cured jobs for them in New York, Chicago, or wherever there was an immediate demand for industrial labor.” The padrone was successful because of their ability to speak both Italian as well as English, and that he also often found homes for newcom-ers as well as jobs. The Italians lacked education; therefore, they remained in blue collar jobs longer than some other New Immigrants. Many Italians valued vocation rather than education, so they sent their children to work at very young ages. (Kennedy, Cohen and Bailey 566-567) Even the Knights of Labor, who preached tolerance and the unity of all working men and women, which they meant, had their limits. Chinese workers were banned from joining, and the Knights strongly supported the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. They also supported the Contract Labor Law of 1885, which intended to hold back competition from low-wage immigrant workers--though immigrants, especially Irish immi-grants, were disproportionately repre-sented among the Knights member-ship. (Kennedy, Cohen and Bailey 552)

In America in the 1880s, racism was a very real and pressing issue. Nativ-ism was reintroduced into America after the 1840s-50s from the Irish and German immigrants. The New Immi-grants posed a threat against wiping out all the Anglo-Saxons. The New Immigrants came for much of the same reasons as the old, to escape poverty and squalor of Europe and to seek new opportunities in America. But, Nativists saw them as culturally and religiously exotic groups and often gave them a rude reaction. The newest immigrants’ high birthrate, which was common among people with a low standard of living, was rising, this scared people that they would outnumber and outvote the Anglo-Saxons. They feared that the fairer Anglo-Saxons would disappear. (Kennedy, Cohen and Bailey 568) Many of the New Immigrants came from the southern part of Italy, oppo-site of the northern industrial side. The south hoped for success like the north in agriculture and industry modernization after the countries unification. From disappointment with the southern progress, they set out to the New World. The Italians came to America between 1880 and 1920. Most intended to stay only for a short amount of time, almost half did go back but Jews stayed to escape

religious prosecution. Many Italians lived in New York, more than the cities of Florence, Venice and Genoa combined. The US Government en-couraged them to keep to their agricul-tural backgrounds, but they found that it was not stable and did not provide enough for them, so they continued in a different direction. Although, they

did not completely give up their back-grounds, they kept chickens in vacant lots and raised vegetables in small garden plots between decaying tene-ment houses. They tried to stay to-gether in close communities. Pizza had successfully emerged into the lives of Americans. Italians mostly earned money as industrial laborers, mostly longshoremen and construction work-ers. “They owed their prominence in the building trades to the ‘padrone system.’ The padrone or labor boss met immigrants upon arrival and se-

The Jim Crow Laws have officially been passed. They say “Separate but equal”, but is that really true? Does having to have dirty, separate seating areas sound equal to you? Or does having African American children and women standing on the bus, while white men enjoy the ride sitting down sound right to you? What makes these two races so different from each other? Everyone was born equal. Or so the Declaration says- the document which our country is based off of and supposedly believes. But really, there’s no such thing. African Ameri-cans are just like white people. They feel pain and they have dreams, just like all of us do. The outside is not what really matters in this life. If we take a chance and actually talk to

these fellow Americans of ours, we will come to realize they are no dif-ferent than us. If we stand together with them, we as America will be-come stronger. I took time to sit with my new friend Elijah Uboa, an Afri-can American mind you, and we had one of the greatest conversations. We got deep within the issue of this whole separation thing. What he tried to get across the whole conversation was just the idea that we cannot let color stand in between us all as Americans. Uboa quoted, “You know, we are people, whether you think it or not. We have smart men and tough women who are willing to work and help this country. We could accomplish so much more if we [Americans] stood together.”

We see these people as if they’re a different creature. We see them as filthy, dirty and most of all- slaves. How we see them is so morally and completely wrong. They are people. They need to support their families and they just want to live free. If we can’t accept that, how will we ever be one? We as proud Americans need to rise above this. We are called to love these people. Invite them in. Ask them to join you for a cup of tea one morning at your favorite dining place. It’s the little things that mean the most. True friendship is what is needed, so let’s go out and show our new friends what love is like in American, the free country.

Hypocrisy In The New World Written By: Chelsea Roth

I N S I D E

T H I S

I S S U E :

Immigration 1

Jim Crow

Laws 1

Native

Americans 2

The Credit

Mobilier 2

Obituaries 4-5

Political Car-

toons 6

Advertising 7

“Separate but Equal? No Such Thing" Editorial Written By: Danielle Dendy

C H E L S E A R O T H

D A N I E L L E D E N D Y

J E F F O W E N

A U S T I N F R O S T The Gilded Age Daily

T H U R S D A Y , M A R C H 1 1 , 1 8 9 0 V O L U M E 1 , I S S U E 1

S P E C I A L

P O I N T S O F

I N T E R E S T :

Credit Mobilier

Scandal

Nativism

Jim Crow Laws

Dawes Act

Obituaries

Political Car-

toons

Advertising

Works Cited 8

P A G E 2

“In order to keep

Congress quiet,

they dispersed

shares of its

valuable stock to

key congressmen.”

Wrongdoings On The Railroads Written By: Chelsea Roth

Native Americans Lands Squandered By US Government Written By: Austin Frost Traditionally, Native Americans have owned land as a group con-sisting of several families and people of all different ages. This sort of land ownership is very different from the Americans way of individual land ownership where the property usually belongs to the male. The federal government has put in place an “Indian Homestead Act” or officially known as the Dawes Act. It seems the govern-ment has abandoned the treaty method they have emphasized in the past. These new laws are grant-ing individual Native Americans land that had once been tribal property. There are two main reasons the government was pushed this far and they abandoned all hopes of establishing treaties with the Na-tive Americans. For one, the white settlers were greedy and wanted more and more land. Also back then each tribe was treated as a separate nation with separate citi-

zens, this made it much more diffi-cult to take land from them and move them into the general Ameri-can population. At this point as-similation into the American popu-lation is the government’s main goal in handling the Native Ameri-cans. Assimilation meaning that the government is trying to integrate the Native American population into the American culture; they are trying to take them away from the religions and customs they were raised with and introduce them to the American culture. They start with individual land ownership and moving them to start living apart from each other. What the Dawes Act does is pro-vide for the granting of landhold-ings to individual Native Ameri-cans replacing old tribal land hold-ings. It is named after the man who sponsored it, a Senator named H.L. Dawes. The main purpose of this

act is to absorb tribe members into national society and to “Americanize” the Native Ameri-cans. The land granted to the individual Native Americans and their families was usually 160 acres and they could not be resold for 25 years. Surplus land or land not given to Native Americans was opened to settlers. It didn’t take long, about fifty years, for the majority of the land to be in white settlers hands.

earned dividends as high as 348 percent (Kennedy, Cohen and Bailey 504). “They had slyly pocketed $73 million for some $50 million worth of breakneck construc-tion,” (Kennedy, Cohen and Bailey 530). In order to keep Congress quiet, they dispersed shares of its valuable stock to key congressmen. If they gave them cash, Congress could easily betray them and news would come out, so they gave them stocks for their com-pany, so that their benefit would have to rely on the business doing well. A newspa-per exposé and congressional investigation of this scandal led to the formal censure of two

The Credit Mobilier scandal erupted in 1872 during Grant’s presidency. Union Pacific Rail-road insiders formed the Crédit Mobilier construction company. They then ingen-

iously hired themselves at prices double their worth to build the railroad line. They

congressmen and the fact that the vice president of the United States had accepted payments from the Crédit Mobilier (Kennedy, Cohen and Bailey 504).

The Union

Pacific

Railroad

T H E G I L D E D A G E D A I L Y

Letter To The Editor P A G E 3 V O L U M E 1 , I S S U E 1

Dear The Gilded Age Daily, in response to your Editorial article I think that the Jim Crow

Laws are an embarrassment to the United States of America. You are enforcing something that means nothing; skin color is no excuse to separate mankind. To take such a strong position on a huge controversial topic is a rather extreme thing to do, especially when The Declaration of Independence specifically states “that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights”. The only thing that these laws are doing to the American public is making the White man richer and the Black

man Poorer. It’s a disgrace to America and what it stands for. In another issue it is unbelievable that we are allow-ing women to vote! Why is this even a question? They have no right to be voting in politics. They need to go back home and work in the kitchen where they belong. If any woman tries to vote they need to be put into jail. No more of this crap when they try to vote.

“that all men

are created

equal, that

they are

endowed by

their Creator

with certain

unalienable

Rights”

Written By: Austin Frost

Women No Longer Set-tling For Fewer Rights Then Men

All across the country, women are gaining moral and confi-dence in the fact that they are equal to men. They grow tired of their stereo-typical and

dependent role in the household. Nowadays more and more couples are getting divorced and more and more couples are having little to no children. Times are hard, and these women need all the rights they can get.

Many women are now receiving good col-lege education and all the benefits that come with this. Yet they still have no right to vote or suffrage. In 1890, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was founded to help woman get their opin-ion out that they need the right to vote. This movement excluded black women however. With the new industrial and urban environ-ment that America has become, a lot of new opportunities and possibilities have ap-peared for women. But still, times are hard and many are poor. Some hard working and generous women have established settle-ment houses for the lower middle class to come stay. Jane Adams created the Hull House, one of the most prominent settle-ment houses. The Hull House taught its residents English, counseled people to help them adapt to urban life, had childcare services for mothers, and they have cultural activities for everybody. These settlement houses are where women meet and discuss how they can reform and promote activism in women. Women are starting to get jobs

in social work, just another example that they are becoming equal to men. Many educated women have come to the conclu-sion that alcohol is the source of a large portion of America’s problems. This is why they have started the prohibition movement to ban alcohol because it only leads to vio-lence and neglect. They also thought it was a waste of money and promoted prostitu-tion and adultery. They have formed the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in hopes that they can get the nation to recog-nize prohibition as a federal law. Although they are slow on getting the national law passed, several states have agreed to pro-hibit alcohol. These women have a lot of things going for them, and hopefully with enough support they can reach their final goal of absolute liberty and equality. Women’s suffrage is on the horizon and I do not doubt that we will see it soon.

Propaganda Article Austin Frost

P A G E 4

“His most

important

invention was the

light bulb.”

April 17, 1837—

March 31, 1913

JP Morgan Written By: Jeff Owen

Obituaries A Financier, art collector, and a philanthropist, Morgan was born on April 17, 1837, in Hartford, Connecticut. Son of a banker, Morgan went into the family busi-ness and became one of the most famous financiers in the history of business. After working for his father, he started his own private banking company in 1871, which later became known as J. P. Mor-gan & Co. His company became one of the leading financial firms in the country. It was so powerful that even the U.S. government looked to the firm for help with the depression of 1895. The company also assisted in preventing the 1907 financial crisis. During his career, his wealth,

power, and influence attracted a lot of media and government scrutiny. He was criticized for creating monopolies by making it difficult for any business to compete against his. Morgan dominated two industries in particular—he helped merge railroad industry in the East and formed the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. A crucial material in the extensive growth of the nation, U.S. Steel became the world's largest steel manufacturer. Morgan's first marriage to Amelia Sturges was brief. She died a few months after their 1860 wedding. Five years later, Morgan married Frances Tracy. The couple had four children: John Pierpont, Jr., Louisa, Juliet, and Anne.

Morgan died on March 31, 1913, in Rome, Italy. At the time of his death, he was hailed as a master of finance and considered one of the country's leading businessmen.

home schooled by his mother. He liked this because his mom was a very devoted woman and she be-came his inspiration to achieve greatness. Before he could reach adulthood however, Thomas be-came deaf. He blamed his deafness on a time when he was late for a train one morning and the conduc-tor pulled him onto the train by the ears, since then he had lost his hearing. One day while at the train station; Thomas pulled a 3 year old boy out of the way of a train, sav-ing his life. The boy’s father taught Edison how to read and work a telegraph. Edison became a tele-graph worker for the train stations. After this he went to many differ-

ent states and many different towns looking for work in the telegraph industry. It was about this time that Edison found his passion for in-venting and using his creative mind. His most important inven-tion was the light bulb. Thomas married a woman named Mary and with her he had his first three kids. Years later Mary died from disease. Some years after her death he remarried a woman named Mina with whom he had three more kids.

Thomas A. Edison died on October 18, 1931 at the age of 84. His wife, six children, personal physician and two nurses were at his bedside when the end came early in the morning. Tho-mas Edison was a great man who led a

full life. He was a devoted inventor, American, proud father, and a loving husband. His creations during his life will influence the flow of mankind’s innovation for centuries. For he has done what no one before him could, Thomas blessed the world with his sparking inven-tions, each of them a master-piece all of their own. At a very young age, Thomas left traditional school to be

February

11, 1847-

October 18,

1931

T H E G I L D E D A G E D A I L Y

Thomas A. Edison Written By: Austin Frost

Yesterday, April 21st, 1910, the beloved Samuel Langhorne Clemens, also known as Mark Twain for his writing, passed away from heart failure. Born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri,

Clemens lived quite the life. He was blessed in a family of 8 and had a very special childhood growing up in Hannibal, Missouri. He grew up wanting to be a river pilot, but his writing career started in 1862 as a newspaper journalist. Clemens became America’s most famous literary author. He was also an Ameri-can humorist, lecturer, and essayist. He wrote books such as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn and many others. Clemens and his wife Olivia brought four children into the world; three girls, Susy, Clara, and Jean, and one boy, Langdon who died as an infant. Clemens was very talented in his writing, but one thing he was not good at was in business. He would invest in

poor inventions that usually failed. In 1896, Clemens started to experience a line of personal losses. His daughters Susy passes in 1896, his wife Livy in 1904, and Jean passed in 1909. Clemens resided in Missouri by his daughter, Clara. The writings of Mark Twain are on bookshelves and in the hearts and minds of readers around the world. In his sketches, arti-cles, stories, and novels, he captured the spirit of America during the late nineteenth century. More importantly, he wrote

about universal themes that affect people of all times. (Kennedy, Cohen and Bailey 579)

Samuel Langhorne Clemens/Mark Twain Written By: Danielle Dendy

Obituaries

P A G E 5 V O L U M E 1 , I S S U E 1

Perhaps one of the greatest inventors of his time, Dr. Alexander (Aleck) Graham Bell (Stevens), the inventor of the tele-phone has died on Wednesday, August 2, 1922 at the age of 75 at 2:00 AM at

Beinn Bhreagh, his estate near Baddeck (The New York Times) from diabetes

(GCS Research Society). Bell was born on March 3, 1847 in

Edinburgh, Scotland (Evisum Inc.TM). He was the son of Alexander Melville

Bell and Eliza Grace Symonds Bell (eNotes.com). Bell had attended Edin-burgh High School and later on went to the Edinburgh University. In 1867, he moved to London, and entered the uni-versity there (Evisum Inc.TM), but left

due to a scare of tuberculosis, which took the lives of his two brothers, and his family escaped to Brantford, Can-ada, at the age of 22 (The New York

Times). Bell moved to the United States in 1872, becoming professor of vocal physiology in the new school for deaf

mutes at Boston University at the age of 24. He taught his father’s system here

(Evisum Inc.TM). Eventually his teach-ing interfered with his inventing, so he quit (The New York Times). In 1877, Bell married Mabel Hubbard. He met

Mabel while he was a professor at Bos-ton University. She was deaf since the age of four due to scarlet fever. At the wedding, he gave her all but ten shares of the stock of his newly formed com-

pany, Bell Telephone Company (Stevens). His family had always been very interested in communication. “His grandfather was the inventor of a device

for overcoming stammering and his father perfected a system of visible

speech for deaf mutes.” When he was

sixteen, he became a teacher of elocution and an instructor of deaf mutes, like his

father (The New York Times).

Bell spent the follow-ing years working in the dark hours of the night, in a cellar in

Salem, Massachusetts. He was finan-cially supported by his future father-in-law, Gardiner G. Hubbard, and Thomas Sanders, “while he worked on his theory

that speech could be reproduced by means of an electrically charged wire.” His initial success came while he was testing his instruments in Boston. Tho-mas A. Watson, Bell’s assistant, had struck a clock spring at one end of a

wire and Bell heard the sound while in another room 20 feet away. He worked on his instruments for forty weeks, on

March 10, 1876, Watson heard the famous phrase, “Mr. Watson, come

here. I want you,” while in another room (The New York Times).

Although he will be remembered for the invention of the telephone, he has also invented other things. He invented the gramophone with the help of Sumner

Tainter. Bell invented a new technique of lithography, a photophone, and an

induction balance. He also invented the telephone probe, which was used to find the bullet that killed President Garfield. He dedicated fifteen years of his life and

more than $200,000 to his tetrahedral kite, which he hoped to be the basis for aviation. In 1920, he perfected a device

for cooling homes (The New York Times).

Bell had received many honors in Amer-ica and abroad. The French government awarded him the Legion of Honor, the

French Academy presented him the Volta prize of 50,000 f., the Society of

Arts in London in 1902 awarded him the Albert medal, and the University of

Wurzburg, Bavaria awarded him a Ph. D. The peak of his career was January of 1915. Dr. Bell talked over the tele-phone with his old associate, Mr. Wat-

son from San Francisco to New York. It was almost two years later that with a

combination of telephonic and wireless telegraphy instruments the engineers of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company sent speech across the Atlan-

tic (The New York Times). In 1876, he had perfected the creation of the telephone. He talked a distance of 20 feet. This new invention that was pat-

ented less than fifty years ago, then seemed a joke, but now, at the time of his death, is the basis for 13,000,000

telephones used in every civilized coun-try across the world. The Bell basic

patent, No. 174,465, which he received on his twenty-ninth birthday, has been called the most valuable patent ever

issued. Over his lifetime, he had seen his invention evolve and produce trans-mission of speech across the continent,

and even more, across the Atlantic Ocean, and from Washington to Hono-lulu without the use of wires. His inven-tion had created jobs for many people, including women, to be operators (The

New York Times). Dr. Bell founded the American Associa-tion to Promote Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, and donated $250,000 to sup-port it. He was also a member of many

of the leading American societies of learning (The New York Times).

Bell is survived by his wife, Mabel Hubbard Bell; his children, Mrs. Marion

Hubbard Fairchild and her husband David G. Fairchild of Washington, Mrs.

Elise M. Grosvenor and her husband Gilbert Grosvenor of Washington who

are now in Brazil (The New York Times); and a grandchild, Melville Bell

Grosvenor (Smithsonian Institution Archives).

Bell is preceded in death by his two sons, both who died in infancy; two brothers, Melville James Bell (1845-

1870) and Edward Charles Bell (1848-1867) (The Library of Congress); and his parents, Alexander Melville Bell

(1819-1905) and Eliza Grace Symonds Bell (1809-1897) (Scots and Scots De-

scendant in America). Services will be held at the Greenwood

Church in Beinn Bhreagh on Friday, August 4, 1922 at 1:00PM. Visitation is held on Thursday, August 3, 1922 at the Beinn Bhreagh Funeral Home from 2-

7PM. The Beinn Bhreagh Funeral Home is in charge of all arrangements.

Bell will be buried on the crest of Beinn Bhreagh Mountain in a spot designated by Bell himself (The New York Times). On the day of his burial, all telephone service in the United States will be halted for one minute in his honor (ScienCentral, Inc. and The American Institute of Physics). For more informa-tion, please call (902) 538-6379. Memo-rials may be made to the American Association to Promote Teaching of Speech to the Deaf.

March 3,

1847-

August 2,

1922

“Mr. Watson,

come here. I

want you.”

Alexander Graham Bell Written By: Chelsea Roth

P A G E 6

The Credit Mobilier

By: Chelsea Roth

Political Cartoons

Jim Crow Laws

By: Danielle Dendy

T H E G I L D E D A G E D A I L Y

Industrialization By: Jeff Owen

Advertising P A G E 7 V O L U M E 1 , I S S U E 1

Chelsea Roth

Jeff Owen Danielle Dendy

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stories/0701_0143.html>.

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cal.cgi?1922>.

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can Institute of Physics. Alexan-

der Graham Bell . 1999. 07 March

2010 <http://www.pbs.org/

transistor/album1/addlbios/

bellag.html>.

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America. 05 March 2010 <http://

www.electricscotland.com/

history/descendants/chap37.htm>.

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siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/

thisday/march.htm>.

Stevens, Patsy. Alexander Gra-

ham Bell. 08 March 2010. 05

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biographydates.htm>.

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Alexander Graham Bell Family

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Inventor of Telephone, Dies. 3

August 1922. 07 March 2010

<http://www.nytimes.com/

Works Cited(Obituaries)

Durrett, Ken and Lenora. Thomas A. Edi-

son . March 2010 <http://

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~providence/obit_edisonta.htm>.

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2010 <http://www.christianmemorials.com/

tributes/thomas-edison/obituary/>.

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salem-history/alexander-graham-bell>.

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2000. 07 March 2010 <http://

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Bell. 2007. 05 March 2010 <http://

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scientistprofile.php?pID=120>.

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System:. 2005. March 2010 <http://

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A0814821.html>.

Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen and

Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002.

Library of Congress. Alexander Graham

Bell. 2005. 07 March 2010 <http://

scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/

File:Alexander_Graham_Bell.jpg>.

NebraskaStudies.org. Native American Citi-

zenship. March 2010 <http://

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bday/0303.html>.

Works Cited(Stories)

Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth

Cohen and Thomas A. Bailey.

The American Pageant. Boston:

Houghton Mifflin Company,

2002.

Mastromarino, Danielle. DBQ

Question. 2000. March 2010

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Bond, Maureen. "1800's Type-

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Works Cited Editors: Chelsea Roth Danielle Dendy Jeff Owen Austin Frost