The The CrusadesCrusades

CrusadeCrusade From the From the crossescrosses sewn into the sewn into the

garments of those who took the garments of those who took the vow to vow to free the Holy Placesfree the Holy Places from from the Muslims.the Muslims.

Rise of Mohammedan DynastiesRise of Mohammedan Dynasties::

1.1. EgyptEgypt: Fatimites: Fatimites

2.2. Palestine and SyriaPalestine and Syria: Seljuk : Seljuk TurksTurks

10711071: : Battle of ManzikertBattle of Manzikert: the : the Turks annihilated the Byzantine Turks annihilated the Byzantine Army and were about to take Army and were about to take Constantinople.Constantinople.

10951095: : Pope Bl. Urban IIPope Bl. Urban II held a held a council in Clermont (France); council in Clermont (France); called for a Crusade to reclaim the called for a Crusade to reclaim the holy places in the East.holy places in the East.

For your brethren who live in the East are For your brethren who live in the East are in urgent need of your help, and you must in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them aid which has often hasten to give them aid which has often been promised them. For, as most of you been promised them. For, as most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and conquered the territory attacked them and conquered the territory of Romania [the Greek Empire] as far west of Romania [the Greek Empire] as far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Hellespont. They have occupied more and Hellespont. They have occupied more and more lands of those Christians and have more lands of those Christians and have overcome them in seven battles…On this overcome them in seven battles…On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ’s heralds to publish this as Christ’s heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot soldiers and knights, whatever rank, foot soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians.those Christians.

- Pope Bl. Urban II, 1095- Pope Bl. Urban II, 1095

Crusades: Defensive Wars Crusades: Defensive Wars of Liberationof Liberation

Series of military expeditions to free Series of military expeditions to free formerly Christian lands from formerly Christian lands from militant-fanatical Muslim oppression.militant-fanatical Muslim oppression.

To provide safety and protection for To provide safety and protection for Christian pilgrims visiting the Holy Christian pilgrims visiting the Holy Places.Places.

Many had been robbed, beaten, or Many had been robbed, beaten, or killed by Muslims for years.killed by Muslims for years.

Pope St. Gregory VIIPope St. Gregory VII had been had been ready to invade the Holy Land with ready to invade the Holy Land with 50,000 troops 20 years before Urban 50,000 troops 20 years before Urban II.II.

The Crusader Vow included a The Crusader Vow included a Plenary IndulgencePlenary Indulgence..

The First Crusade: 1095-The First Crusade: 1095-10991099

Armies were divided into four groups all set to Armies were divided into four groups all set to meet in Constantinoplemeet in Constantinople::

1.1. Godfrey of BouillonGodfrey of Bouillon: Duke of Lower Lorraine, : Duke of Lower Lorraine, led the people of Lorraine [Germans, and led the people of Lorraine [Germans, and Northern Frenchmen] (Northern Frenchmen] (uncle of St. Norbert!uncle of St. Norbert!))

2.2. Hugh of VermandoisHugh of Vermandois: Duke of Normandy (son : Duke of Normandy (son of William the Conqueror and brother of King of William the Conqueror and brother of King Philip I of France) led bands of French and Philip I of France) led bands of French and Normans.Normans.

3.3. Raymond of Saint-Gilles and Adhemar of Raymond of Saint-Gilles and Adhemar of Moneil (Bishop of Puy)Moneil (Bishop of Puy): led the Southern : led the Southern French.French.

4.4. Bohemund and TancredBohemund and Tancred: led Normans from : led Normans from southern Italy. Both are related to Robert southern Italy. Both are related to Robert Guiscard, the founder of Norman Sicily.Guiscard, the founder of Norman Sicily.

• All armies, with some delays, arrived in All armies, with some delays, arrived in ConstantinopleConstantinople by by April of 1097April of 1097..

The Relic of the Holy LanceThe Relic of the Holy LanceFirst Crusade: the Siege of AntiochFirst Crusade: the Siege of Antioch

2 June 10982 June 1098: : BohemundBohemund takes takes AntiochAntioch

Two days later, a Muslim relief force Two days later, a Muslim relief force arrived and began to siege/starve arrived and began to siege/starve the Crusader Army.the Crusader Army.

All was about to be lost when a All was about to be lost when a miracle took place:miracle took place:

14 June14 June: : Peter BarthelemyPeter Barthelemy (French (French pilgrim) had a vision during a dream pilgrim) had a vision during a dream of the sacred relic of the Lance of the sacred relic of the Lance (pierced Christ’s side at the (pierced Christ’s side at the crucifixion); it was buried under a crucifixion); it was buried under a church.church.

Crusaders excited, made an attack Crusaders excited, made an attack on the Muslims and wiped them out!on the Muslims and wiped them out!

St. Longinus

Crusader Victory!Crusader Victory!Spring 1097Spring 1097: campaign begins and 4 : campaign begins and 4

armies are quite successful.armies are quite successful. First VictoryFirst Victory: siege Nicaea.: siege Nicaea.

10981098: captured Antioch: captured Antioch

10991099: Captured Jerusalem (: Captured Jerusalem (July 15July 15)) Pope Bl. Urban II died before Pope Bl. Urban II died before

receiving news of the sacking of receiving news of the sacking of Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

Crusaders were able to take Crusaders were able to take advantage of the Muslim disunity in advantage of the Muslim disunity in the area.the area.

After the Reconquest of the Holy Land, After the Reconquest of the Holy Land, the Crusaders organized the lands into the Crusaders organized the lands into counties, fiefs, and principalities based counties, fiefs, and principalities based on the medieval feudal system.on the medieval feudal system.

Godfrey and the Leaders of

the 1st Crusade

Latin Kingdom of Latin Kingdom of JerusalemJerusalem Godfrey of BouillonGodfrey of Bouillon becomes becomes

first Crusader “king” of first Crusader “king” of JerusalemJerusalem

11001100: at Godfrey’s death, younger : at Godfrey’s death, younger brother brother Baldwin IBaldwin I is crowned is crowned King.King.

Major TaskMajor Task: to control : to control Jerusalem and the surrounding Jerusalem and the surrounding areas.areas.

Three Principal FiefsThree Principal Fiefs::1.1. County of TripoliCounty of Tripoli2.2. Principality of AntiochPrincipality of Antioch3.3. County of EdessaCounty of Edessa Muslims in Crusader territory Muslims in Crusader territory

were allowed land-ownership were allowed land-ownership rights and treated with fairness.rights and treated with fairness.

King Baldwin I (1058-1118)

Second CrusadeSecond Crusade Subsequent crusades were never Subsequent crusades were never

as well organized as the First.as well organized as the First. After the First Crusade, the After the First Crusade, the

Crusader Kingdom in Palestine Crusader Kingdom in Palestine was under attack.was under attack.

11441144: Turks recaptured Edessa: Turks recaptured Edessa King Louis VII of FranceKing Louis VII of France and and

Conrad II of GermanyConrad II of Germany set out to set out to capture capture DamascusDamascus..

Hoping to create a defensive front Hoping to create a defensive front for the Kingdom of Jerusalem.for the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

They failed.They failed. Many saw this as a sign from God Many saw this as a sign from God

that that penancepenance needed to be done in needed to be done in order to purify the Crusaders’ order to purify the Crusaders’ intentions.intentions.

King Louis VII of France

(1120-1180)

Third CrusadeThird Crusade: 1189-: 1189-11921192

Most famous as the Most famous as the background to the background to the Robin Robin HoodHood stories. stories.

Three Great KingsThree Great Kings::

1.1. Richard of EnglandRichard of England

2.2. Frederick I BarbarossaFrederick I Barbarossa

3.3. Phillip of FrancePhillip of France To confront a united Muslim To confront a united Muslim

Turkish Army under Turkish Army under SaladinSaladin.. Saladin had proclaimed a Saladin had proclaimed a

jihadjihad against Christianity. against Christianity.

11871187: Saladin captured : Saladin captured Jerusalem and took the relic Jerusalem and took the relic of the of the True CrossTrue Cross..

The Battle of ArsufThe Battle of ArsufSept 1191Sept 1191: Richard the Lionheart vs. : Richard the Lionheart vs.

SaladinSaladin After a grueling 70 mile march from After a grueling 70 mile march from

Acre on route to Jaffa.Acre on route to Jaffa. Jaffa will be a launching place for the Jaffa will be a launching place for the

liberation of Jerusalem.liberation of Jerusalem. Saladin used standard Turkish Saladin used standard Turkish

tacticstactics: harassment, encirclement, : harassment, encirclement, annihilation.annihilation.

Richard’s army was diminished after Richard’s army was diminished after the siege of Acre.the siege of Acre.

Crusaders marched in 3 divisions, Crusaders marched in 3 divisions, with their western flank protected by with their western flank protected by English ships on the Mediterranean.English ships on the Mediterranean.

Saladin could not break Richard’s Saladin could not break Richard’s ranks.ranks.

The Battle RagesThe Battle Rages Richard placed Richard placed HospitallersHospitallers and and

TemplarsTemplars in charge of the in charge of the rearguard.rearguard.

7 Sept 11917 Sept 1191: Saladin ordered a full-: Saladin ordered a full-scale engagement.scale engagement.

Turkish tacticsTurkish tactics: used loud music to : used loud music to encourage their own troops and encourage their own troops and terrify the enemy.terrify the enemy.

Hospitallers could not resist the Hospitallers could not resist the temptation to charge, Richard temptation to charge, Richard joined his knights on the line.joined his knights on the line.

They rode on to They rode on to victoryvictory!! SaladinSaladin failedfailed to break-up the to break-up the

Christian army. He would never be Christian army. He would never be able to challenge Richard again!able to challenge Richard again!

““So great was the So great was the slaughter among slaughter among

Saladin’s more noble Saladin’s more noble Saracens that he lost Saracens that he lost more that day near more that day near Arsuf….than on any Arsuf….than on any day in the previous day in the previous

forty years.”forty years.”- Letter from Richard I to - Letter from Richard I to

St. Bernard of ClairvauxSt. Bernard of Clairvaux