The Atlantic World 1492-1800

Chapter 20

Vocabulary I Christopher Columbus: 1492, Italian who

sailed for Spain, official discovery of the new world

Colony: A land controlled by another nation Hernando Cortez: Spanish conquistador

who took over Aztecs; ruthless Conquistador: Spanish adventure seeker in

the New World; driven by Gold, Glory and God

Francisco Pizarro: Spanish conquistador who took over Incas

Vocabulary II Mestizo: A person of mixed

Spanish/Native American blood Encomienda: Spanish land grant in the

New World. Natives are to work on it (Plantations)

Atlantic Slave Trade: Buying and selling of Africans

Triangular Trade: Europe, Africa and America trade routes

Middle Passage: Africa to Americas voyage for slaves

Vocabulary III Columbian Exchange: Global transfer of

plants, animals, diseases and ideas (cultural diffusion) from the Old World to the New World

Capitalism: Economic system based on private ownership and on investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

Joint-Stock Company: A business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits (less risk)

Vocabulary IV Mercantilism: Nations that increase

their wealth/power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and selling more good than they bought (Gold/Silver/FB of Trade)

Favorable Balance of Trade: A country that sells more “goods” than it buys

Spain Builds An American Empire

Chapter 20:1

Spanish Conquests in the Americas Columbus’s Voyage

Paves the Way• First Encounters

Landed in the Bahamas in 10/1492

Returned to the Caribbean 3 more times, claiming islands for Spain and setting up colonies

Other Explorers Take to the Seas

Other Explorers Take to the Seas• Pedro Cabral: Claimed Brazil for the Portuguese

(1500)• Amerigo Vespucci: Explored South America, had

the continent named after him (1507)• Vasco Balboa: First European to see the Pacific

Ocean (1515)• Magellan: His crew first to sail around the world

(1519-1522) 18 out of 230 men survived

Spain Builds An American Empire Cortez Conquers the

Aztecs• Landed in Mexico in 1519

with 600 men, marched into Tenochtitlan

• Spanish used superior weaponry, Indian allies, and disease to conquer the Aztecs by 1521

Pizarro Subdues the Inca• Marched 200 men into Peru,

used treachery to capture and kill Incan king

• Captured Incan capital without a fight

Spain’s Pattern of Conquest

Spain’s Pattern of Conquest• Spanish settlers known as penninsulares ruled

the conquered territory• Encomienda System: Spanish settlers owned

land, forced natives to work as slaves farming or mining

Opposition to Spanish Rule• Catholic priests wanted better treatment for

natives• Led to importation of African slaves• Natives used work slow-downs and violent

rebellions to resist the Spanish, mostly unsuccessful

Main Ideas1. What process did Columbus and his

followers begin?

2. Why were most of the Spanish explorers drawn to the Americas?

3. Which country was the richest and most powerful in the 16th century and why?

European Nations Settle North America

Chapter 20:2

European Claims In The New World European Countries and Their Claims Spain

• Claimed and colonized lands from the Southern US (including Florida and American Southwest)

• Also colonized Central and South America and many Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico and Cuba

European Claims In The New World ENGLAND NETHERLANDS

Jamestown Settlement

Claimed and colonized North America from present day Maine south to Georgia

Also claimed some Caribbean islands such as Barbados and Jamaica

Pilgrims/Puritans

Claimed New York City

Aruba/Antilles in the Caribbean

New Netherlands

European Claims In The New World France

• Claimed Haiti in the Caribbean, as well as present day Canada and the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys in North America

• New France

Portugal• Claimed Brazil

Colonization and War In The New World

Reasons for Colonization: $$$ and Power!!!• Prestige of the Mother Country• Market for finished goods• Used the colonies for cash crop and raw material

production

Europeans go to War• England takes New York from the Dutch• England takes Ohio River and Canada from France

in the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) English drive the French away from the East coast

Native American Responds:2 Types of Rule

French and Dutch had a strong relationship with N.A. (Nice)• Wanted to Trade• Make $$$ not War!!

English battled the N.A. over religion/land (Mean)• Wanted to own Land• Violence/Fighting

King Philips War (Metacom) attacks villagers in Massachusetts• Colonist win (Bloody)

New Diseases Kill Native Americans New Diseases Biggest reason for

European conquest of the New World

Labor loss in all the colonies

Need for new labor!!!

Small Pox• 24,000-750

New DiseasesMEASLES CHICKEN POX

New Diseases Cholera

White Pudding?

Main Idea Questions1. What was the basic difference between

French and English attitudes about the land they acquired in North America?

2. What was the main result of the French and Indian War?

3. What were some of the results for Native Americans of European colonization of North America?

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Chapter 20:3

The Atlantic Slave Trade The Evolution of

African Slavery

Slavery in Africa• Between 650 and

1600 4.8 million Africans had been deported by Muslims

• Long standing practice

• Slaves could gain freedom

The Desire for African The Desire for Africans

• Europeans needed labor force to replace Native Americans dying of disease

• Lead by Portuguese • Chose Africans for three reasons:

1.) Had built up immunity to disease 2.) Had experience in farming 3.) Was more difficult for them to escape (unfamiliar)

Atlantic Slave Trade• 9.5 million Africans imported

Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas

Spain and Portugal were the first to import Africans Over 3.6 million imported to Brazil

English • Transported 1.7 million slaves to Americas between 1690-

1807• Only 400,000 sent to U.S. (Population Increased due to

births)• 2 million by 1830

African Cooperation and Resistance African rulers shipped slaves inland to Europeans ports on the coast Traded slaves for guns Sold prisoners of war/rival tribe members

A Forced Journey The Triangular Trade

Flow of goods, raw materials, and people between Europe, Africa, and the New World (ex. slaves, tobacco, and guns)

See class reading sheet

The Middle Passage This leg of the triangle trade brought Africans to the

Americas Africans were packed aboard ships and made the

journey in terrible conditions

Triangular Trade

Triangular Trade GoodsEUROPE AFRICA

Beads Cloth Hardware Rum Salt weapons

Slaves Gold Ivory

•Molasses•Rum•Cotton•Tobacco•Flower•Lumber•Furs•Natural Resources

AMERICAS

Differences In Slavery Slavery in the Americas

• Slavery became a lifelong condition children of slaves automatically became slaves

• Slaves resisted through work slow downs and open rebellion, few were successful Fear of Revolts lead to “harsher” punishments

Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade• Broke apart many families in Africa

Mixing of African Cultures • Brought African culture to the New World• Their labor allowed the colonies to survive and prosper

Song/Dance/Religion stayed alive in the slave quarters

Main Idea Questions1. What effect did the spread of Islam

have on slave trade?

2. How did enslaved Africans resist their bondage?

3. Explain the significance of Triangular Trade.

4. How did African slaves contribute to the development of the Americas?

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

Chapter 20:4

A Global Trade Network Rises: Colonization Brings About Big Changes

AMERICAS TO EUROPEEUROPE, AFRICA, ASIA TO AMERICAS

1. Tobacco2. Pumpkin3. Squash4. Avocado5. Turkey6. Peppers7. Pineapple8. Cocoa bean9. Peanut10. Potato11. Beans12. Tomato13. Corn14. Vanilla

1. Onion2. Olives3. Citrus fruits4. Coffee beans5. Peach/pears6. Sugar cane7. Honeybee8. Grains (wheat, rice, barley,

oats)9. Livestock (Cattle, sheet,

pig, horse)10. Disease (Smallpox, Cholera,

Typhus Measles, Diphtheria)

Global Trade New Economic Systems rise with Global

Trade• Triangle Trade (see previous notes)

Mercantilism Belief that a country’s power is dependent on its wealth Goal was for a country to accumulate as much money as

possible, especially in the form of bullion (precious metals like gold)

Accomplished in two ways 1. Gather raw gold and silver from colonies 2. Export more goods than you import (favorable balance of trade)

Global Trade Capitalism

• Based on private (individual, NOT gov’t

• Ownership and the investment of resources with the goal of making a profit!!

• Caused merchants to grow in power – wealth becomes measured by money and not by land

• Nobles decrease in power

Recognize any of these companies??

Global Economy Joint-Stock Companies

• People combine their wealth to form a company too expensive for an individual to form

• Common people can become part owner by investing, or buying shares in a company (stock)

Economic Revolution Changes European Society • Growth of merchant class• Age of exploration/colonization increased the

wealth of European countries

Main Idea Questions1. What are some of the food items that

traveled from the Americas to the rest of the world?

2. What are some of the lasting effects of the Columbian Exchange?