The I13L Project: Microscopic Imaging and Coherence and the CXRD capabilities at Diamond...
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Transcript of The I13L Project: Microscopic Imaging and Coherence and the CXRD capabilities at Diamond...
The I13L Project:The I13L Project:
Microscopic Imaging and CoherenceMicroscopic Imaging and Coherenceand the and the
CXRD capabilities at DiamondCXRD capabilities at Diamond
IntroductionScience
ConsiderationsProject
C. Rau
IntroductionIntroduction
• I13La long beamline at DIAMOND for imaging and coherence related experiments
• Two branches with canted undulators:
‘Imaging’: high resolution imaging in real space
‘Coherence’: reciprocal space imaging
Relation between both?
IntroductionIntroduction
Timeline budget, etc.
Project started June 2007 (with me)
Technical Design Report August 2008
First user April 2011
End of budget December 2011
-> Project without delay!
Budget : ~4M£ for beamline and ~2M£ for external building
Personel : 1 Principal Beamline Scientist, 1 Second BLSc, 2 Support Sc (I hope) + Techn. Staff
Purpose of I13Purpose of I13
Perform and promote high resolution imaging / tomography beyond today’s limits
Techniques either in direct or reciprocal space
Applications for broad user community:
Bio-medical , materials science, archeology etc.
Imaging in real space:
In-line phase contrast imaging (micro-Scale)
Imaging in reciprocal space:
Coherent Diffraction Pattern of BaTiO3 fibre, 180nm diameter
Full-field microscopy (nano-Scale)
1µm
Photonic Crystal(hollow spheres in Ni matrix)
Gerbil CochleaStudy of hearing
BTO(001)
BTO(002)
Corresponding X-ray microscope image:sample mounted on W tip
Data has potential for 5nm resolution
ScienceScience
related to
1µm
Scientific Applications for I13Scientific Applications for I13
Goal: imaging of cochlea structureand dynamicsIn-situ study, preservation of cochlea functionalityConventional methods lack eitherspatial resolution/sensitivity (NMR) or don’t preserve integrity of sample (e-microscopy)Imaging with hard X-rays is adequateBoth soft tissue and strongly absorbing material presentSample amount for Classical Sectioning
Bio-medical imaging: CochleaBio-medical imaging: Cochlea
Instrumentation: In-line Phase contrast imagingInstrumentation: In-line Phase contrast imaging
Detector resolution: 1µmSmall source, long distancecoherent radiationIn-line phase contrast imaging/tomography Energy range:6-12keV (at 34ID-C / APS)High quality stages: Rotation Stage air bearing (run out<20nm)
d
C C D c a m e ra
M ic ro sc o p e o b je c tiveSc intilla tio n sc re e n
Sa m p le
Ro ta tio nsta g e
zX-Rays
Light microscopy
In-line phase contrast
Bio-medical imaging: Slice of cochleaBio-medical imaging: Slice of cochlea
Hair cells transform movement into electrical signalImaging of slice – real cochlea?
Ref.: C. Rau et al., Microscopy Research and Technique, 69(8), 660-665, 2006.
Tomography: visualize Slice under real conditionsTomography: visualize Slice under real conditions
Volume information but limited field of view
ScienceScience
related to
50 nm
Full-field microscope Full-field microscope (34ID-C APS)(34ID-C APS)
53 m
53.1 m2.5 cm
Undu-lator Mirror Mono Condenser
Sample
Objective 2-D detector
20 cm
10 cm50-100 cm
Sample FZP CameraKB
-Similar to visible light microscope-KB: high efficiency-FZP: high resolution-Condenser matches aperture of objective lens
Nano Science: Photonic CrystalsNano Science: Photonic Crystals
void
50 nm Resolutioncontrast ~10% 1µm
Hollow Spheres in Ni
Materials with ‘Photonic Gap’ ‘Optical Guide’
Structure-Properties
Imaging in direct spaceImaging in direct space
- ‘Real space imaging’ limited by:
Detector resolution X-ray opticsSource size (projection microscopy)limit ~ 10nm for full-field imaging?
- Reciprocal space imaging promising
ScienceScience
related to
5 nm
and finer…
Fourier Transform
Coherent Diffraction from Crystals
Slice court. R. Harder
H
K
Fourier Transform
Coherent Diffraction from Crystals
Slice court. R. Harder
3D Diffraction Method
k
f
ki
CCD
Silver Nano Cube (111)
Q=kf-k
i
Yugang Sun and Younan Xia, Science 298 2177 (2003)
Slice court. R. Harder
Yugang Sun and Younan Xia, Science 298 2177 (2003)
3D Ag Nano Cube
Slice court. R. Harder
BTO(001)
BTO(002)
Simultaneous Full-Field Microscopy Simultaneous Full-Field Microscopy and and Coherent X-Ray DiffractionCoherent X-Ray Diffraction
of BaTiOof BaTiO33 Nano-Wire Nano-Wire
Ref.: R. Harder, in preparation.
Orientation of sampleInput for CXRD reconstructionHigh Resolution of CXRD dataCXRD data → 5nm resolution
ConsiderationsConsiderations for I13Lfor I13L
Particularities I13LParticularities I13L
Long straight section (8m) at I 13
-> canted undulators
independent operating stations
-> option for mini-beta
Long beamline ; external building
Why a long beamlineWhy a long beamline
• Reasons to build a long beamline:– Coherence length (lateral)– Scanning Microscopy with a long working distance– USAXS – XPCS– Imaging with large field of view
– In addition some things become simpler with available space…
CoherenceCoherence
• Longitudinal coherence ~Nn N : number of undulator periodsn : undulator harmonic -> exotic concepts
• Lateral coherence lat =D/2 : source size, D:distance
• I13 is a long section (8m) : space for 4m undulator dedicated for coherence + 2m for imaging
• Concept long beamline vs. intermediate focus• With distance increase lateral coherence length but total
coherent flux depends only on source parameter and undulator• Beam splitting [for upgrade]
CXRDCXRD
• High coherent photon flux• Focusing on small crystals
with• Long working distance • Stable and reliable Diffractometer• Energy ~8keV• Detector• Multiplexing OK
How to classify proposals? How to classify proposals?
• ‘Coherence’:very clean parallel beamlong Undulator with many periodsE ~ 8keV
• ‘Imaging’
flux important
E~ 20keV
shorter Undulator*
* space sharing …
ProjectProject
OverviewOverview Experimental StationsExperimental Stations
Mono may be close to experimental hutch
Upgrade OptionsUpgrade Options
Beam splitting coherence branchfor dedicated USAXS
I13 beamlineI13 beamline
I13 beamlineI13 beamline
I13 beamlineI13 beamline
OpticsOptics
• Keep it simple!• Avoid dynamic optics• ‘Coherence’:
Si 111/311 Mono, LN2 cooled (alternative water?)
option pink beam
Flat mirrors with different coating stripes
planar lenses for collimation etc.
[USAXS: ‘half’ Bonse-Hart Optic with multi-bounce Si311]
Coherence branchCoherence branch
-Horizontal deflecting mirror: suppress higher harmonics, Bremsstrahlung, branch separation -Mono (changed!) rather horizontal deflecting, close to experiment: stability, heatload density,
OpticsOptics
‘Imaging’:Si 111/Multilayer, LN2 cooled (alternative water?)
option pink beam
Flat mirrors with different coating stripes
planar lenses for poss. Intermediate focus
Imaging branchImaging branch
-Horizontal deflecting mirror: suppress higher harmonics, Bremsstrahlung-Mono Si(111) and Multilayer close to source: spatial filtering -Stability with intermediate focusing?
Mini-betaMini-beta
Long straight divided into two ‘mini-beta’
B. Singh, R. Bartolini, R. Walker
-Small betax ->close gap, high E-Slope of betax: Beam in first (‘left’) section focus in ‘A’-Focus may be close to FE-Matching coherence lengths
A
Mini-betaMini-betaMini – beta Long straight
simulations by U. Wagner
- ‘Astigmat’ source- Matching of coherence lengths- higher divergence- Smaller Undulator Gap
x=180m ; x’=18rady= 13m ; y’= 3rad
x min= 90m ; x’= 32rady min= 7m ; y’= 5-6rad
UndulatorUndulator
U20 Undulator with 5mm (blue) and 7mm(red) gap
BranchesBranches
Coherence Branch
• Energy (wavelength) range : 6-20 keV
• Band-pass (E/E) : 10-4 (mono) or 10-2 (pink)
• Beam size at sample : 1.5x8.6mm2
• Photon flux : 7x1014 Ph/s/0.1%BW at 8keV
Imaging Branch
• Energy (wavelength) range : 8-30 keV
• Band-pass (E/E) : 10-4 (mono) or 10-2 (pink)
• Beam size at sample : 1.5x6.4mm2
• Photon flux : 1014 Ph/s/0.1%BW at 20keV
Control Cabin
X-rays
Floorplan internal - overviewFloorplan internal - overview
Optics for two branches and space for later upgrades
Drawing provided by A. Peach
Floorplan external buildingFloorplan external building
- Stability and space: long hutches on piles- Concrete Hutches built together building -> costs- Second floor: Offices and ‘Open access’ area
Drawing provided by A. Peach
Imaging
Coherence
X-RaysCCs
Mono
Detector
Infrastructure
Labs
5m
Imaging hutchImaging hutch
Full-field imaging with different spatial resolution
Sam pleLens
Im age
Sam ple Im age
Sam pleIm ageSource
Sam pleLens
Im age
Sam ple Im age
Sam pleIm ageSource
Sam pleLens
Im age
Sam ple Im age
Sam pleIm ageSource
In-line phase contrast-µm resolution-easy to use-large field of view
Cone-beam imaging-sub-µm resolution-dose efficient-sub-100nm source -elaborate data reconstruction
Full-field microscope- 50nm resolution- imaging of phase objects- combined methods
2µm
2µm
6µm
Coherence hutchCoherence hutch
-Beside CXRD:
-XPCS-Coherent Diffraction Imaging techniques
- similar setup (Det. in transm.)- user community- scientific life- laser facility at Harwell Site
Graphs courtesy I. McNulty
CDI with collimated beam
CDI with focused beam
DetectorsDetectors
• Direct space/ Imaging CCD coupled via microscope optics to a scintillation screen Key elements: scintillation screens & detector Option FreLoN camera
• Reciprocal space / Coherence Direct detection Speed Dynamic range ‘Intelligent’ design (e.g. integrated auto-correlator) DIAMOND is likely to join MEDIPIX/MAXIPIX program other solutions
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
DIAMOND:
U. Wagner : Optics & Discussions
A. Peach: Drawings
M. Launchbury & M. Smith : Project Management
I.Robinson : Discussions
ALL people from UWG for discussions!
Full-field Microscopy/ImagingFull-field Microscopy/Imaging
• Flux• Reasonable divergence
– Full-field microscopy: ‘Köhler’ divergence– In-line phase contrast : reasonable divergent source– Option: secondary source
• Energy ~20keV• Temperature stability of hutch• Short distances OK • Long distance to increase field of view
Concept long beamline vs intermediate focusConcept long beamline vs intermediate focus
Both are valid
Long BL: Short BL
no optics/simplicity
Microscope:long WD&stableLat. Coherence length
really more expensive?More real estate
+ & who knows?
Independent of beam stability
long WD too
Lat. Coherence: optics & depends on exp.
Pb. Small pinholes
Cheap?
Compact
DISCUSSION
Concept long beamline vs intermediate focusConcept long beamline vs intermediate focus
• Conlusion: “Coherence only” experiments
-> long BL+ “long” undulator + splitting
“Some/partial” coherence->short BL + intermediate foc. + “short” undulator
In addition I believe nobody has the ultimate answer…
DISCUSSION