The Merits of Integrating Renewables with

Smarter Grid SystemsCARILEC Renewable Energy Conference 2016

“RE Ready, Are we Ready?”

St. Kitts Marriott Resort & CasinoDwight Richards and Rick Case

System OperationsJAMAICA PUBLIC SERVICE CO. LTD

Overview of presentation• A brief look at Integrating Variable Renewable Resources (VRR)• The main challenges posed by VRR integration and applicable SMART

GRID Systems that contribute to overcoming these challenges• Integration and Activation of various SMART GRID solutions• Alignment of SMART GRID development with Renewable Energy

Development• Conclusion• Recommendation

About JPS• Est. 1923• Ownership: EWP (Korea) 40% Marubeni (Japan)

40%, GOJ ~ 20%• Vertically Integrated Utility - Sole Transmission

and Distribution, Liberalized Generation (incl. IPPs)

• Installed Capacity: ~ 1,024 MW (JPS + IPP), Fossil, Hydro, Wind, Solar

• Peak Demand: ~ 655 MW, May 16, 2016• Approximately 16,000 km of T&D, 138kV and

69kV, 55 Substations, 28 Generating Plants • Customer base: ~ 606,650• Staff: ~ 1700

Context• Globally, significant investments are being done in

renewable energy technologies driven by efforts to decarbonize the planet

• The variable nature of these generation poses integration challenges, renewable energy by itself, will not keep the lights on!

• Grid modernization has to take place in concert with the rapid deployment of these variable renewable resources (VRR)

• Balancing resources – integrating large-scale and small distributed energy resources (DER)

• Smarter Grids enable higher penetrations of VRR on T&D networks

Jamaican Context – Energy Policy 2009-2030• Reduce the over-dependence on imported oil for

electricity production• Requires a diversified energy base with focus on “green”

and “clean” technologies• Requires reduction of our carbon footprint and

protection of the environment• Promotion of energy efficiency and energy conservation

and grid modernization to accommodate these goals• Requires that by 2030, renewables (solar, hydro, wind,

biofuel) will be 20% of the energy mix.• No objection for renewable plants < 15 MW (base operating

cost and negotiable premium cap)• Competitive basis for renewable plants >= 15 MW through

the OUR process

Jamaican Context – Energy Policy 2009-2030

Are we REady?• Installed Hydro Capacity - 29.12 MW• Installed Wind Capacity - 101.3 MW• Installed Solar Capacity - 20 MW• Roof Top Solar (DG) - 4MW (30MW)

• Future Roof Top Solar - 13.5MW• Future Solar 2018 - 33.1 MW• Future Biomass 2018 - 5 MW • Converted 120 MW CCGT to LNG• 190 MW CCGT 2019 on LNG

The Jamaican Context – Renewable Energy Capacity Penetration• Total MCR = 1,024 MW• Existing RE capacity = 14.6%

• VRR (Wind + Solar) = 11.8%

• Projected RE Capacity = 17.7%• VRR (Wind + Solar ) = 14.5%

Research indicates that in most large scale grid systems, VRR < 10% of peak capacity has little impact on system operation. Larger Shares will present challenges for System Operators. Wind Energy and Power Systems Operations: A review of Wind Integration Studies to Date” The Electricity Journal, Vol 22, Issue 10, 34-43.

Day Peak Min

Demand (MW) 580.0 400.0

Wind Capacity % 17..5% 25.3%

Solar Capacity % 3.4% 5.0%

TOTAL   20.9% 30.3%P e a k M i n

17.5% 25.3%

3.4% 5.0%

20.9% 30.3%

RE Capacity Penetration at On-Peak and Off-Peak

Wind Capacity % Solar Capacity % TOTAL

Jamaica Load Profile and Capacity • Evening Peak - Highest energy

demand is in Day• Demand met by load-

following dispatchable base-load plant

• Quick-Start GT’s brought online for short term capacity shortfall or peaking

• High Spinning Reserves during low loads

• Most dispatched capacity is fixed/flexible mix

• Current demand intermittency is absorbed by spinning reserves – 29 MW

Committed Capacity vs System Demand

200

300

400

500

600

12:30 AM 5:30 AM 10:30 AM 3:30 PM 8:30 PMTime

Loa

d / C

apac

ity (M

W)

Capacity Demand

EFFECTS OF VRR on the Power System

6:01 6:35 7:09 7:43 8:17 8:51 9:25 9:59 10:33 11:07 11:41 12:15 12:49 13:23 13:57 14:31 15:05 15:39 16:13 16:47 17:21 17:55 18:29

-5

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36MW Wind Farm, August 18, 2016 (6:00am - 6:30pm)

BMR

Time

MW

06:01:00 AM06:57:00 AM

07:53:00 AM08:49:00 AM

09:45:00 AM10:41:00 AM

11:37:00 AM12:33:00 PM

01:29:00 PM02:25:00 PM

03:21:00 PM04:17:00 PM

05:13:00 PM06:09:00 PM

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20MW PV Plant, August 18, 2016 (6:00am - 6:30pm)

MW

Time

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11:0011:01

11:0211:03

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11:0811:09

11:1011:11

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11:2011:21

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11:300

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25

21.06MW, 11:07am

6.15MW, 11:10am

14.97MW, 11:22am

4.87MW, 11:24am

CSL - August 2016

CSL

TIME

MW

11:00 AM

11:01 AM

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48.8

49

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Total VRR vs Spinning Reserve & System Frequency

CSL WWFI&II WWFIII BMRSpinning Reserve Total VRR Frequency, Hz

MW

Freq

uenc

y, H

z

The SMART GRID“A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies” – European Technology Platform Smart Grid (ETPSG)

NIST Conceptual Reference Model

Smart Grid and VRR’s• What share of VRR is possible with more effective use of existing flexible resources?

No one size fits all, careful studies and simulations are necessary. • Integrated Resource Planning using, for example, the Flexibility Assessment (FAST)

method developed by the IEA’s Grid Integration of Variable Renewables (GIVAR) project.

• IEA identifies four technical flexibility resources that can aid in the integration challenge:

• Dispatchable plants: Load-Following Generators with ramp-up/ramp-down and short start-up/shut-down times

• Storage: batteries, pumped hydro, compressed air, flywheels• Interconnection: to neighbouring utilities/systems• Demand-Side measures: Customer participation in power system operation – load shifting, load

shedding etc., SMART-GRID Technologies are integral components

Flexibility needs and Flexible resources – IEA Framework

• Smart Grid Systems and Technologies play a role in:

• Demand Side Management & Response• Energy Storage Facilities• Power Market• System Operations• Grid hardware

• Other Smart Grid Technologies• PHEV’s charging• Modernizing grid Operations through

Advanced SCADA/EMS + Substation & Distribution Automation

• Inclusive power markets, storage and demand side resources for balancing

• Establishment of micro-grids during outages on the main grid

Flexibility is the Answer!• Flexibility expresses the extent

to which a power system can modify electricity production or consumption in response to variability, expected or otherwise

• Curtailing the VRR output when necessary to prevent surplus

• Achieving Near-Instantaneaous Ramp Rates

NIST Conceptual Reference Model

Key VRR Integration Challenges and Smart Grid Solutions• Integration Challenges

• Transmission• General Ramping Requirements• Near Instantaneous Production Ramps• Over-Generation

• Proposed Response to VRR Integration Challenges:• Smart Grid Tools• Market Tools• System Operations Tools• Other

Transmission• Siting of VRR are often times located at a

significant distances from load centres. Cost of new transmission or limits on existing lines may pose challenges to additional VRR generation.

• Smart grid technologies, especially advanced transmission and substation technologies, can aid in this challenge by increasing transmission line capacity, reducing system losses, and improving voltage and frequency control

NIST Conceptual Reference Model

Transmission SolutionsSMART GRID TOOLS• Dynamic Line Rating – real time

monitoring of line sags• Wide Area Situational Awareness +

Phasor Measurement tools – SMART Remedial Action Schemes

• Flexible AC Transmission Systems – FACTS Devices > SVC, FSC, Sync Condensers

• SMART Circuit Breakers – Fibre Optics Tripping independent of relays

SYSTEM OPERATION TOOLS• Advanced Simulation Systems – Chess

Player Algorithms, Improved Load Forecasting assist with Optimizing System

• Better Balancing Area Coordination, Upgrade Line and Transformer Capacity, Retrofit Relays

• Transition from day-ahead UC and hourly dispatch down to 5 minute intervals

General Ramping Requirements• System operators “ramp” the output of generators in response to the

demand for electricity, a vital grid function known as “load-following.” • Conventional ramping is normally due to fluctuations in electricity

demand, high penetration of VRR adds a new variability to this convention and the unique patterns present different ramping challenges.

• High Penetration Solar requires daily (morning and evening) ramping as well as cloud cover changes.

• Wind Power generally increases during the day and dies down in the evening, but has less predictable up-and-down-ramping requirements

General Ramping SolutionsSMART GRID TOOLS• Energy Storage – batteries,

flywheels, chillers, heat• Demand Response• Virtual Power Plants – grouping of

energy resources under central control

SYSTEM OPERATION TOOLS• Better Wind and Solar Forecasting for

Resource Scheduling• Better Balancing Area Coordination• Advanced EMS integrating near real-time

(5 min) load forecast updates• Improved AGC monitoring, RTU scan rate

>> VRR rate• Dynamic Spinning Reserve allocation and

assignment to the best responding generator sets (including IPPs)

• Retrofit/recalibrate generator governors for faster response

Near-Instantaneous Production Ramps• High-Penetrations of Solar present integration challenges, the passage

of clouds over PV panels can result in output changes of +/- 50% in 60 seconds and +/- 70% in 10 minutes.

• Rooftop or utility-scale PV connected directly to the distribution system can introduce voltage challenges. Quick variations from inverter-based generation can impact the voltage to customers if adequate voltage regulation is absent.

• Siting of a single large solar installation at the end of a distribution feeder can strain the entire voltage regulation scheme.

• Generally, the Response-Time for Voltage Regulation is critical.

Near Instantaneous Production Ramps SolutionsSMART GRID TOOLS• Volt Var Optimization and require PVs to

contribute to Voltage Regulation• Fault Location Isolation & Service Restoration• Transfer Trip Schemes – to allow proper

discon and recon of RE when outage is detected

• Automated reclosers to facilitate Islanding of DGs and/or BSs when outages are detected

• Active power electronics in SMART Meters to control ramps

• Coupling of PV inverters and PQM to minimize feeder voltage fluctuations

SYSTEM OPERATION TOOLS• ADMS to integrate grid monitoring

applications to improve visualization and situational awareness of the distribution network state and facilitate FLISR, FR, DR, VVO/VVC

• Distribution Operator Training Simulator – DOTS

• STLM for better voltage control

Over-Generation• Over-generation typically occurs when VRR generation is high, loads

are relatively low, and there is a significant share of non-dispatchable

and baseload conventional generation on the grid• The challenge is more common with wind generation in low-load

situations

Over Generation SolutionsSMART GRID TOOLS• High Quality RE Forecasting• Demand Response – eg. PHEV

Charging, ICE for HVAC, Cooling of Industrial Refrigerators

• Home Automation – Residential Pre-cooling, Electric Thermal Heating of Water, SMART Pumps, SMART Thermostats

• Large Industrial Loads to absorb the excess energy

SYSTEM OPERATION TOOLS• Expanded balancing area –

sell/export the excess power• RE Curtailment – Reduce RE Output• Advanced EMS with Load

Forecasting/Load Dispatch with AGC• Require all generators to operate at

minimum load and/or leading power factor

• Flexible base load generators capable of cycling

Integrating Solutions• The design of smart grid systems to enable greater VRR generation should be

driven by analysis of the types, timing, and magnitude of grid challenges posed by the portfolio of VRR sources on each individual grid, as well as the relative cost of the potential solutions – IEA FAST method

• The key challenge for decision-makers (i.e. system or market operators) is to prioritize and implement the appropriate mix of integration solutions detailed above given the specific grid topology, current and future VRR mix, and market structure

• The economics of flexible resources are unique to each electricity market and regulatory landscape, and conducting resource assessments and simulations will be critical to estimating the most cost-effective path to integrating large penetration of VRRs

Flexibility “Merit Order”

Activating demand-side intelligence• Smart grids can enable greater customer

participation in power system operations. • By sending real-time information on cost of

electricity, or offering information about real-time incentive payments, engaged customers and grid-networked housing and commercial buildings can participate in reducing stress on the network caused by system events, such as increasing peak demand or VRR integration events

• Enabling demand to actively respond to load and price conditions can have a dramatic impact on the integration of VRRs.

NIST Conceptual Reference Model

Primary Characteristics of Traditional vs. Smart Grid Demand Response

Conventional DR Smart-Grid DR

ParticipationTargeted, Limited to large C/I &

residentialAll Customers

Who Controls Utility Customers

What is Controlled

Interruptible Rates, Residential HVAC, Water Heating

All Loads Available

Control Equipment

Utility provided, Few SuppliersCustomer Provided, many market

suppliers

IncentivesFixed/Participation Payments,

Baseline MetricsRetail Dynamic Prices, Reservation

Payments, Pay-for performance

DR products Generally limited to ReliabilityCapacity, Energy, Ancillary Services:

Congestion Management

DR, EE, Renewable Integration

NO YES

Activating delivery-side intelligence• Dynamic Line Rating: lines are given a static thermal

capacity rating that limits how much current can be delivered across the line formulated from ambient temp and current flow.

• Sag in transmission lines affect the amount of current flow as well as ambient weather.

• A cloud shadowing can increase line capacity by 3% and wind speed and direction can impact capacity by up to 10%

• “Dynamic line rating” systems consist of tension and/or temperature sensors deployed on high-voltage transmission lines to provide grid operators real time insights into thermal capacity. Such intelligence can allow for greater amounts of electricity to be delivered, which at times can reduce the level of curtailment of VRRs

Enabling Distributed Generation & Microgrids• Planned islanding can now be introduced and

integrated with system protection• Microgrids are defined as electrical systems that

include multiple loads and distributed energy resources that may be operated either interconnected with the grid or as an electrical island

• Applicable to rural areas or large residential subdivisions, corporate campuses, hotel zones

• Microgrid Controller takes over the job of the system controller to maintain power quality (voltage, frequency etc.,), balance of generation and load

Integrated System Control Room• Full operational view of Transmission and

Distribution systems• Integrated EMS and DMS• DMS function now critical as DER’s are deployed,

active control of the distribution is essential with storage, generation and load. Advanced Applications and Simulation will be necessary to improve visibility and control over the resources.

• At the transmission level, EMS are managing both conventional and VRR, active demand response, storage devices and safety. The EMS will have to control the DMS and DER’s directly in daily operations

Transmission Control Room Improvements• High resolution visualization of grid

status and health• Automated Demand Management• Algorithms that identify

intermittency events and look-ahead• Integrated forecasting software that

allows for more accurate dispatch• Ability to manage the connection or

disconnection of micro-grids• Work force demographics and skills

Conclusion• What is the regionally-appropriate sequence

and priority of smart grid applications needed to facilitate the development of high-penetration VRR power systems?

• What types of policy frameworks best engage customers in participatory energy markets?

• What is the regionally-appropriate model for renewable energy development (e.g. what share of VRR resources should be distributed?)

• What smart-grid VRR integration solutions are most strongly affected by institutional barriers? Market barriers? What policy changes would mitigate these barriers?

Recommendation• Ensure alignment between smart grid roadmaps and scenarios for future

renewable energy supply • Evaluate smart grid VRR integration solutions in the context of the full

range of integration solutions • Integrated Resource Planning to:

• Establish the existing flexibility of the grid to integrate new resources• Determine the optimal size and sites for renewable energy projects (resources)• Ensure grid sustainability through generation units with appropriate ramp and

frequency stability capabilities• Facilitate better collaboration with customers in Distributive Generation, who are

producing electricity and selling back to the grid

Questions?• Thank You

References:

ISGAN White paper: “Smart Grid Contribution to Variable Renewable Resource Integration”, 25 April 2012

Ministry of Energy and Mining, “National Renewable Energy Policy 2009-2030”, August 2010

IEA, “Harnessing Variable Renewables, A guide to the Balancing Challenge”, January 2011

US DOE, “Strategies and Decision Support Systems for Integrating Variable Energy Resources in Control Centres for Reliable Grid Operations, Global Best Practices, Examples of Excellence and Lessons Learned”, Lawrence Jones

NIST, “Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards”, 1.0. January 2010

Energy Institute at HAAS, “Renewable Integration Challenges create Demand Response Opportunity,” Meredith Fowlie, Sept 2, 2014