The Atlantic World, 1492–1800

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

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SECTION Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1

SECTION Competing Claims in North America 2

SECTION The Atlantic Slave Trade 3

SECTION The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade 4

20CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

The European exploration and colonization of the Americas lead to an economic and cultural revolution in Europe and the devastation of Native American cultures in the New World.

20CHAPTER The Atlantic World,

1492–1800

1492 Columbus makes first voyage.

1521 Cortés conquers Aztec Empire.

1607 English found Jamestown.

1608 Champlain claims Quebec for France.

1754 French and Indian War begins.

20CHAPTER

Time Line

1492 1800

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The Atlantic World, 1492–1800

1533 Pizarro conquers Inca Empire.

Columbus lands in the Caribbean Islands, and Spain and Portugal begin the colonization of the Americas. The Spanish destroy the Aztec and Inca empires.

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Key Idea

Spanish Conquests in the Americas

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to carve out the first European colonies in the Americas.

Throughout the Americas, Spanish culture, language, and descendants are the legacy of this period.

Overview

Spanish Conquests in the Americas

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AssessmentAssessment

• Christopher Columbus

• colony

• Hernando Cortés

• conquistadors

• Montezuma II

• Francisco Pizarro

• mestizo

• encomienda

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the major events in the establishment of Spain’s empire in the Americas beginning with Columbus’s arrival.

Spanish Conquests in the Americas

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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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Columbus arrives in Americas.

Cortés defeats the Aztecs.

Pizarro conquers the Inca.

Conquistadors colonize the Southwest United States.

2. How might Columbus’s view of the Taino Indians have led the Spanish to think they could take advantage of and impose their will on the natives?THINK ABOUT

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Spanish Conquests in the Americas

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1 Assessment

• the Taino’s desire for Spanish items even of “small value” • the Taino’s willingness to give whatever they had to the Spanish • the Taino’s appearance as a peaceful people

ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

The Spanish may have taken the Taino’s generosity and naïvete about the worth of material goods as an invitation to take whatever they wanted.

The Spanish also may have assumed that the natives’ gentleness meant they could be subdued.

Possible Responses:

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3. Discuss the merits of Spain’s colonization of the Americas. Explain the position of conquistadors, as well as the position of Native Americans. THINK ABOUT

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Spanish Conquests in the Americas

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1 Assessment

• how colonization of the Americas affected Spain • what effect colonization had on the Native Americans

ANSWERANSWER

Conquistadors: colonization good—increased Spain’s wealth and power; introduced natives to Christianity; spread Spanish culture

Native Americans: colonization bad—brought disease and warfare; led to enslavement; suppressed native culture

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 1

European nations lay claim to large parts of North America, but England drives out the French and Dutch and creates thirteen colonies.

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Key Idea

Competing Claims in North America

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Competing Claims in North America

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Several European nations fought for control of North America, and England eventually emerged victorious.

The English settlers in North America left a legacy of law and government that guides the United States today.

Overview

AssessmentAssessment

• New France

• Jamestown

• Pilgrims

• Puritans

• New Netherland

• French and Indian War

• Metacom

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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Competing Claims in North America

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the location of each settlement and the main reasons for its establishment.

Section 2 Assessment

continued . . .

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Name of Settlement General Location Reasons for Establishment

New France

New Netherland

Massachusetts Bay

Eastern Canada and much of midwest United States

Christian missionary and fur trading post

Upper east coast of United States

Fur trading post

Upper east coast of United States

Religious refuge

Competing Claims in North America

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2. What may have been one reason the English eventually beat the French in North America? THINK ABOUT

Section 2 Assessment

• how England’s colonies differed from those of the French

• English and French colonial populations on the eve of the French and Indian War

ANSWERANSWER

The English, unlike the French and Dutch, populated their colonies in North America, so that by the eve of the French and Indian War, England’s colonial population was more than 1 million, while France’s was only 65,000. continued . . .

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Possible Response:

3. Imagine that you have been asked to settle a dispute between a group of English colonists and Native Americans. Summarize each side’s grievances and offer possible solutions.

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Competing Claims in North America

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2 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

Colonists’ grievances—need more land for growing population and farming; Native Americans are heathens

Native Americans’ grievances—colonists are pushing them off their land.

Possible solutions—share the land by establishing boundary lines.

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 2

The slave trade decimates African social and family life, and millions of slaves are brought to the Americas to work in mines and on plantations.

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Key Idea

The Atlantic Slave Trade

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To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in forced labor in the Americas.

Descendants of enslaved Africans represent a significant part of the Americas’ population today.

Overview

AssessmentAssessment

• Atlantic slave trade

• triangular trade

• middle passage

The Atlantic Slave Trade

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the ways in which the Atlantic slave trade affected both Africa and the Americas.

Section 3 Assessment

continued . . .

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Increase in civil war and strife through the introduction of guns

Loss of significant population

Families torn apart

Cultures lost

Significant labor supply

Expertise in farming techniques

Introduction of African culture

Mixed races

In Africa In the Americas

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Consequences of the Slave Trade

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

In most African societies, slaves could escape their bondage, while in the Americas, most slaves worked for life; unlike in most African societies, slavery in the Americas was hereditary; unlike in most African and Muslim societies, slaves in the Americas lacked legal rights and social mobility.

Possible Responses:

2. How was slavery in the Americas different from slavery in Africa and Muslim lands? THINK ABOUT

• the children of slaves • opportunities for slaves within each society • racial basis

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• the length of bondage

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The colonization of the Americas leads to a global exchange of food, plants, animals, and diseases that enriches the European diet and economy and further shatters the native civilizations of the New World.

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Key Idea

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

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The colonization of the Americas introduced new and different items into the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

This global exchange of goods permanently changed Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

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• Columbian Exchange

• Commercial Revolution

• capitalism

• joint-stock company

• mercantilism

• favorable balance of trade

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each Columbian Exchange item or aspect below, write where it originated and explain its significance.

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continued . . .

Section 4 Assessment

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The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

Corn Potato

Disease

The Americas; nutritious basis of

many diets

The Americas; became staple

throughout the world

Europe; killed millions of Native Americans

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Section 4 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

2. Why were colonies considered so important to the nations of Europe? THINK ABOUT

• the philosophy of mercantilism

• the notion of a favorable balance of trade

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The mercantilistic philosophy of Europe drove nations to acquire colonies to obtain wealth. Colonies provided precious metals, raw materials, and markets for European goods, allowing European nations to establish a favorable balance of trade with their colonies.

Possible Responses:

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continued . . .

The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

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Section 4 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

3. Do you think the economic changes in Europe during the era of American colonization qualify as a revolution? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT

• the legacy of the new business and trade practices

• how the economic changes affected European society as a whole

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Yes—Many of the new practices, including capitalism and joint-stock companies, served as the root of today’s economy.

No—Europe’s population remained mostly rural, and many Europeans remained poor.

Possible Responses:

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The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

End of Section 4

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