The minting of Antoniniani, A.D. 238-249, and the Smyrna hoard / by Samuel K. Eddy

8/9/2019 The minting of Antoniniani, A.D. 238-249, and the Smyrna hoard / by Samuel K. Eddy

1/159

249

D D Y

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N

o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h

a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


2/159

E S R V E D B Y

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

G R MAN

N G U C STAD T

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


3/159

T S AN M O NO G R A H S

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


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4/159


5/159

T NTS

M N TS vi i

ARD

F ANTON N AN U ND E R GO R D I AN I I 51

F ANTON N AN U ND E R H I L I P 4

R AND SM R NA A.D. 23 -257123

L A T S 1 2

S

nianiof1st/2nd ssueofGordian

aniof1st/2nd ssueofGordian

o a rd s t o O f f ic i na e 6 4

aniof1st/2nd ssueofGordian

65

eandReverseDiesandA isof

t/2nd ssueofGordian I I 66

nianiof3rd ssueofGordian I I

aniof3rd ssueofGordian I I

eandReverseDiesandA isof

ssuesofGordian I I . .. . 70

oninianiof4th ssueofGordian I I

aniof4th ssueofGordian I I

oinianiof5th ssueofGordian I I

nianiof5th ssueofGordian I I

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

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6/159

ersofAntoninianibyO fficinae

6

ghtofAntoninianibyO f f ic inae

6

ghtofSilverbyO f f ic inaeunderGor-

Gold Silver andA es roducedby

I 7 7

ianiofB albinusand upienus

oinianiof1st ssueof hilip in

to n in i an i o f 2n d s s ue o f h i li p i n

oinianiof3rd ssueof hilip in

oinianiof4thand7th ssuesof

o ar ds 7

eR I C 6 0 6 1 a n d 63 b o f h i li p

oinianiof hilip StruckatA ntioc h96

oinianiof1st ssueof hilip in inds100

nianiof1st ssueof hilip to

inianiof2nd ssueof hilip in inds104

nianiof2nd ssueof hilip to

oinianiof3rd ssueof hilip in inds105

oninianiof3rd ssueof hilip to

oinianiof4th ssueof hilip in inds10

nianiof4th ssueof hilip to

nianiof5th/6th ssueof hilip

nianiof7th ssueof hilip to

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

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7/159

M NTS

graphwasbegunwhile wasamember

versityofNebraska andwascompleted

heD epartmentofHistoryof theU niversityof

ara.Thetaskoflocatingcertainbooksand

muchfacilitatedbythestaffsofthe libraries

and shouldliketothankCecelieNorthof

urrayofCaliforniafortheirgreatpatience

ingdownseveralhard-to-finditems.

alsothesupportgrantedbytheCommittee

versityofCalifornia SantaB arbara which

fthe manuscriptandtheinitialphoto-

ebtedtotheRev. . C . G. Campbell ofWeeping

. S. A. fortheopportunity tostudyandpublish

d however thatsinc ethismonographwas

beenbrokenup.

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


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c - s

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8/159


9/159

ARD

ndburiedin afieldnearthesite of

v icinityofmodern z mirinTurkey. The

ownpersonprobablyin thewinteror

wereat thistimeroad-buildingoperations

whicharesaidtohave cutthroughanancient

thiswasthe placewherethecoinswere

hepersonwhofoundthecoinsmayhave

foranti uitiesbythethenrecent

onsatSmyrna.1Thehoardwastakenby

oindealerinConstantinople—apersonal

andsoldto him.Theoriginalcontainerwas

of andnothingisknownofitsdescription.

ntuallypurchased thecoinsweredeposited

netinthedealer sshop.Thereis noreason

thatanyof thec oinsinthehoardhavebec ome

sanythingbutgenuine orthatanyof the

orthy.

43antoninianiofcertainemperorsand

edenarius asfollows:

ha eo lo gy i nG re ec e 1 95 2 H S X X I I I 1 95 3 , 1 24 -1 25 .

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

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c - s

a - 4 . 0


10/159

. 23 -249

s

encoinsin thelotpurchased which

eywerepresumablyaddedbythefinder

sweightandthereforehissaleprice.These

mperorsofthesecondand earlythirdcen-

renotoriginallyincludedwith theanto-

sonablycertainbecauseoftheirratherclean

patina whichdifferednoticeablyfrom

ndirt ontheantoniniani.Theseven

enturyarerepresentedbythree silvercoins

ions thereisoneeac hofConstantine ,

.

ningar preliminaryidentification.The

c heckedbytheauthor whoalsoweighedthe

ancesensitivetoonethousandthofa gram.

erations thatis beforeweighing tenc oins

sedfromthehoard butthisisa matterof

egivenaway numbersrefertoR lC :Gordian I I :

2 - 6 1 - 8 , 1 -9 5. h il ip : 1- 62 . h il ip I : 1- 23 0. D e ci us :

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


11/159

erefoundtobein verygoodcondition.

adilyidentifiableandentirelylegible.A

lmostuncirc ulated V . . ; mostseemto

rsometime butshownogreatamount

kedinthecatalogue.Therest areslightly

y a fe w a re w or n G . o r ba d ly w or n W . .

oard thecoinsofemperorsotherthan

hilip andhisfamilyarelistedingroupsof types

Mattingly Sydenham andSutherlandin

an mperialCoinage. orGordianand

slisted sinc ethestateof themintduringthe

orsis themainsub ectofthismonograph.

t Rome A ntioc h V iminac ium Mediola-

espec imenslistedunderGordian I I and

n I I a t tr i bu t io n t o mi n ts f o ll o ws M a tt i ng l y

land. or hilip , however therearesome

em asdiscussedbelow pp. 4f f .

whichshowsthedirec tionofstrike thehead

e nearesthouronaclockfacethe point

ebaseof thearrow therefore isthepoint

X indicatesthosespecimenssofairly

ofimpressionaroundtheedgeare observ-

otherighttherelationshipofobverseand

c ountingasH orf fallc oinswhicharee ac tly

fewdegreesoff.O nlycoinswhosedies

ewdegreesfromverticalalignmentare

ssumedthatthepositionof theobverseist

he positionofthereversedie.

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c - s

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12/159

. 23 -249

C O I N S

marks

I CO S. I I I . .

der-

I CO S. I I I . .

I I CO S. I I I . .

X V e nu s

R A un ai nb iga .

I X V e nu ss td .

. .

I X V e nu ss td .

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toryand

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l di n g ru d -

ia

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marks

M L I T V M i des

ve -

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V G G .

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tre.

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14/159

. D. 23 -249

marks

V A TO R u pi te r

Gor-

a s tg . ho ld -

C r e a



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marks

P late

G . V i c t or y a dv .

.

.

4 .

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_ u s e # c c - b

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A . D. 23 -249

emarks

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marks

.

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uble

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18/159

A . D. 23 -249

marks

S. . . Go rd ia n

patera

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opiae.

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A . D. 23 -249

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22/159

A . D. 23 -249

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24/159

A . D. 23 -249

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iA . D. 23 -249

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marks

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re.

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28/159

A . D. 23 -249

marks

CO S . I . . Go r-

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marks

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GV S T . H e rc ul es

on-sk in.

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. 23 -249

marks

T i et as s tg .

ovalf lan.

M . e li ci ta ss tg .

dcor-

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X o r tu na s td .

o-

V , 1 .

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A . D. 23 -249

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nd

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34/159

A . D. 23 -249

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3 .

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tve

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marks

9 .

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iA . D. 23 -24g

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marks

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t

p ed b a se .

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A . D. 23 -249

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sand

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A . D. 23 -249

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V G G . S ta g a dv .

P l at eV I , 1 5 .

V G G . An t el o pe

o rU l .

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G . h il ip o n

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A . D. 23 -24g

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dius

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A . D. 23 -249

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A . D. 23 -249

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marks

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konthedeductionsdrawnfromthe great

dyetsmallenoughtopermit arathercloser

thecoinagethanhas heretoforebeen

onsmakepossibleafreshe aminationofthe

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s ablurryinsightor twointothehistory

and257 thedatesbetweenwhichitwas

tswillbedealtwithinsubse uentchapters.

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F ANTON N AN U ND E R GO R D I AN I I

emsnumismatistshavestill tosettleis

mintofRome ustbeforethemiddleof the

uncertainasto thenumberofofficinae

e istedatRome andthewaytheyweredes-

eknowncoin-typeseachstruck.

enthoughtthat duringthereignsofGor-

li p t he m i nt a t R o m e wa s o rg a ni e d i n si o f fi c in a e.

rcedbyMattingly sstudyofthe great

whic hhefoundthatf romGordian I I on the

omanmintuniformlycontainedsi

thenumberofcoins ofeachofthetypesin

eorlessthesame. nGordian sf irstissue

w e re r e pr e se n te d b y 12 9 1 0 4 1 2 9 1 1 4 1 2 0

tyofthese numbersledMattinglyand

onthat therewereindeedsi officinae

c hstruc kasinglereversetype. ac honewas

ic anddif feredf romtheotherf iveine -

eways.Theywentonto say however

onbetweenthesesectionswereso fine

ouldnotbe communicated.1

edly beenfollowedbyanumberofim-

gthemR. A . G. Carson M. Grant and .

ideaalsogoesbac k totheworkof . ink

oetter whointhelastcenturysuggested

isdesc ribedinH . Mattingly TheGreatDorc hester

C1939 21-61 thenumbersofc oinsinGordian sf irstissue

e andareduplic atedinR I C V . 3 15n. Mattingly s

rksonthedistinctions ibid. v i- v ii. See too Mat-

ns 2 nd e d. 1 96 0 , 1 3 1 B M C m p. V , x v x v i i .

Systemand roductintheR omanMint ssaysin

n te d t o H a r ol d M at t in g ly 1 9 56 2 3 - 2 39 T h e Co i na g e

2 3 , A N SC e nt . u b l. 1 9 5 ) , 1 9 ; M . G ra n t R o m a n

54 , 5 5 . e G e nt i lh o mm e L a t r ou v ai l le d e N an t er r e

0.

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A . D. 23 -249

esofthevariousissues ofGordianwereeach

officina asystemwhoseoriginsheplaced

meofMa iminus a. d. 235-23 ) andwhose

nc ipateof hilip a. d. 244-249 .

fthesescholarshas adducedmuchevidence

s detectedspecificvariationsinstyleto

therefore littlerealevidencethatthere

nsof themintatRomeunderMa iminus

us G o rd i an I I , a n d in t h e fi r st y e ar s o f h i li p .

restspartlyonanalogy. na.d.24 , hilip

niani oneinsi typesw iththeRoman

onthereversesof thec oins theotherinsi

eeknumeralsAthroughZ .Thesenumbers

ken rightly think torepresenttheof f i-

n inthereignofV alerianandGallienus the

rksbegantobecomealmostregular.4The

naeinthelastyearof hilipandinsubse uent

ofc ourse thatsuc he istedearlier. Thebest

reatesapossibility thattheydid.

istheundoubtedfactthatthe D or-

eablehoardsshowacertainsimilarityof

typesofeac hgivenissue. B uttoassume

onethatthereweresi officinaemakesit

eiveof themintashav ing say twooff i-

ypes orthreestrikingtwo oreventwelve

singlereversetype.W hatisneededis

yevidencetosupportthesimplefactthat

typeswithmoreorless similarnumbers.And

planationastowhy forafewmonths the

uldhavebeenstruckwiththe numeralsone

wehavelittleliteraryorepigraphicalevi-

ani ationandworkingsoftheR omanmint.

A u f ba u d er r o mi s ch e n Mi i n p r ag u ng i n d er a i se r e i t N Z

. V o e tt e r D i e r o m is c he n Mi i n e n d es a i se r s Go r di a nu s

k e i il sc hu ng en N Z 1 9 4 3 7 3 94 -3 95 .

d n. R I C V . 3 v i.

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I

encethatatleasttwoofficinaee istedat

century.5B utforthetime ofGordian

owrittenevidenceatall andmustdependonastudy

rwhateverdeductionswearetomake.

dentifyingtheproductof thedifferent

theR omanmintagemustbedonealong

shouldmakeita iomatic thattheof f icinae

musthavedif feredf romoneanotherin

helessreal degree bec auseeachonemust

bersof individualworkmenandartisans—

scalptores—whomadethecoins entirelyby

econdassumption whichearlierscholars

hichseemsentirelyreasonable thatthe

of thesamesi eandproduc edalmoste -

oinsin eachissue.O nemightassumethat

theR omangovernmentdividedthemint

ateadministrativecontroloverthatsi e-

eshallsee thenumberofof fic inaebearsonly

numberofantoninianiactuallypro-

tvereasons then paramount therewould

atingmattersbysettingupsub-sectionsof

nt. Thus themintwasprobablyorgani ed

lgovernmenthadhad e periencewith

. Here therehadbeenagroupingof themass

mlegionsforstrategic tac tic al andad-

theparallelisvalid themintatR omewould

thelegionaryfield army provincialmints

lcohorts.

theimperialmintswereloc atedintwo

efandmostimportantwasR ome andthe

hecoinagesofthesetwoplacescanbe

other anditseemssensibleto usethe

tweenthecurrenciesofthesetwo mintsas

tingthe differencesbetweenthecoinages

atRome. nasense wec anthinkof the

e moreofficinaofthewholeimperial

7 , f ro m O st ia m en ti on s o f f i ci na p ri ma .

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se istbetweenRomeandA ntioc h then

reaterorlesserdegree betweentheoff ic inae

tioch therearefivedetectabledifferences:

egends

rtraiture

c oins

andreversedies relativetooneanother

thatis thedirec tiontheblowofthe

suredbythepointofdeepestimpression

waystheheelof thehammer onthe

legendsbetweenR omeandAntioch

esofportraiture arewellknownandneed

ould however stressthefac tthattheaver-

eandRomanissuesdidvary . ntheSmyr-

ofGordian I I struckatA ntioc hbetween

rageweightof4.394grams whereasthe

uesof Gordianhaveanaverageof4.354

es . Thisc onc lusionisc orroboratedbyMatting-

of thehoardf rom levna. Suc hadifferenc e

eandAntioche istedbecausetheflatuarii

omints madeandtrimmedtheblanksby

e theblankstheyprepareddif feredinweight

e actionsofthetwosetsof differentper-

ourse thestandardweightoftheantonini-

rtimewasf i edbytheimperialgovern-

he s i t e en e a m pl e s of t h e ty p e O R I E N S A V G R I C

levnahoardhadameanweightof4. 67grams andthat

enetogetheroneof4. 263grams H . Mattinglyand

i n d of R o m a n Co i ns f r om l e vn a i n B u l ga r ia N C 19 2 4

oinsstruc katRomefrom levnaseemslow however

ofthesameissues foundatSmyrnais4.354grams

a t D o r c he s te r 4 .3 4 g r am s 5 6 7 e a m pl e s— H . M a tt i ng l y

er H o a r d o f 19 3 6 N C 1 93 9 4 0 ; a n d a t t he V i l l a a t ri i

0e amples—A . Segre Metrologiaec ircola ionemonetaria

S , 3 67 -3 6 , n .7 .

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I

ewehaveshowsthatthegovernmentwas

ariationsofweight. erhapsthedifference

forbythepurityof themetalemployed

henecoinshavingasomewhatsmaller

theRoman. havenotbeenabletof ind

eranalysistoinsist however onthispoint.7

thepositionsoftheobverseand reverse

omeandA ntioc h. A tRome between242

ec oinshavetherelationshipf l atA ntioc h

rebasedonthecoinsfrom Smyrna. astly

esion ofstrikealsodiffers but againnotto

ntioc h theaveragepoint onac lock fac e

sionwasmadebythehammerwas5.6 at

hatatA ntioc habarema orityofcoins

wieldedfromtheright sideofthea is

th e a i s t o be ) ; a t R o m e e s se n ti a ll y f ro m

is.

d wemaybegintoanaly ethec oinage

arasnumbersofc oinsgo shallusetotalf igures

principalpublishedhoards.Thisproce-

euponasinglehoard nomatterwhatthe

be. haveusedaltogethertwenty-twogroups

Smyrna D orc hester 8 dlingtonWood 9

1 0 l v ed o n 1 1 S ul l y 1 2 i m e St r ee t 1 C ou v ro n 1 4

stissueofGordian I I intheSmyrnahoard theheav-

thelightest3.51.B yourstandardsthisdifferenceis

L a t r ou v ai l le d e N an t er r e R N 1 9 4 6 4 1 g i ve s a na l ys e s

ninianiofthisperiod.H isresultsactuallyshowthat

nedmoresilver andwerealsoheavier thanthose

minutenumberofc oinstested 7 seemstometorender

sothatthematterseemsstillmoot.

9 21-61.

T h e d l in g to n W o o d i n d N C 1 93 5 2 0 2 - 20 7 .

T h e Ca i st e r- b y- a r mo u th H o a r d N C 19 4 7 1 7 5 - 17 9 .

. W . B r a il s fo r d T h e l v ed o n S u ff o lk T r ea s ur e

204-20 .

indofRomanCoinsandGoldR ingsatSully near

27-65.

adhasbeenreportedinthreeseparatearticles: .

Co i ns D i s c o ve r ed i n i m e St r ee t o n do n N C 1 8 2 5 7 -6 0

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14Sc hwar enacker 17anunknownplac ein ugo-

1 O s k i i b 1 9 R u s t sc h uk 2 0 N ic o la e vo 2 1 S me d er e vo 2 2

, 2 3 R e k a -D e v n i a 2 4 a nd l e vn a 2 5 a nd t h e e -

thenianagora 24A ntioc h 27andDura-

ntageofusingthissampleof coinsinsteadofa

ld. irst onehasalargernumberofc oins

esetwenty-twogroupscomefromseveral

n mpire f romMesopotamiaintheeastto

othat ifauniformdistributionofc ointypes

rreasonsunknowntous aswillappear

ened theuseofthesewidelyseparated

outinsofaras weareabletodo so.

inc ompilingtotalsusedtheDorc hester

heactualfigures. havedonesobecauseof

meRomanCoinsD isc overedin imeStreet NC1 8 3

M e rr i fi e ld A n U n p u bl i sh e d o r ti o n of t h e i m e St r ee t

2 N C 19 5 6 2 4 7- 2 54 .

rouvailledeCouvron A nnuairedelasociitif ranfaisede

7 7 , 4 5 6 -4 60 .

e L a t r ou v ai l l ed e N an t er r e R N 1 9 4 6 1 5 -1 1 4.

o findtheoriginalpublicationofthis hoard.The

eGentilhomme sarticleontheNanterref ind. See

erMun fundvonSc hwar enacker. MitteilungenderB ayer.

Gesellsc haf t 1914-1915 67-74.

portingit:B . Saria A usdemB elgraderNational

4 9 0 -9 6 .

E i n D e n ar f un d a us d e r Ge g en d v on U s k i i b A l ba n ie n ,

M i in f u nd e a us B u l g a ri e n N Z 1 9 1 , 4 3 -5 4 .

sdemonnaiesanti uesenB ulgarie. I . etresordeNic o-

1 1 1- 1 53 .

T h e Sm e de r ev o H o a r d i n S er b ia n St a ri n ar V I 1 9 31 ,

E i n u n d ro mi s ch e r An t on i ni a ne a u s Se r bi e n N Z 1 9 0 1

etrisornumismati uedeRtka-Devnia Marcianopolis .

alB ulgareV 1934 .

. S. Salisbury A indofRomanCoinsfrom levnain

4 2 1 0- 2 3 .

e At h en i an A g or a . V o l . I . C oi n s 1 9 54 .

A n t io ch - on - th e -O r o n t es . V , a r t 2. G r ee k R o ma n B y a n ti n e

1 9 52 .

T h e x c a va t io n s at D u r a - u r op o s. V I . T he C o in s 1 9 49 .

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I

ard whichissolargethatitwoulddistort

heother twenty-onegroups.Thereare

Gordianf romDorc hester asopposedtosome

s together.ToassumethattheD orchester

putoftheR omanmintisunwarranted.

cethatforat leastoneissuethenumbers

arenottypical. nissuef ive R I C151-153

R I C145-147amounttoonly279. v idently

rtohaveoneputativeofficinaproducingas

eris difficulttounderstand.Mattingly

ebeganproductionsoonerthan theother

cceptwithoutproof.29

w iththeearlierc oinsofGordian I I , have

sassignedintheR I C toissuesoneandtwo.

istogainlargersamplesforanalysis. t

imate moreover toproceedthus sinc e

nuationofissueone andthetwomight

Casissues1aand1b asthethirdissue

in R I C a s 3 a 3 b a n d 3 c i n st e ad o f a s

sec ondissueof theR I C theobverselegendremains

ue thestyleandfablicofthe coinsremain

illustratedincolumnstwoandthree

eversetypesremainthesame R I C1beingc ontinued

andsoon. Thereverselegendonly isc hanged.

G V ST ; R I C 17 beca me .M. TR . . I CO S . . . bu t

still a . Sofarastheaesof thesetwo

hesecondissueactuallycontinuesthetypes

vereversetypesof thefirsttwoissues

mongthetwenty-twof indsisdetailedinTable1.

tabulation twoc lassesofcoinsmaybe

talnumbersareabove210 andonewhose

3 3011.

5.

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I

itseemsthatweareprobablydealingw ith

ns.B ecause ifwematchnumbersofcoins

ns wefindthatwhereonetype isrepre-

oins thereisanothertypeofgenerally

dbylessthan210 coins andthatthethree

themroughlyidenticalinnumber.Thus

C 6 a n d 20 4 . 11 3 g ra ms h a ve 2 3 7 e a mp l es

a n d R I C 3 a n d 17 t h e se co n d li g ht e st p a ir 4 . 23 1

a mp l es l e ss t h an 2 1 0 . C om b in e d t h e fo u r ty p es

. S ec o nd R I C 4 a n d 1 , 4 . 60 2 g ra m s t h e

2 e amples andseemtobeassociatedwith

chhavethesec ondheav iestaverageweight

helownumberof1 7e amples. Together the

15. Third theremainingR I C5and

4 co i ns a n d R I C 1 a nd 1 5 4 . 35 5 g ra m s 2 0 3 e -

untto417coins.

verseportraiturewhencombinedwith

akesfore c ellentlyc onvergingresults we

un i u e s et s : R I C 2 a n d 16 a n d 4 an d 1 ;

5 a nd 1 9 a n d R I C 3 a nd 1 7 a n d 6 an d 2 0. a c h

samenumbers hasadistinc tiveaverage

pec uliaritiesofobverseportraiture tobedis-

lsoseethateac hsethasitsownuni ue

eversediealignmentandof directionof

sethreesetsfulf illthef iveprere uisitesforof f icinae

eseenin thedifferentwaysdifferent

lsofGordian sfac eandhead. O bv iously all

likeGordian butdetailsdodiffer.These

etweenthesi eofhisneckandthesi eof

hether uttingforwardorrec essed thelines if

ndmouth thee ac tshapegiventhebackof

mouthitself isshown hisnose whether

inethatrunsfrom theendofthe noseup

ast theletteringaroundtheportrait. A lthough

nothaveallthese characteristicsrendered

esswhencomparedtoallthecoinsof the

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sinthegroups dotendtoportrayseveralof

uelyandmoreorless consistentlyuni uely.

ativeoftheindividualstyleofeachofficina

gement.Thegeneralstyleof eachgroup

scriptionof thepertinentdetails.Coins

C 2 1 6 a nd 4 1 , r e nd e r th e f ol l ow i ng d e ta i ls

aboutthesameway whereasthec oinsof

n mostdetails.

o ws a c o in o f t yp e R I C 4 S m yr n a No . 6 ) ,

lenderneck A , onwhichissetalarge

B ) whichrepresentsthec reasearoundthe

issinginf igure2 , whichrunsrightdownfrom

andthelineisnearlystraight c urvedin

, n os e E ) , a nd b ri dg e of n os e F ) s ho w no s pe ci al

ina butapointon whichtheofficinadoes

thatthebackofGordian sneckandhead

asmootherandmoregrac efullinethanbytheothers.

rm andneat.

h e co i ns o f g ro u p R I C 1 1 5 a nd 5 1 9 h e re

yanenlargementofanR I C1 Smyrna

entpeculiaritiesinmanyofthesefacialcharacter-

A isagooddealheav ierthanbefore there

oundthemouth thec hin C is somewhatrec essed

overhangsthelower uiteobviously . Thenose

orenearlystraight andw ithaf inetip. Thebackof

oresharplyrounded. Theletteringhasnothing

boutit.

o up R I C 3 1 7 a nd 6 2 0 f i gu r e 3 f r o m w hi c h

fanR I C6 SmyrnaNo. 6 , havelettering

igure3doesnotshowthispointwell but

a No . 9 P l a t e ) . A ga in t he e mp er or s n ec k A

ne butaboutthesameasingrouptwo.

undthemouthisshown usuallynotingroup

urvilinearthaningroup1. Thec hin C isnot

anditis strongerandmorebulbousthanin

arepursedandofroughlyevenlength inother

rsebec omesapout. Thenose E issharp

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o. 6 ) ;

N o. 6

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I

oins uiteobviouslyso . Thelinef romthetip

forehead F isamoregrac efulc urvethan

ergroups w ithlessofabreakatthebridge.

gthecoinsof thisgrouponeoccasionally

otillustrated w ithauni ue ualityabout

haic Greek w ithstrongnose bulgingeye

glips.Sofar asthecoinsin theSmyrna

hisstrikingstyleisalwaysfoundassociated

sin anyoneissue.

sofGordian sportrait-bustarealso

ere thec oinsaregroupedinthreesetshori on-

c alc olumns. Thetwotoprows thetwomiddle

mrows— eachsetoftworowsrepresentsthe

officinaeatworkinR ome.Comparison

ontalsetincolumnonewill alsoillustrate

edabove.

toshadeof f intooneanother andin

salsoillustrated.Comparecolumnonewith

sonshowsthat coinforcoin thesame

withanobversewithvaryingstyle of

ple thetwobottomc oinshaveratherdissimilar

uttoemphasi ethatsty leofportraiturec annot

certaincriterionfordistinguishingofficinae.

verseslinkedwiththesamereversetypee -

numberofindividualsmakingdies for

andthesemeneachproducedhisdieswith

couldproducediesidenticalwith those

eventwoofhisowndiesthatweree ac tlyalike.

ddo—andno doubtoftendid—was to

ystrongsimilaritytootherdies madeby

tis therefore themostwec anhopeto

entirelypossiblethatsomedie-makerswere

natoanotherforwhateverreasonsofe -

ftheargumentforthreeofficinaewasbased

style insteadofonthecumulative inter-

habove itwouldbenecessarytoprove

betweenthereversesofR I C2and4 1and5

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ely havebeenabletof indnosuc hlinksinthe

thereareonlytwopairsofc oinsstruck f romthe

allthecoinsof Gordian andonepairamong

eamongtheantoninianiisratherunc ommon even

orchester Mattinglyfoundonlysomething

ongthec oinsof hilip , avery largepro-

erfinds.Thisledhim tosupposethatthe

rivatebankwhichreceivedits currency

heSmyrnahoard ontheotherhand wasa

oinstakenfromgeneralcirculationat

tassurestheabsenceof die-linkage.But

e ceedinglyunlikelythatthesameobverse

withdifferenttypes ofreversediesinone

tionofthetworeversetypeshadto bereg-

alleatoresandsuppostoresmusthavebeen

ofa singlereversetype.Thiswouldhave

sensiblemeansofpreventinghapha ard

oncethediesweremadeandplacedin the

bablyenclosedinthelittleironbo esthatC . C.

ereusedtoholdthem strikingwenton a

smatchedwithacertainreversedie until

placed.32

iture moreover changed evenwhen

olvedcontinuouslyinmakingdies.There

atsuc hoc curred and therefore onereverse

atedwithavarietyof obversestyles.The

spectto coinsbelongingtothefirstissue

oinswerebeingfabricated thescalptores

ay ingB albinusand upienus ratherold

rdian amereyouth. nthec oinsof typeR I C

ordian sportraitbeginstobemadewithfeatures

noldman butastimegoeson itbec omes

enderingofGordian andac harmingportrait

attinglyhasaptlyc haracteri edas theyoung

3 - 3 9.

SomeNotesonA ncientDiesandCoiningMethods 1954 ,

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I

33Thesedifferences insomecasesratherwide

esshowninc olumnsoneandtwoin late .

an inoneof fic ina wastrueof theof fic ina

menwhoworkedtogetherinonesection

rtainnumberof moreorlesscommon

f abust.Theywouldtendto havea

incommonthatmenofanotherofficina

.Thisis whattheevidenceofcolumn

Therefore w ithinUmits thediesofoneof f ic ina

thoseofanother.B utthewholeproblemof

theproductofanyonesectionof themint

sofstudyingstylesof diesalone asthe

endedtoprove.W emustusein con unction

roducedandtheevidenceoffabric which

ntcriterionofaverageweight.

oastatistic alanalysisof theantoninianiof

ntofthemintin athree-officinasystemis

ementinsi .Theresultsobtainedfrom

mentmakethesmallestofficinaproduce

argest adif ferenceof2. 59% 34Thethree-

over allowsofc onsiderablymorenearlye ual

nthesmallerhoards.W eshouldnote -

enormousdiscrepanciesthatthesi -offi-

inv iewofB . Thordeman sworkw iththe

bycomparingthenumbersofcoinsunearthed

dishmint thatthehoardfaithfullyre-

tion.35Table2showstheresultsobtainedby

3 .

mDorc hesteralone thefollow ingresultsobtainfor

:

s

tiveofficinaproducingR I C2and16 workedat 3.4%

producingR I C6and20 adif ferenceof16. 6%.

T he o he H o a rd N C 19 4 , 1 8 - 2 0 4.

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e-officinasystemtothesmallhoards in

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6 5

theseissues therewereunderGordian I I

ateac hstruc k twotypes notsi strikingone

tfollowsthateachstruc kone ma or and

hythisshouldhavebeensowehavenoc ertain

bly the ma or typeswerethemostimpor-

wofthecoinagereflectingthepropaganda

nowthatthegovernmentdidusethe rever-

mthe peopleoftheempireasto policies

uingat anyparticulartime toadvertise

ialconditionsintheempire— whetherreal

uncegreatmilitaryvictories.Thegovern-

tcertainofits messagesweremoreimpor-

i n i ss u e 1/ 2 o f Go r di a n t h e ty p es R O V I -

I C TO R I A AV G a nd V I R T V S AV G w hi ch ha ve in

peror sthirteen-year-oldperson were

an I D E S M L I T V M O V I C O NS R V A TO R I ,

. t s e em s t h er e fo r e t h at t h e ad v er t is e me n t of t h e

nwasitselfmoreimportantthan honoring

hepeaceofa. d. 23 .

thatthesethreeof f icinaeweredesignated

meralsdonotappear onthecoins.Allthe

cinaeinthethird centurypointsinthis

der hilip theywerenumbered throughV I

dA throughZ inGreek . A tA ntioch theof fi-

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bythesameGreekletter-numbers and

nderGallienus theywereindicated

umerals sometimesbytheletters , S T

rprima sec unda tertia andsoon. Theinscrip-

ovementions of f ic inaprima. Wemight

gein identifyingthelegionsandau iliary

allofwhichborenumbers.Therefore the

ennumberedunderGordianandduring

a s , I , a nd I I . o r th e mo me nt s ha ll

s tr uc k 1 5 1 5 a nd 1 9 I , 3 6 1 7 a nd

4 1 6 a nd 2 0. S uf fi ce i t to s ay h er e t ha t s ha ll t ra ce

eeofficinaeuntila.d.24 , whentherewere

andwhen c ometothatissue then shall

gnedhere.

goingargumentsrests inpart on

cumstancesofstyle weight andnumbers

ngissuesofGordian. erhaps too weshall

ae whosee istenc ehasbeenarguedfor

nswithroughlythesameconstantper-

andf inrelationtotheobverse aswellas

constantdirectionofstrike.Sofaras thisis

owonlystatewhatthepercentagesandaverage

the officinaeforissue1/2.

propertiesofthethreeofficinaein issue1/2

ue3. shallhandleallthesub-issues

and3c byMattinglyandSutherland together.

erageweightsof thesi typesagainallowa

twoeach andtheaverageweightsofthese

ctlythesameastheywerein thepreceding

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I

n t wo o f t he p a ir s t h er e i s ag a in a m a o r a n d

stofall thenumbersofc oinsinthetwenty-two

mostthe same asistheweightof coinage

sareshownintable5 thegroupingoftypes

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nehundredsevenc oins. notherwords in

estofficinaproduced 3.76% asmany

derthisnewarrangement thesmallest

nyasthelargest.

eofobverseportraituresharedby thetwo

eedinglyclose infac t evencloserthanin

esareparticularlystrikingbetweenR I C

a n d R I C 5 3 S m yr n a No . 1 97 . T hi s e t r em e

boutbecausebythistimethedie-cutters

essstandardi edtheirportraitsofthe

vingtomakediesin rapidsuccessionfor

nusandB albinus andGordianinthatyearof

ilaritiesof theobversesareillustratedinthe

at e I .

oreover showabsolutecontinuityofstyle

/2 eachsetofcharacteristicsbeingasso-

oissues ofsimilaraverageweight.O fficina

, 3 9 5 5 5 6 7 0 a nd 7 1 . Th e e mp e ro r s n e ck i s m ad e

heothertwosections andtheheadrests

ckof theheadhasa ogwheretheradiate

ndthereisa ratherdeeperindentationatthe

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I

ereiswiththeother two.Thenoseitselfis

titislargebutbluntattheend andthe

thenostril a linec urvesroundintothec hin

pronouncedasiscustomarywiththe

tteringisundistinguished.

5 2 a n d 63 t h ro u gh 6 5 we r e pr o du ce d b y O f fi c in a

n isthic k andthebac kof theheadhasthesmooth

neck.Thelinerunningdowntheemperor s

owever curvesgracefullywithoutmuch

Thenoseitself isstrong sometimes

ot. tisnotblunt. Thelinerunningf romthe

mouthiscurved.Thechinshowsa much

bonethanisthec asew ith whichmakesfora

withthepointedtreatmentit receivesin

vepoutinglips. Theletteringisc onsistentlysmall

neatandprecise. Theworkof the arc haic -

sinev idenc e asinR I C34 SmyrnaNo. 117.

ro du ci ng R I C 3 6 3 7 5 3 5 4 a nd 6 6 th ro ug h 69

er andtopthemwithalargecranium.

adetocurvedowngracefullyintotheneck.

thebridgeofGordian snose andthe

allypointed.O ccasionally astraightline

nosetothecornerofthe mouth andthe

hin issharpandbony andratherpointed.

s isgenerallyneat sometimessmall but

nuitywiththecharacteristicsofthe

twhenweinvestigatetheproportionsof

swellastheaveragedirectionofstrike there

ec ontinuity . Thismeans think thatso

dsttppostoreshavebeentakenonbythe

tthework-habitsofthesenewindividuals

vedfortheold individuals.Therecanbe

ew meninvolvedwiththeproductionof

enumberofcoinsmanufacturedpermonth

one. ssue1/2wasstruckduringa period

hs f romnearthebeginningofA ugust 23 ,

C r e a



/ h t t p : / / w w w . h


_ u s e # c c - b

y - n

c - s

a - 4 . 0


80/159

A . D. 23 -249

ber 239. Thethirdissuewasstruc kduring

atesarenotprecise butdowellenough

6 ssue1/2isrepresentedby 946coinsinthe

byanaverageacc umulationof f if ty-si c oins

presentedby1 6 8 c oins anaverageac -

ermonth. notherwords therateofpro-

herebetweendoubleandtreblethepre-

emintre uiredmoreworkmen andthese

ncebythealtered proportionsofobverse

ndinthedifferingdirectionof strike.The

ble7.

omuchvariancebetweenissues regard

he continuityoftheofficinae andshall

ently.

ry largefourthissue theonethatwas

ivalofTimesitheusas raetorian refect.

de-spreadinthegovernmentasa whole

eworkingofthemint.W ecanshowthat

eeffected. irst productionofantoniniani

treduc ed. romtheDorc hesterhoard c oin-

boutfour-fifthstherateofthe previous

setby thereopeningandthoroughreorgani-

correspondencebetweentheaccumulationofcoinsin

berof coinsproducedisshownbyB .Thordeman

04. thinkheoverstateshisresults butthegeneralc onc lu-

undoubtedlytrue.

lengthof timeduringwhic hthisissuewasstruc kwas

sueisrepresentedby3 700c oinsatD orc hester an

116amonth ascomparedtothe141of issue3.

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I

tioch whichnowcommencedtoproduce

a newstyleofportraiturewhichMatting-

das assimi

The minting of Antoniniani, A.D. 238-249, and the Smyrna hoard / by Samuel K. Eddy

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Transcript of The minting of Antoniniani, A.D. 238-249, and the Smyrna hoard / by Samuel K. Eddy