THE FUNCTIONS OF DIRECTIVE SPEECH ACTS OF MALEFICENT ...

e-ISSN 2549-7715 | Volume 4 | Nomor 3 | Juli 2020 | Hal: 460-475

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THEFUNCTIONSOFDIRECTIVESPEECHACTSOFMALEFICENTCHARACTER

INMALEFICENTMOVIE

DesyBiatrik,M.Natsir,SinggihDaruKuncara

DepartmentofEnglishLiterature,FacultyofCulturalSciences,MulawarmanUniversity

E-mail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Theobjectivesofthisstudyweretoidentifythetypesofdirectivespeechactsandfunctionsof languageexisted inMaleficent’sutterances.Thereweretwotheoriesused in order to fulfill the two objectives of this study. Searle’s (1979) types ofdirectiveshelpedthewriterto identify typesofdirectivesspeechactsutteredbyMaleficent. While Jakobson’s (1960) functions of language helped to identifyfunctions of language existed in each directive of Maleficent. This study was aqualitativeresearchduetothefactofusingwordsasitsdatatakenfromMaleficentmovie script. As the method in analysing data, this study used conversationanalysisinwhichtakingaccountnotonlytheutterancesofMaleficent,butalsotheactions involvedwithin. As the results, therewere five types of directive speechacts and three functions of language found in the utterances of Maleficent inMaleficentmoviescript.Thefivetypesofdirectivespeechactswerecommanding,inviting, forbidding, requesting, and suggesting. Of all these five types,commandingwasthemostutteredandeffectivetypebyMaleficentregardingherroleastheMoors’protectorwhogavehertheauthoritytocommandotherpeople.Meanwhile, the three functions of language in Maleficent’s directives wereexpressive,conative,andreferential.

Keywords:pragmatics,speechacts,directives,functionsoflanguage

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe tindak tutur direktif danfungsi-fungsi bahasayang terdapatdalamujaran-ujaranMaleficent.Terdapatduateori yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi kedua tujuan dalam penelitian ini.Teori pertama mengenai tipe-tipe ujaran direktif milik Searle (1979) digunakanuntukmengidentifikasitipe-tipedirektifyangdiujarkanolehMaleficent.Sedangkan



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teorike-duamengenaifungsi-fungsibahasamilikJakobson(1960)digunakanuntukmengidentifikasi fungsi-fungsi bahasa yang terdapat dalammasing-masing ujarandirektifMaleficent.Penelitianinimerupakanpenelitiankualitatifberdasarkanpadapenggunaan kata-kata sebagai datanya yang diambil dari skrip film Maleficent.Metode yang digunakan dalammenganalisis data yaitu analisis percakapan yangmana berfokus tidak hanya pada ujaran-ujaran Maleficent saja tetapi juga padaaksi-aksi yang terlibat didalamnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwaterdapatlimatipetindaktuturdirektifdantigafungsibahasadalamujaran-ujaranMaleficentdalamskripfilmMaleficent.Limatipetindaktuturdirektiftersebutyaitumemberi perintah, mengundang, melarang, meminta, dan memberi saran. Darikelima tipe tersebut, tipedirektifmemberiperintahadalah tipeyangpaling seringdiujarkanolehMaleficentdanpaling efektif fungsinyamengingatposisiMaleficentsebagaiseorangPelindungMooryangmanamemilikikekuasaandalammemerintahorang lain. Selain itu, tiga fungsi bahasa yang ada dalam masing-masing ujarandirektifMaleficentmerupakanfungsiekspresif,fungsikonatif,danfungsireferensial.

Katakunci:pragmatik,tindaktutur,direktif,fungsi-fungsibahasa

A.INTRODUCTION

Indirectiveacts,thereistheexistenceofthespeaker’sdesiretodrivehisorherhearertodoorbehaveaccordingtowhatthespeakerwants.Thisissomehowquite selfish and enchanting at the same time, because then ifwe take a look ofwhatmajoritypurposeinpeopleusinglanguage,whichistoachievetheirgoalinlife, thendirectiveswill bemostly the answer.Directives are selfishbecausenoteverygoalofpeoplewish,canand/orshouldbegrantedbyaskingotherstodoitforthem.Yet,arealsoenchantingbecauseiftheheareriswillingtodoaswhatthespeakerwants, then theremustbe some triggersor factorsofwhy thedirectiveactsarepercievedandgrantedsuccessfullybythehearer.Whatmakestheheareragreetothespeaker’sdirectiveacts?

Thismadethewriterdecidedtotakedirectiveactsasthefocusonthisstudy.What if directive acts are used by, let us say, an antagonist person?Would thehearerstillwanttograntit?Inordertofindouttheanswers,thewriterchosetoanalyzeanantagonistcharacternamedMaleficentinMaleficentmovie.Thewriterusedtwodifferent theories toanswertheresearchquestionsof thisstudywhichwere Searle’s five classifications of directive (1979) and Roman Jakobson’s sixfunctionsof language(1960).Searle’s(1979)fivetypesofdirectivewereusedtoidentify the types of directive speech acts in Maleficent utterances, whileJakobson’s (1960) functions of language were used to identify the functions oflanguageexistedineachofMaleficent’sdirective.



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B.THEORETICALFRAMEWORK

SEARLE’S(1979)FIVECLASSIFICATIONSOFDIRECTIVE

Searle states there are five types of directive speech acts such ascommanding,inviting,forbidding,requesting,andsuggesting(1979,p.13):

a. Commanding

Commandisatypeofdirectiveintheformofanorder,wherethereisataskgivenfromthespeakertothehearer(Searle,1979,p.13).Regardingthatthereisa“task”impliedwithintheutterance, itmeansthatthereisalsotheobligationtofinishthetaskgivenforthehearer.Astheinstance:Closethedoor,now!

b. Inviting

Invitingindirectivespeechactsistheutterancesofthespeaker’sattempttogetthehearerinvolvedinacertaineventortocarryoutanaction(Searle,1979,p.13). In order for the speaker’s attempt in inviting the hearer involved in theirinvitation, thespeakerhas to facilitate thecircumstance inwhich thehearerwillperformtheaction.Forexample:Ifyoudon’tmind,youcanjoinusthisSaturday.

c. Forbidding

Forbidding is used when the speaker attempts to forbid the hearer fromcarryingoutanactioninwhichthespeakerputsemphasiseonhisorherutterance(Searle,1979,p.14)suchasintheutterancedon’tyoudarecomenearme!

d. Requesting

Requesthasthepurposetogetthehearertodosomethingincircumstancesthat the speaker believes the hearer will be able to perform the action (Searle,1979,p.14),suchasCouldIaskyouafavourofpickingmeupthisafternoon?

e. Suggesting

Suggestionisthespeaker’sattemptinprovidingorgivinganalternateoptionforthehearerincarryingoutanaction(Searle,1979,p.13).Usually,theutteranceimpliedbythespeakerisinatactfulwaytoavoidanymisunderstandingthatmayoffend the hearer’s feeling. As the instance: As for me, I would suggest to do athoroughobservationonthatcasetoavoidanymiscalculation.

ILLOCUTIONARYFORCEINDICATINGDEVICES(IFIDs)

Searle and Vanderveken explain illocutionary force indicating devices orIFIDsarethetoolstoidentifytheillocutionaryforcewithinanutterance(ascitedin Pogoni, 2013, p. 2). IFIDs consist of several tools such asword order, stress,intonationcontour,punctuation,themoodoftheverb,andperformativeverb.



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a. Wordorderisthewaywordsarearrangedintheutterances(SearleascitedinNordquist,2018).

b. Stressistherangeofemphasisgivenbythespeakerwhenproducingasoundinspeech(SearleascitedinNordquist,2018).

c. Intonation contour is the use of varied vocal pitch (rising and falling) inconveyingtheutteranceandworkstodistinguisheachtypesofutterancesuchasstatementfromquestion(SearleascitedinNordquist,2018).

d. Punctuationisthemarkssuchasfullstops,exclamation,commas,etc.wihtinthesentence(OxfordUniversity,1991,p.334).

e. The mood of the verb is the verb with the function to convey the speaker’sattitudetowardsthesubjectandconsistsofthreemajortypes:indicativemoodisusedinfactualstatementsofutterancesuchasdeclarative,imperativemoodisused in theutterancesof request and command, and the last is subjunctivemoodusedinexpressingthespeaker’sfeelingwhichiscontrarytothefactlikedoubtandwish(SearleascitedinNordquist,2017).

f. Performativeverbistheverbthatdescribesthespeaker’sactionasthemeaningoftheverbitself(SearleascitedinNordquist,2018).

JAKOBSON’SSIXFUNCTIONSOFLANGUAGE

Roman Jakobson (1960) defines six functions of language based oncommunication:

a. ExpressiveFunction

Expressive function focuses on expressing the speaker’s attitude towardswhat he or she is talking about at the moment (Jakobson, 1960, p. 354). Thisfunction means to show a certain emotion of the speaker. For example: Mygoodness...!!!Thisexampleshowsthespeaker’sstartledfeelings.

b. ConativeFunction

Conative functionworks toget the reaction from thehearerafter receivingmessage from the speaker (Jakobson, 1960, p. 355). Utterances like commandshowtheconative functionbecausetheaddressee isexpectedtogivereactiontotheaddresser,asshowninthisexample:Drink!(inafiercetone)(p.355).

c. ReferentialFunction

Referentialfunctionfocusesonthecontextofanutterancewhichiscalledasreferentialfunction(Jakobson,1960,p.353).Duringcommunicationbetweenthespeaker andhearer, theymusthave something to talk aboutor the ‘referent’ (p.355)sothatthecommunicationworkssuccessfully.



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d. MetalingusticFunction

Code plays a main role in metalinguistic function. When the speaker andhearerareinthemiddleofaconversationandoneofthemneedstocheckiftheirinterlocutor is following the conversation, then this is when code plays its role(Jakobson,1960,p.356).Forexample:Idon’tfollowyouorwhatdoyoumean(p.356).Here,boththespeakerandhearerhavetomakecertainthattheyareusingthesamecode.

e. PoeticFunction

Poeticfunctioninlanguageconcernsonthemessageitself,byplayingroleasthe accessory to deepen the fundamental dichotomy of signs and objects(Jakobson,1960,p.356).Inotherwords,poeticfunctiondoesnotmerelyconcernitselfontheverbalartssuchaspoetry,butalsotocreateabeautifullanguage.Forexample:

A:WhydoyoualwayssayhorribleHarry?B:BecauseIhatehim.A:Butwhynotdreadful,terrible,frightful,disgusting?B:Idon’tknowwhy,buthorriblefitshimbetter.(p.356)

f.PhaticFunction

Inorderforthecommuncationkeepsgoingbetweenthespeakerandhearer,theexistenceofachannelisneededandthisisthedeterminatorofphaticfunction.Channel is the physical and psychological connection between the speaker andhearer to establish and continue the communication (Jakobson, 1960, p. 353 &355).Forexample:Areyoufollowing?(p.356)

PREVIOUSSTUDIES

There were four previous studies used as the references. The first studyentitledDirective Speech Acts used in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows andBride Wars Movie Script by Lidya Oktoberia, 2012. In her study, she took twodifferentmoviescriptswhichwereHarryPotterandtheDeathlyHallowandBrideWars.Thefocuswastocomparethedirectivespeechactsusedinbothmovies.Theresultwasthemostusedofdirectivespeechacts inHarryPotterandtheDeathlyHallowandBrideWarsmoviescriptswasthecommandingtype.

ThesecondstudyentitledDirectiveSpeechActinthemovie“SleepingBeauty”byMuhartoyoandKeillyKristani,2013.Thisstudyaimedtoidentifythedirectivespeech acts used inSleepingBeauty film. The result ofMuhartoyo andKristani’s



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studyweretheorderingtypeofdirectivespeechactswasthemostfrequentlyusedwhiletheinvitingtypewastheleastfrequentlyusedinSleepingBeautyfilm.

The third study entitled Maleficent’s Character Development As Seen inMaleficent Movie written by Nur Asmawati, 2015. This study concerned on thecharacter development experienced by Maleficent character. Asmawati usedKenny’s theory about character development to find out the developmenthappened towards Maleficent. The result of her study showed that Maleficentexperienced two kinds of development: from good character to bad and thencomingbackfromthebadintothegoodone.Thefactorinfluencedher(Maleficent)first development from good to bad character was because revenge. Maleficentwantedtohaverevengetothosewhohadbetrayedandcausedpaintoher.While,thefactorthatchangedhercharacterfromthehatredandangerfeelingtothegoodwasherloveforAurora(thedaughterofamanthathadbetrayedher).

The fourth study entitledTranslation Analysis of Noun Phrase inMaleficentMovieandItsSubtitlingbyRitaNurHayati,2018.ThisstudyfocusedontheissueoftranslationshiftofnounphraseanditsequivalentbetweenthemovieitselfanditssubtitlinginBahasa.TheresultofHayati’sstudyshowedthereweretwokindsoftranslation shift on noun pharse, level shift and structure shift.While about theequivalent matter between the movie itself, Maleficent (2014) and its Bahasasubtitlewasconsideredasgoodtranslationfortheamountofequivalentdataweremorethanthenonequivalentdata.

C.RESEARCHMETHOD

Thisstudywasqualitativeresearchasitsresearchdesignwithconversationanalysisasitsmethodinanalysingthedata.Theresearchinstrumentofthisstudywas the writer herself. As following to Barrett, in order to make sense thequalitativedatainastudy,itinvolvestheabilityoftheresearcher’sinterpretationandanalysisdataastheprimaryinstrument(2007,p.417).ThedataofthisstudyweretakenfromtheutterancesrelatedtoMaleficent’sdirectivespeechacts,intheformofwordsandwereobtainedfromMaleficent(2014)moviescriptdirectedbyRobertStormberg.Incollectingthedata,thewriterperformedthreestepssuchaswatchingMaleficent (2014) movie more than thrice in order to understand thestory itself, readingMaleficent (2014)movie script carefully to find thedirectivespeech acts implied by the main character, and taking notes of Maleficent’sutterances of the movie script that related to the questions of this study bylabellingeachdataaccordingtoitstypesofdirectivesandfunctionsoflanguage.

Inanalysingthedata,thewriterdoneitbydividingintothreestepsofdatareduction,datadisplay,andconclusiondrawing.First,thedatareductionstepwasdone by identifying which data (utterances of Maleficent character) that wereincluded as directives speech act according to Searle’s theory. Second, the datadisplaywasdonebyanalyzingthequestionsofthisstudyandthendisplayedthe



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datainfindingsbasedonitstypesofdirectiveandlanguagefunctions.Thewriterclassified the types of directive speech act in Maleficent’s utterances based onSearle’sfiveclassificationsofdirectivespeechactbyusingIFIDsasthetool.ThenthewritercontinuedtoanalyzethefunctionsoflanguageinMaleficent’sdirectivesintoJakobson’sexpressive,conative,referential,metalinguistic,poetic,andphaticfunctions.Third,theconclusiondrawingwasdonebymakingtheconclusionbasedontheresultofthetwoquestionsinthisstudy.

D.FINDINGSANDDISCUSSION

1.FiveTypesofDirectiveSpeechActsinMaleficent’sUtterances

ThewriterusedIFIDsasthetoolinidentifyingthefivetypesinMaleficent’sdirectives into Searle’s commanding, inviting, forbidding, requesting, andsuggesting.

a. Commanding

Asthehumanthiefcameoutofhishidingplace,YoungMaleficentbegantoasksomequestionstothehumanthief.Shewasabitsurprisedtoseethethiefasshe expected him to be an adult and turned out the human thiefwas just a boycalledStefan.Balthazar,theborderguard,thenremindedYoungMaleficenttohaveStefanreturningsomethinghehadstolen.

Data4(Commanding,min.04:49)YoungMaleficent :Whoareyou?YoungStefan :I’mcalledStefan.Whoareyou?YoungMaleficent :I’mMaleficent.Yes,right.Youhavetogiveit

back.

TheboldutteranceofYoungMaleficentabovewasidentifiedascommandingtypebecause she as the speakerwanted Stefan as her hearer to return somethinghestole,whichworkedas theobligationStefanhad todo (Searle, 1979,p. 13). ShecommandedStefan to returnsomethinghestole fromthepoolof jewelry toher.TheboldutteranceabovewasidentifiedasdirectivebythreecomponentsofIFIDs:stress,intonationcontour,andfullstop.Herutteranceincludedstressthatfellonthewordback,assheemphasisedthewordbacktomakethehearerfocusontheimportantmessage in theutterance, falling intonationand full stop in theendofutterancemadeclearthattheutterancewasidentifiedascommandingindirectivespeech.YoungMaleficent’sutteranceaimedtogiveanobligationtoStefantogivesomethinghehadstolenbacktoMaleficent.

AsMaleficentgrewup,shebecametheprotectoroftheMoorsasshewasthestrongestofthefairies.ThehumankingheardofthegrowingpowerintheMoorsand tried to strike it down.Thehumankingbroughthis army to thegateof theMoors.



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Data6(Commanding,min.10:46)Maleficent :Gonofurther!

HumanKing :Akingdoesnottakeordersfromawingedelf.

TheboldutteranceofMaleficentabovewasidentifiedascommandingbecausesheas the speaker wanted the human king and his army as the hearers to dosomething forherwhichwas tonotgetanycloser to theMoors (Searle,1979,p.13).ThisdirectivespeechwasidentifiedbyfourcomponentsofIFIDs:imperativemood,stress,intonationcontour,andexclamationpoint.Herutteranceincludedastheimperativemoodwasshownbytheverbgo,stressthatemphasisedthewordfurther in the secondsyllables.The intonationcontour startedwitha rising toneandendedwithfallingtoneandtheexclamationpointintheendoftheutterance.Thesefourcomponentsfromtheutteranceabovemadeclearasthecommandingtype.MaleficentastheprotectoroftheMoorscommandedthehumankingandhisarmytonotgoanyfurthertotheMoors.TherewastheexistenceofanobligationforthemtodobyMaleficent,asthespeaker.

b. Inviting

Afterthecurse,babyAurorawassenttoalittlecottageinthewoodtosaveher fromMaleficent.KingStefanentrustedAurora to thepixies tobe raised andprotected. ButMaleficentwas the strongest fairy; shewould easily knowwhereAurorawassent tohide.ShekepthereyesonAuroraandsometimes teased thepixiestomakethemfightwitheachother.

Data13(Inviting,min.38:27)Maleficent:Comeon.That’sfunny.

TheboldutteranceofMaleficent abovewas identified as invitingdue to the factthatsheasthespeakerattemptedtogetDiavalasherhearertoinvolveinacertainevent: to laugh at the pixies when they were fighting because of the prankMaleficent had done (Searle, 1979, p. 13). Maleficent attempted to make Diavallaughatthepixiesbecauseshethoughtthatwasfunnyandheshould laughwithher. The component of IFIDs found in the utterance was imperativemood. Thephrasal verb of come on showed as the imperative mood and as the invitationtowardsDiavalthehearertocarryouttheactionoflaughingwithher.

AuroraandMaleficent’sbondweregettingstronger.Theyspentmostoftheirtime in theMoors together.Maleficent feltbad forAurorabecauseshecouldnotrevokeherowncursetowardsher.Shethendecidedtotellherthatshecouldnotprotecther.

Data18(Inviting,min.57:08)Maleficent:Aurora?Comehere.Sit.

The bold utterance of Maleficent was identified as inviting in directive speechbecausesheasthespeakerwantedAuroraasherhearertoget involvedinsome



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action(Searle,1979,p.13).MaleficentinvitedAuroratocometowardsandsitnexttoher.TheutteranceabovewasidentifiedinvitingtypebyimperativemoodasthecomponentofIFIDs.Herutteranceincludedastheimperativemoodwasshownbythe verbs come and sit. Maleficent attempted to get Aurora involved in certainactionsofcomingandsittingnexttoher.

c.Forbidding

Asthewarraged,thecreaturesoftheMoorstriedtoprotecttheirhomefromthearmyof thehumanking.Maleficentastheprotectorof theMoors flewabovethearmyandlookedforthehumanking.Sheattackedhimuntilhefelldowntotheground.

Data8(Forbidding,min.13:20)Maleficent:YouwillnothavetheMoors!Notnow,norever!

The utterance above was identified as forbidding in directive speech becauseMaleficentasthespeakerattemptedtoforbidthehumankingasherhearerfromclaiming theMoors ashis.Maleficent forbade thehumanking from claiming theMoors by putting emphasis in the utterance above (Searle, 1979, p. 13). TheutteranceabovewasidentifiedasforbiddingbythreecomponentsofIFIDs:stress,intonationcontourandexclamationmark.

d.Requesting

AsDiavalrealisedthatheowedMaleficentforsavinghislife,hethenofferedMaleficenttobeherservantandhewoulddoeverythingforherneeds.

Data11(Requesting,min.23:02)Maleficent :WhatdoIcallyou?Diaval : Diaval. And in return for saving my life, I am your

servant.Whateveryouneed.Maleficent :Wings.Ineedyoutobemywings.

TheutteranceofMaleficentabovewasidentifiedasrequestingindirectivespeech.Due to the fact that she as the speaker wanted Diaval as her hearer to dosomething forher thatshebelievedhewouldbeable todowhichwas tobeherwings (Searle, 1979,p. 13).The componentof IFIDs found in theboldutteranceabovewasstress.Herutteranceincludedstressemphasisedinthewordwingsasthe importantmessage the speaker believed the hearer had the ability to fulfill.MaleficentbelievedDiavalcoulddothetaskgivenasherwingsasDiavalhimselfwasaraven.

e.Suggesting

After arriving to the pool of jewels, Young Maleficent tried to make thehumanthieftocomeoutfromhishidingplace,butinsteadofshowinghimself,he



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saidsomethingrudeabouttheborderguardsandmadenotjusttheborderguardsoffendedbutalsoYoungMaleficent.

Data2(Suggesting,min.04:02)YoungStefan : No. They mean to kill me. And besides, they’re

hideoustolookat.YoungMaleficent : That’s extremely rude. Don’t listen to him,

Balthazar.You’reclassicallyhandsome.

TheboldutteranceofYoungMaleficent abovewas identifiedasdirective speechbecausesheasthespeakerattemptedtomakeBalthazar,theborderguard,asthehearer to not listen to the human statement about its appearance by givingcomplimenttoBalthazar(Searle,1979,p.13).ShegavesuggestiontoBalthazartoignorethehumanthief’sinsultingwords.Theboldutteranceabovewasidentifiedas directive speech by stress as one of the component of IFIDs. Stress fellmoreheavilyintheworddon’tastheimportantmessageYoungMaleficentattemptedtogive to Balthazar. In the bold utterance of Young Maleficent was identified assuggesting, even though the stressed was in the verb don’t, but there was noobligationgiventoBalthazarasshecontinuedwithyou'reclassicallyhandsomeasanalternateoptiongivenbyYoungMaleficent.

Thedataofsuggestingabovemightseemasforbiddingfortheusageofworddon’t emphasised more towards as the forbidding one. Yet, it needed to beunderlinedthatsuggestingutteranceputnolosstowardsthespeakerwhichmeantthat even ifMaleficent’s suggestion of ignoring the insultingword stated by thehumanthieftoBaltazharwasrefusedbyBaltazharhimself,thenitdefinitelyposedno disadvantage to Maleficent (Searle, 1979, p. 13). While, the forbidding onewould pose disadvantage to the speaker in which causing the speaker inperformingtheforbiddingutteranceinvolvedthesomesortofthreatifthehearerignoringthespeaker’sforbiddingwords.

Before leaving the Moors, Stefan told Maleficent that they would see eachotheragain.Yet,Maleficentwasnotsureaboutthateventhoughshewishedtoseehimagainaswell.

Data5(Suggesting,min.06:06)YoungStefan:We’llseeeachotheragain.YoungMaleficent:Youreallyshouldn’tcomebackhere,youknow.

It’snotsafe.

YoungMaleficent’sutteranceofyoureallyshouldn'tcomebackhere,youknowwasidentified as suggesting. It was because she as the speaker attempted to makeStefanasthehearertonotcomebacktotheMoorsagainbysayingit’snotsafetoavoidanymisunderstandingthatcouldoffendthehearer’sfeeling(Searle,1979,p.13). Theboldutterance abovewas identified as directive by two components ofIFIDs:stressandsubjunctivemood.Herutterancesincludedasstressemphasised



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thewordreallywithstressfellonthefirstsyllableofthewordandthesubjunctivemood shown by utterance it’s not safe as her feeling expression because shethoughttheMoorswasnotasafeplace forahumanlikehim.YoungMaleficent’sutterancesaimedtoprovideanoptionshownfromutteranceit’snotsafetocarryoutanactionofnotcomingbacktotheMoors.

Once again, the data 5 of suggesting above might seem as the forbiddingutteranceduetotheexistenceofwordshouldn’t.Yet,thedata5abovewasindeedas the suggesting type forwhatMaleficent attempted to ensure (suggest) YoungStefan to stop coming to Moors for his own sake, not for Maleficent’s sake.Therefore, even if Young Stefan chose to ignoreMaleficent’s suggestion, the badthing thatwouldhappen towardsYoungStefan forkeepcoming toMoorswouldhavenothingtodowithMaleficent.

2.ThreeFunctionsofLanguageinMaleficent’sDirectives

There were three functions of languaage found in Maleficent’s directives:expressive,conative,andreferential.

a. ExpressiveFunction

WhenMaleficentmet Stefan as her very first contactwith human being, itexcitedher.Yet,at thesame time, theMoorswasnota friendlyplace forhumanbeing like Stefan, and this was realised by Maleficent. Therefore, she suggestedStefantostopcomingtotheMoorsforhisownsake.

Data5(Expressivefunction,min.06:06)YoungStefan:We’llseeeachotheragain.YoungMaleficent:Youreallyshouldn’tcomebackhere,youknow.It’s

notsafe.

Theboldutteranceabovewasidentifiedassuggestingtypeindirectivespeechactwith the aim to provide an alternate option fromMaleficent as the speaker forStefanasthehearerincarryingoutanaction(Searle,1979,p.13).Regardingthatthisutterancewasintheformofsuggestion,thereforethefunctionoflanguageinthistypewasastheexpressivefunction.ItwasbecauseMaleficentasthespeakerattemptedtoshowacertainemotionofthespeaker(Jakobson,1960,p.354).ShewantedherhearertoknowherunsettledfeelingtowardsStefanifhekeptcomingbackintoMoorsforitwasnotmeantforhumanbeinglikehim.

Astheonewithwhopossesedapowerfulmagic,Maleficentwasabletoputastrongcurseorchangedsomethingorsomeoneintoahumanbeing.Justlikewhatshehaddonetoaravenwhenitwasbeinghitbysomemaninthewood.

Data11(Expressivefunction,min.23:02)Maleficent :WhatdoIcallyou?



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Diaval : Diaval. And in return for saving my life, I am yourservant.Whateveryouneed.

Maleficent :Wings.Ineedyoutobemywings.

TheboldutteranceabovewasidentifiedasrequestingtypeindirectivespeechactwiththeaimtogetDiavalasthehearertoperformanactionthatMaleficentasthespeakerbelievedthehearerwasabletofulfill(Searle,1979,p.13).Regardingthatthisutterancewasintheformofrequesting,thereforethefunctionoflanguageinthistypewasastheexpressivefunction.ItwasbecauseMaleficentasthespeakershowedherwishtoDiavalasherhearer(Jakobson,1960,p.354).Shewantedtocausethehearertoperformanactionbyrevealingherwishtothehearer.

b. ConativeFunction

Astheprotectorof theMoors,Maleficenthadtheauthority tocommandallcreaturesintheMoorstofollowhercommand.Just likeshedidwhenshefoughtwiththehumankingbelow.

Data7(Conativefunction,min.11:13)Theking’sarmy:Advance!Maleficent:Ariseandstandwithme!

Theboldutteranceabovewas identifiedascommandingtype indirectivespeechactwiththeaimtogiveanobligationfromMaleficentasthespeakertowardsthecreatures of the Moors as the hearer (Searle, 1979, p. 13). Regarding that thisutterancewas in the formof commanding, therefore the function of language inthis typewas as the conative function. Itwasbecause the creatureof theMoorsand as the hearer was expected to give reaction to Maleficent as the speaker(Jakobson,1960,p.355).ThespeakerwantedtocausethecreatureoftheMoorstoarise and standwithher as the expected reaction so that they couldprotect theMoorsfromKingHenryandhisarmy.

AnotherconativealsoappearedinMaleficent’scommanding.ItwaswhensheproducedthecommandingutteranceaftersavingDiaval’slife.

Data10(Conativefunction,min.22:51)Diaval :I’mnotcertain.Maleficent :Stopcomplaining.Isavedyourlife.

Theboldutteranceabovewas identifiedascommandingtype indirectivespeechactwiththeaimtogiveanobligationfromMaleficentasthespeakertowardstheDiaval as the hearerwhich to stop complaining (Searle, 1979, p. 13). Regardingthat this utterance was in the form of commanding, therefore the function oflanguage in this typewas as the conative function. Itwas becauseDiaval as thehearerwasexpectedtogivereactiontoMaleficentasthespeaker(Jakobson,1960,p. 355). The speaker wanted to cause the hearer to stop complaining as theexpectedreactionaftersavingthehearer’slife.



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c.ReferentialFunction

The first time grown up Aurora met Maleficent, she had no idea thatMaleficentwasafairywhocastedasleepingspellintoher.Shewasexcitedtomeetanothercreaturebesidesherself.SayingthatMaleficentneedednottobeafraidforshewouldnotdoanythingharmtoher.

Data17(Suggesting,min.48:44)Maleficent :Iamnotafraid.Aurora :Thencomeout.Maleficent :Thenyou’llbeafraid.

Theboldutteranceabovewasidentifiedassuggestingtypeindirectivespeechactwith the aim to provide an alternate option fromMaleficent as the speaker forAuroraasthehearerincarryingoutanactionwhichtogiveanalternateoptionforAuroratobeafraidifshecameoutofherhideout(Searle,1979,p.13).Regardingthat this utterance was in the form of suggestion, therefore the function oflanguage in this type was as the referential function. It was because MaleficentreferredtothechancethatAuroramightbeafraidifshecameout(Jakobson,1960,p. 353). Both of Aurora andMaleficentwere talking about the same referent ofafraid:thateachotthemneedednottobeafraidtowardsoneanotherforeachhadnointentionofdoingharm.

As the time went by, Maleficent and Aurora got closer like mother anddaughter.MaleficentgraduallydevelopedaffectiontowardsAurora.

Data19(Referentialfunction,min.57:51)Aurora :Ihaveaplan.WhenI’molder,I’mgoingtoliveherein

theMoorswithyou.Thenwecanlookaftereachother.Maleficent: You don’t have to wait until you’re older. You could

liveherenow.

Theboldutteranceabovewasidentifiedassuggestingtypeindirectivespeechactwith the aim to provide an alternate option fromMaleficent as the speaker forAurora as the hearer in carrying out an action: to give an alternate option forAurora to live in theMoors without having to wait until she was older (Searle,1979, p. 13). Regarding that this utterance was in the form of suggestion, thefunction of language in this typewas as the referential function. Itwas becauseMaleficent used a reference within her utterance (Jakobson, 1960, p. 353). ShereferredtothetimewhenAuroracouldliveintheMoorswhichwasatthepresentmomenttheyhadtheconversation.BothAuroraandMaleficentweretalkingaboutthesamereferent:thetimewhenAuroracouldliveintheMoors.

3.Discussion

Most of Maleficent’s utterances of commanding type were identified by atleastoneof these four componentsof IFIDs: imperativemood, stress, intonation



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contour and punctuation (exclamation point and full stop) (Searle, 1979, p. 13).Maleficent’s twoutterancesof inviting typewere identifiedbyonecomponentofIFIDswhichwas imperativemood(Searle,1979,p.13).Maleficent’sutteranceofforbidding type was identified by three components of IFID: stress, intonationcontour, and exclamation point (Searle, 1979, p. 13). Maleficent’s utterance ofrequesting type was identified by one component of IFIDs which was stress(Searle,1979,p.13).Maleficent’sutterancesofsuggestingtypewereidentifiedbyfour components of IFIDs: stress, intonation contour, subjunctive mood, andquestion mark with the most component showed in the utterances was stress(Searle,1979,p.13).

Due to the fact that commanding type was the most used in Maleficent’sutterancesastheevilcharacter,thenitmeantthatthistype(commanding)wasthemost effective utterance of all types of directive performed byMaleficent. SinceMaleficentwouldnotusecommandingasoftenasshehadifthefactthatitwasnoteffective forher: thatherhearerswouldnotdoaswhat shehadcommanded to.Moreover,thepositionofMaleficentastheprotectorofMoorsthatsetmostofherutterancesascommandingtypesinceothercreaturesintheMoorssawherastheonewithauthoritywhichwasappropriateforhertodothecommanding.

Expressive functions appeared in Maleficent’s suggesting, forbidding,requesting,andinvitingutterances.ThesetypesshowedtheemotioninMaleficentas the speaker towards her hearers which worked its function of language asexpressing the speaker’s feeling (Jakobson, 1960, p. 354). Conative functionappearedwithinMaleficent’sutterancesofcommanding,suggesting,andinviting.These three types worked to help Maleficent achieveing the reaction from herhearersthatwasinlinewiththepurposeofconativefunction(Jakobson,1960,p.355). Among the three types that contained the conative function, commandingwasthemostusedbyMaleficentsinceitwasthemosteffectivedirectiveshecoulduse in order to get the desired reaction from her hearers. Referential functionappeared in two types of Maleficent’s directives which were suggesting andforbidding.Maleficentusedseveralreferents inhavingtheconversationwithherhearerssothat theconversationwentwell.Thosereferentswere inthe formsofadverbofplacelike‘here’oradverboftime‘now’(Jakobson,1960,p.355).

E.CONCLUSIONS

There were two conclusions taken based on the findings and discussionabout the functions of directive speech acts in Maleficent’s utterances. First,Maleficent used all the five types of directive speech acts by Searle (1979):commanding,inviting,forbidding,requesting,andsuggesting.Ofallthefivetypes,themostused and effective forMaleficentwas the commanding type.RegardingthefactthatMaleficentastheprotectorofMoorseventhoughshewaslabelledastheevilfairy,yethercommandswereabsoluteeventothepresenceofthehumanking.Second, the functionsof language inMaleficent’sdirectiveswereonly three



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types:expressive,conative,andreferential.Expressivefunctionworkedtolettheemotion of Maleficent to be seen by her hearers. Conative function worked byexpectingreactionsfromMaleficent’shearers.Referential functionworkedasthereferentduringthecommunicationdoneamongMaleficentandherhearers.

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