The Plant Kingdom (Part II)

Plant Systems and Subsystems

Engage Observe the different types of plants that

are being passed around the room.

Explore Kingdom Plantae Informational Search

Explain Continue to add to your informational

search as we discuss plant diversity.

Explain - Diversity of Plants

Cone-bearing plants760 species

Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species

Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species

Floweringplants235,000 species

Form 2 main groups nonvascular and vascular plants

Plant Divisions Bryophytes

(Nonvascular) Do not contain

specialized conducting tissues

Live in water or moist environments

Examples: moss, liverworts, and hornworts

Tracheophytes

(Vascular) They contain vascular

tissue: xylem and phloem

Examples: ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.

Bryophytes (Mosses) Nonvascular No roots, stem,or leaves Transport of water is by

osmosis Short in height (1-5 cm.) Haploid gametophyte is

dominant Diploid sporophyte is

small

Tracheophytes Vascular Plants The xylem conducts water up The phloem conducts food (sugar) down The sporophyte generation is dominant Vascular Seedless Plants (Spores)

and

Vascular Seed Plants

Vascular Seedless Plants Ex. Ferns Contain horizontal

stems, just under the soil, called rhizomes.

The roots grow from the rhizomes

The leaves are called fronds which contain the spores.

Requires H2O for sperm to swim to egg

Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte

Gametophyte (N)

Sporophyte (2N)

Bryophytes Ferns Seed plants

Vascular Seed Plants Gymnosperms Nonflowering Bear seeds on the

upper surface of scales inside of cones

Contain true roots, stems, and leaves

Examples Conifers, Pines

Angiosperms Flowering plants Flower is a group of

modified leaves used for sexual reproduction; seeds found in fruit

Contains true roots,stems, and leaves

Examples: rose, lily, oak, maple, pea, and grass

Gymnosperms Leaves are needle-

like Most are evergreen They are called soft

wood. Reproductive

structure is a cone or cone-like structure.

Life Cycle of Gymnosperm

Angiosperms Broad leaf plants Most are deciduous Called hardwood They are divided into

two groups based on the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) they contain.

Haploid (N)

Diploid (2N)

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Ovule

Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N)(male gametophyte)

Pollentubes

Haploid cell(N)

Embryo sac (N)(female gametophyte)

Egg cell

SpermPollen tube

Endosperm nucleiEndosperm(3N)

Zygote(2N)FruitSeed coat

Endosperm

Embryo(2N)Seedling (2N)

(new sporophyte)

Maturesporophyte

Ovary

Style

Stigma

Life Cycle of Angiosperms

Cotyledons

Monocotyledons “Monocots” 1 cotyledon Parallel veins on leaves Fibrous roots Flowers in multiples of 3 Ex) grass, corn

Dicotyledons “Dicots” 2 cotyledons Netted veins Tap root Flowers, 4’s or 5’s Ex) Peanuts, green beans

Seed Germination Concept Map

that

in

have

that

have

SeedGermination

Remains withthe seed

Emergeabove ground

Remainbelow ground

Monocots Dicots

1 Cotyledon 2 Cotyledons

Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated PlantsComparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants

Characteristics

Pollination method

Relative efficiency of pollination method

Plant types

Reproductive organs

Adaptations that promote pollination

Characteristics

Pollination method

Relative efficiency of pollination method

Plant types

Reproductive organs

Adaptations that promote pollination

Wind-pollinatedPlants

Wind pollination

Less efficient

Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms

Cones

Pollination drop

Wind-pollinatedPlants

Wind pollination

Less efficient

Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms

Cones

Pollination drop

Animal-pollinated Plants

Vector pollination

More efficient

Angiosperms

Flowers

Bright colors, sweet nectar

Animal-pollinated Plants

Vector pollination

More efficient

Angiosperms

Flowers

Bright colors, sweet nectar

The flower: the defining structure of angiosperms

Reproductive structure: pollen transfer; specialized shoot with modified leaves

Sepals: enclose flower before it opens

Petals: attract pollinators Stamens: male; anther

(produces pollen), filament Carpel or Pistil: female;

stigma, style, ovary, ovules

Flower Types Perfect Perfect flowers

contain both male and female parts on the same flower.

Also called monoecious

Imperfect Imperfect flowers are

missing one of the reproductive parts.

Also called dioecious.

Haploid (N)

Diploid (2N)

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Ovule

Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N)(male gametophyte)

Pollentubes

Haploid cell(N)

Embryo sac (N)(female gametophyte)

Egg cell

SpermPollen tube

Endosperm nucleiEndosperm(3N)

Zygote(2N)FruitSeed coat

Endosperm

Embryo(2N)Seedling (2N)

(new sporophyte)

Maturesporophyte

Ovary

Style

Stigma

Life Cycle of Angiosperms

Hormone-producing cells

Target cellsMovement of hormone

Hormone Action on PlantsHormone Action on Plants

A.A. AuxinsAuxins1.1. Auxins and PhototropismAuxins and Phototropism

2.2. Auxins and GravitropismAuxins and Gravitropism

B.B. Cytokinins – Cytokinins – stimulate cell division, growth of lateral stimulate cell division, growth of lateral buds, cause dormant seeds to sproutbuds, cause dormant seeds to sprout

C.C. Gibberellins – Gibberellins – growth hormone that stimulates cell growth hormone that stimulates cell elongation, increase the rate of seed elongation, increase the rate of seed germination and bud developmentgermination and bud development

D. Ethylene Gas – D. Ethylene Gas – causes fruit causes fruit to ripen and withering of flowers after to ripen and withering of flowers after fertilization.fertilization.

Plant HormonesPlant Hormones

Control Tipremoved

Opaquecap

Clearcap

Opaque shiedover base

Highconcentration

of auxin

Lowconcentration

of auxin

    Auxins and PhototropismAuxins and Phototropism

Plant ResponsesPlant ResponsesA.A. TropismsTropisms

1.1. Gravitropism – response to Gravitropism – response to gravity gravity

2. Phototropism – response to 2. Phototropism – response to lightlight

3.3. Thigmotropism – response to Thigmotropism – response to touchtouch

B.B.Photoperiodism – plants Photoperiodism – plants response to periods of light response to periods of light and darknessand darknessShort-day plantsShort-day plantsLong-day plantsLong-day plants

Photoperiodism in PlantsPhotoperiodism in Plants

Midnight

Noon

Long Day

Midnight

Noon

Short Day

Midnight

Noon

Interrupted Night

Short-Day Plant Long-Day Plant

Diversity of Plants

Elaborate Different Types of Plants Lab Monocots vs. Dicots

Evaluate