteria

The study included the mothers who were:

• having at least one toddler in the family

• residing in Zaheerabad area of Raichur

• can understand and speak English or Hindi or Kannada or Telugu

• willing to participate in the study

• available at the time of data collection

38

Exclusion Criteria

The study excludes the mothers who were:

• not having at least one toddler in the family

• not residing in Zaheerabad area of Raichur

• cannot understand and speak English or Hindi or Kannada or Telugu

• not willing to participate in the study

• not available at the time of data collection

Limitations

The study was limited to

• the mothers who were having atleast one child in the age group of 1 to

3 years.

• who were residing in ward no. 13 Zaheerabad of Raichur

• who can understand Kannada or Hindi or Telugu or English

• who were willing to participate in the study.

Method of Data Collection

Data collection is a precise, systematic gathering of information

relevant to the research process. Since the study was primarily concerned

with the assessment of knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding

nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers, the researcher planed

to collect the information from the research subjects by interview

technique. An interview is a method of data collection in which an

interviewer obtains responses from a subject in a face-to-face encounter

or through a phone call54. Hence the researcher developed a structured

interview schedule to collect data by conducting the interview. The

interview schedule was formed carefully considering the knowledge,

clarity, organization and sequence of items.

39

Development of Tool

Structured interviews are the most appropriate when straightforward

factual information is desired where structured interview invariably

contains a set of questions called interview schedule. To assess the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers, a structured interview schedule was developed

by the Investigator to collect the data from the respondents based on

experts’ consultations and broad review of related literature.

Description of the Tool

A structured interview schedule was developed and used for

collecting the data. The interview schedule consists of two sections

namely Section-A; Section-B.

Section-A consists of ‘9’ items related to demographic information

of the respondents such as: age, education, occupation, religion, monthly

family income, number of toddlers in the family, family type and type of

the house.

Section-B consists of 30 multiple choice question items on

knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers

with four options for each question. Each correct answer was assigned a

score of ‘1’. The total score of Section-B was 30. The subjects who got a

score of above 75 per cent were considered as ‘high knowledge’, scores

of 51-75 per cent were considered as ‘average knowledge’ and scored

below 50 per cent were considered as ‘low knowledge’.

40

In Section-B the content has been divided based on aspects to be

covered.

• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge in general areas of home

accidents: It consists of 4 multiple-choice questions and it scores ‘4’.

• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge on falls: It consists of 4 multiple-

choice questions and it scores ‘4’.

• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge about poisoning: It consists of

5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘5’.

• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge on drowning: It consists of

5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘5’.

• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge on Burns: It consists of

5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘5’.

• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge on aspiration/suffocation:

It consists of 5 multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘5’.

• Assessment of mothers’ knowledge about road traffic accidents:

It consists of ‘2’ multiple-choice questions and assigned score was ‘2’.

Ethical consideration

• An ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethical

committee, Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur.

• Permission was obtained from the ward councilor.

• Consent was taken from all the participants.

Validity of the Tool

Content validity is concerned with the scope or range of items used

to measure the variable. For examining the content validity, the interview

schedule was validated by a panel of 7 subject experts consisting of

2 doctors and 5 nursing personnel specialized in Child Health Nursing.

41

The validators have suggested some modifications in the items. The

modifications and suggestions of experts were incorporated in the final

preparation of the interview schedule by the Investigator.

Pilot Study

It refers to the preliminary research conducted to test the elements

of the design before the actual study begins.

The pilot study was conducted at Zaheerabad area to test the

reliability, feasibility and practicability. Seven mothers who were having

toddlers were selected and were subjected for pre test from 1-8-05

to 10-08-05. Then the planned teaching was intervened on nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers by using charts, flash cards, flip

charts, transparencies and pamphlets.

The post test was conducted after a week. It took 45 minutes to

conduct the interview of each woman, the interview schedule was found

to be feasible and all the respondents understood the questions. The

structured teaching programme was easy, clear and the mothers showed

great interest in listening to the structured teaching programme.

Reliability of the Tool

Reliability of the tool was elicited by test and retest method, where

7 mothers were chosen from Zaheerabad as experimental group and

interviewed twice with a gap of one week between the first and second

interview. Karl Pearson’s formula ‘r’ was computed for finding out the

reliability. The ‘r’ was found as 0.91 for knowledge item evaluated

through verbal responses and observation respectively which showed

high positive correlation, indicating the tool was highly reliable.

42

Data collection procedure

Data collection is the gathering of information needed to address

the research problem54. The formal prior permission from the authorities

like ward councilor was sought and obtained. The Investigator also

obtained the permission from mothers’ of toddlers. The Investigator has

collected data for one month (20-08-05 to 20-09-05). Conduction of pre

test and post test was done after 7 days gap of structured teaching

programme to mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers

Plan for data analysis

Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of

research data and testing of research hypothesis by utilizing the obtained

data.

The obtained data was analyzed based on the objectives and

hypothesis by using both descriptive and inferential statistics.

• Demographic Data would be analysed by using percentage

distribution.

• Mean, Standard Deviation and paired ‘t’ test would be used to find

the mean differences between pre test and post test assessment scores

on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers of mothers.

• Chi – Square test would be used to find the relationship between

selected variables of mothers’ and post test assessment score.

43

RESULTS

Analysis is the categorizing, ordering, manipulating and

summarizing of the data to obtain answer to the research questions56.

“The number of closely related operations, which are performed

with the purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing the

data in such a manner that they answer to the research questions”.

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data

collected from 40 mothers’ of toddlers through structured interview

schedule. The data collected were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by

using descriptive and inferential statistics54.

The analysis and interpretation of data were presented under 4

sections.

Section – I : Description of sample characteristics.

Section – II : (a) Percentage distribution of knowledge levels

of mothers’ of toddlers on nature and

prevention of toddlers accidents related to

pre test and post test.

(b) Percentage distribution of knowledge levels

of mothers on different sections of nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers related

to pre test and post-test.

44

(c) Mean and standard deviation of pre test and

post test for different sections of knowledge on

nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers.

Section – III : Effectiveness of structured teaching programme

knowledge of mothers on accidents among

toddlers by comparing pre test and post test by

the paired ‘t’ test.

Section – IV : Association between the knowledge of mothers

about nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers with the selected socio-demographic

variables.

45

Section – I

Description of socio demographic characteristics of sample

included in the study were: age, education, occupation, religion, monthly

family income, number of toddlers in the family, family type and type of

the house.

Table 1

Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their age

N = 40

Age in years Frequency Percentage

Below 20 3 7.5

21 – 25 7 17.5

26 – 30 24 60

Above 30 6 15

Table1 describes the percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers

by their age, more than half of the mothers’ belongs to the age group of

26-30 years (60%), followed by more than one tenth percentage of

mothers were belongs to 21-25 years (17.5%) and above 30 years were

above one tenth per cent (15%). A minimal percentage of mothers

belongs to the age group of below 20 years (7.5%).

46

47

Table 2

Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers

by their education status

N = 40

Education status Frequency Percentage

Illiterates 14 35

Primary school 13 32.5

Secondary school 10 25

High school 3 7.5

Collegiate education - -

Table 2 reveals that the percentage distribution of mothers’ by their

educational status. More than one third of mothers were illiterate (35%).

Nearly one third of mothers were studied upto primary school (32.5%)

followed by one fourth of mothers were studied upto secondary school

(25%), and less than one tenth percentage of mothers were studied upto

high school (7.5%). None of the sample were educated collegiate

education. It shows that still in study area, the educational status of the

mothers was very low indicating the backwardness and ignorance of the

community.

48

49

Table 3

Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their occupation

N = 40

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Coolie 20 50

Housewife 16 40

Petty business 4 10

Any other specify - -

Table 3 represents the percentage distribution of mothers’ of

toddlers by their occupation. Nearly half of the mothers were coolies

(50%) followed by less than half of the mothers were housewives (40%)

and one tenth of mothers were doing petty business (10%).

50

51

Table 4

Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their religion

N = 40

Religion Frequency Percentage

Hindu 9 22.5

Muslim 29 72.5

Christian 2 5

Table 4 shows that the percentage distribution of mothers’ of

toddlers by their religion. Nearly three fourth of the mothers were

belonging to Muslim religion (72.5%), nearly one fourth of mothers were

belonging to Hindu religion (22.5%) and a very minimal percentage of

mothers belonging to Christian religion (5%). Raichur area was

dominated by Muslim religion, the same was depicted in Zaheerabad

area.

52

53

Table 5

Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers

by their monthly family income

N = 40

Monthly family income Frequency Percentage

< Rs.1000 15 37.5

Rs.1001 – 2000 20 50

Rs.2001 – 3000 5 12.5

> Rs.3001 - -

Table 5 represents the percentage distribution of mothers’ of

toddlers by their monthly family income. Half of the mothers had an

income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%). More than one third of mothers had an

income of less than Rs.1000/- (37.5%) and more than one tenth of

mothers had an income of Rs.2001-3000 (12.5%).

54

55

Table 6

Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their number of

toddlers in the family

N = 40

Number of toddlers in

the family

Frequency Percentage

One 28 70

Two 12 30

Three - -

Four - -

Table 6 depicts the percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers

by their number of toddlers in the family. Nearly three fourth of mothers

had one toddler in the family (70%) and nearly one third of mothers had

two toddlers in the family (30%).

56

57

Table 7

Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers

by their type of family

N = 40

Type of family Frequency Percentage

Nuclear 24 60

Joint 12 30

Extended 4 10

Single parent - -

Table 7 represents that the percentage distribution of mothers’ of

toddlers by their type of family. Nearly two third of mothers were

belonged to nuclear family (60%) followed by nearly one third of

mothers were belonged to joint family (30%), and one tenth of mothers

were belonged to extended family (10%). It shows that disintegration of

joint family system was observed even in the study area also.

58

59

Table 8

Percentage distribution of mothers’ of toddlers by their type of house

N = 40

Type of house Frequency Percentage

Pakka 13 32.5

Kucha 13 32.5

Semi pakka 14 35

Table 8 describes the percentage distribution of mothers’ of

toddlers by their type of the house. More than one third of mothers were

residing at semi pakka house (35%) and one third of mothers were

residing at pakka and kucha houses were equally (32.5%) distributed.

60

61

Section II

This section deals with percentage distribution of knowledge levels

if mothers’ of toddlers on nature and prevention of accidents related to

pre test and post test.

Table 9

Percentage distribution of overall knowledge scores of mothers’ on

nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers

related to pre test and post test

N = 40

Pre test Post test Knowledge

score Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

High

knowledge - - 5 12.5

Average

knowledge 6 15 35 87.5

Low

knowledge 34 85 - -

Table 9 represents the overall knowledge levels of mothers on

nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers, related to pre test and

post test. In pre test majority of the mothers had low knowledge (85%)

followed by more than one tenth of mothers had average knowledge

(15%) where as in post test indicated a marked increase in knowledge

level, that majority of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) and more

than one tenth of mothers had high knowledge (12.5%). From this it was

inferred that structured teaching programme was effective in improving

the knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers on nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers.

62

63

Table 10

Percentage distribution of knowledge levels of mothers of toddlers on

different sections on nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers related to pre test and post test

N = 40 Pre test Post test

Low < 50% Average 51-

75%

High >

75%

Low <

50%

Average 51-

75% High > 75%

Different sections of

knowledge

F % F % F % F % F % F %

Over all knowledge 34 85 6 15 - - - - 35 87.5 5 12.5

General areas of home

accidents 40 100 - - - - 15 37.5 20 50.0 5 12.5

Falls 34 85 6 15 - - 15 37.5 19 47.5 6 15

Poisoning 30 75 9 22.5 1 2.5 4 10.0 20 50 16 40

Drowning 35 87.5 4 10 1 2.5 1 2.5 22 55 17 42.5

Burns 31 77.5 9 22.5 - - - - 30 75 10 25

Aspiration / suffocation 34 85 6 15 - - - - 27 67.5 13 32.5

Road traffic accidents 34 85 - - 6 15 28 70 - - 12 30

Table 10 reveals the percentage distribution of knowledge levels of

mothers’ of toddlers on different sections of knowledge level related to

nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers in pre test and post

test. The knowledge levels of mothers had been divided into 7 specific

sections viz., general areas of home accidents, falls, poisoning, drowning,

burns, aspiration / suffocation and road traffic accidents.

In pre test regarding the overall knowledge of mothers of toddlers,

the majority were had low knowledge (85%) followed by above one tenth

of mothers had average knowledge (15%). Where as in post test, majority

of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) and more than one tenth of

64

mothers had high knowledge (12.5%). It signifies the effectiveness of

structured teaching programme among mothers’ knowledge.

In the section of general areas of home accidents all mothers had

low knowledge (100%) in pre test. Whereas in post test half of the

mothers had average knowledge (50%) followed by more than one third

of mothers had low knowledge (37.5%) and nearly one tenth of mothers

had high knowledge (12.5%).

In the section related to falls, majority of mothers had low

knowledge (85%) followed by above one tenth of mothers had average

knowledge (15%) related to pre test. Whereas in post test half of the

mothers had average knowledge (50%) followed by mothers with low

knowledge (37.5%) and above one tenth of mothers had high knowledge

(12.5%).

In the section related to poisoning, in pre test nearly three fourth of

mothers had low knowledge (75%), followed by more than one fifth of

the mothers had average knowledge (22.5%), and a very negligible

percentage of mothers had high knowledge (2.5%). Whereas in post test,

the half of the mothers had average knowledge (50%), followed by two

fifth of the mothers had high knowledge (40%) and one tenth of mothers

had low knowledge (10%).

In the section related to drowning in pre test, majority of mothers

had low knowledge (87.5%) and followed by one tenth of mothers had

average knowledge (10%) and a very negligible percentage of mothers

had high knowledge (2.5%). Whereas in post test more than half of

mothers had gained average knowledge (55%) and followed by more than

65

two fifth of the mothers has high knowledge (42.5%), followed by a very

minimal percentage of mothers had low knowledge (2.5%).

In the section related to burns in pre test, more than three fourth of

the mothers had low knowledge (77.5%), followed by more than one fifth

of the mothers had average knowledge (22.5%). Whereas in post test,

three fourth of mothers had average knowledge (75%) and one fourth of

mothers had high knowledge (25%).

In the section related to aspiration / suffocation, in pre test,

majority of mothers had low knowledge (85%) and more than one tenth

of mothers had average knowledge (15%), whereas in post test, more than

two third of mothers had average knowledge (67.5%) and more than one

third of mothers had high knowledge (32.5%).

In the section related to road traffic accidents in pre test, majority

of mothers had low knowledge (85%), more than one tenth of mothers

had high knowledge (15%). Whereas in post test, nearly three fourth of

mothers had low knowledge (70%) and nearly one third of mothers had

high knowledge (30%).

In post test, higher levels of knowledge were observed in all sectors

of study content when compared to pre test signified the structured

teaching programme was effective.

66

Table 11

Mean and standard deviation of pre test and post test for different

sections of knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers

N = 40

Pre test Post test Different sections of

knowledge Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Overall knowledge 12.1 2.10 20.28 2.68

General areas of home

accidents

0.5 0.5 2.75 0.67

Falls 2 0.57 2.78 0.69

Poisoning 2.35 0.53 3.4 0.8

Drowning 1.8 0.73 3.5 0.67

Burns 1.9 0.74 3.3 0.44

Aspiration / suffocation 1.7 0.72 3.3 0.47

Road traffic accidents 1.2 0.36 1.3 0.46

Table 11 describes mean percentage and standard deviation of

different sections of knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers on nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers.

The overall pre test assessment of mean was 12.1 (SD=2.10)

increased in post test assessment was 20.28 (SD-2.68). From this it was

inferred that structured teaching programme was effective in improving

the knowledge of mothers of toddlers.

67

In different sections of knowledge, in pre test, the highest mean

was observed by the following hierarchical order viz., poisoning 2.35

(SD=0.74), falls 2(SD=0.57), burns 1.9 (SD=0.74), drowning 1.8

(SD=0.73), aspiration/ suffocation 1.7 (SD=0.36) and road traffic

accidents 1.2 (SD=0.36). Whereas in post test the highest mean was

observed by the following hierarchical order viz., drowning 3.5

(SD=0.67), poisoning 3.4 (SD=0.8) aspiration/suffocation 3.3 (SD=0.47),

burns 3.3 (SD=0.44), falls 2.78 (SD=0.69), general areas of home

accidents 2.75 (SD=0.67) and road traffic accidents 1.3 (SD=0.46).

68

Section III

Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge of

mothers’ of toddlers on nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers by comparing the pre test and post test.

Table 12

Different section of knowledgeMean

difference

Standard

deviation

difference

Paived ‘t’

values

Over all knowledge 8.1 1.64 31.22

General areas of home accident 1.25 0.43 18.37

Falls 0.8 0.18 28.09

Poisoning 1.3 0.46 17.86

Drowning 1.7 0.49 21.93

Burns 1.35 0.48 17.78

Aspiration/ Suffocation 1.7 0.48 22.38

Road traffic accidents 0.3 0.38 4.99

Table 12 describes the effectiveness of structured teaching programme

on knowledge of mothers regarding nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers by comparing the pre test and post test.

Mean difference of 1.25 (SD=0.43) in general areas of home

accidents with paired ‘t’ value 18.37 followed by mean difference of 0.8

(SD=0.18) in falls with paired ‘t’ value 28.07; mean difference of 1.3

(SD=0.46) in poisoning with paired ‘t’ value of 17.86, mean difference of

1.7 (SD=0.49) in drowning with paired ‘t’ value of 21.93; mean

difference of 1.35 (SD=0.48) of burns with paired ‘t’ value of 17.78;

69

mean difference of 1.7(SD=0.48) of aspiration/suffocation with paired ‘t’

value of 22.38; mean difference of 0.3 (SD=0.38) in road traffic accidents

with paired ‘t’ value of 4.99.

The overall pre test and post test mean difference 8.1 (SD=1.64)

with the paired ‘t’ value of 31.22. Thus it revealed that the mean post test

knowledge score was significantly higher than the mean pre test

knowledge score of mothers’ on nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers. The table value of paired ‘t’ value at 1% level of

significance and 29 degree of freedom is (1.6999) was less than

calculated value ‘t’=31.22. Hence statistically there was a significant

difference in post test knowledge score than pre test knowledge score.

Therefore the Investigator accepted the H1 research hypothesis.

70

SECTION IV

Association between the age of mother’ with their post test

knowledge regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers

Table 13

Post test knowledge

Low

Knowledge

Average

Knowledge

High

Knowledge Age

F % F % F %

Total

Below 20 years - - 3 7.5 - - 3

21-25 years - - 7 17.5 - - 7

26-30 years - - 24 60 - - 24

Above 30 years - - 1 2.5 5 12.5 6

Total 35 87.5 5 12.5 40

(χ2 = 4.9024 d.f. = 3)

Table 13 depicts the association between the age of mothers’ and

post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers.

In post test, related to average knowledge, 24 mothers were

belonging to the age group of 26-30 years had average knowledge

followed by 7 mothers were belonging to the age group of 21-25 years. 6

mothers were belonging to age group of 30 years, in that 5 mothers had

high knowledge, and only one mother had average knowledge and a very

71

minimum number of mothers (3) were belonging to age group of below

20 years, and had low knowledge.

Chi square test was done to identify the association between age of

mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers. The calculated χ2 was 4.9024, at 5% level of

significance with 3 degree of freedom. Table critical value of χ2 was

7.815. The calculated χ2 value was less than Table value. Hence there

was no significant association between age and post test knowledge of

mothers. Hence the Investigator rejected the H2 research hypothesis.

72

Table 14

Association between education status of mothers’ with their post test

knowledge regarding nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers

Post test knowledge

Low

Knowledge

Average

Knowledge

High

Knowledge Education status

F % F % F %

Total

Illiterates - - 14 35 - - 14

Primary school - - 13 32.5 - - 13

Secondary school - - 8 20 2 5 10

High school - - - - 3 7.5 3

College education - - - - - - -

Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40

(χ2 = 25.9979 d.f. = 4)

Table 14 reveals the association between the education status of

mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers.

Among total mothers, 14 mothers were illiterates and had average

knowledge followed by 13 mothers were studied upto primary school and

had average knowledge, 10 mothers were studied upto secondary school,

in that 8 mothers had average knowledge and 2 mothers had high

knowledge. A very minimum number of 3 mothers were studied upto

high school, had high knowledge.

73

The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 4 degree of

freedom was 9.48. As the calculated value 25.9979 was higher than the

table value, there was significant relationship between mothers post test

knowledge with their education status. Hence, the Investigator accepted

the H3 research hypothesis.

74

Table 15

Association between the occupation of mothers with their post test

knowledge regarding nature and prevention

of accident among toddlers

Post test knowledge

Low

Knowledge

Average

Knowledge

High

Knowledge Occupation

F % F % F %

Total

Coolie - - 20 50 - - 20

Housewife - - 11 27.5 5 12.5 16

Petty business - - 4 10 - - 4

Any other - - - - - - -

Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40

(χ2 = 8.5714 d.f. = 3)

Table 15 represents the association between the occupation of

mothers with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers.

20 mothers were coolies, they had average knowledge, followed by

16 mothers were housewives, in that 11 mothers had average knowledge,

5 mothers had high knowledge, 4 mothers had average knowledge who

were doing petty business.

75

The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 3 d.f. is

7.815. As the calculated value 8.5714 was higher than Table value, there

was significant relationship between the mother’s occupational status

with their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers. Hence the Investigator accepted the H4 hypothesis.

76

Table 16

Association between the religion of mothers with their post test

knowledge regarding nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers

Post test knowledge

Low

Knowledge

Average

Knowledge

High

Knowledge Religion

F % F % F %

Total

Hindu - - 8 20 1 2.5 9

Muslim - - 26 65 3 7.5 29

Christian - - 1 2.5 1 2.5 2

Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40

(χ2 = 2.7074 d.f. = 2)

Table 16 represents the association between the religion of

mothers’ with their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers.

29 mothers were belonging to Muslim religion in that 26 mothers

had average knowledge and 3 mothers had high knowledge. 9 mothers

were belonging to Hindu religion, among them 8 mothers had average

knowledge and only one mother had high knowledge. Only 2 mothers

were belonging to Christian religion in that one mother had average

knowledge and one mother had high knowledge.

77

The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 2 d.f. is

5.991 as the calculated value χ2 = 2.7074 was lower than the Table value,

there was no significant relationship between mothers’ religion with their

post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers. Hence the Investigator rejected the H5 research hypothesis.

78

Table 17

Association between the monthly family income of mothers and their

post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers

Post test knowledge

Low

Knowledge

Average

Knowledge

High

Knowledge

Monthly family

income

F % F % F %

Total

Below Rs.1000 - - 15 37.5 - - 15

Rs.1001-2000 - - 20 50 - - 20

Rs.2001-3000 - - - - 5 12.5 5

Rs.3001 and above - - - - - - -

Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40

(χ2 = 5.7143 d.f. = 3)

Table 17 shows the association between the monthly family

income of mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers.

20 mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 had average

knowledge, followed by 15 mothers had an income of less than Rs.1000

and had average knowledge, 5 mothers had an income of Rs.2001-3000

and had high knowledge.

79

The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 3 df 7.815

and the calculated value χ2=5.7143 was lower than Table value. It was

indicated that there was no significant relationship between the monthly

family income of mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature

and prevention of accidents. Hence the Investigator rejected the H6

research hypothesis.

80

Table 18

Association between number of toddlers in the family of mothers and

their post test knowledge on nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers

Post test knowledge

Low

Knowledge

Average

Knowledge

High

Knowledge

Number of

toddlers in

the family F % F % F %

Total

One - - 28 70 - - 28

Two - - 7 17.5 5 12.5 12

Three - - - - - - -

Four - - - - - - -

Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40

(χ2 = 13.334 d.f. = 3)

Table 18 describes the association between number of toddlers in

the family of mothers with their post test knowledge on nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers.

28 mothers had one toddler in the family and had average

knowledge, followed by 12 mothers had two toddlers in the family,

among them 7 mothers had average knowledge, 5 mothers had high

knowledge.

81

The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with df =3 was

7.815. As the calculated critical value χ2=13.334 was higher than the

Table value, indicated there was significant relationship between number

of toddlers in family with their post test knowledge on nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers. Hence, the Investigator accepted

the H7 research hypothesis.

82

Table 19

Association between the type of family of mothers and their post test

knowledge regarding nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers

Post test knowledge

Low

Knowledge

Average

Knowledge

High

Knowledge

Type of

family

F % F % F %

Total

Nuclear - - 19 47.5 5 12.5 24

Joint - - 12 30 - - 12

Extended - - 4 10 - - 4

Single parent - - - - - - -

Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40

(χ2 = 3.8092 d.f. = 3)

Table 19 describes the association between the type of family of

mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers.

24 mothers were belonging to nuclear family among them 19

mothers had average knowledge and 5 mothers had high knowledge

followed by 12 mothers were belonging to joint family and had average

knowledge, 4 mothers were belonging to extended family and had

average knowledge.

83

The Table value of χ2 at 5% level of significance with 3 d.f was

7.815. As the calculated value χ2=3.8092 was lower than the Table value,

there was no significant association between the mothers of family type

and their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers. Hence the Investigator rejected H8 research hypothesis.

84

Table 20

Association between the type of house of mother and their post test

knowledge regarding nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers

Post test knowledge

Low

Knowledge

Average

Knowledge

High

Knowledge

Type of

house

F % F % F %

Total

Pakka - - 8 20 5 12.5 13

Kucha - - 13 32.5 - - 13

Semi

pakka

- - 14 35 - - 14

Total - - 35 87.5 5 12.5 40

(χ2 = 11.9065 d.f. = 2)

Table 20 represents the association between the type of house of

mothers and their post test knowledge regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers.

14 mothers were residing at semi pakka house had average

knowledge, 13 mothers were residing at pakka house, in that 8 mothers

had average knowledge and 5 mothers had high knowledge, remaining 13

mothers were residing at kucha house and had average knowledge.

85

Table value of χ2=at 5% level of significance with df = 2 was

5.991. As the calculated value χ2=11.9065 was higher than the Table

value, there was significant association between the type of house and

their post test knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents among

toddler. Hence, the Investigator accepted H9 research hypothesis.

86

DISCUSSION

The term ‘accident’ implies that they are not preventable.

‘Accidents’ was identified as one of the priority area to target with in

health care. The accidents were common among toddlers, because of their

wonderful age of curiosity, experimentation and daily adventure without

the havoc contribution by unnecessary accidents. Most household items

can be hazardous and accidents are preventable with simple safety

measures, yet accidents are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity

in children under 5 years of age7. Mothers’ education along with firm

guidance are the keys to accident prevention and safe living. Accident

prevention education delivered through Child Accident Prevention Trust

to parents / care givers to reduce the incidence of home accidents under

the age of 5 years. The education to parents through primary health team

are at the forefront of promoting safety of the under fives as to how to

avoid potential dangers for young children in the home and encourage

usage of safety equipment5.

This study was experimental in nature. The study was conducted in

Zaheerabad area of Raichur; it was designed to assess the effectiveness of

structured teaching programme on nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers. The data was collected by assessing knowledge of 40

mothers’ of toddlers. The study was conducted over a period of 4 weeks

from 20-08-05 to 20-09-05. The tool used for this study consists of two

sections:

87

Section – A : Demographic data

Section – B : knowledge of the mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents. In that ‘7’ specific sections were covered Viz.,

• General areas of home accidents

• Falls

• Poisoning

• Drowning

• Burns

• Aspiration / suffocation

• Road traffic accidents

The collection data for the present study was analyzed

systematically by using relevant statistical methods and the results of the

study were discussed as follows:

Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers’ of toddlers:

Forty mothers of toddlers were selected as sample in the present

study in Zaheerabad area of Raichur. More than half of the mothers were

in the age group of 26-30 years (60%) followed by 21-25 years (17.5%)

above 30 years were (15%) and a minimal percentage of mothers were

belonging to the age group of below 20 years (7.5%). It indicates that the

age at marriage among sample seems to be as per legal age at marriage as

very minimum percentage of the mothers had toddlers by below 20 years

of age.

More than one third of mothers were illiterates (35%) followed by

mothers with primary school education (32.5%) and secondary education

(25%) a very negligible percentage of sample studied up to high school

88

(7.5%). It clearly shows that the education status of the mothers was very

low in the study area indicating the education backwardness status of

mothers.

Nearly two thirds of sample were doing one or other type of

occupation activity (coolies = 50% and petty business = 10%) denoting

that, even in the backward area also women were carrying forward to

shoulder the family responsibilities. It was also observed that 40 per cent

of mothers were enjoying household activities alone, where the traditional

Indian system was also observed.

Nearly three forth of mothers’ of toddlers were belonging to

Muslim religion (72.5%) and less than one forth of the mothers’ of

toddlers belonging to Hindu religion (22.5%) and a very minimal

percentage of mothers’ of toddlers belongs to Christian religion (5%). As

Raichur is dominated by Muslim population having history of belonging

to Nizam’s rulers. The same picture was also observed in the study area

also.

Half of the mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%) and

more than one third of mothers had an income of less than Rs.1000

(37.5%) and nearly one tenth of mothers had an income of Rs.2001-3000

(12.5%). None of the families had family monthly income of more than

Rs.3000, shows the economic backwardness of the study sample, which

the country is facing presently.

Nearly three fourth of the mothers had one toddler in the family

(70%) and nearly one third of mothers had two toddlers in the family

(30%). More than one toddler in the family was observed in joint families

89

alone. It is interesting to note that even though the study area was

dominated by Muslims, the small family norm was observed.

Nearly two third of mothers belonging to nuclear family (60%),

nearly one third of mothers were belonging to joint family (30%), and

one tenth of mothers’ of toddlers were belonging to extended family

(10%). It shows that the disintegration of joint family system even in the

study area was observed.

Majority of mothers were living in semi pakka house (35%) and

nearly one third of mothers were residing in kucha houses (32.5%) and

pakka house respectively (32.5%).

The knowledge of mothers’ regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers

Structured Interview Schedule was used to assess mothers’

knowledge score on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

According to the selection criteria, forty mothers of toddlers were

selected in this study.

In pre test, majority of the mothers’ of toddlers had low knowledge

(85%) and more than one tenth of mothers had average knowledge (15%)

where as in post test, majority of mothers had average knowledge

(87.5%) followed by more than one tenth of mothers had low knowledge

(12.5%).

The mean score and standard deviation of pre assessment and post

assessment score on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers

was 12.1 (SD=2.10) and 20.28 (SD=2.68) respectively.

90

The effectiveness of structured teaching programme on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers

The calculated mean in this study was 8.1 (SD=1.64) with the

paired ‘t’ value of 31.22. The Table value of paired ‘t’ value at 1% level

of significance at 29 degree of freedom 1.6999 was less than calculated

‘t’ value. It was evident that the structured teaching programme had an

effect among mothers’ of toddlers in improving the knowledge on nature

and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

The relationship between the selected demographic variables

and knowledge of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers

Significant relationship was found between the post test knowledge

score on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers and education

status (χ2= 25.9979), occupation (χ2= 8.5714), number of toddlers in the

family (χ2= 13.334) and type of the house (χ2= 11.9065) at 5% level of

significance.

No significant relationship was found between the post test

knowledge as nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers and age

(x2= 4.9024), religion (χ2= 2.7074), monthly family income (x2= 5.7143)

and type of the family (x2= 3.8092).

It was concluded that significant association was not observed

among the mothers’ knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents

among toddlers in post test knowledge with some of the variables such as

age, religion, monthly family income and type of the house. Hence, the

implementation of structured teaching programme with these variables

was not having significant influence in the topic.

91

SUMMARY

The aim of study was to assess the effectiveness of structured

teaching programme regarding nature and prevention of accidents among

mothers’ of toddlers. The nature of study was experimental study and was

conducted in Zaheerabad area of Raichur.

The objectives of study were:

• To assess the knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature

and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme

regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• To analyze the relationship between the knowledge of mothers

regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers with

selected socio-demographic variables.

Based on the objectives of the study the following research hypothesis

were formulated:

H1 : There will be a significant difference between pre test and

post test knowledge scores of mothers’ of toddlers regarding

nature and prevention of accidents.

H2 : There will be a significant relationship between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their age.

92

H3 : There will be a significant relationship between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their education status.

H4 : There will be a significant relationship between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their occupation.

H5 : There will be a significant association between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their religion.

H6 : There will be a significant relationship between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their monthly family income.

H7 : There will be a significant relationship between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their number of toddlers in the

family.

H8 : There will be a significant relationship between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their family type.

H9 : There will be a significant relationship between the

knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature and

prevention of accidents with their type of house.

Related literature and previous research studies were utilized to

support the present study. The conceptual framework used for this study

was based on modified form of Bertanlonffy’s, General systems theory.

The research design adopted for this study was one group pre test

and post test of pre experimental design. A study was conducted in ward

93

no.13 of Zaheerabad area, Raichur. Simple random sampling technique

by lottery method was used for selecting the 40 sample mothers for the

present study.

A structured interview schedule was prepared and used for data collection, which consists of two parts: Part-‘A’ deals with socio-demographic data, Part – ‘B’ consists of 30 items regarding knowledge of mothers on nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers. Content validity was done by 7 experts who were specialized in Child Health Nursing. The tool was found to be reliable and valid the reliability by using Karl-Pearson’s formula i.e. r=0.92 and was found to be highly reliable. A pilot study was conducted for finding out the feasibility of administration of tool for study. The sample taken for pilot study was not considered as sample for main study. The data for final study was collected from 20-8-05 to 20-9-05. During the main study the Investigator collected background information and assessed knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers with structured interview schedule and was intervened again after a gap of seven days the post test was done. The data collected were coded, grouped, tabulated and interpreted based on objectives of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Major findings of the study characteristics:

• More than half of the sample were in the age group of between 20-30 years (60%).

• More than one third of mothers were illiterates (35%).

• Half of the mothers were coolies (50%).

• Half of the mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%).

• Nearly three fourth of mothers had one toddler in the family (70%).

• More than half of mothers were belonging to nuclear family (60%).

94

• More than one third of mothers were residing in semipakka houses (35%).

Findings related to effectiveness of structured teaching programme:

In Pre test majority of the mothers had low knowledge (85%).

After intervention of structured teaching programme in post test, majority

of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) and more than one tenth of

mothers had high knowledge (12.5%).

The over all mean pre test knowledge score was 12.1 with the

standard deviation of 2.10. The over all mean post test knowledge score

was 20.28 with the standard deviation of 2.68.

The pre test mean knowledge score was increased from 12.1 to

20.28. In post test, the obtained over all mean difference between the post

test and pre test was 8.1, with the standard deviation of 1.64 with

calculated the paired ‘t’ value of 31.22. The Table value of paired ‘t’

value at 1% level of significance at 29 degrees of freedom was 1.6999.

Hence, statistically there was significant difference in post test knowledge

than pre test knowledge. Therefore the Investigator had retained the H1

research hypothesis.

The findings related to relationship between knowledge of mothers

with selected socio-demographic variables:

The association between knowledge and selected variables was

observed by computing chi-square test, significant relationship between

the knowledge levels of mothers with selected socio-demographic

95

variables such as education status, occupation, number of toddlers in the

family and type of house. Hence, the research hypotheses i.e. H3, H4, H7,

H9 were accepted.

The association between knowledge and selected variables was

observed by computing chi-square test and it was found no significant

relationship between the knowledge levels of mothers with selected

socio-demographic variables such as age, religion, monthly income and

family type. Hence, the research hypothesis which were formulated i.e.,

H2, H5, H6, H8 were rejected.

96

CONCLUSION

Conclusions were derived from findings and are a synthesis of

findings. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the

present study: to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching

programme on nature and preventions of accidents among toddlers.

• In pre test, majority of mothers of toddlers had low knowledge

(85%) and 15% of mothers had average knowledge regarding

nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• In post test, the mothers of toddlers attained 87.5% of average

knowledge and 12.5% of high knowledge implicating the

effectiveness of structured teaching programme intervention.

• Significant association was found between knowledge of mothers

of toddlers with selected socio-demographic variables in the post

test, like education status, occupation, number of toddlers in the

family and type of house.

• In significant association between the knowledge of mothers with

selected socio-demographic variables in the post test, like age,

religion, monthly income and type of family.

97

IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The findings of the study have several implications for nursing

education, nursing practice, nursing administration and nursing research.

The implications, which have been made in the present study were

essential to the nurse practitioners, nurse educators and nurse

administrators.

Nursing Education:

• Nurse educator can teach the students to acquire adequate

knowledge and skills in prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• Nurse educator can teach mothers about valid factors which affect

the health of children due to accidents.

• Nurse educator can teach in community to adopt appropriate

preventive measures against accidents among toddlers.

• Nurse educator can teach all married parents to raise level of

knowledge on nature and prevention of accidents.

• Nurse educator can teach the mothers about the importance of safe

environment and anticipatory guidance to prevent accidents.

• Nurse educator can teach the students and mothers about

management of dangers among toddlers.

98

• Nurse educator can compare the demographic characteristics which

had effect on accidents among toddlers viz.- mothers educational

status, type of house, occupation.

• Nurse educator can motivate the mothers in establishing safe

environment to children.

Nursing Practice:

Nurses are key persons of the health team, who play vital role in

the promotion and maintenance of health.

• Nurses should involve in planning the prevention of accidents

among toddlers.

• Nurses can conduct community awareness campaigns programme

on importance of parental supervision in prevention of accidents.

• Nurses should plan health education on home safety and injury

prevention programmes for mothers.

• Nurse as a practitioner can be prepared Health education module to

teach the mothers on prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• Nurse can teach health professionals to teach the mothers during

their home visits on primary prevention and first-aid.

• Nurse should plan formal and informal teaching programme for

nursing professional in community.

Nursing Administration:

• Nursing professionals working in hospital settings can find

opportunity to teach and improve the knowledge of mothers.

• Nurse administrators can organize the staff development

programmes for nurses to update their knowledge regarding

prevention of accidents among toddlers.

99

• Nurse administrator can organize and conduct counseling

programmes for mothers’ of toddlers in meetings their needs

• Nurse administrator can bring awareness among the public in

general and specific focus groups regarding nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers.

Nursing Research:

The findings of the study shows that majority of the mothers’ of

toddlers have lack of knowledge about nature and prevention of accidents

and provision of safety environment in home and out side.

• Based on the findings future researchers can conduct further

studies on awareness and improvement of knowledge of mothers

regarding toddler accidents on a large sample.

• The study will motivate the beginning researchers to conduct same

study with different variables on a large scale.

RECOMMENDATIONS

• The present study was conducted on a smaller sample, a more

extensive study on larger sample is recommended for wider

generalization.

• A comparative study can be conducted to identify the differences

and similarities between rural and urban areas of mothers’

knowledge levels in prevention of accidents.

• An experimental study can be conducted with control group for

comparison.

• A similar study can be conducted in hospital and community

settings.

100

• The teaching and demonstration materials can be videotaped and

can be shown to mothers in out patient department of hospital.

• To increase awareness health information can be passed out to

others by various sources like: Voluntary organization,

Government services, Private health camps, Nursing personnel and

other health professionals with the help of mass media.

101

101

TOPIC : Nature and Prevention of accidents among toddlers.

Group : Mothers of Toddlers.

Place : Zaheerabad, Raichur

Duration : 45 minutes

Method of Teaching : Lecture cum discussion.

Teaching aids : Charts

• Flash cards

• Flip charts

• Demonstration

General Objectives : By the end of teaching class Mothers will be able to :-

• Acquire correct information about nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

Specific Objectives :

• Give brief account on Growth and Development of a toddler.

• Gains knowledge regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• Acquire knowledge regarding sources, causes of accidents in toddlers

• Implement first aid technique in case of emergency.

• Practice Preventive aspects in causation of accidents.

102

Time Specific

Objectives Content

Teaching &

Learning activity Evaluation

5

Minutes

Introduces

the topic

“Child Safety is Nation’s Safety”

Introduction

Mother plays a vital role in caring of children.

Educating mother is lighting lamp in the house. She

nourishes, protects and supports the children. The safety

environment helps and unsafely environment dangers the

health of the child. One of the environmental dangers

(hazards) are the home accidents. The child accidents are

very common which leads to loss or death of the child.

Parents as mothers has to protect the children from

accidents by providing “Healthy environments for

children”. Mother mainly to be educated to provide the

healthy, safe environment to their children1.

Teacher introduces

the topic by

explaining the

importance of mother

in protecting children

from accidents.

What is the

importance of

Mother in her

family?

Toddler Room

103

3

Minutes

States the

meaning of

an accident

Meaning

• Accident means “sudden, Unexpected harmful event”

• An accident is often a harmful event that could be

avoided by a little careful thought 4.

Teacher explains the

meaning of an

accident.

What is an

accident?

Narrates the

nature of

Toddler

Toddler

Child accidents are very common among toddlers’

age. (i.e.1-3 years). During this age the child is like a

“discovering machine” always searching for new things.

Because of Curious (eagerness) and enthusiastic in nature,

they love to explore the environments persistently and does

not understand the probable danger of their play3.

Teacher narrates the

nature of toddler

Who is

Toddler?

What is the

nature of

toddler?

• The toddler should be always under Hand-touch

supervision i.e. child always within the limits of

mother’s arms, to prevent toddler accidents.

Curious Toddler

104

2

Minutes

Describe the

general

causes for

toddler

accidents?

General causes for toddler accidents

• Increased curiosity/ Enthusiastic to investigate things

in surroundings.

• Lack of safe environment for children.

• Lack of parental supervision and ignorance of parents4.

With the help of

charts teacher

explains the general

causes for accidents

among toddlers

What are the

general causes

for accidents

among

toddlers?

1

Minute

List out the

common

toddler

accidents

Types of toddler accidents

• Falls

• Poisoning

• Drowning

• Burns

• Aspiration/ Suffocation

• Road accidents 4.

With the help of flash

cards teacher lists the

types of toddler

accidents

What are the

types of

toddler

accidents?

General Causes

105

I. FALLS

5

Minutes

Falls are common type of accidents which occur

when the child is playing. Falls leads to injuries, sprains,

dislocations and fractures.

Describe the

causes for

falls in

toddlers?

Causes

• Hurrily climbing up the stairs

• Leaning on the higher ends.

• Fast running activity.

• Unaware of depth to comedown stairs.

Teacher describes the

causes for falls in

toddlers

What are the

causes for falls

in toddlers?

Narrate the

common

sources of

danger in

falls

Sources of danger

• Falls from stairs, balconies, mothers & children’s

arms3.

Teacher narrates the

common sources of

danger in falls

What are the

sources of falls

in toddlers?

List out the Guidelines to Prevent falls among Toddlers With the help of What are the

106

Common

guidelines in

prevention of

falls

• Keep stair door locked

• Apply non-skid mat in bathroom.

• Keep large toys out of crib

• Supervise at play grounds

• Do not keep furniture near window2.

chart teacher lists the

common guidelines

in Prevention of falls

common

preventive

guidelines in

falls?

Demonstrate

the first aid in

falls

First aid for falls:

• Control external bleeding by applying pressure and

elevate part if possible

• Immobilize the part by securing with pads if fracture

takes place

• Shift the child to the hospital immediately57.

Teacher demonstrates

the first aid in falls

How will you

give first aid in

falls?

II. POISONING

107

5 Min Explains the

meaning of

poisoning

It means ingestion of poisonous agents, as the child

will have curiosity and interested in tasting and touching

the objects or the agents whichever comes across.

Teacher explains the

meaning of poisoning

What is the

meaning of

poisoning?

Explains the

sources,

preventive

aspects and

first aid in

poisoning

Common poisons at home

• Stored kerosene, petrol, and insecticides.

• Household cleansing agents, cosmetics.

• Poisonous plants around home12.

Teacher explains the sources and

preventive aspects and first aid in

poisoning

What are the

sources,

preventive

aspects, and

first aid in

poisoning?

Preventive points:

• Store house hold cleaners and medicines out of reach

of children

• Avoid taking medicines in front of children.

108

First Aid

• Give plenty of fluids orally

• Induce vomiting (with household solution e.g.

saltwater)

• Shift the child immediately with carrying medicine that

swallowed57.

III. DROWNING

5 min Explains the

drowning and

management

in toddler

Drowning means “it is an asphyxial death due to fully

submersion in water”.

Sources of Danger

• Open small tanks, wells, lakes and rivers3.

With the help of flash cards teacher explains

the drowning and management

What is

drowning and

how will you

manage?

109

First aid

• Lift the child from water and keep upside down for a

short period.

• Raise the middle part of the body with your hand round

the belly.

• Keep body warm

• Seek medical advice immediately57.

IV. BURNS

5 Min Explains the

causes

prevention

and first aid

of burns in

toddlers

“ Fire is a good servant but a bad master”

Burns means “Injury by heat and fire”

Causes for burns

• Un aware of consequences of heat and fire

Teacher explains the

causes, prevention

and first aid of burns

in toddlers

Describe the

occurrence of

burns in

toddlers?

110

Prevention of burns Prevention of burns

• Do not cook or boil, down on the floor • Do not cook or boil, down on the floor

• Check bathwater temperature before bath • Check bathwater temperature before bath

• Turn pot handles towards back of stove • Turn pot handles towards back of stove

• Do not allow the child to play in kitchen while cooking • Do not allow the child to play in kitchen while cooking

• Avoid electric outlets without faceplates • Avoid electric outlets without faceplates

• Do not allow child to play with electrical appliances

wires or lighters13.

• Do not allow child to play with electrical appliances

wires or lighters

13.

First aid

• Put the cold water on burned area for 10mits

• Never place ointments, powder on burned area.

• Seek medical advice immediately57.

111

V. ASPIRATION / SUFFOCATION

5 Min Explains the

meaning and

causes of

aspiration and

suffocation

Aspiration means “ Ingestion of foreign objects”

Suffocation means ‘unable to breath due to obstruction in

nose or throat’15.

Causes

• Swallowing coins / beads/ nuts/ small parts of toys

• Play with plastic bags and balloons.

Teacher explains the

meaning and causes of

aspiration/ suffocation

What is the

meaning and

causes of

aspiration /

suffocation?

Guides in

prevention of

aspiration /

suffocation

Preventive guidelines:

• Discourage the child to run when the food in mouth

• Objects like; coins, beads, nuts, buttons, marbles open

pins must not left within child’s reach

• Playing with a plastic bag may put his head and then

not able to remove it15.

Teacher guides in

prevention of

aspiration /

suffocation

What are the

preventive

aspects in

aspiration /

suffocation?

Demonstrates First aid Teacher demonstrates

112

the first aid

for aspirated

child

• He should be held in upside down

• Firm slap over back. If it is visible remove with finger.

• Seek medical advice immediately57.

first aid in aspirated child

VI. ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS 5

Minutes

“Road safety no accident” Because of rapid developmental changes, the toddlers are more prone to get road accidents15.

Narrates the causes

preventive aspects and first aid in

road accidents

Causes

• Playing in streets like playgrounds

• Unaware of road traffic rules. First aid

• Control external bleeding by applying pressure bandage.

• Immobile the part

• Shift the child immediately to the hospital57.

Teacher explains the causes preventive

aspects and first aid in road accidents

Can you give reasons,

preventive aspects, and

first aid in road traffic

accidents?

113

4

Minutes

Teacher

summarizes

the topic

Summary

Till now I discussed the components of nature and

prevention of accidents in toddlers. These include; the

types of accidents, its causes, sources of danger,

guidelines to prevent them and first aid at home.

Conclusion

When your toddler is at the age of 1-4 years, the

motor development is rapid and has great chance for

injury. Minor injuries are unavoidable and major injuries

are preventable. The protection of child and education of

mother has reciprocal relation. Anticipatory guidance and

prevention is key to decrease risk of serious injuries.

You, as a parent, can also be prepared by using

commonsense, good parental supervision; safe

environment can save and secure your child.

Safe Child

114

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132

ABSTRACT

An experimental study was carried out to “assess the effectiveness

of Structured Teaching Programme regarding nature and prevention of

accidents among mothers’ of toddlers in a selected area of Raichur”

(Zaheerabad area) by Mrs. G. Vijaya Kumari, II year, M.Sc (N) from

Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur. The study was conducted in

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

in Nursing of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.

Objectiveness of the study were:

• To assess the knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers regarding nature

and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme

regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers.

• To analyze the relationship between the knowledge of mothers’

regarding nature and prevention of accidents among toddlers with

selected socio-demographic variables.

Methodology:

The study was based on modified form of Bertanlonffy’s model.

Evaluative research approach was used. Pre-experimental design was

adopted for this study. Simple random sampling by lottery method

technique was used to select the sample. Totally 40 mothers of toddlers

were selected by simple random sampling technique. Structured interview

schedule was used to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics

was used to analyze the data.

126

Major findings of the study were:

• More than half of the sample were belonging to the age group of

20-30 years (60%).

• More than one third of mothers were illiterates (35%).

• Half of the mothers were coolies (50%),

• Half of the mothers had an income of Rs.1001-2000 (50%).

• Nearly three fourth of mothers had one toddler in the family (70%).

• More than half of the mothers were belonging to nuclear family

(60%)

• More than one third of mothers were residing at semipakka house

(35%)

• In pretest, majority of the mothers had low knowledge (85%). In

post test, majority of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%)

followed by high knowledge (12.5%). Structured teaching

programme had enhanced the knowledge level of the mothers on

different sections of nature and prevention of accidents among

toddlers.

• The Significant association was found between knowledge of

mothers of toddlers with selected socio-demographic variables in

the post test, and type of house like education status, occupation,

number of toddlers in the family.

• In significant association between the knowledge of mothers with

selected socio-demographic variables in the post test, like age,

religion, monthly income and type of family.

127

Conclusion

Majority of mothers in pre test had low knowledge on nature and

prevention of accidents among toddlers followed by average knowledge

(15%) where as in post test significant difference was observed i.e. major

percentage of mothers had average knowledge (87.5%) followed by high

knowledge (12.5%) signifies the need of conduction of awareness

campaigns in enhancing the knowledge of primary caregivers in the study

area.

128

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133

Annexure I

Letter seeking permission to conduct study in Zaheerabad Area

From Dr. R. Vasundhara Principal Navodaya College of Nursing Raichur.

To

The Counselor Ward No. 13, Zaheerabad Raichur.

Sir, Sub : Permission for conducting study. This is to introduce Mrs. G. Vijaya Kumari, II year M.Sc. (N) student of Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur who is conducting a Research project in partial fulfillment of M.Sc. (N) programme. She has choosen the topic

“A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding nature and prevention of accidents among mothers’ of toddlers in a selected area of Raichur”.

Kindly give her permission to conduct research project in your area.

Thanking you, Yours sincerely Sd/-

Principal

134

Annexure II

Letter granting permission to conduct study in Zaheerabad Area

From

The Counselor

Word. No. 13, Zaheerabad

Raichur.

To

Dr. R. Vasundhara

Principal

Navodaya College of Nursing,

Raichur.

Madam,

Sub : Permission to conduct research project

Ref : Your letter dated : 1-8-05

Mrs. G. VijayaKumari, M.Sc. (N) student of Navodaya College of

Nursing, Raichur is permitted to conduct her research project in

Zaheerabad area, Raichur.

Sd/-

135

Annexure III

Letter to Experts for Content Validity

From

Mrs. Vijaya Kumari. G. II Year M.Sc. Nursing Navodaya College of Nursing Raichur.

To

Through proper channel

Respected Sir / Madam,

Sub: Opinion and suggestions of experts on content validity

of research tool-request-regarding.

I Mrs.Vijaya Kumari.G. studying II year M.Sc. (N) course at

Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur, as a part of my course

requirement I have taken up a research project on “A study to Assess the

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme Regarding Nature

and Prevention of Accidents Among Mothers’ of Toddlers in a

Selected Area of Raichur”.

I am requesting you to kindly go through the tool and give your

valuable suggestions on content validity. I am herewith enclosing the study

objectives, tool and certificate of validation along with stamped envelope.

Thanking you,

Signature of the Principal Yours sincerely

Signature of the Guide (Vijaya Kumari.G.)

136

Annexure IV

CONTENT VALIDITY CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mrs.G.Vijaya Kumari II year M.Sc Nursing

student in Navodaya College of Nursing, Raichur who has selected the

topic on “A study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching

Programme Regarding Nature and Prevention of Accidents Among

Mothers’ of Toddlers in a Selected Area of Raichur”. The tool was

validated by me. The suggestions / advices are herewith enclosed.

Sd/-

Experts Name

With Designation and Address

137

Annexure V

List of experts consulted for the content validity

Dr. Manjunath Professor & HOD of Paediatrics

N.M.C.H. & R.C.

Raichur.

Dr. Sanjay Shetty Asst. Professor

N.M.C.H. & R.C.

Raichur.

Mrs. K. Draksayani Devi Principal

NIMS College of Nursing

Hyderabad.

Ms. S. Arun Sree Associate Professor

Department of Child Health Nursing

Govt. College of Nursing

Somajiguda, Hyderabad.

Mrs. Shakunthala Lecturer

Department of Child Health Nursing

NIMS College of Nursing

Hyderabad

138

Mrs. T. Vasundhara Tulasi Lecturer

Department of Child Health Nursing

NIMS College of Nursing

Hyderabad

Mrs. Heera Lecturer

Department of Child Health Nursing

Govt. College of Nursing

Medical College Campus

Kurnool.

Mrs. Sujatha Lecturer

Department of Child Health Nursing

Govt. College of Nursing

Medical College Campus

Kurnool.

Mrs. Swarnalatha Lecturer

Department of Child Health Nursing

Govt. College of Nursing

Medical College Campus

Kurnool.

139

Annexure VI

Section – A

Demographic Data

1. Code No:

2. Age of the mother ( )

a) Below 20 years

b) 21-25 years

c) 26-30 years

d) Above 30 years

3. Education of the mother ( )

a) Illiterates

b) Primary School

c) Secondary School

d) High School

e) Collegiate education

4. Occupation of the mother ( )

a) Coolie

b) House wife

c) Petty business

d) Any other, specify

5. Religion ( )

a) Hindu

b) Muslim

c) Christian

140

6. Monthly family income ( )

a) Below Rs.1000/- per month

b) Rs.1001-2000/- per month

c) Rs.2001-3000/- per month

d) Rs.3001 and above per month

7. Number of toddlers in the family ( )

a) One

b) Two

c) Three

d) Four and above

8. Family type ( )

a) Nuclear

b) Joint

c) Extended

d) Single parent

9. Type of the house ( )

a) Pakka

b) Kucha

c) Semi Pakka

141

Section – B

I. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge in General Areas of

Home Accidents

Total Score : 30 M

1 M

1. What is meant by an accident? ( )

a) Sudden, unexpected harmful event

b) Slow, expected event

c) Normal, expected event

d) Normal, unexpected event

1 M

2. Which age group of children are more prone for accidents? ( )

a) Birth to one year

b) 1-3 years

c) 5-8 years

d) 9-12 years

1 M

3. Why the children will be affected more with accidents? ( )

a) Clean and safe environment

b) Lack of supervision

c) Not interested in surroundings

d) Aggressiveness

1 M

4. Which type of toys causes injuries to a toddler? ( )

a) Sharp edged and small parts of the toys

b) Stuffed toys

c) Bright toys

d) Dim toys

142

II. ASSESSMENT OF MOTHERS’ KNOWLEDGE ON FALLS

1 M

5. What are the causes for falls at home? ( )

a) Slippery flooring, open stairs

b) Hard flooring

c) Keeping doors locked

d) Locked stairs

1 M

6. What will happen, when the child falls? ( )

a) Fractures

b) Fever and cough

c) Pain abdomen

d) Ear pain

1 M

7. How will you prevent falls among children? ( )

a) Unprotective play grounds

b) Not allowing the child to lean on the higher ends

c) Apply slip-mat-in bathroom

d) Keep stair door unlocked

1 M

8. What is the first-aid management for falls? ( )

a) Call neighbour

b) Immobile the part and shift to hospital

c) Allow to cry

d) Do not handle the child

143

III. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge

About Poisoning

1 M

9. What is meant by poisoning? ( )

a) Ingestion of half cooked food

b) Ingestion of poisonous agents

c) Ingestion of more milk

d) Ingestion of more water

1 M

10. What are the most common poisons at home? ( )

a) Cleansing agents and pesticides

b) Toys and vessels

c) Flies and mosquitoes

d) Coal and Khajal

1 M

11. Why the children of 1-3 years are more prone for poisoning? ( )

a) Intention to vomit

b) Intention to dance

c) Intention of tasting and touching

d) Intention to talk

1 M

12. How will you protect the child from poisoning? ( )

a) Store household cleaners away from mother

b) Store medicines and household cleaners in out of

reach of children

c) Allow the child to talk slowly about medicine

d) Store chemicals in food containers

144

1 M

13. How will you manage the child from consumed poisoning? ( )

a) Tell out to everybody

b) Call police

c) Shift hospital immediately

d) Give to neighbour

IV. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge on Drowning

1 M

14. What is meant by drowning? ( )

a) Death from submersion in water

b) Death from inhalation of noxious gas

c) Death from ingestion of poisonous food

d) Death from mosquito bite

1 M

15. What are the sources of drowning? ( )

a) Open small tanks or open wells

b) Closed wells, dry lakes

c) Empty buckets

d) While raining

1 M

16. What are the effects of drowning ( )

a) Fever

b) Death due to asphyxia

c) Vomiting

d) Head ache

145

1 M

17. How can you prevent drowning among toddlers? ( )

a) Never leave the child alone to play in water

b) Keep open all water containers in the home premises

c) Leave child alone in water

d) Allow the child to play near irrigation ditches

1 M

18. How will you manage the child when drowning occurs? ( )

a) Suck the water

b) Lift the child and keep up side down, press over abdomen

c) Do not give care

d) Give to mother

V. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge on Burns

1 M

19. What is meant by burns? ( )

a) Injury by sand

b) Injury by dry heat

c) Injury by toys

d) Injury by stones

1 M

20. What is the common source of burns among children? ( )

a) Hot liquids

b) Cake

c) Biscuits

d) Air

146

1 M

21. How will you prevent burns among toddler? ( )

a) Keep hot items out of reach to the child

b) Turn pot hands towards front of stove

c) Keeping chimney at lower level

d) Allow child to play while cooking

1 M

22. How the burns will occur with electrical appliances? ( )

a) Outlet without faceplates

b) Using used sockets

c) Keeping electrical wiring boxes locked

d) Standing outside during thunder storm

1 M

23. How will you manage scald burns? ( )

a) Immerse burned part in cold water for 10 minutes

b) Do not seek medical advice

c) Wrapping the child

d) Careful observation of the child

VI. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge on Aspiration / Suffocation

1 M

24. What is meant by aspiration? ( )

a) Ingestion of drugs

b) Ingestion of foreign objects

c) Ingestion of water

d) Ingestion of milk

147

1 M

25. What is suffocation? ( )

a) Unable to breath due to obstruction

b) Unable to see

c) Unable to talk

d) Unable to Listen

1 M

26. What are the common sources for suffocation? ( )

a) Swallowing coins/beads/nuts/small parts of toys

b) Pencils, Pens

c) Chalks, Sticks

d) Bread and milk

1 M

27. How will you prevent aspiration in toddlers? ( )

a) Discourage running of the child with food in mouth

b) Eating with lying position

c) Playing with sibling

d) Giving food while dancing

1 M

28. How will you manage when the child had an aspiration? ( )

a) Keep head low and give firm slap over the back

b) Keep head raise and firm slap over the back

c) Keep head straight and firm slap over the back

d) Keep head lateral and slap over the back.

148

VII. Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge About

Road Traffic Accidents

1 M

29. How will you prevent road accidents among toddlers? ( )

a) Supervise when the children are outside

b) No supervision of tricycle riding

c) Allow to play outside

d) Teach to hear horns

1 M

30. How will you manage when child get motor-vehicle accident? ( )

a) Inform to police

b) Call neighbour

c) Seek medical advice immediately

d) Become panic without action

149

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157

Annexure VII

Scoring Key

Assessment of mothers’ knowledge regarding nature and prevention

of accidents among toddlers

SL. NO. Key Score

1 a 1

2 b 1

3 b 1

4 a 1

5 a 1

6 a 1

7 b 1

8 b 1

9 b 1

10 a 1

11 c 1

12 b 1

13 c 1

14 a 1

15 a 1

16 b 1

17 a 1

18 b 1

19 b 1

20 a 1

158

21 a 1

22 a 1

23 a 1

24 b 1

25 a 1

26 a 1

27 a 1

28 a 1

29 a 1

30 c 1

159

Annexure VIII

Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers with their age O = Observed E = Expected values O-E = Observed value expected value E = Row total x column total Group total D.F = Degree of freedom = 3

χ2 = E (O-E)2

E

O E O-E (O-E)2

E 3 2.63 0.37 0.054 0 0.37 0.37 0.37 7 6.13 0.87 0.1234 0 0.87 0.87 0.87 24 2.1 3 0.429 0 3 3 3.0 1 0.8 0.2 0.05 5 5.2 0.2 0.008 4.9024

Calculated χ2 value = 4.9024

Tabulated χ2 value = 7.815 At 5% level (3 d.f.) This shows that the calculated value was lower than the table value, there was no significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers with their age.

160

Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers with their education status

O = Observed E = Expected values O-E = Observed value expected value E = Row total x column total Group total D.F = Degree of freedom = 4

χ2 = E (O-E)2

E

O E O-E (O-E)2

E 14 12.25 1.75 0.25 0 1.75 1.75 1.75

13 11.37 1.63 0.2337 0 1.63 1.63 1.63 8 8.75 0.75 0.064 2 1.25 0.75 0.75 0 2.63 2.63 2.63 3 0.37 2.63 18.69 25.9979

Calculated χ2 value = 25.998

Tabulated χ2 value = 9.488 At 5% level (4 d.f) It shows that the calculated value was higher than the table value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers with their education status.

161

Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers

with their occupation

O = Observed

E = Expected values

O-E = Observed value expected value

E = Row total x column total

Group total

D.F = Degree of freedom = 3

χ2 = E (O-E)2

E

O E O-E (O-E)2

E

20 17.5 2.5 0.357

0 2.5 2.5 2.5

11 14 3 0.643

5 2 3 4.5

4 3.5 0.5 0.0714

0 0.5 0.5 0.5

8.5714

Calculated χ2 value = 8.5714

Tabulated χ2 value = 7.815

At 5% level (3. d.f)

This shows that the calculated value was higher than the table

value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’

of toddlers with their occupation.

162

Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers

with their religion

O = Observed

E = Expected values

O-E = Observed value expected value

E = Row total x column total

Group total

D.F = Degree of freedom = 2

χ2 = E (O-E)2

E

O E O-E (O-E)2

E

8 7.88 0.12 0.0018

1 1.12 0.12 0.0129

26 25.38 0.62 0.0151

3 3.62 0.62 0.1062

1 1.75 0.75 0.3214

1 0.25 0.75 2.25

2.7074

Calculated χ2 value = 2.707

Tabulated χ2 value = 5.991

At 5% level (2 d.f).

This shows that, the calculated value was lower than the table

value, there was no significant relationship between knowledge of

mothers’ of toddlers with their religion.

163

Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers

with their monthly family income

O = Observed

E = Expected values

O-E = Observed value expected value

E = Row total x column total

Group total

D.F = Degree of freedom = 2

χ2 = E (O-E)2

E

O E O-E (O-E)2

E

15 13.12 1.88 0.2694

0 1.88 1.88 1.88

20 17.5 2.5 0.3571

0 2.5 2.5 2.5

5 4.38 0.62 0.0878

0 0.62 0.62 0.62

5.7143

Calculated χ2 value = 5.7143

Tabulated χ2 value = 7.815

At 5% level (3 d.f)

This shows that, the calculated value was lower than the table

value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’

of toddlers with their monthly family income.

164

Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers with their

number of toddlers in the family

O = Observed

E = Expected values

O-E = Observed value expected value

E = Row total x column total

Group total

D.F = Degree of freedom = 3

χ2 = E (O-E)2

E

O E O-E (O-E)2

E

28 24.5 3.5 0.5

0 3.5 3.5 3.5

7 1.5 3.5 1.167

5 1.5 3.5 8.167

13.334

Calculated χ2 value = 13.334

Tabulated χ2 value = 7.815

At 5 % level ( 3 d.f).

This shows that, the calculated value was higher than the table

value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’

of toddlers with their number of toddlers in the family.

165

Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers

with their type of family

O = Observed

E = Expected values

O-E = Observed value expected value

E = Row total x column total

Group total

D.F = Degree of freedom = 3

χ2 = E (O-E)2

E

O E O-E (O-E)2

E

19 21 2 0.1905

5 3 2 1.3333

12 10.5 1.5 0.2143

0 1.5 1.5 1.5

4 3.5 0.5 0.0714

0 0.5 0.5 0.5

3.8092

Calculated χ2 value = 3.8092

Tabulated χ2 value = 7.815

At 5% level ( 3 d.f)

This shows that, the calculated value was lower than the table

value, there was no significant relationship between knowledge of

mothers’ of toddlers with their type of family.

166

Association between knowledge of mothers’ of toddlers

with their type of house

O = Observed

E = Expected values

O-E = Observed value expected value

E = Row total x column total

Group total

D.F = Degree of freedom = 3

χ2 = E (O-E)2

E

O E O-E (O-E)2

E

8 11.38 3.38 1.0039

5 1.62 3.38 7.0520

13 11.38 1.62 0.2306

0 1.62 1.62 1.62

14 12.25 1.75 0.25

0 1.75 1.75 1.75

11.9065

Calculated χ2 value = 11.9065

Tabulated χ2 value = 5.991

At 5% level (2 d.f)

This shows that, the calculated value was higher than the table

value, there was significant relationship between knowledge of mothers’

of toddlers with their type of house.

167

Chapter-I

Introduction

Chapter-II

Review of Literature

Chapter-III

Methodology

Chapter-IV

Results

Chapter-V

Discussion

Chapter-VI

Summary

Chapter-VII

Conclusion

Chapter-VIII

Implications & Recommendations

Chapter-IX

Structured Teaching Programme

Abstract

Bibliography

Annexures

Developing structured teaching

programme on nature and prevention of

accidents among

toddlers

Implementation of structured

teaching programme on

nature and prevention of

accidents among toddlers

Post test assessment

of knowledge of mothers of

toddlers

Low Knowledge

Average Knowledge

High Knowledge

Mothers

of toddlers

Experimental group

Pretest for

assessment of knowledge of

mothers of toddlers

High Knowledge

Average Knowledge

Low Knowledge

Fig. 1: Modified conceptual freamework Bertanloffy’s General System Theory Not under study

Under study

Feed Back

System Input Through put Output

Modified Strategies

20