Other Renewables

BSS-7lecture 7

solar energy

wind power

hydropower

biomass

renewable energy

biomass

geothermal energy

wave energy

wind powerwind power

wind resource– Open terrain

– Coastal areas

– Crests of slopes

– Mountain Passes

– Hill valleys

wind energy � power, electricity, heat

wind technologies

wind energy � power, electricity, heat

wind potential

wind potential

Wind speed is the measure of the motion of the air with respect to the

surface of the earth. (m/s)(also mph, knots or nautical miles per hour)

Wind direction is an indicator of the orientation that the wind is coming

from. (N,S, E, W or azimuth degrees)

wind data

from. (N,S, E, W or azimuth degrees)

Wind frequency is how often wind of a particular speed and from a

particular direction occurs (hours , days, %)

wind rose

wind flow

0z

z

wind patterns

• Geographic location

• Height above surrounding buildings

• Shape of building with respect to prevalent wind direction

planning considerations

wind turbines

components

tail

tower

foundation

driving forces

LiftDrag

WindWind

HORIZONTAL AXIS

turbine types

VERTICAL AXIS

• Horizontal Axis Wind Trubines (HAWT)• Best for open ground locations• Somewhat noisy

– Upwind Turbines• Require somewhat complex yaw control• Operate more smoothly• Deliver more power

– Downwind Turbines• Let the wind control the yaw• Wind shadow by tower

• Vertical axis wind turbines VAWT• Good for urban turbulent conditions• Quiet and efficient• Don’t need any kind of yaw control to keep them facing into the wind• Heavy machinery can be located down on the ground • Tower itself need not be structurally as sound as the HAWT

– Darrieus type• Rotation speed faster than wind speed

– Savonius type• Rotation speed lower than wind speed

configuration

sizes

40m

• Minimizes environmental impact

• Achieves energy independence

• High visibility for symbolic value

• Financial benefit for remote sites

• Can be used in combination with other power sources

pros and cons

• Can be used in combination with other power sources

• Various financial incentives available

• Grid interconnection and transmission capacity

• Good potential for building integration

• Space requirements may be high

• Height and obstructions need to be considered

• Noise can sometimes be a problem

• Initial investment can be hindering

wind power calculation

Power= 0.5 ρ A v3 Cp

Where,ρ = the density of the air (1.23 kg/m3)A = the area swept by the rotor (πr2)V = the wind velocity (m/s)V = the wind velocity (m/s)Cp = the coefficient of performance (0.4)

Kinetic energy = ½ mv2

Where,m = ρ x Av

• place wind turbinesoOn building topsoWindward sideoAround buildingso In building openings

• place wind turbines with a distance of at least 5 to

architectural integration

a distance of at least 5 to 9 rotor diameters between them in the prevailing wind direction

• place wind turbines with a distance of at least 3 to 5 rotor diameters in the direction perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction

examples : building integrated technologiestechnologies

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ZhongshanZhongshan, China

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

Pearl River TowerGuangzhou, China

Transbay terminalSan Francisco, USA

Energy harvested =460 MWH / HR

geothermal energy

temperatures with depth

temperatures with depth

geothermal resources

classification of resources

• high temperature (>150°C or 302°F). • moderate temperature (90°C - 150°C or 194 - 302°F)• low temperature (<90°C or 194°F)

• Electricity Generation in a power plant requires water or steam at very

high temperature (150 to 400 °C).

• Direct Use and District Heating which use hot water from springs or

uses

• Direct Use and District Heating which use hot water from springs or

reservoirs near the surface (between 40°C to 150°C).

• Geothermal Heat Pumps use stable ground or water temperatures near

the earth's surface to control building temperatures above ground (5°C to 40°C).

geothermal energy

earth's energy � hot water, electricity, heat, coolingearth's energy � hot water, electricity, heat, cooling

geothermal heat pumps

considerations

• Soil temperature• Soil thermal properties

– heat capacity– thermal conductivity

• Soil geology– soil texture– ground water level– depth to bedrock

components

GHSP types

OPEN LOOP CLOSED LOOP DIRECT EXCHANGE

1. open loop

2. closed loop

arrangements

3. direct exchange

examples examples

Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, Oregon

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

2,281,836(Annual savings lb CO2)

Photovoltaics

Lighting

CO2 Saved

Slurry Walls

47,351,000(one time savings lb CO2)

Transbay Transit Centre

Geothermal843,720 Lb CO2/yr

3,125,556(Annual savings lb CO2)

Photovoltaics

Lighting

CO2 Saved

Geothermal Cooling

47,351,000(one time savings lb CO2)