"The Pursuit of Accountability: Promise, Problems, and Prospects," with Kaifeng Yang (2010 draft)

8/9/2019 "The Pursuit of Accountability: Promise, Problems, and Prospects," with Kaifeng Yang (2010 draft)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-pursuit-of-accountability-promise-problems-and-prospects-with-kaifeng 1/32Iaikr~cehk kctx ozohaonai or= `rrt=##{{~e%kcf#on{r~okr6?9208>>

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-pursuit-of-accountability-promise-problems-and-prospects-with-kaifeng 2/32Iaikr~cehk kctx ozohaonai or= `rrt=##{{~e%kcf#on{r~okr6?9208>>

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-pursuit-of-accountability-promise-problems-and-prospects-with-kaifeng 3/32

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2

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9

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7

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8

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jcaacwheg wòr h{ lecwe o{ rì ‑Ey~ifni~g To~obhgf‖ ({ii To~l >44?%

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he rì ottahkorhce{ cj oari~eorhzi ott~cokì{! j~cf ‑R~yr` Kcffh{{hce{‖ ròr jcky{ib

ce i{ronah{`heg o ~ikc~b cj wòr rccl taoki yebi~ rì t~hc~ ~ighfi! rc zo~hcy{ jc~f{ cj

~ikcekhahorhce fikòeh{f{ ròr {rcttib {`c~r cj my~hbhkoa {oekrhce{ (i%g%! rì Go~oko

t~cki{{ he ^woebo! rc kcfnheorhce{ {yk` o{ rì [cyr` Oj~hkoe R~yr` oeb



?4

îkcekhahorhce Kcffh{{hce ròr cjji~ib ofei{rx he ~iry~e jc~ kceji{{hce{ cj

hezcazifier% W`hai jiw cj rì{i giei~orib cyrkcfi{ ròr t~czib {orh{jokrc~x rc zhkrhf{

oeb crì~{ {iilheg fc~i {izi~i tyeh{`fier{ jc~ zhcaorhce{ cj `yfoe ~hg`r{ oeb bhgehrx!

he fc{r he{roeki{ rìx bhb {orh{jx okkcyeronhahrx‘{ t~cfh{i cj my{rhki he rì {ie{i

bi{k~hnib ì~i (^ckì >449< [x~heg >44:% Ròr h{! rì okr cj `cabheg ctie ìo~heg{ he

w`hk` rì to{r h{ oklecwaibgib nx r`c{i w`c ncr` ti~tir~orib oeb {yjji~ib‒h{ he jokr

rì zi~x bijhehrhce cj my{rhki ok`hizib%

Rì t~cfh{i{ bc ecr io{hax r~oe{aori herc ~ioahrhi{! `cwizi~% Rì~i o~i rwc rxti{

cj t~cnaif{% Cei rxti h{ he{hbi iok` kiaa= rì fikòeh{f{ yebi~axheg iok` kiaa o~i ecr

wiaa&yebi~{rccb% He crì~ wc~b{! iok` cj rì t~cfh{i{ h{ cjrie no{ib ce yejcyebib c~

yeri{rib o{{yftrhce{% Bynehkl (>449 bifce{r~ori{ ròr rì okkcyeronhahrx&ti~jc~foeki

ahel (O;! rì kier~oa hbio ni`heb ETF! ò{ ecr niie ‑t~czib‖ rìc~irhkoaax oeb

ifth~hkoaax% Wòr o~i rì fikòeh{f{! hj oex! ròr ahel okkcyer ghzheg rc hebhzhbyoa oeb

c~goeh}orhceoa ti~jc~foeki3 Hebiib! {k`cao~{ òzi qyi{rhceib wìrì~ ti~jc~foeki

hejc~forhce whaa ni `cei{rax ~itc~rib (Xoeg! >448! wìrì~ rì hejc~forhce whaa ni

y{ib ijjikrhziax (Fcxehòe! >448! wìrì~ ti~jc~foeki foeogifier jhr{ rì czi~oaa

tcahrhkoa he{rhryrhceoa j~ofiwc~l (ôbhe! >44:! oeb yarhforiax! wìrì~ ti~jc~foeki

~itc~rheg ~iqyh~ifier{ hft~czi gczi~efier ti~jc~foeki (ôbhe! >44:%

[hfhao~ax! rì t~cfh{i cj my{rhki (N; fox ecr r~oe{aori herc ~ioa my{rhki= Wìrì~

he jokr okkcyeronhahrx he r`h{ (c~ oex {ie{i okryoaax biahzi~{ ~ioa my{rhki h{ oe (ti~òt{

yeoe{wi~onai ifth~hkoa qyi{rhce% R`h{ h{ rì ko{i ackoaax o{ wiaa o{ gacnoaax! jc~ oaa

jh~f{ oeb ogiekhi{ (tynahk oeb t~hzori òzi biziactib o zo~hirx cj fikòeh{f{ rc

jc{ri~ rì {ie{i ròr fh{niòzhc~ c~ foajio{oeki koe ni n~cyg`r rc okkcyer% Rì zi~x



??

iph{rieki cj {yk` fikòeh{f{ h{ cjrie ti~kihzib o{ o fio{y~i cj okkcyeronhahrx! izie he

rì on{ieki cj izhbieki ròr kcftaoher{ oeb kceki~e{ o~i okryoaax obb~i{{ib% Hejokr!

foex khrh}ie{ bh{r~y{r gczi~efier he{rhryrhce{ ecr nikoy{i rì~i o~i ec tynahk ìo~heg{!

hebitiebier oybhr{! c~ ti~jc~foeki ~itc~rheg he taoki! nyr nikoy{i wìe foajio{oeki h{

~izioaib zho r`c{i rikèhqyi{ ecncbx h{ okryoaax ìab okkcyeronai% Ce rì crì~ òeb!

Lwihr oeb Lwihr (>442 {`cw ròr rì iph{rieki cj tynahk to~rhkhtorhce kòeeia{! ~orì~

ròe rì cyrkcfi cj to~rhkhtorhce! biri~fhei{ khrh}ie r~y{r he gczi~efier% Czi~oaa! hr h{

ecr kaio~ `cw okkcyeronhahrx rikèhqyi{#jc~f{ ojjikr rì cyrkcfi bh{r~hnyrhce oeb

hebhzhbyoa{‘ {ie{i cj my{rhki (i%g%! t~ckiby~oa c~ cyrkcfi my{rhki3 My{rhki no{ib eiib!

kotonhahrx! c~ bi{i~r3%

Rì~i o~i {hfhao~ qyi{rhce{ he crì~ kiaa{% Jc~ ipoftai! h{ r~oe{to~iekx oawox{

gccb oeb t~iji~onai (N>3 ^heg oeb Ti~~x (?809 {rori! ‑he c~goeh}orhce{ ròr o~i `hgàx

~igyaorib c~ r`c{i he rì tynahk ixi! kcffyehkorhzi k`chki{ fy{r ni kce{hbi~ib he ahg`r

cj `cw rìx whaa ni heri~t~irib nx zo~hcy{ tynahk{‖ (2>2% Wì~i {`cyab cei taoki

tynahk foeogi~{‘ ~cai he {r~orighk kcffyehkorhce he c~bi~ rc k~iori o bi{h~onai

iezh~cefier (Fixi~ * ^cwoe! ?877< Fcc~i ?8893 Wcyab {roebo~b cti~orheg

t~ckiby~i{! kcejahkr cj heri~i{r ~yai{! oeb jheoekhoa bh{kac{y~i ~yai{ oawox{ t~cbyki

ir`hkoa niòzhc~ (O>3 Bci{ kcbi cj ir`hk{ foli o bhjji~ieki (N?3 H{ tcahrhkoa

eiyr~oahrx he khzha {i~zhki oawox{ t~iji~onai (N?3 O~i kcer~ca rikèhqyi{ {yjjhkhier rc

ie{y~i rì ijjhkhiekx oeb ijjikrhziei{{ cj ~i{cy~ki oaackorhce oeb yrhah}orhce (O?3

Rì {ikceb rxti cj t~cnaif{ oncyr rì t~cfh{i{ h{ ròr rì{i t~cfh{i{ cjrie

kcejahkr whr` cei oecrì~% Jc~ ipoftai! hetyr no{ib okkcyeronhahrhi{ (O? oeb t~cki{{

no{ib okkcyeronhahrhi{ (O> o~i cjrie o{{ckhorib whr` r~obhrhceoa tynahk ny~ioyk~okhi{



?>

oeb kce{hbi~ib o{ koy{i{ cj ny~ioyk~orhk tor`cacghi{% O{ o ~i{yar! ETF obzckori{

t~ctc{i cyrkcfi no{ib okkcyeronhahrhi{ (O; oeb ‑n~iolheg r`~cyg`‖ c~ ‑~ihezierheg‖

ny~ioyk~okhi{% @cwizi~! ETF t~ctc{oa{ o~i cjrie k~hrhkh}ib jc~ bofogheg crì~

okkcyeronhahrhi{% Ti~{ceeia jaiphnhahrhi{! tox jc~ ti~jc~foeki! oeb or&whaa iftacxfier!

o{ t~i{k~hnib nx ETF! kcyab ~ibyki khzha {i~zoer{‘ tcahrhkoa eiyr~oahrx oeb

gczi~efier{‘ k~ibhnai kcffhrfier! w`hk` yarhforiax foli gczi~efier{ ai{{

okkcyeronai rc tynahk heri~i{r{ (N?% Ier~it~ieiy~{`ht! ~h{l rolheg! oeb ijjhkhiekx jh~{r

o~i cjrie he rie{hce whr` ece&fh{{hce no{ib zoayi{ {yk` o{ r~oe{to~iekx oeb byi

t~cki{{ (N>%

Jc~ hebhzhbyoa{ hezcazib he rì okkcyeronhahrx ~iaorhce{`ht{! bhjji~ier t~cfh{i{

~it~i{ier bhjji~ier okkcyeronhahrx t~i{{y~i{% O ao~gi tc~rhce cj rì ahri~ory~i jcky{i{ ce

k~c{{ t~i{{y~i{ cj okkcyeronhahrx oeb rìh~ tcrierhoa eigorhzi kce{iqyieki{% Jc~

ipoftai=

• Rì~i o~i kcejahkr{ ofceg t~i{{y~i{ cj okkcyeronhahrx oeb kcejahkr{ aiob rc

t~cnaif{ {yk` o{ bh{o{ri~{! k~h{i{! oeb fh{foeogifier (No~bok` oeb Ai{{i~!?88:< Byee oeb Aiggi! >444< Lcttiaa! >449< ^cf}il oeb Bynehkl! ?807<

^cf}il oeb Heg~oòf! >444 • Czi~&~iahoeki ce o to~rhkyao~ rxti (c~ to~rhkyao~ rxti{ cj okkcyeronhahrx aiob{

rc t~cnaif{= T~cbykrhce&c~hierib okkcyeronhahrx aiob{ rc bh{o{ri~ oeb hftibi{

kòegi ([k`wo~r} oeb [yahr}ioey&Loeoe! >442< rcc fyk` aigoa oeb

`hi~o~k`hkoa okkcyeronhahrx bofogi{ t~cji{{hceoa oeb tcahrhkoaokkcyeronhahrhi{ (Lhf! >449< rcc fyk` tcahrhkoa oeb `hi~o~k`hkoa

okkcyeronhahrx bofogi{ t~cji{{hceoa okkcyeronhahrx (^cf}il oeb Bynehkl!

?807< oeb jc~foa t~ckiby~oa okkcyeronhahrx ipoki~nori{ rì ahfhrorhce{ cj

tcahrhkoa okkcyeronhahrx (Wi{r! >442

• Rì~i h{ ec ti~jikr fcbia cj okkcyeronhahrx oeb iok` fox izcazi herc

{cfir`heg yet~cbykrhzi c~ haaighrhfori (Mc{ oeb Rcftlhe{! >442< Wini~!?888



?;

• Okkcyeronhahrx no{ib ce rì kao{{hk t~hekhtoa&ogier fcbia c~ rì fo~lirott~cok` ò{ {i~hcy{ ahfhrorhce{! i{tikhoaax he rì kceripr cj kcer~okrheg oeb

t~hzorh}orhce (Bhkli! >44>< ^cf}il oeb Mce`{rce! >449 • Kcer~okrheg! t~hzorh}orhce! oeb `xn~hb c~goeh}orhce{ aiob rc g~ior

okkcyeronhahrx kòaaiegi{ oeb ~iqyh~i to~rhkyao~ okkcyeronhahrx kotokhrhi{(Ghafcy~ oeb Mie{ie! ?880< Mcè{rce oeb ^cf}il! ?888< Lahegei~ ir oa%!>44>< Fci! >44?< ^cf}il oeb Mcè{rce! >449

• Foeogi~hoa ~ijc~f{ {yk` o{ ti~jc~foeki fio{y~ifier! ti~jc~foeki&no{ib

okkcyeronhahrx! oeb ~ihezierhce òzi kcftahkorhce{ he r~obhrhceoa jc~f{ cj okkcyeronhahrx (Togi! >44: oeb c~goeh}orhceoa ti~jc~foeki (Niemofhe! >440

Xir! whr` ecronai ipkitrhce{ (i%g%! Lio~e{! ?88:< Fcc~i ?889< Togi >442<

W`hroli~! ir oa >442! fyk` cj rì ahri~ory~i bci{ ecr bi{k~hni oeb iptaohe ifth~hkoaax

`cw okrc~{ cj gczi~eoeki foli {ie{i oeb c~bi~ cj kcejahkrheg okkcyeronhahrx t~i{{y~i{!

ec~ bci{ hr t~i{k~hni wòr ipokrax foeogi~{ {`cyab bc rc bioa whr` rì okkcyeronhahrx

bhaiffo{! cjji~heg ahfhrib okrhceonai lecwaibgi% O rxthkoa kcekay{hce he rì ahri~ory~i

h{ ròr foeogi~{ {`cyab noaoeki bhjji~ier okkcyeronhahrx {cy~ki{ (Byee * Aiggi! >444%

Nyr `cw rc noaoeki3 Noaoeki h{ {cfir`heg ròr h{ io{x rc {ox nyr ò~b rc bc% Hebiib!

^cf}il oeb Heg~oòf (>444 kcekaybi ròr ‑[obax! hr bifce{r~ori{ ròr yebi~ rì fc{r

herie{i t~i{{y~i{! rì onhahrx rc foli rì ~hg`r k`chki{ fox ecr ni t~i{ier‖ (t% >9?%

Lcttiaa (>449 aofier{ ròr ‑r`h{ h{ yeahliax‖ (t% 88% ^cni~r{ (>44> niahizi{ he rì

{r~iegr` cj bhoacgyi&no{ib okkcyeronhahrx nyr izie {c! {ì wo~e{= bc hr wìe crì~

fir`cb{ òzi johaib%

T^CNAIF[

O{ bh{ky{{ib onczi! t~cfh{kyhrx h{ o {hgehjhkoer t~cnaif he cy~ ty~{yhr cj

okkcyeronhahrx% Bi{thri hr{ ti~zo{hzi t~i{ieki he oafc{r oex bh{ky{{hce cj gczi~eoeki!



?2

rì jokr ~ifohe{ ròr o {ie{i cj wòr okkcyeronhahrx ieroha{ h{ {rhaa aoklheg% Hr ~ifohe{

`cacg~ot`hk! io{x rc {ii nyr hftc{{hnai rc g~o{t% Oeb r`y{ cei h{ aijr whr` o kier~oa

tcher {cfiwòr {hfhao~ rc Whaboz{lx‘{ kcffiero~x (?87; ce taoeeheg= hj

okkcyeronhahrx h{ rì {cayrhce rc izi~xr`heg! ti~òt{ hr h{ rì {cayrhce rc ecr`heg% Ncr`

{k`cao~{ oeb t~okrhrhcei~{ joki o jyebofieroa t~cnaif= rì~i h{ ecr oe czi~o~k`heg

okkcyeronhahrx rìc~x ròr koe ìat rìf yebi~{roeb rì kcftaip ahelogi{ c~

~iaorhce{`ht{ ofceg o bhzi~{i ~oegi cj okkcyeronhahrx t~cfh{i{ oeb t~i{{y~i{% @cwizi~!

{yk` oe czi~o~k`heg rìc~x h{ bhjjhkyar rc kce{r~ykr nikoy{i cj rì fyarhjyekrhceoa!

tcaxfc~t`hk oeb kcerhegier eory~i cj okkcyeronhahrx%

Fyarhjyekrhceoahrx

Oe okkcyeronai ~iaorhce{`ht iph{r{ jc~ o ~io{ce c~ ty~tc{i ‛ h%i%! hr ò{ o

‑jyekrhce‖ he rì czi~oaa {kìfi cj {ckhoa ~iaorhce{ ròr {y{rohe{ hr czi~ rhfi% W`hai cei

fhg`r o~gyi czi~ rì riaicacghkoa t~ifh{i ròr yebi~the{ jyekrhceoah{r zhiw{ ({ii Tirrhr

?88:! rìx bc oaacw y{ rc obb~i{{ rì qyi{rhce cj my{r wòr ty~tc{i okkcyeronhahrx

{i~zi{% Oeb hr h{ ì~i wì~i cei ~ye{ herc rì jh~{r fomc~ cn{rokai rc yebi~{roebheg rì

{ynmikr= o{ o {ckhoa ~iaorhce{`ht okkcyeronhahrx h{ fyarhjyekrhceoa% Ottaxheg Foèi~ oeb

Nyegi‘{ (>44? acghk cj jyekrhceoah{f rc okkcyer&ghzheg! cei koe hbierhjx or aio{r jhzi

jyekrhce{ cj okkcyeronhahrx=

• ‑heri~eoa‖ jyekrhceoahrx= okkcyeronhahrx ti~kihzib o{ o fikòeh{f ròr

kce{rhryri{ oeb#c~ {y{rohe{ rì {tikhjhk ~iaorhce{`ht nirwiie rì to~rhi{% Hr h{to~r cj rì ec~foa heri~eoa wc~lheg{ cj o {tikhjhk! ~iaorhziax kac{ib (h%i%!

nyjji~ib j~cf ipri~eoa heri~ji~ieki {ckhoa ~iaorhce{`ht nirwiie or aio{r rwc

to~rhi{% • ‑ipri~eoa‖ jyekrhceoahrx= okkcyeronhahrx h{ o fikòeh{f ròr bijhei{ hr{ ahel

rc crì~ ierhrhi{ he rì ro{l iezh~cefier% Hr h{ o fioe{ jc~ kceeikrheg rì

eo~~cwi~ ~iaorhce{`ht rc hr{ {y~~cyebheg{#



?9

• ‑~cai‖ jyekrhceoahrx= okkcyeronhahrx kce{rhryri{ o fioehegjya kcftceier cj ofc~i giei~oa c~goeh}ib ijjc~r< ròr h{! hr {i~zi{ o kce{rhryrhzi c~ {y{roheheg

ty~tc{i he rì czi~oaa {x{rif cj ~iaorhce{`ht{ whr`he w`hk` hr h{ ackorib% • ‑zoayi‖ jyekrhceoahrx= okkcyeronhahrx kcer~hnyri{ he o tc{hrhzi c~ eigorhzi

(h%i%! ‑bx{‖&jyekrhceoa wox rc rì ti~jc~foeki cj rì c~goeh}ib ijjc~r< ròrh{! hr h{ r~iorib he ri~f{ cj rì kce{iqyieki{ hr ò{ jc~ ròr czi~oaa {x{rif cj ~iaorhce{`ht{%

• ‑obotrhzi‖ jyekrhceoahrx= okkcyeronhahrx kcer~hnyri{ rc rì kcerheyib zhonhahrx

cj ròr {x{rif cj ~iaorhce{`ht{ o{ oe cegcheg {ckhoa iebiozc~< ròr h{! hr h{ oeiph{rierhoa kcftceier cj rì fc~i giei~oa c~goeh}ib iebiozc~ cj w`hk` hr h{ o

to~r% He {`c~r! okkcyeronhahrx o{ o {hftai {ckhoa ~iaorhce{`ht koe (oeb cjrie bci{

ti~jc~f bhjji~ier jyekrhce{ or bhjji~ier aizia{ cj {ckhoa okrhzhrx% Jc~ ipoftai! fc{r cj

rì ahri~ory~i ce bifck~orhk gczi~eoeki wcyab tc{hr okkcyeronhahrx o{ jyekrhceoaax

obotrhzi! o{{i~rheg ròr hr wcyab ni bhjjhkyar rc hfoghei o bifck~orhk {x{rif ròr wo{

ecr {y{roheib nx {cfi ijjikrhzi jc~f cj okkcyeronhahrx (i%g%! @iab >44:% Nyr hr h{ oa{c

kaio~ ròr ecr oaa jc~f{ cj okkcyeronhahrx taox o tc{hrhzi ~cai he t~cfcrheg bifck~okx%

He jokr! {cfi jc~f{ (i%g%! ny~ioyk~orhk o~i cjrie ti~kihzib o{ ijjikrhziax bx{jyekrhceoa

he bifck~orhk {irrheg{ (i%g%! [kcrr ?880< Obof{ * Noajcy~ >442% Eizi~rìai{{! rì~i h{

o {yn{roerhoa o~gyfier rc ni fobi jc~ rì eiki{{hrx (h%i%! ~cai jyekrhce cj {iifhegax

ece&bifck~orhk jc~f{ cj okkcyeronhahrx hj bifck~orhk ~ighfi{ o~i rc {ykkiib czi~ rhfi

(i%g%! Tcaahrr ?80:< ^hkò~b{ce >44>% Rì ahri~ory~i h{ oa{c ~itairi whr` h~cehi{ oeb

to~obcpi{ (Fhkìa{ ?888 ròr `hgàhg`r rì ~cai taoxib nx cahgo~k`hk ~iaorhce{`ht{ oeb

(he rì ko{i cj oekhier Orìe{< {ii [ofce{ >442 izie {aozi~x he rì `h{rc~x cj

{yttc{ibax bifck~orhk c~goeh}orhce{ oeb ~ighfi{%

Rì tcher ì~i h{ ecr rc qyi{rhce rì tc{{hnai ahel nirwiie bifck~okx oeb

okkcyeronhahrx! nyr rc `hgàhg`r rì oeoaxrhk oeb ifth~hkoa kòaaiegi tc{ib nx rì fyarh&



?:

jyekrhceoa eory~i cj okkcyer&ghzheg niòzhc~ oeb ~iaorhce{% Hr h{ o kòaaiegi ròr koe

ceax ni ~i{cazib r`~cyg` o t~cki{{ cj bijheheg oeb cti~orhceoah}orhce ròr jcky{i{ oeb

eo~~cw{ cei‘{ zhiw cj rì cnmikr yebi~ {rybx% O{ o ~i{yar! he ipkòegi jc~ rì onhahrx rc

ottax rì rcca{ cj {x{riforhk r`cyg`r oeb ifth~hkoa oeoax{h{ rc oe o{tikr cj okkcyer&

ghzheg niòzhc~! cei lecwhegax (oeb eiki{{o~hax {y~~iebi~{ okki{{ rc oari~eorhzi zhiw{

cj okkcyeronhahrx o{ wiaa o{ rì n~cobi~ oeb fc~i kcftaip tìecfieo ròr foli{ r`h{

o{tikr cj gczi~eoeki {c {hgehjhkoer%

Tcaxfc~t`h{f

Rì kòaaiegi tc{ib nx okkcyeronhahrx‘{ fyarh&jyekrhceoahrx h{ fogehjhib nx rì

whbi ~oegi cj {r~ykry~oa oeb cti~orhceoa jc~f{ o{{ckhorib whr` okkcyer&ghzheg okrhce{%

Rì{i o~i {c eyfi~cy{! he jokr! ròr oex orriftr rc hezierc~x rìf wcyab t~czi

j~yhrai{{% Kce{hbi~! jc~ ipoftai! rì zo{r hezierc~x cj fikòeh{f{ (to{{hzi oeb okrhzi

o{{ckhorib whr` ~iebi~heg oe hebhzhbyoa c~ c~goeh}orhce okkcyeronai% J~cf aigoa

{oekrhce{ rc fceiro~x ~iwo~b{! j~cf birohaib mcn bi{k~htrhce{ rc iftcwi~fier! j~cf

czi~{hg`r rc o{{i{{fier{! j~cf oybhr{ rc ~oelheg{! j~cf he{r~ykrhce{ rc foeogifier&nx&

cnmikrhzi{! j~cf ~itc~rheg rc ~i{tcebheg! j~cf ir`hkoa kce{r~oher{ rc n~cob g~oer{ cj

bh{k~irhce ‛ rì ah{r cj fikòeh{f{ {iif{ iebai{{% Rì ~ioahrx h{ ròr ec to~rhkyao~

fikòeh{f c~ {ir cj fikòeh{f{ bijhei okkcyeronhahrx! ecr izie rì okrhce{ o{{ckhorib

whr` rì okr cj ‑okkcyerheg‖%

Hr h{ ecr {y~t~h{heg! rì~ijc~i! ròr ~i{io~kì~{ cjrie ~iax ce rxtcacghi{ cj {yk`

fikòeh{f{ no{ib ce {cfi giei~oa kò~okri~h{rhk% He {cfi ko{i{ rì fikòeh{f{ o~i

o{{ckhorib whr` oe o~ieo cj okkcyeronai okrhce% ^cf}il oeb Bynehkl (?807! jc~

ipoftai! cjji~ o {kìfi cjrie y{ib rc {c~r fikòeh{f{ herc jcy~ rxti{ bitiebheg ce



?7

wìrì~ rìx o~i bi~hzib j~cf aigoa! tcahrhkoa! ny~ioyk~orhk#c~goeh}orhceoa c~

t~cji{{hceoa {tì~i{% Or crì~ rhfi{ hr h{ rì c~goeh}orhceoa oeb {ckhoa kceripr ròr

t~czhbi{ rì acghk% G~oer oeb Licòei (>449 {ir cyr {izie rxti{ he rìh~ oeoax{h{ cj

fikòeh{f{ ~iaizoer rc gacnoa ojjoh~{! jc~ no{ib ce rì y{i cj biaigorhce (`hi~o~k`hkoa!

{yti~zh{c~x! jh{koa oeb aigoa oeb r`~ii ce jc~f{ cj to~rhkhtorhce (fo~lir! tii~ oeb

~ityrorhceoa% [rhaa crì~{ bi~hzi rìh~ korigc~h}orhce cj fikòeh{f{ j~cf cn{i~zorhce cj

t~okrhki{ he {tikhjhk o~ieo{% Ifoeyia oeb Ifoeyia (?88:! jcky{heg ce ìoar` ko~i!

t~czhbi o r`~ii&jcab rxtcacgx cj fikòeh{f{ or o zi~x giei~oa aizia= t~cji{{hceoa!

fo~lir oeb tcahrhkoa% In~o`hf (>44;< kj%! Lio~e{ ?882 bi~hzi{ `h{ jhzi ‑korigc~hi{ cj

okkcyeronhahrx fikòeh{f{‖ (~itc~r{ oeb bh{kac{y~i {rorifier{! ti~jc~foeki

o{{i{{fier{ oeb izoayorhce{! to~rhkhtorhce! {iaj&~igyaorhce! {ckhoa oybhr{ j~cf rì

cn{i~zib t~okrhki{ cj EGC{%

Ghzie rì tcaxfc~t`hk eory~i cj okkcyeronhahrx ‛ ròr h{! hr{ foehji{rorhce he o

~oegi cj bhjji~ier ‑jc~f{‖ oeb ‑fikòeh{f{‖ ‛ rì~i h{ ahrrai k`chki jc~ oeoax{r{ nyr rc

ko{r kcekitryoaax tc~cy{ rxtcacghkoa eir{ ce rìh~ {ynmikr forri~% R`h{ h{ fobi

eiki{{o~x nx rì zo~hcy{ ‑aoegyogi gofi{‖ hezcazheg rì ri~f okkcyeronhahrx!

{cfir`heg ròr nikcfi{ qyhri kaio~ wìe cei kce{hbi~{ rì zo~hcy{ {xecexf{ o{{ckhori

whr` hr% Oe{wi~onhahrx! ahonhahrx! ~i{tce{hnhahrx! jhbiahrx! ~i{tce{hziei{{! cnahgorhce ‛

iok` j~iqyierax y{ib heri~kòegionax whr` okkcyeronhahrx! oeb iok` ahelib bh~ikrax rc

bhjji~ier jc~f{ cj okkcyer&ghzheg fikòeh{f{ (Bynehkl ?880< >44>%

Nyr rì~i h{ o kòaaiegi ì~i! jc~ jc~f koe io{hax ~itaoki {yn{roeki he rì {rybx

cj okkcyeronhahrx! oeb he rì t~cki{{ bhzi~r cy~ orrierhce rc {cfi cj rì fc~i {hgehjhkoer

h{{yi{ ~iaorib rc cy~ {ynmikr% Hr h{ kcffcetaoki jc~ o royrcacghkoa acghk rc roli `cab oeb



?0

r~oe{jc~f fikòeh{f{ cj okkcyer&ghzheg j~cf ifth~hkoa ipoftai{ herc fio{y~i{ cj

okkcyeronhahrx% Ceki ce ròr {ahtti~x {acti! rì ‑fio{y~i{‖ cj okkcyeronhahrx biziact

herc rì izoayorhzi {roebo~b{ cj my{r `cw ‑okkcyeronai‖ o gczi~efier c~ cjjhkhoa h{ ‛ nyr

he rì t~cki{{ cei ac{i{ {hg`r cj rì fc~i jyebofieroa oeb yeoe{wi~ib qyi{rhce{ oncyr

rì eory~i oeb ~cai cj okkcyeronhahrx he gczi~eoeki% My{r o{ rì {rybx cj bifck~okx ò{

niie r~oe{jc~fib herc rì kcfto~orhzi {rybx cj zcrheg! biahni~orhce oeb zo~hcy{

he{rhryrhceoa jc~f{! {c rì {rybx cj okkcyeronhahrx ò{ niie eo~~cwib rc rì ipofheorhce

cj fikòeh{f{ ròr {iif rc o{{y~i oe{wi~onhahrx! ahonhahrx! kcer~ca! irk% Cei nieijhr{

j~cf aio~eheg o gccb bioa fc~i oncyr r`c{i fikòeh{f{ oeb rìh~ hftaifierorhce! nyr

ròr ncbx cj wc~l bci{ ecr obzoeki rì t~cmikr cj jy~rì~heg rì yebi~{roebheg cj

okkcyeronhahrx%

[hryoribei{{

Wòrizi~ rì zo~horhce he jc~f! okkcyeronhahrx whaa oa{c zo~x nx kceripr% He ròr

{ie{i! okkcyeronhahrx h{ ecr fi~iax o ‑{ckhoa‖ ~iaorhce{`ht% Hr h{ oa{c kyary~oa! riftc~oa

oeb {torhoa% W`hai cei fox ~io{ceonax biziact giei~oaax ottahkonai {rorifier{

~igo~bheg rì jyekrhce{ oeb jc~f{ cj okkcyeronhahrx j~cf rì {rybhi{! hr koe ceax ni

bcei {c kcerhegierax% He {`c~r! okkcyeronhahrx h{ {hryorib oeb kceripr forri~{%

Bitiebheg ce cei‘{ ~i{io~k` cnmikrhzi! r`h{ to~rhkyao~ kò~okri~h{rhk cj

okkcyeronhahrx fhg`r ni ~igo~bib o{ ihrì~ t~cnaif c~ cttc~ryehrx% Ce rì t~cnaiforhk

{hbi! rì kcerhegier oeb ifnibbib eory~i cj okkcyeronhahrx he gczi~eoeki ({ii Nizh~

>442< Jcp * Fhaai~ ?889 whaa foli giei~oah}orhce{ oeb jc~foa rìc~x kce{r~ykrhce

~iaorib rc okkcyeronhahrx kòaaiegheg or ni{r% Ce rì tc{hrhzi {hbi! rì cttc~ryehrx rc

k~iori ifth~hkoa {r~orighi{ oeb heeczorhzi kcekitryoa#rìc~irhkoa ott~cokì{ rc kcerieb



?8

whr` rì{i kòaaiegi{ koe ni (oeb ò{ niie< {ii [hft{ce >44> o b~hzheg jc~ki he rì

{ckhoa {khieki{ he giei~oa oeb he rì {rybx cj okkcyeronhahrx he to~rhkyao~%

Foex {k`cao~{ òzi t~ctc{ib rc {rybx wìrì~ rì torri~e{ ~izioaib he ky~~ier

{rybhi{ `cab he crì~ {irrheg{ (i%g%! ^cf}il oeb Mcè{rce! >449! crì~ aizia{ cj

gczi~efier (Woeg! >44>! oeb crì~ kcyer~hi{ (Togi! >44:% Kceripr ojjikr{

okkcyeronhahrx! hekaybheg rì jc~f cj gczi~efier (Woeg! >44>! ahji {rogi{ cj o

to~rei~{`ht (Oko~! Gyc! oeb Xoeg! >440! bhjji~ier eorhceoa kyary~i{ (Togi! >44:!

`h{rc~hkoa rhfi{ (Togi! >44:! tcahkx {x{rif{ (Lhf! >449! c~goeh}orhceoa kyary~i

(Lahegei~ ir oa! >44>! rì okkcyeronhahrx iezh~cefier c~ c~goeh}orhceoa jhiab

(C‘Kceeiaa! >44:! oeb obfheh{r~orhzi ~ijc~f{ (Togi! >44:%

[hryoribei{{ oa{c ojjikr{ rì k`chki cj fir`cbcacgx‒o g~ior fomc~hrx cj rì

ifth~hkoa okkcyeronhahrx {rybhi{ y{i qyoahrorhzi bi{hge{! {yk` o{ {hegai ko{i {rybx oeb

kcfto~orhzi ko{i {rybx (Lcttiaa! >449< ^cf}il oeb Heg~oòf! >444< [k`wo~r} oeb

[yahr}ioey&Loeoe! >442! heri~zhiw{ (Oko~! Gyc! oeb Xoeg! >440! kcerier oeoax{h{

(Bhkli oeb Crr! ?888! c~ fhpib fir`cb{ nyr whr` {r~ceg qyoahrorhzi iftò{h{ (Bhkli!

>44>% Rì y{i cj qyoahrorhzi bi{hge{ h{ he ahei whr` r`c{i {rybhi{‘ ty~tc{i! w`hk` h{ rc

bi{k~hni oeb yebi~{roeb rì eory~i! kòegi! t~cki{{! oeb kce{iqyieki cj okkcyeronhahrx

~iaorhce{`ht{ he o {tikhjhk {irrheg! ecr rc qyoerhrorhziax iptaohe rìh~ kc~~iaori{ oeb

biri~fheoer{ ok~c{{ {irrheg{%

Bi{thri rì hftc~roeki cj kceripr! czi~ rhfi! okkcyeronhahrx ò{ ac{r hr{

jyekrhceoa oeb {r~ykry~oa rhi{ rc hr{ c~hghe{% Hr h{ ecw ai{{ oe hbierhjhonai he{rhryrhceoa

jc~f ~ccrib he {tikhjhk aigoa oeb tcahrhkoa r~obhrhce{! oeb fc~i o gacnoa kyary~oa

tìecfiece ‛ o wc~ab&whbi hkce cj gccb gczi~eoeki (Bynehkl >44>< Bynehkl *



>4

My{rhki >442% He foex ~i{tikr{! okkcyeronhahrx ò{ nikcfi wòr {cfi wcyab kao{{hjx o{

o ‑lixwc~b‖ he cy~ gacnoa kyary~i (Whaahof{ ?809! cei whr` o tc{hrhzi zoaieki oeb

yehzi~{oa ottioa ròr h{ ottahib (ko{yoaax && oafc{r r`cyg`rai{{ax wc~abwhbi he rì

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kczi~{ rìf%

T^C[TIKR[

Rì t~cfh{kyhrx! fyarhjyekrhceoahrx! tcaxfc~t`h{f! oeb {hryoribei{{ cj

okkcyeronhahrx foli hr cei cj rì fc{r iay{hzi kcekitr{ he tynahk obfheh{r~orhce% Hr

wcyab ecr ni {y~t~h{heg hj {cficei niahizi{ ròr okkcyeronhahrx h{ fi~iax oe iftrx

kcekitr! oe hkcehk {xfnca foehtyaorib jc~ ncr` ~ìrc~hkoa oeb oeoaxrhk ty~tc{i{ rc ìat

y{ ~orhceoah}i c~ foli {cfi {ie{i cj cy~ tcahrhkoa wc~ab% Hr wcyab ecr ni {y~t~h{heg

ihrì~ hj {cficei niahizi{ oe czi~o~k`heg okkcyeronhahrx rìc~x h{ hftc{{hnai% Cy~

niahij h{ ai{{ ti{{hfh{rhk% Whr`cyr t~ibhkrheg rì ipokr jyry~i cj okkcyeronhahrx ~i{io~k`!

r`h{ kòtri~ hbierhjhi{ {izi~oa to~ofiri~{ cj rì jyry~i% R`h{ k`chki wo{ fobi

kce{khcy{ax ecr rc tc{i {tikhjhk ~i{io~k` qyi{rhce{ o{ kc~i jyry~i h{{yi{ nikoy{i

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Okkcyeronhahrx= firo&t~cnaif cj fcbi~e gczi~eoeki

Rì kcekitr cj ‑firo&t~cnaif‖ h{ y{ib he c~bi~ rc o{{ckhori okkcyeronhahrx whr`

o {foaa g~cyt cj h{{yi{ ròr òzi bijheib oeb {òtib {ckhoa rìc~x oeb t~okrhki jc~



>?

kiery~hi{ ‛ o kao{{ cj giei~oa t~cnaif{ cjrie ay~lheg he rì noklg~cyeb ròr

kcerheycy{ax kòaaiegi rì no{hk o{{yftrhce{ oeb he{rhryrhceoa o~~oegifier{ cj {ckhoa

oeb tcahrhkoa ahji or oex to~rhkyao~ rhfi oeb taoki% Nx wox cj ipoftai! kce{hbi~ rwc

{yk` firo&t~cnaif{ ‛ rì ‑t~cnaif cj izha‖ oeb rì ‑t~cnaif cj j~ii&whaa‖ ‛ ròr òzi

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rìcacgx! t`hac{ct`x oeb rì {khieki{%

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`cwizi~! rìx o~i rì g~h{r jc~ r`c{i iegogib he ~ikcekhaheg hbio{ oeb hbioa{ whr`

~ioahrhi{ oeb kcerhegiekhi{% [yk` firo&t~cnaif{ {ò~i r`~ii kò~okri~h{rhk{%

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riftc~oa zo~horhce (he rì jc~f cj t~cnaèforhqyi{ c~ wòr Jcykoyar (?887

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koeecr ni ‑{cazib%‖ Izie wìe ~iebi~ib fc~i ott~cokònai wìe‑t~cnaiforh}ib!‖ rì~i o~i ec {hftai c~ io{x {cayrhce{! oeb r`c{i ròr o~i

ottahib o~i ahliax rc t~czi hekcftairi c~ heijjikrhzi he rì aceg ri~f% • R`h~b! firo&t~cnaif{ oeb rì t~cnaèforhqyi{ rìx giei~ori o~i ‑whklib‖ he

rì {ie{i cj niheg ‑fi{{x‖ oeb cjrie hezhrheg {cayrhce{ ròr ~iqyh~i k`chki{

oeb okrhce{ ròr whaa rìf{iazi{ t~czi t~cnaiforhk c~ izie foli forri~{

wc~{i ({ii ^hrria * Winni~ ?87;% Tc{hrib o{ o bh{rhekr firo&t~cnaif! rì t~cnaif cj okkcyeronhahrx h{ r~oe{kiebier

he ~ijaikrheg rì kiery~hi{ cab bhaiffo bijheib nx rì eiib rc ~ikcekhai `yfoe tcrierhoa

jc~ oyrcecfx whr` rì ~iqyh~ifier{ cj {ckhoa c~bi~% Zhiwib he r`h{ ahg`r! ncr` rì

`h{rc~x cj tcahrhkoa r`cyg`r (i%g%! j~cf Taorc‘{ îtynahk rc ôwa‘{ Rìc~x cj My{rhki &&

oeb nixceb oeb oeoax{h{ cj tcahrhkoa t~okrhki (r`~cyg` rì `h{rc~hkoa ipofheorhce cj



>>

zo~hcy{ gczi~eoeki o~~oegifier{ koe ni yebi~{rccb (oeb o{{i{{ib o{ ijjc~r{ rc

{tikhjx (‑t~cnaiforh}i‖ oeb bioa whr` rì ‑her~okronai oeb whklib‖ firo&t~cnaif cj

okkcyeronhahrx%

Okkcyeronhahrx= rì byoahrx cj ogiekx oeb {r~ykry~i

Rì firo t~cnaif cj fcbi~e gczi~eoeki h{ nchaib bcwe rc r`h{= rì rie{hce

nirwiie ‑ogiekhjhib‖ hebhzhbyoa{ oeb rì {r~ykry~oa c~bi~ cj rì {ckhirx! c~ nirwiie

`yfoe tcrierhoa jc~ oyrcecfx oeb rì ~iqyh~ifier{ cj {ckhoa c~bi~% Wi niahizi ròr rì

ky~~ier oeoaxrhk ott~cokì{ aokl orrierhce rc `yfoe ogiekx oeb hr{ bxeofhk heri~okrhce

whr` okkcyeronhahrx {r~ykry~i{% W`hai o jiw {rybhi{ òzi obzoekib okkcyeronhahrx

{r~orighi{ ròr hftahkhrax iftò{h}i rì ~cai cj `yfoe ogiekx! t~ctc{heg eigcrhorib!

oerhkhtorc~x c~ ifi~gier okkcyeronhahrhi{ (Oko~! Gyc! oeb Xoeg! >44:< Lio~e{! ?882<

C‘Kceeiaa! >449< ^cni~r{! >44>< W`hroli~ ir oa%! >442! jiw cj rìf ipofhei `cw

ogier‘{ {r~orighk niòzhc~ h{ okryoaax ifnibbib he oeb kce{r~oheib nx ky~~ier

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eiw {r~orighk niòzhc~% Rì t~cokrhzi {rit{ rolie nx foeogi~{ ckky~ he o tcahrhkh}ib

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hftokr h{ cj g~ior hftc~roeki hj cei woer{ rc yebi~{roebheg rì ~ioa t~cki{{ cj

okkcyeronhahrx bxeofhk{%

Oer`cex Ghbbie{‘ (?802 {r~ykry~orhce rìc~x ìat{ {r~i{{ r`h{ tcher nx

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{r~ykry~i{ oeb ogiekx% ôrì~ ròe kcekitryoah}heg {r~ykry~i o{ {cfir`heg ghzie c~

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òzheg {cfi ghzie c~ zh{hnai jc~f ipri~eoa rc tictai< hr iph{r{ ceax he oeb r`~cyg` rì



>;

okrhzhrhi{ cj `yfoe ogier{= hr h{ ncr` oe cyrkcfi oeb o fibhyf cj okrhce% Ròr h{!

‑oeoax}heg rì {r~ykry~orhce cj {ckhoa {x{rif{ fioe{ {rybxheg rì fcbi{ he w`hk`

{x{rif{…o~i t~cbykib oeb ~it~cbykib he heri~okrhce‖ (Ghbbie{ ?802! >9%

Ottaxheg Ghbbie{‘ {r~ykry~orhce rìc~x! Xoeg (>440 kce{hbi~{ okkcyeronhahrx o{

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Okkc~bhegax! okkcyeronhahrx h{ ncr` fioe{ oeb ieb{! kceripr&{tikhjhk! oeb ifi~gier%

Fc~iczi~! okkcyeronhahrx o{ {r~ykry~i{ ò{ o{tikr{ cj aighrhforhce! bcfheorhce! oeb

{hgehjhkorhce% R`h{ n~cobi~ ecrhce ~iqyh~i{ o jcky{ ròr h{ nixceb fio{y~heg oeb

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{r~yggai{3 Wòr eiw okkcyeronhahrx jc~f{ koe ìat y{ nyhab oe ijjikrhzi gczi~eoeki

{x{rif rc bioa whr` ifi~gheg kòaaiegi{3 @cw rc iptaohe rì `h{rc~hkoa ifi~gieki oeb

biziactfier cj rì kce{rhryrhceoa oeb bifck~orhk jc~f{ cj okkcyeronai gczi~eoeki ròr

{roeb o{ cy~ kceriftc~o~x gacnoa hbioa3

Okkcyeronhahrx= fhbbai ~oegi rìc~hi{

He obbhrhce rc ijjc~r{ {yk` o{ r`c{i y{heg {r~ykry~orhce rìc~x rc nyhab o giei~oa

j~ofiwc~l! jyry~i {rybhi{ cj okkcyeronhahrx fox kce{r~ykr fc~i fhbbai ~oegi rìc~hi{

rc roli ‑{hryoribei{{‖ cj okkcyeronhahrx {i~hcy{ax% O{ Ti~~x (?88? o{{i~r{! o fhbbai

~oegi rìc~x cj obfheh{r~orhzi ti~jc~foeki fy{r ni biziactib ‑whr`he he{rhryrhceoa

kceripr{ oeb {r~ykry~i{ kò~okri~h{rhk cj rì tynahk {ikrc~‖ (?;% Okkcyeronhahrx ~i{io~k`



>2

{`cyab jcaacw rì {ofi ~cyri% Giei~oa rxtcacghi{ oeb j~ofiwc~l{ o~i jhei jc~ ki~rohe

ty~tc{i{! nyr k~ibhnai rìc~hi{ cj okkcyeronhahrx fy{r cj eiki{{hrx ni kcerhegiekx

rìc~hi{% Okkitrheg ròr jokr whaa bc fyk` rc {òti rì jyry~i cj okkcyeronhahrx {rybhi{!

jc~kheg ~i{io~kì~{ rc bi{hge rìh~ ifth~hkoa {rybhi{ whr` ko~i oeb oeoax{r{ rc qyoahjx

rì kcekay{hce{ rìx b~ow j~cf cn{i~zorhce{ cj okkcyer&ghzheg niòzhc~%

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o{l{ {cfi eiw qyi{rhce{= `cw h{ jiar okkcyeronhahrx ojjikrib nx c~goeh}orhceoa



>9

kò~okri~h{rhk{ oeb hebhzhbyoa kò~okri~h{rhk{3 Wòr o~i rì fikòeh{f{ ahelheg jiar

okkcyeronhahrx whr` hebhzhbyoa aizia kce{iqyieki{ oeb c~goeh}orhceoa ti~jc~foeki3

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Fir`cbcacgx Bhzi~{hrx

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{x{rif{ cj oe{wi~onhahrx oeb iezh~cefier{ cj naofiwc~r`hei{{%

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>7

nirwiie okkcyeronhahrx {x{rif{ oeb crì~ foeogifier {x{rif{! c~ nirwiie

okkcyeronhahrx {r~ykry~i{ oeb hebhzhbyoa kò~okri~h{rhk{%

KCEKAY[HCE

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tynahk obfheh{r~orhce oeb gczi~eoeki! wi bc ecr òzi rì aypy~x cj onoebceheg rì

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R^HNYEOA[% T~hekirce! E%M%= T~hekirce Yehzi~{hrx T~i{{%



>0

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>8

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"The Pursuit of Accountability: Promise, Problems, and Prospects," with Kaifeng Yang (2010 draft)

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Transcript of "The Pursuit of Accountability: Promise, Problems, and Prospects," with Kaifeng Yang (2010 draft)