TheEukaryotic Cell

The Basic Unit of Life

Why a Why a EukaryoticEukaryotic Cell? Cell?

• Eu= trueEu= true• Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell

• Has membrane bound-organellesHas membrane bound-organelles• One of these organelles is a true nucleusOne of these organelles is a true nucleus

• Organisms with Eukaryotic CellsOrganisms with Eukaryotic Cells• Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista• Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi• Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae• Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

Found in:Found in:

• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal CellsFunctions:Functions:

• Boundary between the cell and the environmentBoundary between the cell and the environment• ““Gatekeeper” of the cellGatekeeper” of the cell

• Maintains different conditions inside and outside of Maintains different conditions inside and outside of the cellthe cell

• Allows materials to enter and exitAllows materials to enter and exit

• Gives the cell its shape and flexibilityGives the cell its shape and flexibility

Hydrophilic Head

Hydrophobic Tail

Protein

Cell WallCell Wall

Found in:Found in:• Plant cellsPlant cells• Also found in fungi cells, and bacterial cells but is Also found in fungi cells, and bacterial cells but is

composed of a different substancescomposed of a different substancesFunction:Function:• Protects and supports the cellProtects and supports the cellStructure:Structure:• Inflexible outer boundary surrounding the plasma Inflexible outer boundary surrounding the plasma

membranemembrane• In plants it is made of a polysaccharide; celluloseIn plants it is made of a polysaccharide; cellulose

NucleusNucleus

Found in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal Cells

Function:Function:• Control center of the cellControl center of the cell• Contains genetic material called chromatinContains genetic material called chromatin

• Chromatin= DNA + protein mixtureChromatin= DNA + protein mixture

Structure:Structure:• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membraneSurrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane

NucleolusNucleolus

Found in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal Cells

Function:Function:• Manufactures ribosomesManufactures ribosomes

Structure:Structure:• Spherical structure inside the nucleusSpherical structure inside the nucleus

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Found in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal Cells

Function:Function:• Site of many chemical reactionsSite of many chemical reactions

Structure:Structure:• ““Fluid” inside the plasma membraneFluid” inside the plasma membrane

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic ReticulumFound in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal CellsFunction:Function:• ““Subway” system of the cellSubway” system of the cell• Move materials through the cellMove materials through the cellStructure:Structure:• Extensive system of internal membranesExtensive system of internal membranes• Rough” - contain ribosomes and manufactures Rough” - contain ribosomes and manufactures

proteinsproteins• ““Smooth” - Lipid synthesis and transportSmooth” - Lipid synthesis and transport

RibosomesRibosomes

Found in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal Cells

Function:Function:• Site where enzymes and proteins are assembledSite where enzymes and proteins are assembled

Structure:Structure:• Found on the “Rough ER” and also free in the Found on the “Rough ER” and also free in the

cytoplasmcytoplasm

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Found in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal CellsFunction:Function:• Receives proteins from the ER (packaged in Receives proteins from the ER (packaged in

vesicles) then packages, processes and vesicles) then packages, processes and distributes them to the rest of the celldistributes them to the rest of the cell

Structure:Structure:• Series of stacked, flattened membrane sacsSeries of stacked, flattened membrane sacs

VacuoleVacuole

Found in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal Cells• Often very large in plant cellsOften very large in plant cells

Function:Function:• Temporary storage for water, food, enzymes, Temporary storage for water, food, enzymes,

waste, and other materialswaste, and other materials

Structure:Structure:• Hollow, membrane-bound storage centerHollow, membrane-bound storage center

LysosomesLysosomes

Found in:Found in:• Animal CellsAnimal Cells

Function:Function:• Contain digestive enzymesContain digestive enzymes• Digest and recycle used cell partsDigest and recycle used cell parts• Rapid breakdown of protein, nucleic acids, lipids Rapid breakdown of protein, nucleic acids, lipids

and carbohydratesand carbohydrates

Structure:Structure:• Membrane bound structureMembrane bound structure

MitochondriaMitochondria

Found in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal Cells

Function:Function:• Break down food molecules into energy for use by Break down food molecules into energy for use by

the body the body • ““Power house” of the cellPower house” of the cell

Structure:Structure:• Oval shaped with folded internal membrane Oval shaped with folded internal membrane

(increases surface area)(increases surface area)

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Found in:Found in:• Plants cells Plants cells • Algae (plant-like protists)Algae (plant-like protists)Function:Function:• Site of photosynthesisSite of photosynthesis• Converts energy of the sun into chemical energy Converts energy of the sun into chemical energy

(glucose)(glucose)Structure:Structure:• Oval shaped with stacked internal membranes Oval shaped with stacked internal membranes

(increase surface area)(increase surface area)

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Found in:Found in:• Plant & Animal CellsPlant & Animal Cells

Function:Function:• Thin protein fiber “scaffold” that protects the Thin protein fiber “scaffold” that protects the

organelles and give cells their shapeorganelles and give cells their shape

Structure:Structure:• Made of microtubules and microfilamentsMade of microtubules and microfilaments

Cell LocomotionCell Locomotion• Both of the following are found in animal cellsBoth of the following are found in animal cells• FlagellaFlagella

• Long projections that move with a whiplike Long projections that move with a whiplike motionmotion

• Usually only one or two per cellUsually only one or two per cell

• CiliaCilia• Short hairlike projections that beat in a Short hairlike projections that beat in a

coordinated wavecoordinated wave• Usually quite numerousUsually quite numerous