Daily Life in the Gilded AgeDaily Life in the Gilded AgeChapter 17 Section 1Chapter 17 Section 1

Angela BrownAngela Brown

EducationEducation

End of the Civil War ½ of white children End of the Civil War ½ of white children attended free public schools.attended free public schools.

High school diploma the exceptionHigh school diploma the exception 1870 2% of 17 year olds graduated from 1870 2% of 17 year olds graduated from

high school – few went to collegehigh school – few went to college 1900 – 31 states had laws requiring 1900 – 31 states had laws requiring

children ages 8-14 to attend school.children ages 8-14 to attend school. 1910 – 60% U.S. children attended 1910 – 60% U.S. children attended

school with more than a million school with more than a million students in high school.students in high school.

Immigrants and Immigrants and EducationEducation

Many immigrants placed a high Many immigrants placed a high value on U.S. public education.value on U.S. public education.

One of the most important functions One of the most important functions of public schools was to teach of public schools was to teach literacy.literacy.

Literacy SkillsLiteracy Skills – the ability to read – the ability to read and writeand write

Public school played a role in Public school played a role in assimilating immigrants to the assimilating immigrants to the American way of life.American way of life.

Assimilation – the process by which people Assimilation – the process by which people of one culture become part of another.of one culture become part of another.

Teachers taught thrift, patriotism and hard Teachers taught thrift, patriotism and hard work.work.

Fearing Americanization, many immigrants Fearing Americanization, many immigrants sent their children to religious schools sent their children to religious schools where they could learn their own cultural where they could learn their own cultural traditions in their native language.traditions in their native language.

As immigrants shared customs and habits As immigrants shared customs and habits from their own homelands, they enriched from their own homelands, they enriched their new country and helped to redefine their new country and helped to redefine American culture.American culture.

Uneven Support for Uneven Support for Schools:Schools:

Schools for African Americans Schools for African Americans received far less money than white received far less money than white schools.schools.

Mexican American in parts of the Mexican American in parts of the Southwest and California were Southwest and California were segregated and less funded.segregated and less funded.

1900, a small percentage of Native 1900, a small percentage of Native American children were receiving American children were receiving any formal schooling.any formal schooling.

Higher Education Higher Education ExpandsExpands

1880-1900 more than 250 new American 1880-1900 more than 250 new American colleges and universities opened.colleges and universities opened.

Rockefeller $40 million to University of Rockefeller $40 million to University of Chicago.Chicago.

1890s average annual incomes just 1890s average annual incomes just under a thousand dollars.under a thousand dollars.

Few could afford college.Few could afford college. 1915 some middle income families to 1915 some middle income families to

college.college. The availability of advanced education The availability of advanced education

would distinguish the U.S. from other would distinguish the U.S. from other industrialized nations.industrialized nations.

Women in Higher Women in Higher EducationEducation

Educators and philanthropists Educators and philanthropists established private women’s established private women’s colleges with high academic colleges with high academic standards.standards.

1865 Vassar College, NY1865 Vassar College, NY Under pressure to admit women, Under pressure to admit women,

some men’s colleges founded some men’s colleges founded separate institutions for women.separate institutions for women.

1873 Cornwell and Boston University 1873 Cornwell and Boston University welcomed women as students and welcomed women as students and professors.professors.

1879 Harvard in Massachusetts 1879 Harvard in Massachusetts established Radcliffe.established Radcliffe.

1886 Tulane University in Louisiana 1886 Tulane University in Louisiana established Sophie Newcomb College.established Sophie Newcomb College.

1889 Columbia in NY opened Barnard.1889 Columbia in NY opened Barnard.

1891 Brown in Rhode Island started 1891 Brown in Rhode Island started Pembroke.Pembroke.

Coed universities – Oberlin, Knox, Coed universities – Oberlin, Knox, Antioch, Swarthmore, and Bates existed Antioch, Swarthmore, and Bates existed before the Civil War.before the Civil War.

Most scholarships went to men, if they Most scholarships went to men, if they could afford college parents feared could afford college parents feared college made daughters too college made daughters too independent or “unmarriageable” = independent or “unmarriageable” = unacceptable friends.unacceptable friends.

African Americans and African Americans and Higher EducationHigher Education

Had to fight prejudiceHad to fight prejudice Oberlin, Bates, Bowdoin accepted Oberlin, Bates, Bowdoin accepted

African AmericansAfrican Americans 1890 – 160 African Americans 1890 – 160 African Americans

attending white colleges.attending white colleges. African American Colleges: Fisk, African American Colleges: Fisk,

Atlanta; Hampton Institute and Atlanta; Hampton Institute and Howard founded through American Howard founded through American Missionary Association.Missionary Association.

1856 Wilberforce University in Ohio - 1856 Wilberforce University in Ohio - nation’s oldest African American nation’s oldest African American schoolschool

1900 – 2,000 students had graduation 1900 – 2,000 students had graduation from 34 African American schoolsfrom 34 African American schools

African American colleges accepted African American colleges accepted both women and men however it has both women and men however it has been estimated that 30 black women been estimated that 30 black women were in college in 1891.were in college in 1891.

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

1856 born into slavery1856 born into slavery 1872 attended Hampton Institute 1872 attended Hampton Institute

in Virginia.in Virginia. Founded Tuskegee Institute in Founded Tuskegee Institute in

1881.1881. Taught skills and attitudes to help Taught skills and attitudes to help

succeed in life succeed in life – put aside desire – put aside desire for political equality.for political equality.

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Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

Focused on economic security by Focused on economic security by gaining vocational skills.gaining vocational skills.

Win white acceptance eventually Win white acceptance eventually by succeeding economicallyby succeeding economically

Relieved fears of white’s who Relieved fears of white’s who thought education would call for thought education would call for more equality within society.more equality within society.

Washington was consulted by Washington was consulted by whites on race relations.whites on race relations.

T. Roosevelt invited him to the T. Roosevelt invited him to the White House in 1901.White House in 1901.

Autobiography, Autobiography, Up From Slavery Up From Slavery 19011901 classic classic

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

Graduated Fisk UniversityGraduated Fisk University 1895 1895 first African American to earn a first African American to earn a

Ph.D from Harvard.Ph.D from Harvard. Taught at Atlanta University.Taught at Atlanta University. 1905 help found Niagara Movement.1905 help found Niagara Movement. A group of African Americans A group of African Americans called called

for full civil liberties, an end to racial for full civil liberties, an end to racial discriminationdiscrimination, and recognition of , and recognition of Human brotherhood.Human brotherhood.

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W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

DuBois argued the DuBois argued the brightest African brightest African Americans had to lead their people Americans had to lead their people in a quest for political and social in a quest for political and social equality and civil rights. equality and civil rights.

Urged advanced liberal arts Urged advanced liberal arts education rather than vocational education rather than vocational like Washingtonlike Washington..

Rejected Washington’s message = Rejected Washington’s message = Atlanta CompromiseAtlanta Compromise

1910 became publications director 1910 became publications director for for NAACP.NAACP.

(National Association for the (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)Advancement of Colored People)

Be proud of African and American Be proud of African and American heritage he stressed.heritage he stressed.

Wrote, Wrote, The Souls of Black FolkThe Souls of Black Folk