The Cold War (1945-52)

Ch 26

EQ’s

• What steps did the Allies take to promote growth in the postwar global economy?

• How did the Truman Doctrine shape U.S. postwar foreign policy?

• What contributed to McCarthyism?

• What were the most important trends of

the 1950s?

Chapter Organization

The Cold War Period (1945-52)

Foreign Policy

Korean War

The Home Front/Post war

America

The Second Red Scare

Domestic Politics

Cold War

"Let us not be deceived-we are today in the midst of a cold war. Our enemies are to be found abroad and at home. Let us never forget this: Our unrest is the heart of their success. The peace of the world is the hope and the goal of our political system; it is the despair and defeat of those who stand against us. We can depend only on ourselves."

Treat of Nuclear War

Tsar Bomb

The Tsar Bomba mushroom cloud seen from a distance of 160 km (99.4 miles). The crown of the cloud is 56 km (34.8 miles) high at the time of the picture.

The Tsar Bomba's fireball, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in diameter, was prevented from touching the ground by the shock wave, but nearly reached the 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) altitude of the deploying Tu-95 bomber.

Chapter Organization

The Cold War Period (1945-52)

Foreign Policy

Korean War

The Home Front/Post war

America

The Second Red Scare

Domestic Politics

What was Europe like after WWII?

What is the risk here for the U.S.?

• 2 million dead

• Cities in ruins

• Economic collapse

What about Japan?

• Douglas MacArthur

• Demilitarization

• Democratization • What is a constitutional monarchy?

Post-War Japan

Before WWII – Balance of World Power

U.S.A.

Japan

Britain France

U.S.S.R.

Germany

After WWII – “Balance of World Power”

?

?

Before the end of WWII

February, 1945: division of Germany into zones; compensation to Russia; free elections in Eastern Europe

July, 1945: Truman presses Stalin for free elections in Eastern Europe but Stalin refuses

General Assembly of 48 nations; Security Council of 15 w/ Britain, China, France, US & USSR as permanent members

United Nations

Hiroshima and Soviet Entry

Bretton Woods

At the "bottom of the Kremlin's neurotic view of world affairs is the traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity". Following the Russian Revolution, this sense of insecurity became mixed with communist ideology and "Oriental secretiveness and conspiracy"

"the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.... Soviet pressure against the free institutions of the Western world is something that can be contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points, corresponding to the shifts and manoeuvers of Soviet policy, but which cannot be charmed or talked out of existence."

Iron Curtain Speech - 1946

Truman Doctrine – March 1947

• $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe

Marshall Plan - 1947

WHY?

U.S. Aims Versus U.S.S.R. Aims in Europe

The U.S. wanted to…

• Ensure nations the right to democratic governments

• Gain access to raw materials and markets for its industries

• Rebuild governments and create new markets

• Reunite Germany

The U.S.S.R. wanted to…

• Encourage Communism

• Rebuild its war-ravaged country using resources from Eastern Europe

• Control Eastern Europe to balance U.S. influence in Western Europe

• Keep Germany divided and weak

Communist Takeover – Feb 1948

Berlin Blockade – June 1948

N.A.T.O. – July 1949

Communist Control of China - 1949

Soviet Atom Bomb - 1949

Korean War - 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953

380

Landing at Inchon

Truman fires MacArthur

Executive Order

• The Order's operative statement is:

– It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.

Review and practice DBQ Exercise

• “The Soviet Union was responsible for the early escalation of the Cold War between the years of 1945-52”

– To what extent do you believe this to be an accurate statement

1. Write thesis/intro paragraph

2. Using documents, create outline for subsequent and concluding paragraphs

How did the public feel about Truman immediately following FDR’s death?

How did this change over the course of time?

Baby Boom! Why?

GI Bill

A word per minute: At end, create a sentence using the words you gathered during the movie.

C O L D W A R

Post WWII Bust?

Post WWII Economy

2 – SFI 2 – Inferences 2 - Questions

Strikes and Truman’s Response

Consequences?

Midterm Election of 1946

Characterize the early Truman presidency in ONE word, ONE color,

and ONE symbol

80th Congress – “Do Nothing Congress”

• 22nd Amendment

• Taft-Hartley (1947)

– Outlawed closed shop

– “Right to work”

Truman and Civil Rights

• Committee on Civil Rights (1946)

• Fair Employment Practices Commission

What has been the trend for the Democratic party since FDR relative to the electorate? What groups are increasing in importance to electoral politics?

1948 Election and the “Whistle Stop”

Fair Deal – what does this sound like? 1. Major improvements in the coverage and adequacy of the

unemployment compensation system.

2. Substantial increases in the minimum wage, together with broader coverage.

3. The maintenance and extension of price controls to keep down the cost of living in the transition to a peacetime economy.

4. A pragmatic approach towards drafting legislation eliminating wartime agencies and wartime controls, taking legal difficulties into account.

5. Legislation to ensure full employment.

6. Legislation to make the Fair Employment Practice Committee permanent.

7. The maintenance of sound industrial relations.

8. The extension of the United States Employment Service to provide jobs for demobilized military personnel.

9. Increased aid to farmers.

10. The removal of the restrictions on eligibility for voluntary enlistment and allowing the armed forces to enlist a greater number of volunteers.

Fair Deal

• National Health Care

• Federal aid to education

• Civil Rights

• Public funds for housing

• Farm programs

Fear of destruction from without

Fear of destruction from within

Propaganda – Both sides

The Cold War at Home

“Communists. . .are everywhere—in

factories, offices, butcher shops, on street

corners, in private businesses, . . . plotting to

destroy the liberties of every citizen,”

Attorney General J. Howard McGrath

warned in 1949. FBI director J. Edgar

Hoover warned against “the diabolic

machinations of sinister figures engaged in

un-American activities.”

What inferences can you make from these quotes?

"I further swear (or affirm) that I do not advise, advocate or teach, and have not within the period beginning five (5) years prior to the effective date of the ordinance requiring the making of this oath or affirmation, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the United States of America or of the State of California and that I am not now and have not, within said period, been or become a member of or affiliated with any group, society, association, organization or party which advises, advocates or teaches, or has, within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means of the Government of the United States of America, or of the State of California. I further swear (or affirm) that I will not, while I am in the service of the City of Los Angeles, advise, advocate or teach, or be or become a member of or affiliated with any group, association, society, organization or party which advises, advocates or teaches, or has within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the United States of America or of the State of California . . . ."

The Loyalty-Security Program

• New legislation stigmatized communists

and barred them—and homosexuals—

from immigrating.

Security and Civil Rights

• The Smith Act (1940) – ...with intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any

such government, prints, publishes, edits, issues, circulates, sells, distributes, or publicly displays any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or attempts to do so; or...organizes or helps or attempts to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any such government by force or violence; or becomes or is a member of, or affiliates with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof.

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) 1. required Communist organizations to register with the

United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," either fascist or communist.

2. Members of these groups could not become citizens and in some cases were prevented from entering or leaving the country. Citizens found in violation could lose their citizenship in five years.

3. The Act also contained an emergency detention statute, giving the President the authority to apprehend and detain "each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of espionage or sabotage."

If communists were trying to destroy U.S. democracy from within, how

would they do it?

HUAC

• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

– Name names

Klaus Fuchs

Espionage Cases

Alger Hiss

Rosenbergs

20

12

Cheaters

Non -Cheaters

Joseph McCarthy

McCarthyism

McCarthy Years

What do you think the impact of TV was on McCarthy’s “witch hunt?”

Election of 1952

• Issues

• Candidates

• Results

Compare/contrast to today’s political ads?

Election of 1952

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• 34th POTUS – Two terms

• Supreme Allied Commander WWII>NATO Commander and President of Columbia University

• "Communism, Korea and corruption“

• Domino Theory

• Fiscal conservative but….

"Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes you can do these things. Among them are H. L. Hunt a few other Texas oil millionaires, and an occasional politician or business man from other areas. Their number is negligible and they are stupid."