The Online Obstacle: A Study of African-American Enterprise on the Internet

8/9/2019 The Online Obstacle: A Study of African-American Enterprise on the Internet

1/77


2/77

WAKI JBLJK I MTWCDBK = r B C @ M

W a l t U c n k L j w k j w l i j c b b | B k f w M b c j o


3/77

WAKI JBLJK I MTWCDBK 4 r B C @ M

Wak Ijbljk Imtwcdbk8C Tw{g| if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj Kjwk}u}ltk ij wak Ljwk}jkw

m|

Cbbkj W* Bc`mT{m`lwwkg wi wak @LW Tbicj Tdaiib if @cjcnk`kjw ij @c| >" =535

lj Uc}wlcb F{bflbb`kjw if wak ]ks{l}k`kjwt f i} wak Gkn}kk if

@ CTWK] IF M [TLJKTT C G@LJLTW]CWLIJ

C M T W ] C D W

Ldijld ^km diùcjlkt mctkg lj wak [T" cbijn wak blokt if Niinbk" Fcdkmiio" cjg W~lwwk}" acvkkqalmlwkg ti`k }cdlcb)kwajld glvk}tlw| cìjn wakl} fi{jgk}t" |kw wak}k cuukc}t wi mk c gkc}wa if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt lj wak n}i{u* Lj walt waktlt L dijg{dw cj kùl}ldcb ljvktwlncwlij ljwi wakuiwkjwlcb kqltwkjdk if c tkw if lùkgl`kjwt wi mbidom{twk} t{ddktt fi} Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj fi{jgkgdijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt i} cj ijbljk imtwcdbk" ct L acvk daitkj wi wk}` wak dijglwlij*

Lj {wlblxljn c tai}w fi}` t{}vk| cjg wkbkuaijk ljwk}vlk~t wi dibbkdw wak wai{nawt cjg iuljlijt if 36 mbcdo kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ai acvk `cgk cw bkctw ijk cwwkùw cw bc{jdaljn c dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkwtwc}w {u" L gid{`kjw wa}kk }kd{}}kjw wak`kt* Fl}tw" wak}k gi jiw cuukc} wi mk kji{na Cf}ldcjC`k}ldcj n}cg{cwkt if kjnljkk}ljn cjg diù{wk} tdlkjdk gltdlubljkt wi fcdlblwcwk d}kcwlij if

u}i`ltljn Ljwk}jkw vkjw{}kt wacw di{bg cdalkvk mbidom{twk} twcw{t* Tkdijg" mbcdo ^kmkjw}ku}kjk{}t m| cjg bc}nk acvk jiw cdalkvkg wak aklnawt if dculwcb ljf{tlij wacw tkk`t wi mkjkdkttc}| wi w}cjtlwlij c dijdkuw f}i` t{ddkttf{b wi mbidom{twk}* Bctwb|" Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjfi{jgk}t if dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt gi jiw lj cj| tlnjlfldcjw j{`mk}t cuukc} wi blvk cjgubc| lj wak twc}w {u kdit|twk` wacw lt Tlbldij Vcbbk|" ljalmlwljn gkvkbiu`kjw if }kbcwlijtalut cjgcddktt wi }kti{}dkt jkkgkg wi ctdkjg wi mbidom{twk} twcw{t ijbljk*

Ivk}cbb" `| fljgljnt t{nnktw wacw wak ijbljk imtwcdbk L tkko wi lgkjwlf| lt vk}| `{da c dibbkdwlijif mc}}lk}t wacw act c gl}kdw di}}kbcwlij wi ltt{kt mbcdo kjw}ku}kjk{}t acvk tuiokj cmi{w fi}gkdcgkt" t{nnktwljn wacw cj| }kvkcbkg ijbljk imtwcdbk vk}| `{da bcdot cj ijbljk i}lnlj*

Waktlt T{uk}vlti}8 Gkjltk Bk~lj Bi|gCttltwcjw U}ifktti} if I}ncjlxcwlij Tw{glkt


4/77




5/77

WAKI JBLJK I MTWCDBK ; r B C @ M

Fi} `| m}lgk cjg mktw f}lkjg" Cjnkbc"

L wacjo |i{ fi} |i{} kjgbktt mkblkf lj `k ct |i{} a{tmcjg"ct c u}ifkttlijcb" cjg" ìtw kttkjwlcbb|" ct `| i~j `cj*

^k ~kbb oji~ `| u{}t{ljn cj @MC ~ct jiw kvkj lj wakmktw if i{} ubcjt" |kw wak kquk}lkjdk act t{uk}dac}nkg `klj ~c|t L gi jiw oji~ ai~ L di{bg acvk gijk ~lwai{w*

âlbk ~cboljn ~lwa c dbctt`cwk ijk gc|" ak ctokg cmi{w

ai~ |i{ cjg L dijwlj{k wi `cok lw~i}o" cjg `|}ktuijtk dc`k ~lwai{w gkbc| 8 ^k tlùb| g}kc` cblok*

Ak}k lt wi jkvk} mcdoljn gi~j f}i` ~acw ~k g}kc` wi mk~albk }kbkjwbkttb| gltdk}jljn ~ai ~k g}kc` wi mk*

^lwa bivk cjg gkgldcwlij"

Cbbkj@c| >" =535


6/77




7/77

WAKI JBLJK I MTWCDBK > r B C @ M

C D O J I ^ B K G N K @ K J W T

Fi}kìtw" L ~i{bg blok wi kqu}ktt n}cwlw{gk wi `| waktlt cgvlti}" G}* Gkjltk Bk~lj Bi|g" fi}kjwa{tlctwldcbb| cddkuwljn wak dacbbkjnk if tuijti}ljn wak }kbcwlvk tw}cjnk} if c fl}tw |kc} @MC

tw{gkjw ~ai }kcdakg i{w wi ak} cmi{w cj c`mlwli{t waktlt u}ihkdw* \i{ kqwkjgkg wi `k lj ijkw~i ai{} ljw}ig{dwlij `kkwljn ~acw ~i{bg blokb| acvk wcokj iwak}t ìjwat wi n}cjw w}{tw* Lw lt|i{} kc}jktw uc}wldlucwlij wacw act akbukg walt diùitlwlij mkdi`k c tlnjlfldcjw `lbktwijk lj `|blfkwl`k cdcgk`ld dc}kk}* Wacjo |i{ ti `{da fi} i~jljn |i{} }ibk*

Jkqw" L ~i{bg blok wi wacjo wak `kj cjg ~i`kj `cj| if ~ai` c}k dbitk f}lkjgt cjgcds{cljwcjdkt" iwak}t if ~ai` c}k diùbkwkb| {joji~j wi `k ~ai `cgk wl`k wi waljo ij `|}ks{ktwt wi lgkjwlf| Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj dijt{`k} ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t* Lj cbb blokblaiig" L ~i{bgjiw acvk di`k cd}itt wa}kk s{c}wk}t if wak kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ai uc}wldlucwkg lj `| waktlt t{}vk|tcjg ljwk}vlk~t ~lwai{w |i{} k `clb fi}~c}gt" uaijk dcbbt" cjg ~i}g if ì{wa wi |i{} uk}tijcb

jkw~i}ot* Walt waktlt nikt wi tai~ ai~ cj cdwlij wacw c| tkk` wi mk t`cbb lj wak tdak`k if ti`kijkt gc| wi gc| blfk dcj m{lbg wi ti`kwaljn wacw lt a{nkb| `kcjljnf{b lj wak blfk if cjiwak}*

Cbti" wi wak 36 kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ai n}cjwkg `k cddktt wi wakl} ljglvlg{cb twi}lkt" iuljlijt" cjg}kcb wl`k wai{nawt" L wacjo |i{ fi} |i{} ljvcb{cmbk dijw}lm{wlij wi walt mig| if ~i}o* Tukcoljn~lwa kcda if |i{ kquitkg `k wi ljfi}`cwlij cjg uk}tukdwlvkt wacw ~lbb ijb| kjacjdk ai~ L nicmi{w wak ~i}bg" cjg L c` cuu}kdlcwlvk if wak u}lvlbknk if wacw kquk}lkjdk* ^lwai{w |i{} cdwlvkuc}wldlucwlij cjg nkjk}itlw| ~lwa |i{} wl`k" diùbkwlij if walt kjgkcvi} if `ljk ~i{bg jiw acvkmkkj uittlmbk* Aiukf{bb| walt ucuk} c{wakjwldcbb| dcuw{}kt ti`k ctukdw if kcda if |i{} vildkt*

Cjg bctwb|" L ~i{bg blok wi }kdinjlxk wak t{uui}w if `| ~lfk" Cjnkbc" cjg jk~mi}j tij" @lwdakbb*Wi Cjnkbc" wacjo |i{ fi} |i{} dijtwcjw kjdi{}cnk`kjw ct L ~i}okg `| ~c| fi} `cj| ìjwatwa}i{na walt vk}| {jfc`lblc} {jgk}wcoljn* \i{ cb~c|t tkk` wi acvk ctt{}cjdk lj ~acw L c`dcucmbk if cdalkvljn ~kbb mkfi}k L c` dijvljdkg if wak tc`k* Wi @lwdakbb" L cuu}kdlcwk |i{}nlfwljn ~lwa c t`lbk ~acw ~i{bg acvk mkkj {jglvlgkg ubc|wl`k ~lwa |i{} gcgg| wi alt u{}t{lw if oji~bkgnk cjg kqdkbbkjdk* L dcj ijb| aiuk |i{ gltdivk} walt waktlt i{w if d{}litlw| cw ti`kuiljw lj wak f{w{}k cjg tac}k lj wak tkjtk if u}lgk L acvk wigc| lj diùbkwljn lw* L bivk |i{ miwa*

L dcj gi cbb waljnt wa}i{na Da}ltw ~ai tw}kjnwakjt `k*-Ualbluulcjt 7834


8/77




9/77

WAKI JBLJK I MTWCDBK < r B C @ M

W C M B K I F D I J W K J W T

CMTW]CDW8 ***********************************************************************************CDOJI^BKGNK@KJWT8 *************************************************************************WCMBK IF DIJWKJWT8 **************************************************************************WCMBK IF KQALMLWT8 ************************************************************************

D A C U W K ] 3 8 L J W ] I G [ D W L I J C J G I V K ] V L K ^ **********************************

3* 3 Wa k K jw }k u} kj k{ }l cb U} id kt t c jg @ | O lw da kj Wc mb k ***************************

3*= Imtwcdbk8 Wacw âlda Lùkgkt U}in}kt t i} Cdalkvk`kjw *********************

3*4 T{ ``c} | i f O k | L j t l nawt ***********************************************************

3*7 Dacuwk} Ivk} vlk~ ***************************************************************

D A C U W K ] = 8 W A K G L N L W C B G L V L G K *****************************************

=* 3 â k} k N c ut cj g I mt w cd bk t C} k J iw wa k T c `k ************************************ =*= âcw lt wak Gl nlwcb Gl vl gk9 ****************************************************

=*4 @l jg l jn wak Gln lwcb Ncu C J cwl ij cb Di jd k} j ***********************************

=* 4* 3 ]k tu ij tk ~lw al j Ui bl wl dt **************************************************

=* 4* = ]k tu ij tk ~l wa lj Lj g{ tw }| *************************************************

=* 4* 4 ]k tu ij tk ~l wa lj Ui u{ bc } U} kt t ********************************************

=* 4* 7 Tk dw lij T{ `` c} | **********************************************************

=*7 Wak Gl nlwcb Gl vl gk W igc | ******************************************************

=* ; Dacuwk} Di jdb{ t l i j *************************************************************** D A C U W K ] 4 8 W A K I J B L J K I M T W C D B K ******************************************

4*3 Wak N} kcw Ks{cbl xk} ***********************************************************

4*= âk}k Ij k î {b g Ji w Mk J i jk ******************************************************

4*=*3 W~lwwk}8 Tac}k cjg Gltdivk} âcwt Acuukjl jn ] lnaw Ji~*** 4;

4*=*= Fcdkmiio8 Akbut \ i{ Dij jkdw cjg Tac}k ****************************

4* =* 4 Tk dw li j T{ `` c} | **********************************************************

D A C U W K ] 7 8 G L T D [ T T L I J I F K @ U L ] L D C B ] K T [ B W T ******************** 73

7*3 @kwaigib i n | **********************************************************************

7*= Dibbkdwl jn wak Gcwc ***********************************************************

7*4 U} ktk jwcwl i j if w ak ]k t{bwt *****************************************************

7* 4* 3 C N c`k if J{ `m k} t *******************************************************

7* 4* = C Bi ~k } Dc tk if D cu lw cb ************************************************

7* 4* 4 Wa k Tlbl di j Vcbb k| Vcd {{ ` **********************************************


10/77


D A C U W K ] ; 8 B K C U L J N W A K I M T W C D B K ***************************************

;* 3 U} im bk ` ij wa k Wc mb k ? Ti b{ wl ij t lj Ac jg ****************************************

;* = AM D[ Dc ù {t Mc tk g L jw k} jk w D i` uc j| Lj d{ mc wi }t *******************************

;*4 U}k Dib bknk ^km C uub ldc wlij ) L jwk} jkw D ijwk jw Di ùkw lwli j t ***************

D A C U W K ] 6 8 D I J D B [ T L I J ************************************************************

6* 3 K`m }c d l jn @ | L jj k} K jw} ku}k jk{} ***********************************************

6* = Wak Ij b lj k Im twc dbk T i ^ acw9 ***********************************************

6* 4 Wak Ij b lj k I mt wc dbk ^ a i D c} k t9 *********************************************

6* 7 Wak Ij b lj k Im twc dbk â | `k 9 **************************************************

M L M B L I N ] C U A \ ************************************************************************

C U U K J G L Q 8 I J B L J K T [ ] V K \ ********************************************************


11/77


W C M B K I F K Q A L M L W T

Kqalmlw 38 Uk}dkjw if [T Ai{tkaibgt ~lwa Ljwk}jkw Cddktt wa}i{na wak Ljlwlcb Ljwk}jkw Mii`****************** =

Kqalmlw =8 Uk}dkjw if [T Ljglvlg{cbt ^ai Cddktt wak Ljwk}jkw Gclb|*****************************************

Kqalmlw 48 [T Ljwk}jkw [tk}t" m| ]cdk)Kwajldlw|" =551 =534 !+ if uiu{bcwlij if kcda n}i{u, ****************** =

Kqalmlw 78 Wiu 3; [T Fi{jgkg Ljwk}jkw Fi}w{jkt !ct if @c}da =535, *****************************************

Kqalmlw ;8 WkdaD}{jda;5 Dijt{`k} ^km Iffk}ljnt =551 cjg =55< ****************************************

Kqalmlw 68 Uaiwit if Tkbkdw WkdaD}{jda;5 Uc}wldlucjwt =551 cjg =558 W~lwwk} Ai`kucnk Jkc} Bc{jda lj =556*********************************************************

Kqalmlw 18 Fcdkmiio Ai`kucnk Jkc} Bc{jda lj =557 ******************************************************

Kqalmlw


12/77

WAKI JBLJK I MTWCDBK 3= r B C @ M



13/77

34 r B C @ M

U ] K F C D K

Walt iukjljn tkdwlij lt ct `{da fi} `k" lj tkwwljn `| kqukdwcwlijt" ct lw lt fi} cj|ijk ~ai kvk}

bc|t k|kt ij wak kquitlwlij wacw fibbi~t* Cfwk} ulwdaljn walt wiuld wi `| @MC waktlt cgvlti}"

Gkjltk Bk~lj Bi|g" g{}ljn wak tu}ljn tk`ktwk} if `| fl}tw |kc} cjg kjncnljn lj t{mtks{kjw

gltd{ttlijt ~lwa ak} cmi{w `| ubcj if cwwcdo" L c` fcl}b| dk}wclj tak acg c dbkc} vlk~ if wak

ì{jwclji{t wk}}clj wacw bc| cakcg" ~ak}kct L tc~ jiwaljn m{w ~lgk iukj ubcljt* Lj aljgtlnaw" lw

~ct u}imcmb| fi} wak mktw wacw L acg t{da jcvk `kjwcb l`cnk}|*

Uk}acut L ~ct ji glffk}kjw wacj wak `|}lcg waktlt ~}lwk}t mkfi}k `k" acvljn c `lbblij glffk}kjw

lgkct wi kqubi}k cjg tlnawt if n}cjgk{} fi} dijw}lm{wljn wi cj ljtwlw{wlijt mig| if oji~bkgnk*

[jblok `k" ai~kvk}" ìtw if waitk c{wai}t ~k}k jiw {tljn takk} cjkdgiwcb imtk}vcwlij ct c

twc}wljn uiljw" cjg blokb| acg ti`k ìgld{` if cdcgk`ld }ktkc}da ~}lwljn kquk}lkjdk

mkfi}kacjg* Lj cj| dctk" gktulwk cj k`mc}}cttljnb| a{nk iuui}w{jlw| wi diùbkwkb| tdaiib `k

nlvkj ak} lù}kttlvk cjg cddiùbltakg mcdon}i{jg lj }ktkc}da ~}lwljn" G}* Bi|g tlùb|

`kjwlijkg wi mk t{}k L c` mkljn fcl} wi `|tkbf lj `kct{}kt if t{ddktt* B{dolb|" L c` ~kbb

u}cdwldkg lj wak c}w if bltwkjljn" cjg akc}g ak} dc{wlij fi} `| uk}fkdwlijltw ~c|t bi{g cjg dbkc}*

L c` wak fl}tw wi cdoji~bkgnk wacw L c` ji kquk}w ij cj| if wak uiblwldcb" tidlcb" i} kdiji`ld

wiuldt wi{dakg {uij lj walt waktlt* Wak}k c}k `cj| cdcgk`ldlcjt cjg u}cdwlwlijk}t ~ai acvk

~}lwwkj i} tuiokj cw bkjnwa ivk} wak |kc}t ij wak kffkdwt if ncut lj wkdajibin| cddktt cjg {tcnk

cìjn Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt* Dijtlgk}ljn waktk kquk}wt tlnjlfldcjw ljvktw`kjw if wl`k cjgwai{naw lj wakl} c}kct if fid{t" L acvk f{bb| gltdi{jwkg `| cmlblw| wi u}ivlgk kvkj c ~i}wa| jig

wi wak n}kcw `cj| if waitk dijw}lm{wlijt* Cgglwlijcbb|" }kdinjlxljn wacw u{mbld gltdi{}tk

t{}}i{jgljn tidlibinldcb lbbt }kbcwkg wi c }cdk }kbcwkg glnlwcb glvlgk act w}cvk}tkg `{da n}i{jg


14/77

37 r B C @ M

tljdk wak `lg 3


15/77

3; r B C @ M

D A C U W K ] 3 8 L J W ] I G [ D W L I J C J G I V K ] V L K ^

3*3 Wak Kjw}ku}kjk{}lcb U}idktt c jg @| Olwdakj Wcmbk

Lj acvljn wak u}lvlbknk if ~i}oljn f{bb wl`k fi} c |kc} ct cj kjw}ku}kjk{} _3P mkfi}k `cw}ld{bcwljn

ljwi wak @LW Tbicj Tdaiib if @cjcnk`kjw" L dcj dijd}kwkb| tc| wacw diùitljn cj @MC waktlt

lt c }cwak} kjw}ku}kjk{}lcb u}idktt* Waljo cmi{w lw8 |i{ tukjg `c}cwaij mbidot if wl`k

gkvkbiuljn |i{} wiuld !m{tljktt dijdkuw nkjk}cwlij," cttkttljn wak iggt if t{ddkttf{bb|

}ktkc}daljn cjg ktui{tljn {uij |i{} lgkct !bcjgtdcuk kvcb{cwlij cjg `c}okw uitlwlijljn,"

tkd{}ljn cgvlti}t cjg kùl}ldcb tw{g| uc}wldlucjwt m| ulwdaljn |i{} vltlij !4 }g uc}w| f{jg}cltljn

wa}i{na cjnkbt" VDt" cjg tw}cwknld ljvktwi}t," cjg wakj diùlbljn cbb |i{ acvk tw}lvkg wi ncwak}

ljwi c ucdocnk |i{} dijt{`k}t ~lbb aiukf{bb| dijtlgk} wi mk ì}k uc}wt vcb{k wacj ~ctwk

!}kbkctljn wak u}ig{dw wi `c}okw,* Cbb dijtlgk}kg" kjncnljn lj cj| kjw}ku}kjk{}lcb u}idktt lt

mi{jg wi u}ktkjw iuui}w{jlw| fi} ljtul}cwlij" w}cjtfi}`cwlij" cjg gltdivk}|" cjg acvljn cb}kcg|

kquk}lkjdkg m{lbgljn ti`kwaljn f}i` jiwaljn" L dcj tc| walt u}ihkdw wai}i{nab| gkblvk}kg*

@itw kjw}ku}kjk{}lcb kjgkcvi}t c}k d{bwlvcwkg ~lwalj ti`k fc`lblc} kqubi}cwlij f}lkjgb|

kjvl}ij`kjw nc}cnkt cjg gi}` }ii`t cìjn wak ìtw uiu{bc} lj wigc| t ^km gi`ljcwkg

~i}bg* @| waktlt wiuld acg c tl`lbc} fi}`cwlij wa}i{na `cj| lù}iùw{ tjluukwt if olwdakj

wcmbktw|bk gltd{ttlij L ~i{bg u}l `c}lb| acvk ~lwa `| ~lfk* ^k f}ks{kjwb| fljg i{}tkbvkt

ljvibvkg lj gltd{ttlij cmi{w vc}li{t ctukdwt if wak Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj kquk}lkjdk" cjg wak wiuld

if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj kjwk}u}ltk ij wak Ljwk}jkw act dk}wcljb| cuukc}kg ij i{} `kj{ if gltd{ttlij

ì}k wacj ijdk*

3 @| dijdkuw ~ct dcbbkg []g}imk !wcnbljk i f \i{} Dbiwakt* \i{} Tw|bk* []g}imk*, cjg ~ct cj ijbljk ~c}g}imkcuubldcwlij wacw cbbi~kg {tk}t wi vlt{cbb| `lq cjg `cwda wiut" miwwi`t" cjg taikt fi} wak tcok if wktwljn i{wflwt*Wak lgkc ~ct wi cbni}lwa`ldcbb| wkbb c {tk} wacw" fi} ljtwcjdk" 155 iwak} {tk}t i~j walt mb{k tal}w cjg wkjg wi ~kc}lw ~lwa (walt( tkw if miwwi`t cjg (walt( tkw if taikt* i} Wi cdalkvk (walt( biio |i{ ~lbb jkkg wi u{}dactk (walt(cjg (walt(* Cfwk} tukjgljn wak ks{lvcbkjw if c |kc} mkw~kkj =55> cjg =551 m{lbgljn c u}iif if dijdkuw cjg!{jt{ddkttf{bb|, di{}wljn ljvktwi}t" L }cj i{w if dcta cjg dbitkg {u taiu* Fcjwctwld kquk}lkjdk jijkwakbktt*


16/77

36 r B C @ M

3*= Imtwcdbk8 Wacw âlda Lùkgkt U}in}kt t i} Cdalkvk`kjw

âkj lw dc`k wi }kfljljn ~acw lw lt" tukdlfldcbb|" L tw}ivk wi }ktkc}da lj walt waktlt" L gkwk}`ljkg L

~cjwkg wi tkko cjt~k}t wi c s{ktwlij wacw ti`kwl`kt bljnk}t lj `| `ljg ct L }k`clj {u wi gcwk

~lwa ijbljk dijt{`k} _=Pdijdkuwt ìvljn wi~c}g Ljwk}jkw twc}gi`8 â| gikt lwt cuukc} wi mk wak

dctk wacw jijk if wak fi{jgk}t if waktk taiiwljn twc} diùcjlkt c}k Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj9

Lj tlfwljn wa}i{na wak jk~t if ij wak ìvk ^km {utwc}wt" L ifwkj fljg wacw L dcj cddi{jw fi}

!cbmklw" wa}i{na ljkqcdw imtk}vcwlij, wak u}ktkjdk if ~alwk cjg Ctlcj fi{jgk}t" wak bc}nktw cjg

t`cbbktw if wak fi{} `chi} }cdk)kwajld n}i{ut lj wak [T _4P" }ktukdwlvkb|* Ai~kvk}" L acvk |kw wi

lgkjwlf| cj Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj fi{jgk} cìjn wak diùcjlkt wacw acvk }kcdakg" i} c}k ~kbb ij

wakl} ~c| wi }kcdaljn" mbidom{twk} twcw{t*_7P Lw ~i{bg cuukc} wi `k wacw ti`kwaljn lt lùkgljn

wak kqw}k`k u}in}ktt i} t{uk} t{ddktt if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj fi{jgkg dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw

diùcjlkt mk|ijg ~acw act mkdi`k di`ìjb| oji~j ct wak glnlwcb glvlgk " altwi}ldcbb|

}kfk}}ljn wi c bcdo if f{jgc`kjwcb cddktt wi wkdajibin| t{da ct wak Ljwk}jkw* Wa{t" L ~lbb {tk

~acw lt oji~j if wak glnlwcb glvlgk ct c fi{jgcwlij {uij ~alda wi kùl}ldcbb| kqc`ljk wak

uiwkjwlcb kqltwkjdk if cj lgkjwlflcmbk ijbljk imtwcdbk" ct L acvk daitkj wi wk}` wak dijglwlij*

Walt ucuk} u}ktkjwt wak d{`{bcwlvk }kt{bwt if c tk}lkt if t{}vk|t cjg ljwk}vlk~t cìjn mbcdo _;P

^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ai acvk `cgk ijk cwwkùw i} ì}k cw bc{jdaljn dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw

dijdkuwt* L u}ktkjwkg waktk uc}wldlucjwt ~lwa s{ktwlijt cmi{w wakl} fc`lblcb cjg cdcgk`ld

= L daitk wi wc}nkw dijt{`k} ~km mctkg dijdkuwt mkdc{tk wak| acvk wak bc}nktw cvclbcmbk {tcnk c{glkjdk cjg wkjg wimkdi`k uiu{bc} vl}cbb|" `kcjljn wak}k lt ifwkj cj ctti}w`kjw if kjw}| ~ljgi~t cjg c tai}wk} }{j~c| wi mkdi`ljnc mbidom{twk} alw*

4 Cddi}gljn wi wak =555 Dkjt{t" lw ~ct ktwl`cwkg wacw ~alwkt diù}ltkg >;*3+ if wak [T uiu{bcwlij? Altucjldt"3=*;+? mbcdot i} Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt" 3=*4+? Ctlcjt cjg Ucdlfld Ltbcjgk}t" 4*>+*

7 Fi} wak tcok if walt c}n{`kjw" L c` gkfljljn mbidom{twk} twcw{t ct acvljn cw bkctw ;5 `lbblij {jls{k {tk}t cjg cwbkctw '=; `lbblij lj 4 }g uc}w| f{jgljn? kbk`kjwt wacw L fi{jg wi mk di`ìj cìjn ldijld ^km diùcjlkt*

; L ~lbb {tk Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj cjg mbcdo ljwk}dacjnkcmb| wa}i{nai{w walt tw{g|* Lj klwak} dctk" L c` }kfk}}ljn wiwaitk ljglvlg{cbt ~ai c}k if kwajld Cf}ldcj gktdkjw cjg dbcl` C`k}ldc ct wakl} ai`k mctk*


17/77

3> r B C @ M

mcdon}i{jgt" twc}w {u kquk}lkjdkt" cjg iuljlijt ct wak| }kbcwk wi uiwkjwlcb lùkgl`kjwt wi wak

t{uk} cdalkvk`kjw if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt lj wak ijbljk dijt{`k} tucdk* Lw lt cuu}iu}lcwk wi jiwk

ak}k wacw walt waktlt gikt jiw ljwkjg wi lùb|" kvkj lj wak tblnawktw gkn}kk" wacw mbcdo fi{jgkg

ijbljk dijdkuwt acvk jiw kjdi{jwk}kg t{ddktt cjg cmivk cvk}cnk }kt{bwt* Lj fcdw" wak}k c}k

tkvk}cb kqcùbkt ~lwalj wak ~lgk tcùbljn if uc}wldlucjwt fi} walt cjcb|tlt cbijk ~ai acvk

cdalkvkg cg`l}cmbk bkvkbt if twc}w {u f{jgljn" kjvlcmbk dijt{`k} mctkt" cjg ) i} b{d}cwlvk kqlwt"

cìjn vc}li{t iwak} `kct{}kt if t{ddktt* ]cwak}" lw lt wak ivk}~akb`ljn bcdo if waktk w|ukt if

dijdkuwt w}cjtlwlijljn wi wak dcwkni}| if mbidom{twk} wacw L tkko wi kb{dlgcwk*

3*4 T{``c} | i f Ok| Lj t lnawt

âcw gikt wak glnlwcb glvlgk acvk wi gi ~lwa Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj kjwk}u}ltk ij wak Ljwk}jkw9

3* Wak wk}`glnlwcb glvlgk lj wak [T ìtw tlùb| }kfk}t wi c wkdajibin| cddktt ncu cìjn

dk}wclj tidlcb n}i{ut* Walt ucuk} cwwkùwt wi ktwcmblta ~akwak} wak bkvkb if t{ddktt if

Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj kjwk}u}ltk ij wak Ljwk}jkw act mkkj lùkgkg m| walt ncu cjg iwak} lbbt*

=* Wak glnlwcb glvlgk act mkkj }kui}wkg m| wak [T uiu{bc} u}ktt wi mk cbb m{w dbitkg ct lw

}kbcwkt wi Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt g{k wi c jiwcmbk ljd}kctk lj cddktt wi wak Ljwk}jkw vlc ìmlbk

gkvldkt* L dijwktw walt wcokc~c| ij wak mctlt if gltwljn{ltaljn wak cddktt ìgkt if

dijt{`k}t vk}t{t u}ig{dk}t c ok| gltwljdwlij lj cj| dijvk}tcwlij ij ijbljk kjwk}u}ltk*

âcw c}k wak ìtw u}kvcbkjw lùkgl`kjwt wi mbidom{twk} t{ddktt ~lwa mbcdo ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t9

4* Wak mbcdo ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t L ljwk}vlk~kg cmi{w c uiwkjwlcb ijbljk imtwcdbk dibbkdwlvkb|

lgkjwlflkg wak ìtw u}kvcbkjw lùkgl`kjwt ct !c, bl`lwkg j{`mk}t if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj

wkdajibin| n}cg{cwkt" !m, {jks{cb cddktt wi twc}w {u dculwcb" cjg !d, c bcdo if ljvibvk`kjw

lj cgvcjwcnki{t kdi t|twk`t blok Tlbldij Vcbbk|*


18/77

31 r B C @ M

7* Ljwk}ktwljnb|" cbb wa}kk if wak `chi} mc}}lk}t cww}lm{wkg wi c uiwkjwlcb ijbljk imtwcdbk lj wa

ucuk} acvk c gl}kdw di}}kbcwlij wi ltt{kt mbcdo kjw}ku}kjk{}t acvk tuiokj cmi{w fi}

gkdcgkt" t{nnktwljn wacw cj| }kvkcbkg ijbljk imtwcdbk vk}| `{da bcdot cj ijbljk i}lnlj*

âcw tib{wlijt `lnaw cttltw lj w}cjtlwlijljn mbcdo fi{jgkg ^km dijdkuwt wi mbidom{twk} twcw{t9

;* @cj| if wak lgkjwlflkg mc}}lk}t ~i{bg tkk`ljnb| mkjkflw f}i` c talfw lj `ljg f}c`k cjg

ljd}kctkg f{jgc`kjwcb kquit{}k ì}k Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj |i{wa mkdi`ljn ljwk}ktwkg lj

u{}t{ljn wkdajldcb flkbgt" ì}k wkdajldcbb| dcucmbk mbcdo u}ifkttlijcbt vlk~ljn ^km

kjw}ku}kjk{}talu ct c dc}kk} iuwlij" cjg ì}k Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t

mkdi`ljn ljvibvkg lj wak kdit|twk`t u}ivkj wi mk d}lwldcb wi Ljwk}jkw dijdkuw twc}gi`*

6* W~i lgkct wacw L u}ktkjw c}k8 !c, Ljwk}jkw diùcj| ljd{mcwi}t ai{tkg cw tkvk}cb if wak

Altwi}ldcbb| Mbcdo Dibbknkt cjg [jlvk}tlwlkt !AMD[t, cjg !m, f{jgkg diùkwlwlijt fi}

^km cuubldcwlij gkvkbiu`kjw wc}nkwljn u}k dibbknk Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj tw{gkjwt*

3*7 Dacuwk} Ivk}vlk~

Dacuwk} =" Wak Glnlwcb Glvlgk"gktd}lmkt wak kwajld ncu lj cddktt wi wkdajibin| wi dijwkqw{cblxk

lwt }ibk lj kqcdk}mcwljn wak {jgk}}ku}ktkjwcwlij if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t ijbljk*

Dacuwk} 4" Wak Ijbljk Imtwcdbk" ljw}ig{dkt `| a|uiwaktlt }knc}gljn ~acw cuukc}t wi mk c

gkc}wa if mbcdo }ku}ktkjwcwlij cìjn wak Ljwk}jkw mbidom{twk} kblwk*Dacuwk} 7" Gltd{ttlij if

Kùl}ldcb ]kt{bwt" u}ivlgkt cj i{wbljk if wak }kt{bwt if `| ljwk}vlk~t cmi{w c uiwkjwlcb ijbljk

imtwcdbk ~lwa Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ai acvk `cgk cj cwwkùw cw bc{jdaljn c

dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw dijdkuw* Wak dacuwk} cbti u}ivlgkt t{uui}wljn gltd{ttlij `cwk}lcbt wi

t{mtwcjwlcwk wak waktlt uc}wldlucjwt cjkdgiwcb imtk}vcwlijt* Dacuwk} ;" Bkculjn wak Imtwcdbk"

gltd{ttkt uiwkjwlcb tib{wlijt wi ti`k if wak u}kvli{tb| lgkjwlflkg diùijkjwt if cj ijbljk

imtwcdbk" cjgDacuwk} 6 dijdb{gkt*


19/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK 3< r B C @ M

D A C U W K ] = 8 W A K G L N L W C B G L V L G K

=*3 âk}k Ncut cjg Imtwcdbkt C}k Jiw wak Tc`k

Cw fl}tw nbcjdk" c bcdo if }ku}ktkjwcwlij if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt ~lwalj wak }cjot if mbidom{twk}

dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcj| fi{jgk}t `lnaw tlùb| cuukc} wi mk wak }kt{bw if cj ljt{ffldlkjw

`kcjt wi nclj wak tolbb tkwt cjg kquit{}k w|uldcb if t{da t{ddktt twi}lkt* I} u{w glffk}kjwb|" wacw

wak ijbljk imtwcdbk L tkko wi lgkjwlf| lj walt ucuk} twk`t gl}kdwb| f}i` ~acw lt }kfk}}kg wi lj wak

[T ct wak glnlwcb glvlgk ct lw }kbcwkt wi Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt* Ai~kvk}" {uij kqc`ljljn walt bljk

if waljoljn c mlw dbitk} lw mkdi`kt ì}k cuuc}kjw wacw wak kqltwkjdk if cj ijbljk imtwcdbk lt

ljgkukjgkjw if wak glnlwcb glvlgk ijk dijglwlij jklwak} tukcot wi wak dc{tkt ji} wak kffkdwt if

wak iwak}* Cgglwlijcbb|" lw fibbi~t wacw `cj| if wak lùkgl`kjwt wacw uiwkjwlcbb| cddi{jw fi} cj

ijbljk imtwcdbk acvk lj cbb blokblaiig mkkj kqcdk}mcwkg m| wak kqltwkjdk if wak glnlwcb glvlgk*

Wa{t" cbwai{na wak dijglwlij L tkko wi gkfljk lt ljgkukjgkjw if wak glnlwcb glvlgk" L gi jiw mkblkvk

lw lt kqdb{tlvk" cjg wak}kfi}k lw lt mkjkfldlcb wi {jgk}twcjg ~acw wak glnlwcb glvlgk lt mkfi}k

u}idkkgljn wi c gltd{ttlij if c uiwkjwlcb ijbljk imtwcdbk*

=*= âcw l t wak Glnlwcb Glvlgk9

^lwalj [T cdcgk`ld" m{tljktt" cjg uiblwldcb dl}dbkt" wa k glnlwcb glvlgknkjk}cbb| }kfk}t wi c bcdo

if cddktt m| ti`k `k`mk}t if tidlkw| wi ljfi}`cwlij cjg di``{jldcwlij wkdajibin|" ct ~kbb ct

wak }kt{bwljn gkfldlkjd| lj cttidlcwkg tolbbt* Bc}}| L}vljn" c fi}`k} `k`mk} if wak Dbljwij

Cg`ljltw}cwlij.t wkdajibin| wkc`" lt ~lgkb| d}kglwkg ~lwa diljljn wak wk}` lj c tk}lkt if [T

Gkuc}w`kjw if Di``k}dk JWLC _6P }kui}wtkjwlwbkg Fcbbljn wa}i{na wak Jkw*_>P_1P_ JWLC" Fcbbljn Wa}i{na wak Jkw8 C T{}vk| if wak -Acvk Jiwt- lj ]{}cb cjg [}mcj C`k}ldc" 3


20/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK =5 r B C @ M

=3*=

>*=

=;*=

1*>

=


21/77


=*4 @ljgl jn wak Glnlwcb Ncu -- C Jcwli jcb Dijdk}j

=*4*3 ]ktuijtk ~lwalj Uiblwldt

Jiwcmbk gltdi{}tk cmi{w wak glnlwcb glvlgk gkvkbiukg ~lwalj wak alnaktw uiblwldcb c}kjct cfwk} wak

JWLCt ljlwlcb }kui}wlj 3


22/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK == r B C @ M

=*4*= ]ktuijtk ~lwalj Ljg{tw}|

Gktulwk cj cdwlvk ijniljn gltd{ttlij ij wak glnlwcb glvlgk lj uiblwldcb fi}{`t" wai{naw

t{}}i{jgljn wak wiuld cuukc}t wi acvk acg dijtlgk}cmb| bktt w}cdwlij c`ijn ti`k n}i{ut if

ljfb{kjwlcb u}cdwlwlijk}t* Cgc` Mcjot" lj alt =556 miio ]cdk" ]akwi}ld" cjg Wkdajibin|8

Tkc}daljn fi} Alnak} N}i{jg " jiwkt wak fibbi~ljn cmi{w wak }cdlcb wkdajibinldcb ncu lj C`k}ldc8

G{}ljn wak bctw wkj |kc}t tljdk wak Glnlwcb Glvlgk cjg m}icgk} wkdajibin| cddktt

ltt{kt k`k}nkg lj wak jcwlijcb dijvk}tcwlij" jiw c tljnbk c}wldbk lj wak wa}kk `chi}

wkdajldcb di``{jldcwlij hi{}jcbt" Wkdajldcb Di``{jldcwlij " Wkdajldcb

Di``{jldcwlij S{c}wk}b| " cjg wak Hi{}jcb if Wkdajldcb ^}lwljn cjg Di``{jldcwlij

cgg}kttkt wak Glvlgk i} cj| wkdajibin| cddktt ltt{k" cbwai{na cbb if waktk hi{}jcbt

f}ks{kjwb| wcok {u s{ktwlij ij wak u}i`ltkt cjg uk}lbt if di`u{wk}t cjg wak Ljwk}jkw*

Ji c}wldbk lj Wkdajldcb Di``{jldcwlij cgg}kttkt cj| ltt{k }kbcwkg wi }cdk &

wkdajibin| lj fcdw" ji c}wldbk lj wak hi{}jcb wcokt {u wak s{ktwlij if }cdk cw cbb lj

tulwk if c tlnjlfldcjw u}ktkjdk if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj cjg Bcwlji)c kjnljkk}t lj wak

~i}oubcdk*_3;P

Ct Kqalmlw = }kvkcbt" wak}k tkk`t wi acvk mkkj kji{na dc{tk wa}i{nai{w wak gkdcgk wi cgg}ktt cj

kwajld gltuc}lw| lj cddktt wi wak Ljwk}jkw fi} cj| u}ifkttlijcb hi{}jcb i} ljg{tw}| i}ncjlxcwlij

u{}ui}wljn wi acvk lj gkuwa }kui}wljn ij ljg{tw}| w}kjgt wi lwt dijtwlw{kjd|" mk wak w}kjgt

fcvi}cmbk i} jiw* Wak gcwc tai~t wacw ~albk wak mbcdo cjg Altucjld uiu{bcwlijt mknlj wak gkdcgk

lj wak vk}| tc`k tlw{cwlij ~kbb mkbi~ wak Ljwk}jkw cddktt bkvkbt if wak ~alwk uiu{bcwlij

Altucjldt s{ldob| dbitk wak ncu ~albk mbcdot dijwlj{k wi bcn tlnjlfldcjwb|* Lj fcdw" wak Altucjld

uiu{bcwlij cddkttkg wak Ljwk}jkw gclb| lj n}kcwk} u}iui}wlij wacj wak ~alwk uiu{bcwlij !>; uk}dkjw

3; Mcjot" Cgc`" ]cdk" ]akwi}ld" cjg Wkdajibin|8 Tkc}daljn fi} Alnak} N}i{jg" Da* =" uc}*


23/77


45

75

;5

65

>5

15

=555 =553 =55= =554 =557 =55; =556 =55> =551

âlwk Mbcdo Altucjld

vt* >7 uk}dkjw" }ktukdwlvkb|, ct if =551* Wak mbcdo uiu{bcwlij" cbwai{na `{da mkwwk} iff wacj lw

~ct cw wak twc}w if wak gkdcgk" lt tai~j wi twlbb jkkg ~acw lt jiw cj ljtlnjlfldcjw ljd}kctk lj

uc}wldlucwlij lj =551 cw 6< uk}dkjw*

Dijw}ctwljn wak bcdob{twk} cwwkjwlij wi wak wiuld if wak glnlwcb glvlgk m| ljg{tw}| u{mbldcwlijt"

wak}k ~k}k ti`k ljg{tw}| kqkd{wlvkt ~ai `cgk ~cvkt m| u}kttljn wak wiuld lj vk}| u{mbld ~c|t*

Twkvk Dctk" fi}`k} Dacl}`cj cjg DKI if C`k}ldc Ijbljk !i} CIB" ~alda cw wak w{}j if wak

dkjw{}| ~ct wak bc}nktw Ljwk}jkw diùcj| lj wak ~i}bg," ~ct ijk if waktk u}cdwlwlijk}t ~ai

dijtltwkjwb| cdoji~bkgnkg kqltwkjdk if wak glnlwcb glvlgk" cjg kvkj ~kjw c twku f{}wak} wi t{uui}w

m}lgnljn lw fl}tw acjg*

I{wtlgk if t{uui}wljn U}ktlgkjw Dbljwij ~akj dcbbkg {uij wi tukco u{mbldb| ij wak ltt{k" Dctk

wiio cgglwlijcb tkbf g}lvkj `kct{}kt wi lù}ivk wak wkdajibin| cddktt l`mcbcjdk cìjn

`lji}lw| n}i{ut* Ijk kqcùbk lt alt ljdb{tlij if wak dijdkuw lj alt }k`c}ot wi wak FDD lj =555

Ti{}dk8 Uk~ Ljwk}jkw & C`k}ldcj Blfk U}ihkdw" =555 =551 T{}vk|t

Kqalmlw =8 Uk}dkjw if [T Ljglvlg{cbt ai Cddktt wak Ljwk}jkw Gclb|


24/77


ct ak gkfkjgkg wak ukjgljn di`mljcwlij if CIB cjg Wl`k ^c}jk} wak bc}nktw `k}nk} lj

C`k}ldcj m{tljktt altwi}|* Dctk twcwkg wi wak mic}g if FDD Di``lttlijk}t8

L gij.w waljo wak}k.t c ì}k {}nkjw wcto mkfi}k {t wacj dbitljn wak Glnlwcb Glvlgk*

Ijk if wak waljnt Hk}}| _BkvljP cjg L c}k ìtw biioljn fi}~c}g wi lt hiljljn i{}

}kti{}dkt cjg tac}ljn i{} lgkct wi kqucjg glnlwcb iuui}w{jlw| wi cbb di``{jlwlkt* _36P

Jiwcmb|" CIB Wl`k ^c}jk} ~kjw ij wi k}kdw c j{`mk} if ljlwlcwlvkt nkc}kg wi~c}g m}lgnljn wak

glnlwcb glvlgk" ljdb{gljn ktwcmblta`kjw if Ubcdkt if Dibi}" cj Ljwk}jkw tk}vldk u}ivlgk} !LTU,

wc}nkwljn {}mcj `lji}lw| di``{jlwlkt vlc c uc}wjk}talu ~lwa !cjg fljcjdlcb ljvktw`kjw lj, G@K

Ljwk}cdwlvk" wak fl}tw u{mbldb| w}cgkg Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj i~jkg Ljwk}jkw diùcj|*

=*4*4 ]ktuijtk ~lwalj Uiu{bc} U}ktt

Wak uiu{bc} u}ktt cbti ljwk}`lwwkjwb| dal`kg lj ij wak u{mbld gltdi{}tk g{}ljn wak |kc}t

fibbi~ljn wak JWLCt glnlwcb glvlgk tk}lkt if }kui}wt* H{tw ct lj wak dctk if wak uiblwldcb cjg

m{tljktt dijvk}tcwlijt" wak}k ~k}k diùkwljn cbb{tlijt wi c }cdk g}lvkj glnlwcb glvlgk lj `chi}

[T mctkg u{mbldcwlijt* Ijk if wak ì}k lj gkuwa c}wldbkt ~ct u{mbltakg m| M{tljktt^kko lj

=554 ct c tukdlcb }kui}w ij tibvljn tidlcb u}imbk`t* C tkdwlij if wacw c}wldbk ~alda ~ct

wkbbljnb| kjwlwbkgWak Glnlwcb Glvlgk Wacw ^ctj.w fibbi~t8

]i{nab| tkvkj |kc}t cni" ~akj wak wk}` _glnlwcb glvlgkP ~ct diljkg" lw gktd}lmkg c

u}kt{`kg u}imbk` if {jdk}wclj gl`kjtlijt* Uibld|`cok}t tukd{bcwkg wacw gktulwk lwt

u}i`ltk" wak ^km ~alda ~ct wakj gi`ljcwkg m| ~kcbwa|" ~alwk `cbkt `lnaw

kqcdk}mcwk tidlkwcb glvltlijt if }cdk" ljdi`k" nkjgk}" cjg kg{dcwlij* Wak}k.t twlbb c

ncu" if di{}tk _mP{w }ktkc}da tai~t wacw lw.t jc}}i~ljn cjg wacw ji u}imbk`

36 Wl`k ^c}jk}" Ljd*" Iukjljn Twcwk`kjw if Twkvk Dctk ]k`c}ot U}kuc}kg fi} Gkblvk}| Dacl}`cj cjg DKIC`k}ldc Ijbljk" Ljd" H{b| =>" =555*


25/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK =; r B C @ M

tk}li{t kji{na wi kc}j wak tdc}| bcm kb glnlwcb glvlgk }kcbb| kqltwt wak uk}dkjwcnk

if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt cjg Altucjldt ~ai c}k niljn ijbljk tai{bg tiij `cwda wakl}

}ku}ktkjwcwlij lj wak m}icgk} uiu{bcwlij*_3>P

Dijvk}tkb|" wa}kk |kc}t bcwk} lj =556" ^l}kg `cncxljk" c `chi} [T uk}ligldcb fid{tkg ij ai~

wkdajibin| cffkdwt d{bw{}k" wak kdiji`|" cjg uiblwldt" u{mbltakg cj c}wldbk kjwlwbkg Glnlwcb

Glvlgk9 Lw.t Twlbb Wak}k" dijw}ctwljn wak ljwk}u}kwcwlijt if u{jglwt lj |kc}t u}li}* Jiwljn }kbkctkg

fkgk}cb gcwc !6>+ if ~alwk tw{gkjwt {tkg wak Ljwk}jkw vk}t{t 77+ if Altucjldt cjg 7>+ if

mbcdot, wacw gltukbbkg jiwlijt wacw niljn ijbljk ~ct c ~c| if blfk fi} kvk}|ijk" wak c}wldbk }kcgt8

Walt d}kcwkt ljd}kglmbk mc}}lk}t fi} `lji}lwlkt"- tclg @c}o Bbi|g" c tkjli} fkbbi~ cw

wak Dkjwk} fi} C`k}ldcj U}in}ktt cjg cj cjcb|tw ij ai~ di``{jldcwlijt ljfb{kjdk

dlvlb }lnawt* Jiw {tljn wak ljwk}jkw -jc}}i~t wakl} cmlblw| wi kvkj waljo cmi{w wak oljg

if ~i}o wak| dcj mk giljn"- Bbi|g tclg* -Lw giktj.w u}kuc}k wak` fi} c ~i}bg lj ~alda

wak|.}k niljn wi mk kqukdwkg wi oji~ ai~ wi gi waktk waljnt*- Wak }cdlcb glvlgk lj

di`u{wk} {tcnk lt wlkg wi m}icgk} u}imbk`t" ljdb{gljn uivk}w| lj mbcdo cjg Bcwlji

di``{jlwlkt cjg kvkj c d{bw{}cb }kb{dwcjdk wi {tk wak ljwk}jkw" Bbi|g tclg*_31P

=*4*7 Tkdwlij T{``c}|

Wak wijk if u{mbld gltd{ttlij ij wak glnlwcb glvlgk cuukc}kg wi bcjg ij wak kqw}k`kt if klwak} tlgk

ijk if cdoji~bkgn`kjw cjg ijk if }kf{wk g{}ljn wak gkdcgk wacw fibbi~kg wak tk}lkt if

JWLC }kui}wt* C dcwcb|tw fi} wak uibc}lxcwlij di{bg acvk mkkj wak w}cjtlwlijljn if uiblwldcb

cg`ljltw}cwlijt !wak Dbljwij cg`ljltw}cwlij ~ct }kubcdkg m| wak M{ta cg`ljltw}cwlij lj =555,"

~akj twcjdkt ij t{da wiuldt wkjg wi mk ljwkjtlflkg" ~albk cjiwak} di{bg acvk mkkj wak

3> Twijk" C`k|" Wak Glnlwcb Glvlgk Wacw ^ctj.w" M{tljktt^kko" C{n{tw 3


26/77


u}iblfk}cwlij if ljgkukjgkjw cjg nivk}j`kjw }ktkc}da bljoljn }cdk !cìjn iwak} g}lvk}t, wi cj

cuuc}kjw wkdajibin| ncu lj wak [T* âcwkvk} wak jcwlijcb tkjwl`kjwt ivk} wak bctw 35 wi 3;

|kc}t ij wak twcwk if wak glnlwcb glvlgk" uc}wld{bc}b| ct lw }kbcwkt wi gltuc}lwlkt cbijn }cdlcb bljkt"

`| nicb lj m}lkfb| u}ktkjwljn kqcùbkt if dijw}ctwljn u{mbld }ktuijtkt wi wak `cwwk} lt wi tlùb|

cttk}w wacw wak dijdkuw wiio ij c jcwlij~lgk lgkjwlw| wacw dijwlj{kt wi kqltw wigc|*

=*7 Wak Glnlwcb Glvlgk Wigc|

M| =556" `ctt `kglc acg cbb m{w gkdbc}kg gkfkcw if wak tidcbbkg glnlwcb glvlgklj wak [T" cw

bkctw ct lw }kbcwkg wi }cdk* Wak Jk~ \i}o Wl`kt u{mbltakg cj c}wldbk lj @c}da =556 kjwlwbkg

Glnlwcb Glvlgk Dbitljn ct Mbcdot W{}j wi Ljwk}jkw"twcwljn8

Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt c}k twkcglb| ncljljn cddktt wi cjg kctk ~lwa wak Ljwk}jkw" tlnjcbljn

c }k`c}ocmbk dbitljn if wak -glnlwcb glvlgk- wacw `cj| kquk}wt acg ~i}}lkg ~i{bg mk c

d}luubljn gltcgvcjwcnk lj cdalkvljn t{ddktt *** Tw{glkt cjg ì{jwljn cjkdgiwcb

kvlgkjdk ji~ t{nnktw wacw mbcdot" kvkj ti`k if waitk cw wak bi~k} kjg if wak

kdiji`ld tdcbk" c}k `coljn tlnjlfldcjw ncljt*_3


27/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK => r B C @ M

dijdb{tlijt" m{w fljg lw wi mk kqkùbc}| if ~acw act tkk`ljnb| mkkj c ìvk`kjw m| `ctt `kglc

wi ucwda ivk} ~acwkvk} }cdk }kbcwkg wkdajibin| ncu wacw `c| dijwlj{k wi kqltw lj wak u{mbldt k|k*

@i}k }kdkjwb|" k@c}okwk} !c glnlwcb `c}okwljn cjg `kglc }ktkc}da fl}`, ktwl`cwkg lj c @c}da

=55< c}wldbk kjwlwbkgWak G~ljgbljn Glnlwcb Glvlgk wacw jkc}b| ijk acbf if wak Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj

uiu{bcwlij ivk} 3< `lbblij ukiubk {tkt wak Ljwk}jkw cw bkctw ijdk c ìjwa" cjg lj fi{} |kc}t"

;6+ ~lbb mk ijbljk* _=5P

=551 =55< =535 =533 =53= =534

Ctlcj >5*1+ >4*;+ >6*5+ >>*3+ >1*5+ >1**5+ 6>*1+ 61*>+ 65*3+

Altucjld 7


28/77


L mkblkvk wak}k c}k d}kglmbk dijdb{tlijt wacw dcj mk g}c~j cmi{w wak twcwk if C`k}ldct glnlwcb

glvlgk mctkg ij Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt alnak} cgiuwlij if Ljwk}jkw m| ìmlbk gkvldk " m{w L gi jiw

tkk ai~ wak dijdb{tlijt lj wak cfi}k`kjwlijkg tw{glkt c}k t{mtwcjwlcwkg* Uk}acut waktk tw{glkt

~lbb cw `ljl`{` u}iviok wai{naw ij gltwljn{ltaljn ~i}otwcwlij cjg ìmlbk gkvldk cddktt wi wak

Ljwk}jkw* Fi} ljtwcjdk" L ~i{bg waljo wak}k wi mk tlnjlfldcjw glffk}kjdk mkw~kkj cddktt vlc c

~i}otwcwlij !t{da ct c gktowiu i} bcuwiu diù{wk}, ~alda iffk}t c f{bb gltubc| cjg ok|mic}g"

cìjn iwak} cddi{w}k`kjwt" cjg cddktt vlc c ìmlbk gkvldk !t{da ct c dkbb uaijk, ~alda lt

u}l`c}lb| g}lvkj m| tukdlcblxkg dijwkjw gkblvk}| cuubldcwlijt* Ijk `kwaig lt jkc}b| wak

kqdb{tlvk ìgk if cddktt fi} u}ig{dwlij if wiibt cjg dijwkjw" ~albk wak iwak} lt cbìtw tljn{bc}b|

}ktk}vkg fi} dijt{ùwlij if dijwkjw* C tdlkjwlfld tw{g| if walt u}ig{dk} dijt{`k} g|jc`ld

`lnaw cwwkùw wi diùc}k wak j{`mk} if Ljwk}jkw cuubldcwlijt u}in}c``kg cjg cì{jw if ijbljk

dijwkjw u{mbltakg {tljn c ìmlbk gkvldk wi wak tc`k `kct{}k if cuubldcwlijt cjg dijwkjw d}kcwkg

ij c ~i}otwcwlij* Lf wak }kt{bwt ljgldcwkg wacw wak ivk}~akb`ljn `chi}lw| if Ljwk}jkw cuubldcwlijt

cjg ijbljk dijwkjw c}k d}kcwkg ij c ~i}otwcwlij" uk}acut wak }kui}wkg bkvkbljn kffkdwt if ìmlbk

Ljwk}jkw cddktt ij wkdajibinldcb ks{cblw| lj wak [T ~c}}cjwt }kkqc`ljcwlij*

=*; Dacuwk} Dijdb{t l i j

L acvk u}ktkjwkg c m}lkf altwi}| cjg fbcta vlk~ if wak d{}}kjw twcw{t if wak dijvk}tcwlij ij c }cdk

}kbcwkg glnlwcb glvlgk lj wak [T wi ktwcmblta c fi{jgcwlij f}i` ~alda wi kqc`ljk walt ucuk} t

fid{t* Wacw lt wi s{ktwlij ~akwak} wak}k c}k lùkgl`kjwt wi wak kqw}k`k u}in}ktt i} t{uk}

t{ddktt if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj fi{jgkg dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt* Wacw gltd{ttlij mknljt lj

Dacuwk} 4 ~lwa ti`k mcdon}i{jg ij `| cjkdgiwcb imtk}vcwlijt }knc}gljn ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}talu

cìjn Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt cjg dijwlj{kt lj Dacuwk} 7 ~lwa c u}ktkjwcwlij if kùl}ldcb }kt{bwt*


29/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK =< r B C @ M

D A C U W K ] 4 8 W A K I J B L J K I M T W C D B K

4*3 Wak N}kcw Ks{cblxk}

Lj H{jk =555 cw wak T[UK]DI@@ _==PJcwlijcb Gljjk}" FDD Dacl} ^lbblc` Oljjc}g u}ktkjwkg

}k`c}ot cmi{w wak Ljwk}jkw {jgk} wak wlwbk if -Wak N}kcw Ks{cblxk}" cjg twcwkg8

^k c}k cw wak d{tu if wak wal}g n}kcwktw }kvib{wlij lj `cjoljg.t altwi}|* Wak}k ~ct wak

Cn}ld{bw{}cb ]kvib{wlij" cjg wak Ljg{tw}lcb ]kvib{wlij" cjg ji~ ~k c}k cw wak vk}|

mknljjljn if wak Ljfi}`cwlij ]kvib{wlij* Walt wal}g }kvib{wlij }k~c}gt waitk ~ai

dijw}ib cjg u}idktt ljfi}`cwlij* Lw nlvkt wak` c diùkwlwlvk cgvcjwcnk cjg c }icg wi

jcwlijcb cffb{kjdk* Lw lt gkfljkg u}ljdlucbb| m| lwt ui~k} wi {jbido wak uiwkjwlcb if

`c}okwt" wi w}cjtfi}` }kwclbljn" wi `cok m{tljkttkt ì}k u}iflwcmbk cjg wi d}kcwk

{jl`cnljcmbk ~kcbwa fi} c u}lvlbknkg fk~*

Oljjc}g t di``kjwt k`mig| ~a| gkwkdwlij if c uiwkjwlcb ijbljk imtwcdbk" i} lùkgl`kjw wi

t{uk} t{ddktt" cìjn Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt tai{bg mk uc}w if c bc}nk}

gltd{ttlij* U}iblfk}cwlij if wak Ljwk}jkw act u}ivkj wak}k c}k a{nk fljcjdlcb }k~c}gt wi mk }kcukg

fi} ulijkk}t lj walt jctdkjw wk}}lwi}|* Fi} kqcùbk" dijtlgk} wak wiu 3; [T fi{jgkg Ljwk}jkw

fi}w{jkt !Kqalmlw 7,* Cìjn wak`" cbb c}k mlbblijcl}kt cjg wak jiwcmbk jkw ~i}wa fi} kcda !~lwa

wak kqdkuwlij if ijk @c}o X{dok}mk}n, ~ct nkjk}cwkg lj wak flvk |kc} uk}lig l``kglcwkb|

u}kdkgljn Oljjc}gt u}ktdlkjw di``kjwc}| cmi {w wak Ljwk}jkw cjg lwt cmlblw| wi d}kcwk

{jl`cnljcmbk ~kcbwa* Lw lt cgglwlijcb wktwc`kjw wi jiwk wacw wak $3 cjg $= ljglvlg{cbt c}k

~lwalj wak wiu 3; if wak Fi}mkt 755 !Fi}mkt `cncxljk t cjj{cb bltw if wak }ldaktw ukiubk lj

C`k}ldc ," cjg c}k m| c dijtlgk}cmbk cì{jw wak |i{jnktw cw wak cnk if 4>" ~ak}kct wak wiu 3;

}ldaktw ukiubk lj C`k}ldc acg cj cvk}cnk cnk if 63 lj =535*

== T[UK]DI@@ lt c w}cgk tai~ fi} wak wkbkdi``{jldcwlijt ljg{tw}| wacw lt hiljwb| i~jkg m| wakWkbkdi``{jldcwlijt Ljg{tw}| Cttidlcwlij !WLC," c w}cgk i}ncjlxcwlij" cjg [TWkbkdi`*


30/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK 45 r B C @ M

Walt bltw if Ljwk}jkw fi}w{jkt_=4P

lt cmm}kvlcwkg fi} wak u{}uitkt if walt ucuk}" m{w wak}k lt c

tlxkcmbk j{`mk} if Ljwk}jkw kblwk ~ai acvk c`cttkg wkjt cjg a{jg}kgt if `lbblijt if gibbc}t

f}i` wakl} ljvibvk`kjw ~lwa Ljwk}jkw }kbcwkg vkjw{}kt* Cgglwlijcbb|" lw lt ljwk}ktwljn wi imtk}vk

wacw cìjn wak flfwkkj bltwkg" c wal}g nkjk}cwkg ~kcbwa f}i` wakl} ~i}o ~lwa Niinbk wak wkjwa

bc}nktw u{mbld diùcj| m| `c}okw dculwcblxcwlij lj wak [T cjg jljkwkkjwa bc}nktw lj wak ~i}bg

~lwalj tlq |kc}t if niljn u{mbld cjg blwwbk ì}k wacj c gkdcgk cfwk} lwt ljdkuwlij * Lw lt lj blnaw

if waktk twcwltwldt cjg Oljjc}gt di``kjwc}| wacw L ~ijgk} ~a| L acvk |kw wi lgkjwlf| cj Cf}ldcj

C`k}ldcj ~ai act nkjk}cwkg {jl`cnljcmbk ~kcbwa f}i` fi{jgljn c dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw twc}w {u*

=4 L ~i{bg blok wi uiljw i{w wacw kvk}| tljnbk ~kmtlwk bltwkg lj wak wiu 3; Ljwk}jkw fi}w{jkt lt dijt{`k} fcdljn* Waltalnablnawt ~a| L daitk wi dijtk}vcwlvkb| fid{t ij dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw dijdkuwt ~akj tw{g|ljn wak cmtkjdk if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt cìjn mbidom{twk} vkjw{}kt*

Jc`kJkw î}wa Ljwk}jkw Fi}w{jk \kc} ^kmtlwk

Cnk !'mlbblijt, Ti{}dk Bc{jdakg

3 Bc}}| Ucnk 4> ' 3>*;5 Niinbk 3*;5 Niinbk 3


31/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK 43 r B C @ M

Cj c}n{`kjw wi uk}acut dijtlgk} ~lwa t{da cj imtk}vcwlij lt wacw waktk Ljwk}jkw kblwk c}k ~kbb

mk|ijg ìtw ukiubk ij kc}wa ~akj lw di`kt wi jkw ~i}wa" }knc}gbktt if }cdk i} kwajldlw|" cjg

wak}kfi}k cj| dcwkni}ldcb bcdo if mkbijnljn wi wakl} db{m lt `k}kb| diljdlgkjwcb* Walt lt ~a| L

daitk wi gkbvk c mlw f{}wak} ljwi `| imtk}vcwlij m| }ktkc}daljn {u cjg di`ljn ^km

kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ai c}k gkk`kg m| twc}w {u u{jglwt wi acvk wak blokblktw iuui}w{jlwlkt wi mkdi`k

wak jkqw c~k ljtul}kg ai{tkaibg jc`kt* L ncwak}kg }kbkvcjw ljfi}`cwlij ij ^km dijdkuwt wacw

acvk u}ktkjwkg ivk} wak uctw w~i |kc}t cw wak WkdaD}{jda;5 dijfk}kjdk cj ljvlwk ijb|

ncwak}ljn wacw u{}ui}wt wi fljg wak mktw;5 !i} ti, if wak |kc}t ^km =*5 twc}w {ut cjg bc{jda wak`

lj f}ijw if wak ljg{tw}|.t ìtw ljfb{kjwlcb vkjw{}k dculwcbltwt" diùcjlkt" cjg u}ktt* Cbìtw acbf

!fi}w| flvk, if wak jkc}b| ijk a{jg}kg WkdaD}{jda;5 uc}wldlucjwt lj =551 cjg =55< `kw `|

d}lwk}lc if mkljn [T fi{jgkg cjg dijt{`k} fid{tkg* Wak| c}k bltwkg lj wak Kqalmlw ;8

^kmtlwk Gktd}luwlij Kjw}ku}kjk{} Uaiwi(

Cj|Dblu @ivlk dblu tac}ljn Cc}ij Diakj 3

Ml}guitw Vk}wldcb tidlcb jkw~i}oljn Hctij Ukk}| cDbldok} Ljwk}jkw WV u}in}c``ljn n{lgk Hl` Bcjxijk =

Dblqw} Tidlcb dc`k}c cuubldcwlij Fk}n{t A{}bk| 4

Dbitkw Di{w{}k Ijbljk fctalij di``{jlw| Da}ltwljc Kblc m

Didigiw Ijbljk Ljvlwcwlijt Tac~j Nibg 7

GiwTuiwt Dijwkjw cjjiwcwlij Fc}acg @ialw d

G}iumiq Flbk tac}ljn G}k~ Ai{twij g

K`k}nljvktw Fljcjdk cjg ljvktw`kjwt ui}wcb Cjg}k~ ^cwk}`cj k

KqdacjnkU Fcjwct| twido `c}okw Dac}bkt Ocwx f FlwMlw Kqk}dltk ljfi}`cwlij w}cdoljn Hc`kt Uc}o n

Fiiwjiwk Ijbljk gid{`kjw c}dalvkt ]{ttkbb ^lbgljn a

Fiwiukglc ^lolukglc fi} uaiwit Hkcj @c}lk A{bbiw l

NiigN{lgk ]cwljn cjg }kvlk~ ~kmtlwk Gcjc I]i{}ok h

Ti{}dk8 WkdaD}{jda;5 !=551 cjg =55


32/77

WAK I JBLJK I MTWCDBK 4= r B C @ M

^kmtlwk Gktd}luwlij Kjw}ku}kjk{} Uaiwi(

Niig}kd ]kdi``kjgcwlij tk}vldk @lal} Taca o

NiUbcjlw W}cvkb ubcjjk} Twkvk Dakj b

N}idolw Ijbljk bkc}jljn nc`k Fc}miig Jlvl `

Acjni{w*jkw Ijbljk tidlcb acjni{w cdwlvlwlkt Ucji Cjwait j

Ac}o# M}i~tljn ubcwfi}` Fi{cg KbJcnnc} ;

lDac}wt Ljwk}cdwlvk dac}wljn Tk|`i{} G{jdok} i

L`ljgl Wai{naw kjnljk Cgc` Bljgk}`cjj u

Ljtwwcjw ]kcb wl`k ukiubk nkjk}cwkg jk~t Hik Bcjnkvlj 6

BlvkAlw Gltdivk}| ) }kcb wl`k gcwc cjcb|wldt Hkcjljk BkFbi}k s

Bkc}jVktw Uk}tijcb fljcjdk kg{dcwlij Cbkqc vij Wimkb >

Blttj ]kcb wl`k tidlcb `kglc wa}kcgt @|ok C}`tw}ijn 1

Bidcbmcdij Him mic}g Hik Kttkjfkbg

W}{kDc} Jk~ dc} u}ldljn ljfi}`cwlij Tdiww Ucljwk} qVlgkiT{}f Di`u{wk} vltlij tkc}da kjnljk Bli} Gkbni |

[gi}tk Kjgi}tk`kjwt vlc uaiwi wcnnljn Nkiff}k| Bk~lt 31

\kqw Wak jkqw |kbbi~ ucnkt Ai~c}g Bk}`cj 3*

Ti{}dk8 Ljwk}jkw C}dalvk c|Mcdo@cdaljk

Kqalmlw >8 W~lwwk} Ai`kucnk Jkc} Bc{jda lj =556


37/77

4> r B C @ M

@i`kjw{` Talfw _=>P8Fi{} i} flvk ìjwat ljwi W~lwwk}t kqltwkjdk " I` @cblo" c vkjk}cwkg Tlbldij

Vcbbk| wkdajibin| mbinnk}" niw c ~alff if lw" cjg bljokg wi lw" kffkdwlvkb| bc{jdaljn wak tk}vldk

u{mbldb| !Gi}tk| acg jiw kvkj mi{naw W~lwwk}*di` |kw" ct wak tk}vldk ~ct {tljn wak ìjlok}

W~ww},* Wak Ti{wa m| Ti{wa~ktw !TQT^, ncwak}ljn c tkw if ljwk}cdwlvk" flb`" cjg `{tld

fktwlvcbt cjg dijfk}kjdkt wacw wcok ubcdk kvk}| tu}ljn lj C{twlj" Wkqct lj kc}b| =55> u}ivlgkg

wak jkqw bc}nk ljfb{q if twkc` wi wak W~lwwk} kjnljk* G{}ljn wak kvkjw" {tcnk if wak tk}vldk ~kjw

f}i` =5"555 w~kkwt uk} gc| wi 65"555_=>P*

D{}}kjw Twcw{t8 W~lwwk} act f{jg}cltkg ivk} ';> `lbblij f}i` vkjw{}k dculwcbltwt cfwk} tkvk}cb

}i{jgt if fljcjdljn" ljdb{gljn c H{b| =55> fl}tw }i{jg if f{jgljn wacw lt }{ì}kg wi acvk mkkj

mkw~kkj '3 `lbblij cjg '; `lbblij* _=1P [tk}t ~k}k w~kkwljn ;"555 wl`kt c gc| lj =55>" 455"555

wl`kt uk} gc| lj =551" =*; `lbblij wl`kt uk} gc| lj =55Gi{nbct" Jldo* -W~lwwk} mbi~t {u cw TQT^ Dijfk}kjdk" Nc~ok}" @c}da 3=" =55>*

=1C}}ljnwij" @ldackb* @i}k Ljfi}`cwlij Ij Wacw Tkd}kwlvk W~lwwk} Fljcjdljn" WkdaD}{jda" H{b| =


38/77

41 r B C @ M

Lgkc D{bwlvcwlij8 Wak i}lnljcb dijdkuw fi} Fcdkmiio ~ct ljtul}kg m| c u}ig{dw u}ig{dkg m|

X{dok}mk}nt u}kuc}cwi}| tdaiib" Ualbblut Kqkwk} Cdcgk`|" ~alda fi} gkdcgkt u{mbltakg cjg

gltw}lm{wkg c u}ljwkg `cj{cb if cbb tw{gkjwt cjg fcd{bw|" {jiffldlcbb| dcbbkg wak fcdk miio*

Mkfi}k Kqkwk}" ai~kvk}" X{dok}mk}n" ~ai mkncj u}in}c``ljn lj 6wa n}cgk _43P" kjhi|kg

gkvkbiuljn diù{wk} u}in}c`t" ktukdlcbb| di``{jldcwlij wiibt cjg nc`kt* Ak m{lbw c u}in}c`

wi akbu wak ~i}ok}t lj alt fcwak}.t gkjwltw iffldk di``{jldcwk cjg c `{tld ubc|k} jc`kg T|jcutk

wacw {tkg c}wlfldlcb ljwkbblnkjdk wi bkc}j wak {tk}.t bltwkjljn acmlwt* @ld}itifw cjg CIB w}lkg wi

u{}dactk T|jcutk cjg }kd}{lw X{dok}mk}n" m{w ak daitk wi cwwkjg Ac}vc}g [jlvk}tlw| ljtwkcg*_4=P

Ct c tiuaiì}k cw Ac}vc}g" X{dok}mk}n ljlwlcbb| u}in}c``kg c dijdkuw dcbbkg Fcdk`cta c

43 N}|jmc{`" @ldackb* @c}o K* X{dok}mk}n 568 Wak ~alx mkaljg wakfcdkmiio*di`* Wak Ac}vc}g D}l`tij" H{jk35" =557*

4= @dNl}w" Kbbkj* Acdok}* G}iui{w* DKI*" FctwDiùcj|" @c| 3" =55>*

Ti{}dk8 Ljwk}jkw C}dalvk c|Mcdo@cdaljk

Kqalmlw 18 Fcdkmiio Ai kucnk Jkc} Bc{jda lj =557


39/77

4< r B C @ M

~kmtlwk wacw diùc}kg tkwt if w~i uaiwit if fkbbi~ {jgk}n}cg{cwk tw{gkjwt cjg ctokg {tk}t wi

daiitk wak aiwwk} uk}tij* Fcdkmiio k`k}nkg cfwk} X{dok}mk}n }kcblxkgwak vcb{k lj Fcdk`ctat

dijwkjw" ct wak {jlvk}tlw| glg jiw acvk c tw{gkjw gl}kdwi}| ~lwa uaiwit cjg mctld ljfi}`cwlij*

@i`kjw{` Talfw8 @k`mk}talu wi wak Fcdkmiio ~kmtlwk ~ct ljlwlcbb| }ktw}ldwkg wi tw{gkjwt if

Ac}vc}g Dibbknk" cjg ~lwalj wak fl}tw ìjwa" ì}k wacj acbf wak {jgk}n}cg{cwk uiu{bcwlij cw

Ac}vc}g ~ct }knltwk}kg ij wak tk}vldk*_44P Wak jkw~i}o ~ct kqucjgkg wi Twcjfi}g [jlvk}tlw|"

Dib{`mlc [jlvk}tlw|" cjg \cbk [jlvk}tlw| lj @c}da =557" cjg s{ldob| dijwlj{kg ij wi ljdb{gk

cbb Lv| Bkcn{k cjg Mitwij c}kc tdaiibt* M| walt wl`k wak tk}vldk acg cj 1;+ ukjkw}cwlij }cwk

4*1; `lbblij `k`mk}t lj wak dibbknkt lw t{uui}wkg" ~lwa 65+ binnljn lj gclb|* _47P Lj Tkuwk`mk}

=556" Fcdkmiio kqucjgkg mk|ijg tdaiibt wi ljdb{gk cj|ijk ~lwa cj k`clb cgg}ktt*

D{}}kjw Twcw{t8 Fcdkmiio act f{jg}cltkg '>36 `lbblij f}i` Cjnkbt" Vkjw{}k Dculwcbltwt" cjg

Ljtwlw{wlijt ljdb{gljn cj ljlwlcb ljvktw`kjw lj wak cì{jw if ';55"555 lj H{jk =557 f}i`

Uc|Ucb di fi{jgk} Ukwk} Walkb !ljw}ig{dkg wi X{dok}mk}n m| wak fi}`k} difi{jgk} if Jcutwk}"

Tkcj Uc}ok}* X{dok}mk}n m{ùkg ljwi Uc}ok} tai}wb| cfwk} ìvljn wi Ucbi Cbwi wi u{}t{k

Fcdkmiio f{bb wl`k*, Fcdkmiio d{}}kjwb| act ì}k wacj 755 `lbblij cdwlvk {tk}t ~i}bg~lgk* _4;P

4*=*4 Tkdwlij T{``c}|

Wak u}kdkgljn twi}lkt if W~lwwk} cjg Fcdkmiio `c| tkk` ti`k~acw glffk}kjw cw fl}tw nbcjdk" m{w

c ì}k gkblmk}cwk diùc}ltij }kvkcbt wacw wak| c}k vk}| `{da cblok lj c fk~ }cwak} tlnjlfldcjw

~c|t* Fi} ljtwcjdk" miwa mbidom{twk} diùcjlkt ~k}k n}i~j wi Ljwk}jkw twc}gi` lj Tlbldij

Vcbbk|" ct act mkkj wak dctk fi} jkc}b| kvk}| [T mctkg mbidom{twk} ^km dijdkuw wi gcwk* Lj fcdw"

44 Ualbblut" Tc}ca* C m}lkf altwi}| if Fcdkmiio" N{c}glcj Jk~t cjg @kglc Bl`lwkg" H{b| =;" =55>* 47 C}}ljnwij" @ldackb* 1;+ if Dibbknk Tw{gkjwt {tk Fcdkmiio" WkdaD}{jda" Tkuwk`mk} >" =55;* 4; Fcdk miio* Fcdkmiio Twcwltwldt" 2awwu8))~~~*fcdkmiio*di`)u}ktt)ljfi*uau9twcwltwldt:


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75 r B C @ M

wakl} Tlbldij Vcbbk| ai`k mctkt cuukc} wi acvk tk}vkg ct wak walj bljk if tkuc}cwlij mkw~kkj

t{uk} t{ddktt cjg }kbkncwlij wi tlù b| mkljn |kw cjiwak} niig lgkc !cbwai{na wak}k c}k

dk}wcljb| iwak} ljn}kglkjwt wacw cbbi~kg waktk dijdkuwt wi t{ddkkg lj wak ~c|t wak| acvk,* Fi}

Fcdkmiio" wak dijdkuwt ljlwlcb" vk}| tlxcmbk dcta ljf{t lij ~ct c u}ig{dw if u}iql`lw|" ~lwa

X{dok}mk}n `kkwljn Walkb m| ~c| if Uc}ok} ~ai` X{dok}mk}n m{ùkg ljwi tai}wb| cfwk}

ìvljn wi Tlbldij Vcbbk|* Fi} W~lwwk}" Gi}tk| acg b{do lj mkf}lkjgljn cjg wakj di fi{jgljn

wak diùcj| ~lwa w~i kq Niinbk kùbi|kkt ~ai ~k}k t{ddkttf{b tk}lcb ijbljk kjw}ku}kjk{}t*

Cgglwlijcbb|" miwa Gi}tk| cjg X{dok}mk}n c}k fi{jgk}t ~ai glg wakl} i~j tifw~c}k

u}in}c``ljn cjg miwa tac}k c twi}|bljk if acvljn acg kc}b| kquit{}k wi wak vk}| {jgk}b|ljn

ljtul}cwlijt fi} wakl} ^km u}ig{dwt Gi}tk|" c t{ddkttf{b wkkjcnk gltucwda tifw~c}k

u}in}c``k}? X{dok}mk}n" c t{ddkttf{b wkkjcnk di``{jldcwlijt tifw~c}k u}in}c``k}*

W~lwwk} cjg Fcdkmiio t twi}lkt if ctdkjtlij u}ivlgk `cj| cvkj{kt wi u{}t{k lj lgkjwlf|ljn wak

kqltwkjdk if c uiwkjwlcb ijbljk imtwcdbk fi} Cf}ldcj-C`k}ldcjt" cjg ijk if wak ìtw tcblkjw uiljwt

fi} wai{naw lt t{``c}lxkg ~lwalj @cbdib` Nbcg~kbbt miio I{wblk}t8 C Twi}| if T{ddktt 8

Lw lt waitk ~ai c}k t{ddkttf{b~ai c}k ìtw blokb| wi mk nlvkj wak oljgt if tukdlcb

iuui}w{jlwlkt wacw bkcg wi f{}wak} t{ddktt* Lwt wak }lda ~ai nkw wak mlnnktw wcq m}kcot*

Lwt wak mktw tw{gkjwt ~ai nkw wak mktw wkcdaljn cjg ìtw cwwkjwlijT{ddktt lt wak

}kt{bw if ~acw tidlibinltwt blok wi dcbb cdd{`{bcwlvk cgvcjwcnk*_46P

Wak mbcdo ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ai uc}wldlucwkg lj walt waktlt dibbkdwlvkb| iffk} c glffk}kjw

uk}tukdwlvk ij ~acw tkk`t wi mk Gi}tk| cjg X{dok}mk}nt cdd{`{bcwlvk cgvcjwcnk lj cdalkvljn

mk|ijg-cvk}cnk t{ddktt* Wak }kt{bwt if `| ljwk}vlk~t ~lwa waktk ljglvlg{cbt fibbi~ lj Dacuwk} 7*

46 Nbcg~kbb" @cbdib`* I{wblk}t8 Wak Twi}| if T{ddktt" Jk~ \i}o" J\8 Blwwbk" M}i~j cjg Diùcj|" =551" u*45*


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73 r B C @ M

D A C U W K ] 7 8 G L T D [ T T L I J I F K @ U L ] L D C B ] K T [ B W T

7*3 @kwaigibin |

L daitk wi kqc`ljk wak mcdon}i{jgt" cwwlw{gkt" cjg kquk}lkjdkt if ljglvlg{cbt ~ai acvk c

d}lwldcbb| lùi}wcjw uk}tukdwlvk ij uiwkjwlcb lùkgl`kjwt wi mbidom{twk} t{ddktt m| c mbcdo

kjw}ku}kjk{} fi{jgkg ^km dijdkuw mbcdo ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t wak`tkbvkt* Uc}wldlucjwt fi} walt

cjcb|tlt ~k}k ti{}dkg ct }cjgi`b| ct uittlmbk" ct wi cwwkùw wi gl`ljlta mlct g{k wi di``{jcb

iuljlij" bc}nkb| m| }kcdaljn i{w wi }kbkvcjw jkw~i}ot if dibbkcn{kt" f}lkjgt" cjg cds{cljwcjdkt*

Ti`k dijwcdwt ucttkg cbijn c jc`k i} w~i f}i` uiibt if uctw dibbkcn{kt" tdaiib`cwkt" i}

m{tljktt uc}wjk}t" ~albk iwak}t m}i{naw wi `| cwwkjwlij wacw wak| wak`tkbvkt ~k}k niig

dcjglgcwkt wi mkdi`k c waktlt uc}wldlucjw g{k wi c u}li} dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw kffi}w wacw acg di`k

cjg nijk cw ti`k uiljw lj wakl} uctw* Cgglwlijcbb|" c fk~ if wak uc}wldlucjwt dc`k m| ~c| if

}kfk}}cb f}i` iwak} uc}wldlucjwt" m{w m| cjg bc}nk wak u}idktt ~ct ct }cjgi` ct lw blokb| di{bg

acvk mkkj nlvkj `| ~i}g if ì{wa cjg dibg dcbbljn cuu}icda wi wak kffi}w* _4>P

7*= Dibbkdwljn wak Gcwc

Wak ti{}dk if gcwc fi} walt waktlt ~ct w~i-fibg8 !3, cj ijbljk t{}vk| wacw ljdb{gkg 43 tai}w-fi}`

fcdw{cb s{ktwlijt cjg !=, uaijk ljwk}vlk~t wacw bctwkg mkw~kkj 45 cjg 65 `lj{wkt dijtltwljn if

bijnk} fi}` iuljlij-mctkg s{ktwlijt cjg dbc}lf|ljn ti`k if wak uc}wldlucjwt t{}vk| }ktuijtkt *

L dijtw}{dwkg c ~kmtlwk fi} `| waktlt cw ~~~*ijbljkimtwcdbk*di` cjg {tkg lw wi u}ivlgk dijtwcjw

cddktt wi wak ijbljk t{}vk|" ljfi}`cwlij cmi{w `| waktlt" ti`k tcùbljnt if gcwc cjg }kti{}dkt L

ubcjjkg wi {tk ~lwalj `| waktlt" cjg m}lkf mlin}cualdcb ljfi}`cwlij ij `|tkbf* Mk|ijg ljlwlcb

4> Ct c tlgk jiwk" L fi{jg lw wi mk t{}u}ltljnb| glffld{bw wi w}cdo gi~j mbcdo ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t" cjg wakj waitk ~ai~k}k ~lbbljn wi uc}wldlucwk* @{da blok jkw~i}oljn fi} cj| iwak} }kctij" L ~ct s{ldob| }k`ljgkg wacw c ~c}`ljw}ig{dwlij nikt c bijn ~c|*


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7= r B C @ M

s{ktwlijt ncwak}ljn wak uc}wldlucjwtjc`k cjg k-`clb cgg}ktt" wak}k ~k}k wa}kk `clj tkdwlijt fi}

wak ijbljk t{}vk| wacw di bbkdwkg ljfi}`cwlij ij wak uc}wldlucjwt mctld mcdon}i{jg ! k*n* dalbgaiig

cjg d{}}kjw }ktlgkjdkt" nkjgk}" ml}wa |kc}" cjg tdaiibljn," fc`lb| mcdon}i{jg !k*n* tdaiibljn

bkvkbt cjg u}ifkttlijt if uc}kjwt" j{`mk} if tlmbljnt" cjg ml}wa i}gk}," cjg kquk}lkjdk ~lwa

Ljwk}jkw vkjw{}kt !k*n* jc`k" bc{jda |kc}" cjg gktd}luwlij if bctw ijbljk vkjw{}k" wal}g-uc}w|

dculwcb ti{naw cjg imwcljkg" cjg di-fi{jgk} gkìn}cualdt,* Wak ijbljk t{}vk| dijdb{gkg ~lwa

cj ljs{l}| ljwi cj|waljn if lùi}wcjdk wi wak uc}wldlucjw L `c| acvk `lttkg lj `| s{ktwlijljn"

ct ~kbb ct c }ks{ktw wi ljwk}vlk~ wak dcjglgcwkt m| uaijk" wi ~alda 355+ if wak t{}vk|

uc}wldlucjwt cddkuwkg*

Kcda if wak uc}wldlucjw ljwk}vlk~t L dijg{dwkg ~ct glffk}kjw f}i` wak ijk u}li} i} wak ijk

fibbi~ljn* Ti`k if wak kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~cjwkg wi oji~ ì}k cmi{w `| mcdon}i{jg cjg lùkw{t

mkaljg tkwwljn i{w wi c{wai} c waktlt ljvibvljn Cf}ldcj-C`k}ldcj kjwk}u}ltk ij wak Ljwk}jkw"

iwak}t ~k}k vk}| gl}kdw lj cjt~k}ljn wak s{ktwlijt L uitkg ~lwai{w ljgldcwljn c gktl}k wi tkn{k

ljwi cj|waljn f{}wak}" ~albk cjiwak} tkw ~ct }cwak} kqu}kttlvk lj ~cjwljn wi w}cjtlwlij ljwi cj iff

wak }kdi}g dijvk}tcwlij* Wak}k ~k}k w~i s{ktwlijt L ~ct u}kuc}kg wi cto kcda if wak

uc}wldlucjwt i{wtlgk if wak tukdlfld s{ktwlijt L `c| acvk acg lj }ktuijtk wi alt ) ak} t{}vk|

t{m`lttlij i} uitljn c fibbi~-{u s{ktwlij ij c u}li} cjt~k}* Waitk w~i s{ktwlijt ~k}k8

3* Gi |i{ mkblkvk wak}k wi kqltw lùkgl`kjwt wi mbidom{twk} t{ddktt fi} Cf}ldcj-

C`k}ldcj fi{jgkg dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt9 Lf |kt" ubkctk gktd}lmk wak`* Lf ji"

ubkctk nlvk |i{} iuljlij ij ~acw cuukc}t wi mk c jij-kqltwkjw Cf}ldcj-C`k}ldcj

}ku}ktkjwcwlij cìjn mbidom{twk} dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt* _41P

41 Lw lt tlnjlfldcjw wi jiwk wacw 355+ if wak uc}wldlucjw }ktuijtktwi s{ktwlij 3 ~k}k |kt" `kcjljn wacw L jkvk} ctokg wak ji dctkt lj miwa s{ktwlij 3 cjg s{ktwlij =*


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74 r B C @ M

=* Lf |kt wi s{ktwlij 3" ~acw c}k ti`k tib{wlijt |i{ ~i{bg }kdi``kjg wi cttltw lj

gl`ljltaljn waktk lùkgl`kjwt |i{ acvk lgkjwlflkg9 Lf ji" ~acw gi |i{ mkblkvk wi mk

wak ljn}kglkjwt fi} }kcdaljn mbidom{twk} twcw{t ct c dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcj|9

Wak uc}wldlucjwt tuiok cw bkjnwa !~lwa ctt{}cjdk if cjij|`lw|, lj cjt~k}ljn `| s{ktwlijt" cjg L

bltwkjkg ~albk c{gli-}kdi}gljn wakl} }ktuijtkt fi} f{w{}k }kfk}kjdk cjg ~}lwljn kqwkjtlvk jiwkt*

Cfwk} diùbkwljn wak biw if ljwk}vlk~t L ~kjw mcdo cjg fi}wa mkw~kkj wak gcwc L acg ncwak}kg cjg

wak }kdi}gkg ljwk}vlk~t tkkoljn di`ìj wak`kt wacw `lnaw acvk k`k}nkg cìjn wak

uc}wldlucjwt }ktuijtkt* Wak}k ~k}k wa}kk wak`kt wacw ~k}k }kd{}}kjw8 !3,bl`lwkg j{`mk}t if

Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj wkdajibin| n}cg{cwkt " !=, {jks{cb cddktt wi twc}w {u dculwcb" cjg !4, c bcdo if

ljvibvk`kjw lj cgvcjwcnki{t kdi t|twk`t blok Tlbldij Vcbbk|*

7*4 U}ktkjwcwli j i f wak ]kt{bwt

Uiwkjwlcbb| }kbkvcjw t{``c}| twcwltwldt mctkg ij gkìn}cuald ljfi}`cwlij if wak 36 mbcdo ^km

kjw}ku}kjk{} uc}wldlucjwt c}k u}ktkjwkg lj wak fibbi~ljn m{bbkw uiljwt wi `cljwclj cjij|`lw|8

Nkjgk}8 3; uc}wldlucjwt !;+, d{}}kjwb| }ktlgk ij wak Kctw Dictw" 3 !6+, lj wak

@lg~ktw" 3 !6+, ij wak ^ktw Dictw" cjg = !34+, blvk ljwk}jcwlijcbb|?

Fi}`cb Kg{dcwlij Bkvkb8 6 uc}wldlucjwt !41+, diùbkwkg dibbknk !ji cgvcjdkg

gkn}kk," 1 !;5+, imwcljkg c @ctwk}t gkn}kk" 3 !6+, diùbkwkg ti`k dibbknk" 3 !6+,

lt twlbb cj {jgk}n}cg{cwk tw{gkjw" cjg jijk acvk c gidwi}cwk bkvkb gkn}kk?


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77 r B C @ M

AMD[ Kg{dcwkg8 4 uc}wldlucjwt !3;+, tw{glkg

m{tljktt i} c dbitkb| }kbcwkg t{mhkdw?

Fcwak}t Fi}`cb Kg{dcwlij Bkvkb 8 7 if wak uc}wldlucjwt fcwak}t !=;+, diùbkwkg alna

tdaiib i} ti`k dibbknk di{}tkt" 4 !3 if wak uc}wldlucjwt ìwak}t !77+, diùbkwkg

alna tdaiib i} ti`k dibbknk di{}tkt" = !34+, diùbkwkg dibbknk !ji cgvcjdkg

gkn}kk," ; !43+, diùbkwkg cw bkctw ijk cgvcjdkg gkn}kk" cjg = daitk ji }ktuijtk?

Ml}wa I}gk}8 3 uc}wldlucjw !6+, ~ct cj ijb| dalbg" 6 !41+, ~k}k fl}tw-mi}j dalbg}kj" 6

!41+, ~k}k `lggbk dalbg}kj" cjg 4 !3


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7; r B C @ M

I{} olgt ni wi tdaiib cjg wak|}k jiw di`ljn i{w wi mk u}in}c `k}t* M| cjg bc}nk

wacw lt jiw ~acw wak| c}k giljn* ^k}k waljoljn ij wak m{tljktt bkvkb cjg wak

dijdkuw{cb bkvkb" m{w wacw lt jiw ucl}kg ~lwa wkdajibin|* Wak| tc| L acvk c `c}okwcmbk

tol bb cjg L ~cjw wi dcta lj* Wak| ~i{bg `{da }cwak} c t{}k waljn wacw uc|t wak mlbbt*

L waljo lw lt c t{uub| tlgk ltt{k cjg jiw c gk`cjg tlgk ltt{k* Wak cmlblw| fi} i{}

ukiubk wi nkw ijbljk cjg dijt{`k vc}li{t dijwkjw cjg tk}vldkt lt wak}k" ~akwak}

w}cglwlijcb Ljwk}jkw vlc diù{wk} i} m| ìmlbk* âk}k wak }kcb ltt{k lt ~akj lw di`kt

wi mbcdo fi{jgkg dijdkuwt lt wacw wak cì{jw if ukiubk wacw f{jjkb lj wa}i{na wak

cdcgk`ld bljkt wacw kjg {u |lkbgl jn waitk oljgt if kjw}ku}kjk{}t|i{ h{tw gijw acvk

kji{na ukiubk niljn ljwi wak u}idktt* Lf |i{ biio cw wak Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj

uiu{bcwlij cjg wak ukiubk niljn ljwi flkbgt blok kjnljkk}ljn cjg diù{wk} tdlkjdk" L

waljo |i{ fljg wak t`cbbktw tkw* Cjg wakj |i{ acvk c d{bw{}cb mlct mkw~kkj wak fibot

~ai gi ni ljwi waitk dc}kk}t bkcjljn wi~c}gt c dijtk}vcwlvk dc}kk} ucwa* Ji ijk ~lbb

ojido |i{ lf |i{ wcok c him cw _cj| ijk if tkvk}cb bc}nk wkdajibin| fid{tkg

diùcjlktP" m{w wak kjvl}ij`kjw ~lwalj wak di``{jlw| lt jiw j{}w{}ljn ~akj lw

di`kt wi acjnljn i{w lj c nc}cnk wi bc{jda wak jkqw mbidom{twk} dijdkuw*

C Bi~k} Dctk if Dculwcb 8 Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t m| cjg bc}nk acvk jiw

cdalkvkg wak aklnawt if dculwcb ljf{tlij wacw tkk`t wi mk jkdkttc}| wi w}cjtlwlij c dijdkuw f}i`

t{ddkttf{b wi mbidom{twk}*Fibbi~ljn c}k ti`k t{nnktwlvk uc}wldlucjw s{iwkt wacw dcuw{}k waktul}lw if walt wak`k8

Wak mbcdo kjw}ku}kjk{}t lj wak ^km tucdk c}k dijtwcjwb| w}|ljn wi fln{}k i{w ai~ wi

ìvk wi wak jkqw bkvkb cjg wak n}kcwktw mc}}lk} lt f{jgljn*


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76 r B C @ M

Lj wak wkdajibin| tucdk wak}kt c uk}dkuwlij wacw wak ~alwk n{|t gi lw mkwwk}* Cjg

wacw lt mkdc{tk wak| acvk acg cddktt wi dculwcb" cjg acvk mkkj cmbk wi bc{jda u}ig{dwt

wacw ~i}o* \i{ acvk c m{jda if n{|t ~ai acvkjw jkdkttc}lb| fln{}kg i{w wak

}kvkj{k ulkdk if lw" m{w wak|vk mkkj cmbk wi fln{}k i{w ti`kwaljn wacwt t{ddkttf{b lj

wk}`t if kjncnk`kjw* ^k cb~c| t kjg {u acvljn wi dimmbk {u gi{na * âkj ~k ni

wi 4}g uc}w| f{jgk}t ~ai c}kjw mbcdo i~jkg" ~ k ifwkj nkw mkcwkj wi wak u{jda" cjg c

biw if wacw act wi gi ~lwa }kbcwlijtalut wacw niw ktwcmbltakg lj {jgk}n}cg cjg n}cg

tdaiib* Ti c biw if wak` oji~ kcda iwak}* âkj ~k u{w i{} wkc`t winkwak} ~ai acvk

mkkj wi waitk tdaiibt" ~k nkjk}cbb| nkw wak}k tkdijg mkdc{tk wak dijvk}tcwlijt gijw

acuukj ij wak m{tljktt bkvkb" wak| acuukj ij wak tidlcb bkvkb*

U{wwljn cbb if wak ulkdkt winkwak} lt wak dacbbkjnk fi} mbcdo kjw}ku}kjk{}t* Wak|

gijw acvk cdkttt wi wak tkkg f{jgljn wi tc| walt lt cbb ~k}k niljn wi fid{t ij*

Wak Tlbldij Vcbbk| Vcd{{` 8 Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t gi jiw lj cj| tlnjlfldcjw

j{`mk}t blvk cjg ubc| lj wak twc}w {u kdit|twk` wacw lt Tlbldij Vcbbk|" ljalmlwljn gkvkbiu`kjw if

}kbcwlijtalut cjg cddktt wi }kti{}dkt jkkgkg wi ctdkjg wi mbidom{twk} twcw{t ijbljk* Fibbi~ljn

c}k ti`k t{nnktwlvk uc}wldlucjw s{iwkt wacw dcuw{}k wak tul}lw if walt wak`k8

C biw if {t c}kjw tlwwljn lj Tlbldij Vcbbk| * Lwt c mkg}ii` di``{jlw|* â| lt wacw

jiw c ~ kbdi`k di``{jlw| fi} mbcdo fibo9

Mbidom{twk}t c}k vk}| ljdktw{i{t ~akj |i{ nkw wi wacw bkvkb* Cjnkbt f}i`

Fi{}Ts{c}k _c bidcwlij mctkg tidlcb jkw~i}oljn ~kmtlwkP c}k W~lwwk} n{|t* Lwt c

.niig jk~ mi|t jkw~i}o klwak} |i{ c}k ij wak ljtlgk i} wak i{wtlgk* Wak tc`k VD

~ai ljvktwkg lj walt ljvktwt lj wacw* Tc`k bc~|k}t c}k {tkg" kwd* Lwt c t`cbb


47/77

7> r B C @ M

jkw~i}o if ukiubk `coljn c biw if ìjk|" cjg h{tw blok cj| iwak} jkw~i}o blok wacw"

|i{ gijw ~cjw wi bkw iwak}t lj*

Biwt if waljnt acvk wi `lq ~kbb* Tlbldij Vcbbk| lt c vk}| {jls{k kdit|twk`* Cj lgkc

lt ~i}wa jiwaljn? kqkd{wlij lt kvk}|waljn cjg kqkd{wlij mkdi`kt ljfljlwkb| ac}gk} lf

|i{}k jiw lj wak }lnaw kdit|twk` wacw ~lbb kjcmbk |i{ wi kqkd{wk* Cjg c mln uc}w if

kqkd{wlij lt }cltljn dculwcb* _Fi} kqcùbkP" lwt wak }kctij Kvcj ^lbblc`t ~ct cmbk wi

t{uui}w cjg fljcjdk W~lwwk}* Ijk" ak acg c n}kcw mcdon}i{jg ~lwa Mbinnk}* W~i" ak

acg niig }kbcwlijtalut ~lwa ljvktwi}t ak acg ljvktwi}t ~ai acg h{tw u{w ìjk| ljwi

Igki* Igki ~ct niljn ti{wa cjg ak uclg wak` wakl} ìjk| mcdo mkdc{tk ak ojk~ ak

acg W~lwwk} {jgk} wak aiig ijk if alt gkvkbiuk}t _Hcdo Gi}tk|P acg twc}wkg

~i}oljn ij lw cjg wacw ~ct ~ak}k ak ~ct niljn wi tukjg alt wl`k niljn fi}~c}g*

Ijdk ak niw wacw wi c dk}wclj uiljw ~ak}k ak tai~kg ti`k n}i~wa" ak di{bg ni mcdo

wi waitk ljvktwi}t cjg }cltk dculwcb kctlb|* Akt lj wacw kdit|twk`* Cjg ak t gkcbljn

~lwa ljvktwi}t ~ai {jgk}twiig ~acw W~lwwk}t `kw}ldt ~i{bg mk cbb cmi{w? wacw lwt

cmi{w wak n}i~wa cjg {tcnk cjg vk}t{t wak }kvkj{k" cjg waitk ljvktwi}t gijw kqltw

kvk}|~ak}k*

Diùcjlkt lj Tlbldij Vcbbk| wkjg wi mbi~ kcda iwak}t ai}j* Ti f i} kqcùbk" wak}k

c}k c biw ì}k ljfb{kjwlcb mbinnk}t mctkg i{w if Tlbldij Vcbbk|" ti lwt cbìtw blok c

jklnami}aiig w|uk waljn* Wak| wkjg wi wcbo cmi{w wak twc}w {ut wacw c}k lj wakl}

jklnami}aiig ~c| ì}k wacj wak| wcbo cmi{w iwak} twc}w{ut" mkdc{tk wak|}k m{ùljn

ljwi ukiubk cbb gc| bijn f}i` waktk vc}li{t diùcjlkt* Cjg ti" lw ti}w if tkbf


48/77

71 r B C @ M

uk}ukw{cwkt* Fi} c dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw ubc|" |i{ tai{bg }kcbb| mk lj Tlbldij Vcbbk|* Lf

jiw |i{ c}kjw wak}k" |i{ c}k acjgldcuuljn |i{}tkbf" u}imcmb|" m| c fcdwi} if flvk*

7*4*3 C Nc`k if J{`mk}t

Walt uiljw ~ct wak ìtw di`ìj }ktuijtk wi wak ljwk}vlk~ s{ktwlij ljs{l}ljn lf kcda uc}wldlucjw

wai{naw wak}k ~k}k cj| lùkgl`kjwt wi Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t cdalkvljn

mbidom{twk} twcw{t ~lwa wakl} dijdkuwt* L ncwak}kg mcdon}i{jg gcwc f}i` wak ~kmtlwk if wak

Jcwlijcb Tdlkjdk Fi{jgcwlij !JTF, wi cwwkùw wi vcblgcwk `| uc} wldlucjwt fkkb fi} wak

kjvl}ij`kjw" cjg lw w{}jt i{w wacw wak mctlt if wakl} cttk}wlij lt di}}kdw !Kqalmlw


49/77

7< r B C @ M

`k}kb| c u}iq| fi} wak f{bbk} kqwkjw if wak kjw}ku}kjk{}lcb lùbldcwlijt f}i` `| uc}wldlucjw

}ktuijtkt* Fi} ljtwcjdk" wak gcwc tc|t blwwbk cmi{w ai~ `cj| if waktk kjnljkk}ljn tw{gkjwt ~lbb

kvkjw{cbb| mkdi`k kjw}ku}kjk{}t* Ji} gikt wak gcwc cddi{jw fi} wak fi{jgk}t if ^km diùcjlkt

~ai c}k tkbf wc{naw u}in}c``k}t" uk}acut jiw acvljn kvk} twkuukg fiiw ljtlgk if cj kjnljkk}ljn

tdaiib* Kvkj ti" L mkblkvk lw lt c fcl} c}n{`kjw wi `cok wacw lf wak [T nivk}j`kjw ~ct wi `cok c

m{gnkw cbbidcwlij wi dcwcb|xk Ljwk}jkw kjw}ku}kjk{}talu" kjnljkk}ljn u}in}c`t ~i{bg blokb| mk

wiu if wak bltw cjg wa{t gcwc ij wak` tk}vk walt ucuk}t u{}uitkt ct ~kbb*

Cfwk} }kvlk~ljn wak JTFt =55< }kui}w ij î`kj" @lji}lwlkt" cjg Uk}tijt ~lwa Gltcmlblwlkt lj

Tdlkjdk cjg Kjnljkk}ljn cjg ~i}oljn ~lwa ti`k if wak gi~jbicgkg gcwc" L `cgk cjiwak}

imtk}vcwlij wacw f{}wak} t{uui}wt`| uc}wldlucjwt cttk}wlij* Cìjn wak fi{} `chi} }cdk)kwajld

n}i{ut lj wak [T" Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt acvk m| fc} wak alnaktw cww}lwlij }cwk lj kjnljkk}ljn

u}in}c`t !Kqalmlw 35,* Ijb| 74+ if mbcdo tw{gkjwt ~ai kj}ibb lj cj kjnljkk}ljn u}in}c` c}k

c~c}gkg c Mcdakbi}t gkn}kk lj kjnljkk}ljn" ~albk wak cvk}cnk cìjn cbb {jgk}n}cg{cwk

kjnljkk}ljn tw{gkjwt lt >7+* !Wak ctt{ùwlij lt wacw waktk tw{gkjwt c}k t~lwdaljn ljwi iwak}

`chi}t cw wakl} vc}li{t ljtwlw{wlijt" }cwak} wacj g}iuuljn i{w if tdaiib cbwinkwak},*

Wak bcdo if Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj tw{gkjwt kjwk}ljn ljwi kjnljkk}ljn u}in}c`t cjg wakj n}cg{cwljn

~lwa gkn}kkt lj kjnljkk}ljn ~i{bg cuukc} wi tk}vk ct cj imtwcdbk wi t{uk} t{ddktt lj ijbljk

kjwk}u}ltk" ct ljgkkg uc}w if wak twi}| lt cmi{w mctk }cwkt i} c nc`k if j{`mk}t* Ijk if wak

wcokc~c|t f}i` wak }kvlk~ if wak twi}lkt if W~lwwk} cjg Fcdkmiio lj Dacuwk} 4 if walt waktlt ~ct

wacw wak fi{jgk}t if waktk dijdkuwt ojk~ ai~ wi u}in}c` diù{wk}t" cjg `ctwk}kg wak tolbb cw cj

kc}b| cnk* Cbwai{na miwa Gi}tk| !W~lwwk}, cjg X{dok}mk}n !Fcdkmiio, dbcl` wak| ~k}k tkbf

wc{naw ct u}in}c``k}t" L ~i{bg ~cnk} wak}k c}k fk~k} j{`mk}t if tkbf wc{naw u}in}c``k}t wacj


50/77

;5 r B C @ M

waitk `ctwk}ljn wacw tolbb lj wak acbbt if alnak} kg{dcwlij ktukdlcbb| ~lwalj wak mbcdo

di``{jlw| lj blnaw if i{} kc}blk} }kvlk~ if wak glnlwcb glvlgk*

Wakj wak}k lt wak }kbcwkg ltt{k if mbcdo kjnljkk}t cjg diù{wk} tdlkjwltwt mkdi`ljn

kjw}ku}kjk{}t* Wak JTFt gcwc tai~t Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt c}k ~kbb mkbi~ cbb iwak} }cdk)kwajld

n}i{ut ~akj lw di`kt wi }ku}ktkjwcwlij cìjn tkbf kùbi|kg kjnljkk}t cjg diù{wk} tdlkjwltwt

cjg c}k bkctw blokb| cìjn wak` wi mk tkbf kùbi|kg !Kqalmlw 33,*

Walt gcwc t{uui}wt ì}k nkjk}cb }ktkc}da ij Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt cjg kjw}ku}kjk{}talu u}ktkjwkg

m| Tdiww Tacjk" u}ifktti} if kjw}ku}kjk{}lcb tw{glkt cw Dctk ^ktwk}j [jlvk}tlw| cjg c{wai} if

Wak Lbb{tlijt if Kjw}ku}kjk{}talu " ~ak}k Tacjk twcwkt8

Ijk tw{mmi}j wcbb wcbk `cljwcljt wacw mkdc{tk mbcdot fcdk c nbctt dklbljn lj Di}ui}cwk

C`k}ldc" kjw}ku}kjk{}talu c ìjn wak` lt vk}| di`ìj* _\kwP kjw}ku}kjk{}talu lt

s{lwk }c}k lj wak mbcdo di``{jlw|* Dijtlgk} fi} ljtwcjdk wak fibbi~ljn twcwltwldt8

>4*;+ >=*1+


51/77

;3 r B C @ M

!3, Ijb| ;*3 uk}dkjw if m{tljktt i~jljn ai{tkaibgt acvk c mbcdo akcg ct diùc}kg

wi 3=*> uk}dkjw if jij m{tljktt i~jljn ai{tkaibgt* !=, @i}k wacj w~ldk wak

u}iui}wlij if ~alwkt c}k tkbf kùbi|kg wacj wak u}iui}wlij if mbcdot* 34*3 uk}dkjw if

~alwk `kj cjg >*7 uk}dkjw if ~alwk ~i`kj c}k tkbf kùbi|kg" ct diùc}kg wi ;*3

uk}dkjw if mbcdo `kj cjg =*> uk}dkjw if mbcdo ~i`kj* Dbkc}b|" wak `|wa if mbcdo

kjw}ku}kjk{}talu lt h{tw wacw8 c `|wa*_75P

Lj blnaw if walt ljfi}`cwlij" wak {jgk}~akb`ljn ìvk`kjw m| mbcdo kjnljkk}t cjg diù{wk}

tdlkjwltwt" cj cb}kcg| gl`lj{wlvk n}i{u lj }ku}ktkjwcwlij cìjn wakl} flkbgt di{jwk}uc}wt" wi

daiitk kjw}ku}kjk{}talu ct c u}ifkttlij cuukc}t wi acvk bktt wi gi ~lwa wak flkbg if tw{g| wacj lw

gikt c }cdlcb mlct* Tacjk kqubi}kt walt uiwkjwlcb mlct m| gltukbbljn c bcdo if ljwk}ktw" wak cì{jw

cjg bkvkbt if kg{dcwlij" cddktt wi tidlcb jkw~i}ot" cjg c gkfldlkjd| if tkbf kùbi|kg mbcdo }ibk

75 Tacjk" Tdiww C* Wak Lbb{tlijt if Kjw}ku}kjk{}talu8 Wak Ditwb| @|wat Wacw Kjw}ku}kjk{}t" Ljvktwi}t" cjg Uibld|@cok}t Blvk M|" Jk~ Acvkj" Dijjkdwld{w8 \cbk [jlvk}tlw| U}ktt" =551" Glnlwcb Kglwlij*

1=*>+

>*>+

6*>+

3*q

âlwk Ctlcj Altucjld

Ti{}dk8 Jcwlijcb Tdlkjdk Fi{jgcwlij8 î`kj" @lji}lwlkt" cjg Uk}tijt ~lwa Gltcmlblwlkt lj Tdlkjdk cjgKjnljkk}ljn =55


52/77

;= r B C @ M

ìgkbt ct u}l`c}| fcdwi}t* @ijk|" ak u{}ui}wt" lt wak ivk}~kb`ljn ti{}dk if mlct cttk}wljn wacw

wak bl`lwkg jkw ~i}wa if mbcdo ai{tkaibgt okkut mbcdot f}i` twc}wljn m{tljkttkt cw wak tc`k }cwk

ct ~alwkt* Flwwljnb|" wakwiuld if bcdo if cddktt wi dculwcb m| mbcdo ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ct wak

tkdijg ìtw di`ìj cjt~k} wi `| s{ktwlij uitkg wi uc}wldlucjwt ij wak gkc}wa if mbcdo

fi{jgkg mbidom{twk} diùcjlkt" cjg lt u}ktkjwkg fi} gltd{ttlij jkqw*

7*4*= C Bi~k} Dctk if Dculwcb

L acvk kquk}lkjdkg f{jg}cltljn wi nkjk}cbb| mk c ti}k uiljw if gltd{ttlij cìjn `cj| mbcdo

kjw}ku}kjk{}t" cjg ti L kqukdwkg wak uiljw wi mk jkc} wiu if wak bltw if uiwkjwlcb mc}}lk}t

di``{jldcwkg m| `| dijt{`k} ^km fid{tkg uc}wldlucjwt* C ~kcbwa if `kcjljnf{b }ktkc}da act

mkkj dijg{dwkg ij walt wiuld" cjg L acvk fi{jg wacw c =55< }kui}w u{mbltakg wa}i{na wak K~ljn

@c}lij Oc{ff`cj Fi{jgcwlij u}ivlgkt c fcjwctwld t{``c}| if wak ìtw tcblkjw dijtlgk}cwlijt8

Wak `kglcj bkvkb if jkw ~i}wa cìjn mbcdot lt '6"=55" kbkvkj wl`kt bi~k} wacj wak

~alwk bkvkb* Bi~ bkvkbt if mbcdo uk}tijcb ~kcbwa `c| mk gkw}l`kjwcb wi tkd{}ljn

dculwcb mkdc{tk walt ~kcbwa dcj mk ljvktwkg gl}kdwb| lj wak m{tljktt i} {tkg ct

dibbcwk}cb wi imwclj m{tljktt bicjt* Lj cgglwlij wi }kbcwlvkb| bi~ bkvkbt if uk}tijcb

~kcbwa" u}kvli{t }ktkc}da u}ivlgkt kvlgkjdk wacw lt dijtltwkjw ~lwa mbcdo

kjw}ku}kjk{}t fcdljn bkjgljn gltd}l`ljcwlij* Mbcdo i~jkg fl}`t kquk}lkjdk alnak}

bicj gkjlcb u}imcmlblwlkt cjg uc| alnak} ljwk}ktw }cwkt wacj ~alwk i~jkg m{tljkttkt

kvkj cfwk} dijw}ibbljn fi} glffk}kjdkt lj d}kglw~i}waljktt cjg iwak} fcdwi}t* Fljcbb|"

mbcdo i~jkg m{tljkttkt acvk vk}| bi~ bkvkbt if twc}w{u dculwcb }kbcwlvk wi ~alwk

i~jkg m{tljkttkt cjg waktk glffk}kjdkt uk}tltw cd}itt cbb `chi} ljg{tw}lkt* _73P

73 ]imm" Cbldlc* Fcl}blk" ]imk}w* ]imljtij" Gcvlg* Ucwwk}jt if Fljcjdljn8 C Diùc}ltij mkw~k kj âlwk cjgCf}ldcj C`k}ldcj \i{jn Fl}`t" K~ljn @c}lij Oc{ff`cj Fi{jgcwlij" Fkm}{c}| =55


53/77

;4 r B C @ M

Ti`k if wak gcwc mcdoljn wak Oc{ff`cj Fl}` T{}vk| }kui}w lt u}ktkjwkg lj Kqalmlw 3=" f}i`

~alda L acvk g}c~j c fk~ imtk}vcwlijt* Wak wiwcb `kcj cì{jw ljvktwkg lj wak twc}w {u u}idktt

fi} mbcdo kjw}ku}kjk{}t !'=1"3 3+

I{wtlgk} Ks{lw| >"=>; =+ ( (

F}i` Nivk}j`kjw 411 5+ ( (

F}i` Vkjw{}k Dculwcbltwt 3"< 4+ ( (

Iwak} Bicjt f}i` Kùbi|kkt)I~jk}t 3";>> =+ 767 =+

I{wtlgk} Gkmw 44">=5 >"67" =551* 76 D}{jdaMctk" 2awwu8))~~~*d}{jdamctk*di`)diùcj|)niinbk:7> Mc|k}" Dalu" Wak Ljjk} Mkxit" ^l}kg `cncxljk" H{b| =554*


56/77

;6 r B C @ M

Kvkj lj blnaw if wakl} ~lgk }cjnk if wi{da uiljwt ~lwa wak dijt{`k}" kcda if waktk ^km dijdkuwt

tkd{}kg ~kbb mk|ijg wak u}kvli{tb| }kfk}kjdkg '=5"555 bkvkb lj twc}w {u dculwcb mkfi}k cddkuwljn

c vkjw{}k dculwcb ljf{tlij*

Cdoji~bkgnljn c uiwkjwlcb mlct nlvkj wak cfi}k`kjwlijkg diùcjlkt c}k i{wblk}t" L gkdlgkg wi

wcok c biio ljwi wak cvk}cnk f{jgljn bkvkbt if twc}w {ut wacw acvk mkkj gkk`kg m| wak ^km twc}w

{u f{jgljn di``{jlw| wi mk alna uiwkjwlcb* Ct c u}iq| fi} wacw n}i{u" L dijtw}{dwkg c bltw

!Kqalmlw 34, if dijt{`k} ^km twc}w {ut wacw acvk mkkj ljvlwkg wa}i{na c diùkwlwlvk cuubldcwlij

u}idktt ljwi }kbcwlijtalu ~lwa WkdaTwc}t" c `kjwi}talu g}lvkj kc}b| twcnk ljvktw`kjw f{jg wacw

u}ivlgkt tkkg f{jgljn cjg ij tlwk tucdk fi} wkc`t fi}`ljn wkda i}lkjwkg diùcjlkt ~lwa jcwlijcb

i} ~i}bg~lgk }kcda* WkdaTwc}t lwtkbf ijb| ljvktwt {u wi '31"555 uk} diùcj| i} '6"555 uk}

f{bb wl`k kùbi|kk lj kqdacjnk fi} c fbcw tlq uk}dkjw twcok lj kcda diùcj|* Ai~kvk}" L acvk

ljdi}ui}cwkg cj| dcta ljf{tlij wacw ~ct cddkuwkg mkfi}k c gkfljkg Tk}lkt C _71P }i{jg" w|uldcbb| c

diùcj|t fl}tw tlnjlfldcjw }i{jg if vkjw{}k cjg ljtwlw{wlijcb ljvktw`kjw* L lgkjwlflkg 3= if wak

cuu}iql`cwkb| 75 diùcjlkt WkdaTwc}t aitwkg f}i` wak bctw wa}kk |kc}t if wak u}in}c` ct

dijt{`k} fid{tkg cjg acvk bltwkg wak`" cbijn ~lwa wakl} kc}b| twcnk !Tkkg / Cjnkb dculwcb,

f{jgljn cjg wiwcb f{jgljn wi gcwk" lj Kqalmlw 34*

If jiwk f}i` walt gcwc lt wacw wak cvk}cnk kc}b| twcnk f{jgljn cì{jw fi} waktk 3= diùcjlkt lt

cmi{w c acbf `lbblij gibbc}t" ~alda lt ~kbb lj bljk ~lwa wak `cnjlw{gk if twc}w {u dculwcblxcwlij

fi} i{} wa}kk kqcùbk mbidom{twk} dijt{`k} ^km dijdkuwt Niinbk" C`cxij*di`" cjgFcdkmiio cjg lt alnab| {jblokb| wi s{cblf| ct c taiktw}ljn m{gnkw m| ìtw twcjgc}gt* Cbwai{na

wak}k `c| jiw mk dk}wcljw| c}i{jg bljoljn twc}w {u dculwcb bkvkbt wi aklnawt if t{ddktt" ct twcwkg

71 C w|uldcb Tk}lkt C }i{jg lt lj wak }cjnk if '= `lbblij wi '35 `lbblij cjg lt l jwkjgkg wi dculwcblxk c diùcj| fi}tlq ìjwat wi w~i |kc}t ct lw gkvkbiut lwt u}ig{dwt" uk}fi}`t ljlwlcb `c}okwljn cjg m}cjgljn" al}kt lwt ljlwlcbkùbi|kkt" cjg iwak}~ltk {jgk}wcokt kc}b| twcnk m{tljktt iuk}cwlijt*


57/77

;> r B C @ M

lj ]imk}w Fcl}blk cjg Cbldlc ]immt }ktk c}da" lw tkk`t }kctijcmbk wi dijhkdw{}k wacw bi~k} bkvkbt

if twc}w {u fljcjdljn cìjn mbcdo kjw}ku}kjk{}t cw `ljl`{` acjgldcut wak blokblaiig if t{uk}

t{ddktt fi} wakl} kffi}wt ijbljk* T{lwcmb|" wak jkqw cjg fljcb wak`k gltd{ttkt Tlbldij Vcbbk|"

ai`k wi jkc}b| acbf if [T vkjw{}k dculwcb f{jgt cjg wak kuldkjwk} if Ljwk}jkw twc}w {u fljcjdljn*

Diùcj| Gktd}luwlij

Tkkg / Cjnkb

Dculwcb

Wiwcb F{jgljn

Wi-Gcwk

CddkbNibf @imlbk cjg ijbljk cuut fi} nibfk}t '6>="555 '1=="555

CùLgkc ^km kjcmbkg mcm| ìjlwi}ljn 31"555 31"555

M}lnawolwk Bidcwlij mctkg tidlcb jkw~i}o 3"53;"555 3"7=5"555Gclb|M{}j Flwjktt tidlcb jkw~i}o ;75"555 ;75"555

Fiigxlk Ijbljk `c}okwubcdk fi} c}wltcj niigt 3"53;"555 3"53;"555

Lnjlnawk} N}i{u gcwljn tk}vldk 3"=3;"555 3"=3;"555

LjwkjtkGkmcwk Mbin di``kjwljn t|twk` ;3;"555 ;3;"555

Iddlulwcb Uaiwi tw}kc` vlt{cblxcwlij 3;"555 3;"555

Ijkfi}w| W~lwwk} cuutwi}k 46;"555 ="47;"555

Tkc}da wi Uaijk Tkc}da fi} u}ig{dwt)tk}vldkt m| uaijk =6;"555 =6;"555

W}cvkbFbl ]k~c}g uiljwt u}in}c` cnn}kncwi} =6;"555 =6;"555

Vlbblh Ukiubk }kdi``kjgcwlij kjnljk 3;"555 3;"555

Cvk}cnk8 '7


58/77

;1 r B C @ M

if tlbldij dalu ljjivcwi}t cjg `cj{fcdw{}k}t" m{w kvkjw{cbb| mkdc`k nkjk}cbb| {tkg ct c

`kwij|` fi} wak gkjtk uiu{bcwlij if alna wkda m{tljkttkt lj wak c}kc* Tlbldij Vcbbk| act

kquk}lkjdkg" blok `itw n}i~wa c}kct ~lwalj wak [T" c }culg talfw lj gk`in}cualdt cjg ljd}kctljn

kwajld glvk}tlw|* Lj 35" 14 uk}dkjw if Tlbldij Vcbbk|t }ktlgkjwt ~k}k ~alwk_;5P ~albk lj =55< lw

~ct h{tw mkbi~ acbf wacw u}iui}wlij cw 75 uk}dkjw* Kqalmlw 37 tai~t wak u}in}kttlij if kwajld

`lq lj Tlbldij Vcbbk| f}i` 3;"555 }ktlgkjwt, lj =55


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;< r B C @ M

âcw lt lw kqcdwb|" wai{na" wacw Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcjt c}k `lttljn i{w ij m| jiw acvljn c bc}nk

kji{na kjw}ku}kjk{} u}ktkjdk lj Tlbldij Vcbbk| wi t{ddkttf{bb| bkvk}cnk lwt kdit|twk`9 C =556

c}wldbk lj wak Jk~ \i}o Wl`kt ij wak }knlijt {jls{k kjvl}ij`kjw t{``kg lw {u ~kbb8

@kkw wak =5 lj{wk }{bk wacw n{lgkt fcwkf{b gkdltlijt lj Tlbldij Vcbbk|8 lf c

diùcj| tkkoljn vkjw{}k dculwcb lt jiw ~lwalj c =5 `lj{wk g}lvk if wak vkjw{}k fl}` t

iffldkt" lw ~lbb jiw mk f{jgkg dbitk u}iql`lw| uk}`lwt wak ljvktwi} wi u}ivlgk lj

uk}tij n{lgcjdk* Lwt dijvkjlkjw fi} vkjw{}k dculwcbltwt wi acvk kjw}ku}kjk{}t dbitk

m|" m{w wak }kvk}tk lt w}{k" wii* C u}itukdwlvk kjw}ku}kjk{} ~i{bg" ij cvk}cnk" jkkg

wi acvk wa}kk wi klnaw `kkwljnt ~lwa c vkjw{}k f{jg mkfi}k ak i} tak ~ct t{ddkttf{b"

m{w ~i{bg acvk wi ni wa}i{na c tl`lbc} u}idktt ~lwa ; wi 35 fl}`t mkfi}k fljgljn wak

ijk wacw cuu}ivkg wak f{jgljn }ks{ktw* Kjw}ku}kjk{}t ~ai blvk lj Tlbldij Vcbbk| cbti

fljg wak wkdajldcb wcbkjw wak| jkkg fctwk} wacj wak| dcj lj cj| iwak} ubcdk? wak| uc|

ì}k fi} wacw wcbkjw" m{w tukkg lt wak tljk s{c jij fi} t{ddktt* Wak kdit|twk` lj

Tlbldij Vcbbk| ljdb{gkt ljd}kglmbk wkdalkt" ~ai blvk wak}k mkdc{tk lw lt wak kuldkjwk}"

~ak}k wak| dcj fljg wak ìtw ljwk}ktwljn u}ihkdwt wi ~i}o ij* Wak kdit|twk` cbti

ljdb{gkt }kcb ktwcwk cnkjwt" cddi{jwcjwt" akcg a{jwk}t cjg bc~|k}t ~ai {jgk}twcjg cj

kjw}ku}kjk{}t tlw{cwlij kùwlkg mcjo cddi{jwt cjg `cqkg i{w d}kglw dc}gt*_;3P

L daitk wi kqubi}k walt gltd{ttlij uiljw c mlw f{}wak} m| wcoljn c tcùbk if }kdkjw mbidom{twk}

dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt W~lwwk}" Fcdkmiio" BljokgLj" cjg X|jnc !c dct{cb nc`k

gkvkbiuk}, cjg kqc`ljk wak nkin}cualdcb u}iql`lw| if wakl} ljvktwi} mctkt wi wakl} i~j

akcgs{c}wk}t lj Tlbldij Vcbbk| !TV,8

;3 Tw}itt "]cjgcbb* Lwt Jiw wak Ukiubk \i{ Oji~* Lwt âk}k \i{ C}k* Jk~ \i}o Wl`kt" Idwimk} ==" =556*


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65 r B C @ M

Diùcj| Ljvktwi}t AS Bidcwlij Ljvktw`kjw ]i{jg!t,

W~lwwk}

Mkjda`c}o Dculwcb TV Tk}lkt D" Tk}lkt GMkxit Kqukglwlijt Tkcwwbk" ^C Tk}lkt M

M}lcj Uioi}j| TV Tk}lkt C

Dac}bkt ]lvk} Vkjw{}kt ^cbwac`" @C Tk}lkt C" Tk}lkt D

Da}lt Tcddc TV Tk}lkt C

Glto Ditwibi Daldcni" LB Tk}lkt C

Glnlwcb Nc}cnk Wio|i" HUJ Tk}lkt M" Tk}lkt D

N}kn \clwcjkt Bit Cjnkbkt" DC Tk}lkt C

Ljtlnaw Vkjw{}k Uc}wjk}t Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt GLjtwlw{wlijcb Vkjw{}k Uc}wjk}t TV Tk}lkt D" Tk}lkt G

Okvlj ]itk TV Tk}lkt M

@c}d Cjg}kkttkj TV Tk}lkt C

@i}ncj Twcjbk| Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt G

Jcvcb ]cvlocjw TV Tk}lkt C

]ij Dij~c| TV Tk}lkt C

Tuc}o Dculwcb Mitwij" @C Tk}lkt M" Tk}lkt D" Tk}lkt G

W* ]i~k U}ldk Mcbwlì}k" @G Tk}lkt GWl` Fk}}ltt TV Tk}lkt M

[jlij Ts{c}k Vkjw{}kt Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt C" Tk}lkt M" Tk}lkt D

+ Tlbldij Vcbbk| !TV, Mctkg8 7>+

Fcdkmiio

Cddkb Uc}wjk}t TV Tk}lkt C

Glnlwcb To| Wkdajibinlkt @itdi~" ][T Tk}lkt G

K{}iukcj Fi{jgk}t F{jg Nk}`cj| Tk}lkt D

N}k|bido Uc}wjk}t TV Tk}lkt MBl Oc taljn Aijn Oijn" U]D Tk}lkt D

@k}lwkda Dculwcb Uc}wjk}t TV Tk}lkt M

@ld}itifw ]kgìjg" ^C Tk}lkt D

Ukwk} Walkb TV Cjnkb

Kqalmlw 3;8 Ljvktwi}t m| Bidcwlij fi} W~lwwk}" Fcdkmiio" BljokgLj" cjg X|jnc

Ti{}dk8 D}{jdaMctk*


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63 r B C @ M

Di`ucj| Ljvktwi}t AS Bidcwlij Ljvktw`kjw ]i{jg!t,

Fcdkmiio !dijwlj{kg,]klg Aiff`cj TV Cjnkb

Wak Fi{jgk}t F{jg TV Tk}lkt M

W}lubkUiljw Dculwcb TV Gkmw

+ Tlbldij Vcbbk| !TV, Mctkg8 67+

BljokgLj

Mclj Dculwcb Uc}wjk}t Mitwij" @C Tk}lkt G

Mkttk`k} Vkjw{}k Uc}wjk}t TV Tk}lkt D" Tk}lkt G" Tk}lkt K

K{}iukcj Fi{jgk}t F{jg @itdi~" ]{ttlc Tk}lkt DNibg`cj Tcdat Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt K

N}k|bido Uc}wjk}t TV Tk}lkt M" Tk}lkt G

@dN}c~ Albb Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt K

TCU Vkjw{}kt TV Tk}lkt K

Tks{ilc Dculwcb TV Tk}lkt C" Tk}lkt G

+ Tlbldij Vcbbk| !TV, Mctkg8 ;5+

X|jnc

Cjg}kkttkj Ai}i~lwx TV Tk}lkt DCvcbij Vkjw{}kt Bc Hibbc" DC Tk}lkt C" Tk}lkt M

Dbc}l{` Dculwcb Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt C

Glnlwcb To| Wkdajibinlkt @itdi~" ][T Tk}lkt D

Fi{jg}| N}i{u Mi{bgk}" DI Tk}lkt C" Tk}lkt M

Ljtwlw{wlijcb Vkjw{}k Uc}wjk}t TV Tk}lkt D

Obkljk} Uk}oljt TV Tk}lkt M

Ukwk} Walkb TV Tk}lkt C

Ulbiw N}i{u Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt C]klg Aiff`cj TV Cjnkb" Tk}lkt C

Wlnk} Nbimcb Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt D

[jlij Ts{c}k Vkjw{}kt Jk~ \i}o" J\ Tk}lkt C" Tk}lkt M

+ Tlbldij Vcbbk| !TV, Mctkg8 7=+

Kqalmlw 3;8 Ljvktwi}t m| Bidcwlij fi} W~lwwk}" Fcdkmiio" BljokgLj" cjg X|jnc !dijwlj{kg,

Ti{}dk8 D}{jdaMctk*


62/77

6= r B C @ M

Ijk ljwk}ktwljn imtk}vcwlij f}i` Kqalmlw 3;" h{qwcuitljn lw ~lwa wak dbcl`t f}i` wak cmivk

s{iwkg Jk~ \i}o Wl`kt c}wldbk" lt wacw cbb if wak fi{} mbidom{twk} dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt

u}ktkjwkg acvk fc} bktt wacj 355+ }ku}ktkjwcwlij f}i` Tlbldij Vcbbk| fi} wakl} ljvktwi} mctk* Lj

fcdw" wak di`mljkg uk}dkjwcnk if Tlbldij Vcbbk| mctkg ljvktwi}t lt ;5+* âcw gikt walt tc|"

wai{na" if wak jiwlij wacw Tlbldij Vcbbk| mctkg diùcjlkt c}k f{jgkg ivk}~akb`ljnb| m| Tlbldij

Vcbbk| mctkg ljvktwi}t9 Lw cuukc}t wacw fi} c }ku}ktkjwcwlvk n}i{u if mbidom{twk} dijt{`k}

Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt" wak vk}| ljvktwi}t !u}l`c}lb| vkjw{}k dculwcbltwt, ~ai dbcl` wi alnab| u}kfk}

dculwcblxljn diùcjlkt ~lwalj wakl} l``kglcwk u}iql`lw| acg acbf if wakl} diai}w tifwkj walt

d}lwk}lc fi}c dijvljdljn iuui}w{jlw|* Wi wak Tlbldij Vcbbk| ljvktwi}t d}kglw" ai~kvk}" lw

tkk`t blok wak kc}blk} }i{jgt if fljcjdljn !Cjnkb cjg Tk}lkt C, fi} waktk Tlbldij Vcbbk| c}kc

diùcjlkt ~k}k bkg m| bidcb ljvktwi}t" ijb| wi mk fibbi~kg m| iwak}t mctkg i{wtlgk wak }knlij*

Cbwai{na jiw jkc}b| cj kqac{twlvk tkw if diùcjlkt ~ct {tkg fi} `| tcùbk n}i{u" ~k dcj ìtw

dk}wcljb| g}c~ cw bkctw c di{ubk if wkjwcwlvk dijdb{tlijt8 !3, wak ljlwlcb alnak} }lto }i{jgt if

f{jgljn cuukc} wi mk gi`ljcwkg m| ljvktwi}t f}i` wak }knlij !vcblgcwljn wak s{iwkg Jk~ \i}o

Wl`kt c}wldbkt dbcl`t, " cjg !=, ct wak ljvktw`kjw }i{jgt u}in}ktt" dculwcb f}i` c}i{jg wak

di{jw}| cjg wak ~i}bg tkk`t wi fljg lwt ~c| wi mbidom{twk} dijdkuwt wa}i{na ti`k cvkj{k!t, wacw

L ~i{bg kqukdw c}k fcdlblwcwkg m| ukiubk ~lwalj vc}li{t jkw~i}ot ~ai c}k c uc}w if wak kdit|twk`*

Wa{t" cbwai{na L dcjjiw gkfljlwlvkb| ktwcmblta wacw blvljn cjg ubc|ljn lj Tlbldij Vcbbk| ct c

dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw twc}w {u lt d}lwldcb wi t{ddktt cw wak mbidom{twk} bkvkb" L mkblkvk ~k d

}lnawf{bb| }kctij wacw wak Tlbldij Vcbbk| kdit|twk` lt" cw `ljl`{`" cj ljgl}kdw ok|twijk lj wak

ctdkjtlij if wak ìtw t{ddkttf{b dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt lj wak [T*


63/77

64 r B C @ M

D A C U W K ] ; 8 B K C U L J N W A K I M T W C D B K

;*3 U}imbk` i j wak Wcmbk? Tib{wli j t l j Acjg

Ti`k~ak}k cbijn wak bljk" L ~ct wc{naw lw lt mktw wi di`k wi wak wcmbk ~lwa cw bkctw ijk u}iuitkg

tib{wlij lj acjg ~akj gkblvk}ljn jk~t if c u}imbk`" cjg ti L acvk daitkj wi twldo wi wacw ìg{t

iuk}cjgl lj wak diùitlwlij if walt waktlt" ct ~kbb* Walt dacuwk} u}ktkjwt ~acw L aiuk c}k cw bkctw

vlcmbk twc}wt wi ljlwlcwlvkt wacw `lnaw tk}vk ct dcwcb|twt fi} wak u}iìwlij if mbcdo fi{jgkg

dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw dijdkuwt wi wak bkvkb if mbidom{twk}*

Acvljn cjcb|xkg wa}kk uiwkjwlcb diùijkjwt if cj ijbljk imtwcdbk fi} Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj ^km

kjw}ku}kjk{}t lj wak u}kvli{t dacuwk}" `cj| if wak lgkjwlflkg mc}}lk}t ~i{bg tkk`ljnb| mkjkflw

f}i` c talfw lj `ljg f}c`k cjg ljd}kctkg f{jgc`kjwcb kquit{}k ì}k Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj |i{wa

mkdi`ljn ljwk}ktwkg lj u{}t{ljn wkdajldcb flkbgt" ì}k wkdajldcbb| dcucmbk mbcdo u}ifkttlijcbt

vlk~ljn ^km kjw}ku}kjk{}talu ct c dc}kk} iuwlij" cjg ì}k Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj ^km

kjw}ku}kjk{}t nkwwljn ljvibvkg lj kdit|twk`t u}ivkj ct d}lwldcb wi Ljwk}jkw dijdkuw twc}gi`* W~i

tib{wlijt L ~i{bg blok wi u}iuitk cjg m}lkfb| i{wbljk c}k8

3* D}kcwlij if Ljwk}jkw diùcj| ljd{mcwi}t wi mk ai{tkg cw tkvk}cb if wak

Altwi}ldcbb| Mbcdo Dibbknkt cjg [jlvk}tlwlkt !AMD[t," cjg?

=* D}kcwlij if f{jgkg diùkwlwlijt fi} ^km cuubldcwlij cjg Ljwk}jkw dijwkjw

gkvkbiu`kjw wc}nkwljn u}k dibbknk Cf}ldcj C`k}ldcj tw{gkjwt*

;*= AMD[ Dcù{t Mctkg Ljwk}jkw Diùcj | Ljd{mcwi}tLj `| iuljlij" ijk if wak ìtw ljwk}ktwljn imtk}vcwlijt cmi{w kqltwljn mbidom{twk} dijt{`k}

Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt wacw c}itk f}i` wak cjcb|tlt lj Dacuwk} 7 ~ct wak dijdkuw if kdit|twk`t

Tlbldij Vcbbk|t mkljn wak ijk tukdlf ldcbb| alnablnawkg* Wak}k c}k iwak} w|ukt if kdit|twk`t


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67 r B C @ M

mktlgkt waitk wacw c}k nkin}cualdcbb| gkfljkg wacw cttltw lj wak d{bwlvcwlij if {u cjg di`ljn

Ljwk}jkw dijdkuwt" wai{na* Fi} ljtwcjdk" ijk di`ìj wa}kcg cìjn ti`k t{uk} t{ddkttf{b

dijt{`k} Ljwk}jkw diùcjlkt lt ncljljn wakl} twc}w ij c {jlvk}tlw| dcù{t* C fk~ kqcùbkt if

t{da diùcjlkt c}k u}ktkjwkg lj Kqalmlw 368

Wak}k lt ti`kwaljn tukdlcb cm

The Online Obstacle: A Study of African-American Enterprise on the Internet

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