The Enlightenment in The Enlightenment in EuropeEurope

MullinMullin

VideoVideo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3At8QiudnQ

““The Big Picture”The Big Picture” Renaissance – changed the way man Renaissance – changed the way man

interpreted MANinterpreted MAN Reformation – changed the way man Reformation – changed the way man

interpreted GODinterpreted GOD Age of Exploration – changed the way Age of Exploration – changed the way

man interpreted the WORLD (& Europe’s man interpreted the WORLD (& Europe’s place in it)place in it)

Scientific Revolution – changed the way Scientific Revolution – changed the way man interpreted the UNIVERSEman interpreted the UNIVERSE

WHAT’S NEXT?!?!WHAT’S NEXT?!?!

““The Big Picture”The Big Picture”

Enlightenment – examination of the Enlightenment – examination of the relationship between the people and relationship between the people and governmentgovernment What’s the most common form of What’s the most common form of

government in the 18government in the 18thth C.? C.? Natural intellectual consequence of Natural intellectual consequence of

Renaissance and Scientific RevolutionRenaissance and Scientific Revolution Examination based in reasoned Examination based in reasoned

thought – not emotion!thought – not emotion!

John LockeJohn Locke

Wrote during the Glorious Wrote during the Glorious Revolution, in England Revolution, in England (1688)(1688)

Social Contract idea: People Social Contract idea: People give up some rights, but give up some rights, but retain othersretain others

Inalienable rightsInalienable rights LifeLife LibertyLiberty PropertyProperty

John LockeJohn Locke

People were reasonable People were reasonable (though still selfish) and (though still selfish) and had the natural rights to had the natural rights to life, liberty, and property.life, liberty, and property.

Purpose of government is Purpose of government is to protect these natural to protect these natural rights.rights.

Government power comes Government power comes from the consent of the from the consent of the people.people.

John LockeJohn Locke Wrote Wrote Two Treatise Two Treatise

on Governmenton Government Purpose of government Purpose of government

is to protect is to protect inalienable rightsinalienable rights

People have right to People have right to overthrow unjust overthrow unjust governmentgovernment

All humans were naturally selfish All humans were naturally selfish and wicked, therefore and wicked, therefore governments must keep order.governments must keep order.

People should hand over their People should hand over their rights to a strong ruler. This was rights to a strong ruler. This was what Hobbes called a what Hobbes called a social social contractcontract..

Strong ruler should have total Strong ruler should have total power (an absolute monarchy).power (an absolute monarchy).

This powerful government with This powerful government with awesome power is what he awesome power is what he called a leviathan (sea monster) called a leviathan (sea monster) therefore he titled his book therefore he titled his book LeviathanLeviathan (1651). (1651).

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

PS AnalysisPS Analysis

Read the following Read the following primary and primary and secondary sources secondary sources about the about the Enlightenment and Enlightenment and the effect on the effect on English parliament English parliament and other Absolute and other Absolute Monarchs.Monarchs.

Due EOCDue EOC

VoltaireVoltaire Wrote more than 70 Wrote more than 70

books of political essays, books of political essays, philosophy, and drama.philosophy, and drama.

Used satire against his Used satire against his enemies, especially the enemies, especially the clergy.clergy.

Beliefs:Beliefs: ToleranceTolerance ReasonReason Freedom of religious beliefFreedom of religious belief Freedom of speechFreedom of speech ““I do not agree with a word I do not agree with a word

you say but will defend to you say but will defend to the death your right to say the death your right to say it.it.””

VoltaireVoltaire Leading Leading philosophephilosophe SalonsSalons

Rich people’s sitting roomsRich people’s sitting rooms Philosophes gathered to argue, debate ideasPhilosophes gathered to argue, debate ideas

Voltaire wrote Voltaire wrote CandideCandide Supported freedom of speech, religionSupported freedom of speech, religion Often made fun of intolerant nobles, Often made fun of intolerant nobles,

churchmenchurchmen ““I disapprove of what you say, but will I disapprove of what you say, but will

die defending your right to say it”die defending your right to say it”

MontesqieuMontesqieu Believed Britain was the Believed Britain was the

best-governed and most best-governed and most politically balanced politically balanced country of his own day.country of his own day.

Proposed the Proposed the ““separation separation of powersof powers”” between between executive, legislative, executive, legislative, and judicial branches of and judicial branches of government.government.

Proposed Proposed ““checks and checks and balances.balances.””

Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau

Passionately Passionately committed to committed to individual freedom.individual freedom.

Believed man was Believed man was born free and good born free and good but easily but easily corrupted.corrupted.

Believed the only Believed the only good government good government was the was the ““general general willwill”” or direct or direct democracy.democracy.

Jean Jacques RousseauJean Jacques Rousseau Wrote Wrote The Social ContractThe Social Contract

People are good People are good People need gov’t to keep them People need gov’t to keep them

that waythat way People must have say in their People must have say in their

gov’tgov’t Spoke a lot about Popular Spoke a lot about Popular

SovereigntySovereignty Gov’t created by peopleGov’t created by people Gov’t subject to will of peopleGov’t subject to will of people Power o gov’t = peoplePower o gov’t = people

Cesare Bonesana BeccariaCesare Bonesana Beccaria BeliefsBeliefs

Laws existed to preserve Laws existed to preserve social order, not avenge social order, not avenge crime.crime.

Accused should receive Accused should receive speedy trials.speedy trials.

Torture should never be Torture should never be used.used.

Degree of punishment Degree of punishment should match seriousness of should match seriousness of crime.crime.

Capital punishment (death Capital punishment (death penalty) should be abolished.penalty) should be abolished.

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

Women should be Women should be equally educated equally educated along with men.along with men.

Women should enter Women should enter professions professions traditionally traditionally dominated by men dominated by men like medicine and like medicine and politics.politics.

Wrote Wrote A Vindication of A Vindication of the Rights of Womanthe Rights of Woman

Mary ShelleyMary Shelley

Daughter of Mary Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft.Wollstonecraft.

Mistress and later Mistress and later wife of poet Percy wife of poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.Bysshe Shelley.

Author of Author of FrankensteinFrankenstein in the in the summer of 1816, summer of 1816, Later published in Later published in 1818.1818.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aY85IzWexWo&list=PLrzc0gyv=aY85IzWexWo&list=PLrzc0gyGAykExl_rDPBTffVBTvEl0xHwlGAykExl_rDPBTffVBTvEl0xHwl

PS AnalysisPS Analysis

Read about Locke Read about Locke and Hobbs.and Hobbs.

Analyze the PS Analyze the PS documents.documents.

Answer the Answer the corresponding corresponding questionsquestions

Due EOCDue EOC

Enlightened despotsEnlightened despots

Enlightened despots supported the ideas of the philosophes and made enlightenment reforms. Europe’s most important enlightened despots included Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia.

Frederick IIFrederick II

Ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786; granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796; put in place limited reforms; vastly enlarged the Russian empire

Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria ReligionReligion

Joseph II had the most Joseph II had the most progressive policy of religion progressive policy of religion toleration in all of Europe. He toleration in all of Europe. He granted toleration toward granted toleration toward Jews as well as Protestants. Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-clerical and liberal His anti-clerical and liberal innovations provoked a visit innovations provoked a visit from the Pope Pius VI in 1782. from the Pope Pius VI in 1782. Joseph showed himself a good Joseph showed himself a good Catholic, but was not Catholic, but was not persuaded to change his persuaded to change his liberal positions on religion.liberal positions on religion.

The ArtsThe Arts He was known as the He was known as the ““musical musical

king.king.”” He was a huge patron He was a huge patron of composers. He is featured of composers. He is featured prominently in the movie prominently in the movie AmadeusAmadeus, the fictionalized , the fictionalized biography of Mozart.biography of Mozart.

Enlightenment DBQEnlightenment DBQ

Read the essay question.Read the essay question. Read the documents and annotate them.Read the documents and annotate them. Compose a thesis statement that Compose a thesis statement that

answers the essay question.answers the essay question. Write a two paragraph summary about Write a two paragraph summary about

how the documents support your thesis how the documents support your thesis statementstatement

Quote the documents in your summary. Quote the documents in your summary.

The Enlightenment The Enlightenment SpreadsSpreads

Baroque MusicBaroque Music

Representative Representative ComposersComposersAntonio VivaldiAntonio VivaldiJohann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian BachGeorge Friedrich HandelGeorge Friedrich Handel

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)

Representative Representative WorksWorks Most famous work Most famous work

Le quattro stagioniLe quattro stagioni ((The Four SeasonsThe Four Seasons) ) written in 1723.written in 1723.

46 operas46 operas 76 sonatas76 sonatas Chamber musicChamber music Sacred musicSacred music

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)1750)

Representative Representative WorksWorks cantatascantatas choraleschorales organ worksorgan works lute musiclute music chamber musicchamber music canons and fuguescanons and fugues

Famous piece: Famous piece: ““Jesu Jesu Joy of ManJoy of Man’’s Desirings Desiring””

George Frederick Handel (1685-George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)1759)

Representative WorksRepresentative Works 42 operas42 operas 29 oratorios29 oratorios 120 cantatas, trios, duets120 cantatas, trios, duets numerous ariasnumerous arias chamber musicchamber music

Most famous work:Most famous work:Messiah Messiah oratorio oratorio traditionally performed traditionally performed during the Christmas during the Christmas season, including season, including ““Hallelujah ChorusHallelujah Chorus””..

Classical MusicClassical Music

A new, lighter style, emerged during the Enlightenment

Representative ComposersRepresentative Composers Joseph HaydnJoseph HaydnWolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus MozartLudwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

Known as Known as ““Father of Father of the Symphonythe Symphony”” and and ““Father of the String Father of the String QuartetQuartet””

Representative WorksRepresentative Works 104 Symphonies104 Symphonies numerous concertos numerous concertos

for various instrumentsfor various instruments 15 operas15 operas other musicother music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)1791)

Representative Representative worksworks 23 operas23 operas numerous numerous

symphoniessymphonies ““Toy SymphonyToy Symphony””

concertosconcertos ““Flute concerto no. 2 in Flute concerto no. 2 in

D Major, K 314D Major, K 314”” piano musicpiano music chamber musicchamber music sacred musicsacred music

massesmasses

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

Representative Representative WorksWorks Symphonies (5Symphonies (5thth

and 9and 9thth probably the probably the most famous)most famous)

Piano musicPiano music ““Fur EliseFur Elise””

Vocal musicVocal music OperasOperas Choral musicChoral music

DiderotDiderot’’s s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

Diderot began to publish a series of books in 1751 that were compilations of articles from leading scholars. Even though the French government and the Catholic Church censored the Encyclopedia, it was responsible for spreading Enlightenment ideas all over Europe.

Neoclassical StyleNeoclassical Style

Neoclassical art began to replace baroque art during the late 1700s. Neoclassical art followed a simple and elegant style that drew on ideas from classical Greece and Rome.

Changes in literature during the Changes in literature during the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Eighteenth century writers began writing novels, lengthy works of prose fiction. Pamela, by Samuel Richardson, is often considered the first English novel.