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Today's numbers, also called Hindu-Arabic numbers, are a

combination of just 10 symbols or

digits: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, and 0. These digits wereintroduced in Europe within the X century by LeonardoPisano !a"a#ibonacci$, an talian mathematician. %. &isanowas educated in orth (frica, where he learned and later

carried to taly the now popular )indu*(rabic numerals.

)indu numeral system is a pure place*+alue system, that is why you

need a zero. nly the )indus, within the conte-t of ndo*Europeanci+ilisations, ha+e consistently used a ero. The (rabs, howe+er, played

an essential part in the dissemination of this numeral system.

The Earliest Evidence of The Use of Numbers All numeration systems started as simple tally marks, using single strokes torepresent each additional unit...

ur prehistoric ancestors would ha+e had a general sensibility about amountsand /uantities, and would ha+e instincti+ely "nown the difference between

one, two or many antelopes. ut the intellectual leap from the concrete ideaof two things to the in+ention of a symbol for the abstract idea of two too"

many ages to come about.

2athematics along with a formal system of numbers initially de+eloped whenci+iliations settled and de+eloped agriculture * for the measurement of plotsof land, the ta-ation of indi+iduals, and so on * and this first occurred in the

3umerian and abylonian ci+iliations of 2esopotamia !roughly, modern ra/$and in ancient Egypt.

The  Ishango stick  (recto/verso). Origin: Central Africa. ength: !" cm

The 10 cm long bone stic" shown in the image abo+e is 45'000*60'000 years old andis probably the first poc"et calculator e+er "nown. The scores on the stic" represent

http://www.archimedes-lab.org/nombredormachine.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place-value_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishango_bonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishango_bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place-value_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishango_bonehttp://www.archimedes-lab.org/nombredormachine.html

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a se/uence of prime numbers and some duplication series !4*7, 8*9, 5*10, etc.$. t

seems that the twel+e*system of numeration was used to ma"e these operationtables, instead of our decimal one. The prehistoric owner of this stic" used it as a

primiti+e accounting tool.

Numerals, a Time Travel from India to EuropeThe discovery of #ero and the place$value system %ere inventions uni&ue to the'ndian civili#ation. As the rahmi notation of the first %hole num*ers...

The numeral set used in the 2iddle East today is a cousin of the modern

numeral set, with a common ancestor in the ancient )indu numerals. n

fact, the Eastern Arabic numeras !also called Arabic!"ndicnumeras$ are specific numerals currently used to represent thehttp:www.archimedes*lab.orgnumeral.htmlhttp:www.archimedes*

lab.orgnumeral.htmlhttp:www.archimedes*lab.orgnumeral.html)indu;(rabic numeral system in conjunction with

the (rabic alphabet in the countries of the (rab east, and its +