Terminal Learning Objective · 2015. 12. 14. · •Cellular •Tissue •Organ •Organ System...

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Slide 1JSOMTC, SWMG(A)

EAP‐Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

PFN: SOMAPL11

Hours: 1.5


Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Communicate knowledge of “Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology”

Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment

Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards


References

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (6th edition; 2013; Martini; Bartholomew)

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Reason

Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation on which all medicine is based. Learn well now and everything that follows will come easier.

As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you also have the duty to harm/kill others, and to teach others how to do so. In order to do this well, you need a solid understanding of both anatomy and physiology.


Agenda

Define the medical vocabulary components related to an introduction to anatomy and physiology

Communicate the basic functions of living organisms

Define anatomy and physiology along with the various specialties within each discipline


Agenda

Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms

Identify the organ systems of the human body and the major components of each system

Communicate the significance of homeostasis

Communicate how negative and positive feedback is involved in homeostasis

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Agenda

Communicate body sections, body regions, and relative positions using anatomical terms

Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions

Communicate the different radiological and ultrasound procedures along with the basis of how they work


The Medical Vocabulary Components Related to an

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology


Vocabulary Development

bios life; biology

cardium heart; pericardium

dorsum back; dorsal

homeo unchanging; homeostasis

–logy study of; biology

medianus situated in the middle; median

paries wall; parietal

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Vocabulary Development

pathos disease; pathology

peri‐ around; perimeter

pronus inclined forward; prone

supinus lying on the back; supine

–stasis standing; homeostasis

venter belly or abdomen; ventral


The Basic Functions of Living Organisms


Functions of Living Organisms

Biology – The study of life

All living organisms perform the following characteristics:

• Responsiveness

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Movement

• Metabolism

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Check on Learning

What are the basic functions that all living organisms perform?

A. Responsiveness / Growth / Reproduction / Movement / Metabolism.

B. Respiration / Reproduction / Digestion / Growth / Responsiveness.

C. Respiration / Reproduction / Communication / Absorption / Metabolism.

D. Responsiveness / Communication / Comprehension / Growth / Reproduction.


Anatomy and Physiology Along with the Various Specialties Within Each

Discipline


Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

Anatomy is the study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships among body parts.

Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform vital functions. All specific functions are performed by specific structures.

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Anatomists study:

• Gross anatomy (macroscopic)

• Microscopic anatomy

• Physical relationships among body parts



Gross anatomy

Surface anatomy

Regional anatomy

Sectional anatomy



Microscopic anatomy

Cytology: study of individual cells

• The body is made of trillions of cells which can combine to form tissues

Histology: study of tissues

• Tissues are made of groups of cells and form organs

Damage to cells, tissues, or organs can affect an organism

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Human physiology: Study of human body function

• Cell physiology

• Special physiology

• Systemic physiology

• Pathological physiology



Key Note

All physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures. These functions follow the same physical and mechanical principles that can be seen in the world at large.


Check on Learning The anatomy of the heart was clearly described in the 15th century, but it took two centuries before it was realized the heart pumped blood. This demonstrates which of the following occurred for two centuries?

A. The understanding of systemic anatomy without an understanding of cell physiology.

B. The understanding of surface anatomy without an understanding of pathological physiology.

C. The understanding of gross anatomy without an understanding of pathological physiology.

D. The understanding of gross anatomy without an understanding of special physiology.

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The Major Levels of Organization in Living Organisms


Levels of Organization

Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:

• Chemical (atomic or molecular)

• Cellular

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ System

• Organism


OrganismLevel

Integumentary

SkeletalMuscular

NervousEndocrine

CardiovascularLymphatic

RespiratoryDigestive

Urinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue

Tissue Level(Chapter 4)

Cellular Level (Chapter 3)

Heartmusclecell

Protein filaments

Complex proteinmolecule

Atoms incombination

Atomic, Chemical orMolecular Level(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

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Check on Learning

What are the levels of organization?

A. Molecular /Chemical / Cellular / Tissue / Organ / Organ System / Organism / Organism.

B. Chemical / Cellular / Organelle / Tissue / Organ / Organ System / Organism.

C. Chemical / Cellular / Tissue / Organ / Organ System / Organism.

D. Chemical / Molecular / Cellular / Tissue / Organ / Organ System / Organism.


The Organ Systems of the Human Body and the Major Components of

Each System


Overview of Organ Systems

The human body has 11 organ systems:

• Integumentary

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

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The Integumentary System

Major components

• Cutaneous membrane

• Hair follicles

• Sweat glands

• Nails

• Sensory receptors

• Subcutaneous layer


The Skeletal System


The Muscular System

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The Nervous System


The Endocrine System


The Cardiovascular System

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The Lymphatic System


The Respiratory System


The Digestive System

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The Urinary System


Male Reproductive System


Female Reproductive System

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Key Note

The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.


Check on Learning The eleven organ systems of the human body are independent of each other but are also interconnected as they occupy a relative small space. Which of the following statements would demonstrate the independent systems working together?

A. The reproductive and urinary systems share some common tissues.

B. The integument, skeletal and muscular systems provide protection.

C. The endocrine system directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems.

D. All of the above.


The Significance of Homeostasis

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Homeostasis and System Integration

Homeostasis

Maintains stable internal conditions

• Temperature

• Ionic concentrations

• Blood sugar levels, etc.

Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms


Homeostatic Regulation

Regulation depends on:

• Receptor ‐ which is sensitive to a particular stimulus

• Control Center ‐ which receives and processes information from the receptor

• Effector ‐ which responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or reinforces the stimulus


RECEPTOR

Thermometer

STIMULUS:Room temperature

rises

Normalconditiondisturbed

HOMEOSTASISNormalroom

temperature

RESPONSE:Room temperature

dropsNormalconditionrestored

EFFECTORAir conditioner

turns on

SendsCommands to

Informationaffects

CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)

20o 30o 40o

Homeostatic Regulation

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Check on Learning Homeostatic regulation usually involves which of the following?

A. An affector sensitive to changes or stimulus and a effector which responds to the changes or stimulus.

B. An effector sensitive to changes or stimulus and an affector which responds to the changes or stimulus.

C. Receptor: sensitive to changes or stimulus / Control center: receives and processes information from the receptor / Effector: responds to commands from the control center.

D. Effector: sensitive to changes or stimulus / Control center: receives and processes information from the effector / Receptor: responds to commands from the control center.


How Negative and Positive Feedback is Involved in Homeostasis


Negative Feedback

Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response

Response negates disturbance

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RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensorsSTIMULUS

Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSE

Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored

Controlmechanismwhen body

temperaturerises

EFFECTOR

Blood vesselsand sweat

glands in skin

Negativefeedback

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

Informationaffects

CONTROLCENTER

Thermoregulatorycenter in brain

Sendscommands

to

EFFECTOR

Blood vesselsand sweat glands

in skinSkeletal muscles

Negativefeedback

Controlmechanismwhen body

temperaturefalls

RECEPTOR

Body’stemperature

sensors STIMULUS

Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)

RESPONSE

Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored

Negative Feedback in Thermoregulation


Positive Feedback

Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus

Response rapidly completes critical process


Positive Feedback

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Homeostasis

Homeostasis and Disease Process

• Failure of homeostatic regulation

• Symptoms appear

• Organ system malfunction


Homeostasis

Key Note

Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment, the foundations of homeostasis. In doing so, they monitor and adjust the volume and composition of body fluids, and keep body temperature within normal limits. If they cannot do so, internal conditions become increasingly abnormal and survival becomes uncertain.


Check on Learning Which of the following statements best describes negative and positive feedback?

A. Negative feedback is: A variation outside the normal limits which triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation. Positive feedback would be: The initial stimulus producing a response which reinforces that stimulus.

B. Positive feedback is: A variation outside the normal limits which triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation. Negative feedback would be: The initial stimulus producing a response which reinforces that stimulus.

C. Negative feedback is a variation which decrease stimulus. Positive feedback is a variation that increases stimulus.

D. Positive feedback is a variation which decrease stimulus. Negative feedback is a variation that increases stimulus.

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Body Sections, Body Regions, and Relative Positions Using Anatomical

Terms


The Language of Anatomy

Surface Anatomy

• Anatomical Position

• Hands at side

• Palms forward

• Feet together

• Supine: Face up

• Prone: Face down



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Anatomical Regions

• Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions

• Four abdominopelvic quadrants

• Nine abdominopelvic regions



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Key Note

Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.



Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections

• Transverse plane

• Transverse section

• Frontal plane

• Frontal section

• Sagittal plane

• Sagittal section



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Check on Learning

Which of the following statements best describes a Frontal Plane of Section?

A. Section which separates right and left portions.

B. Section which passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides.

C. Section which separates anterior and posterior portions of the body.

D. Section which separates superior and inferior portions of the body.


The Major Body Cavities and Their Subdivisions



Ventral body cavity

• Protects delicate organs

• Permits organ growth and movement

• Surrounds:

• Respiratory

• Cardiovascular

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Reproductive systems

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Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:

• Thoracic cavity

• Pleural cavities (R and L)

• Pericardial cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

• Peritoneal membrane




Check on Learning

A midsagittal view of the ventral body cavities would show which body cavities listed from cranial to caudal?A. The ventral body cavity showing the plural cavity with the right

and left lungs separated by the mediastinum. The pericardialcavity being at the anterior inferior aspect of the mediastinum.

B. The plural cavity and peritoneal cavity making up the thoraciccavity. The abdominal cavity superior to the pelvic cavity making up the abdominopelvic cavity.

C. The thoracic cavity containing the plural cavities separated by the mediastinum, the pericardial cavity in the anterior inferior aspect. The abdominopelvic cavity made up of the abdominalcavity, the peritoneal cavity, superior to the pelvic cavity.

D. All of the above.

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The Different Radiological and Ultrasound Procedures Along with

the Basis of How They Work



Radiological Procedures

• X‐rays

• CT Scans

• MRIs

• Ultrasound


X‐Rays

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X‐Rays


Common Scanning Techniques



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Check on Learning

Which of the following best describes an ultrasound?

A. A form of high‐energy radiation that travels through the body before striking a photographic plate.

B. Using computers to reconstruct sectional views, an energy source rotates around the body, and the energy beam strikes a sensor, then moves a short distance and repeats.

C. Surrounds part or all of the body with a magnetic field about 3000 times as strong as that of the earth.

D. A small transmitter contacting the skin broadcasts a brief, narrow burst of high‐frequency sound and then detects the echoes.

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Questions?


Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Communicate knowledge of “Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology”

Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment

Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards


Agenda

Define the medical vocabulary components related to an introduction to anatomy and physiology

Communicate the basic functions of living organisms

Define anatomy and physiology along with the various specialties within each discipline

29


Agenda

Identify the major levels of organization in living organisms

Identify the organ systems of the human body and the major components of each system

Communicate the significance of homeostasis

Communicate how negative and positive feedback is involved in homeostasis


Agenda

Communicate body sections, body regions, and relative positions using anatomical terms

Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions

Communicate the different radiological and ultrasound procedures along with the basis of how they work


Reason

Anatomy and Physiology are the foundation on which all medicine is based. Learn well now and everything that follows will come easier.

As a Special Operations Combat Medic, you also have the duty to harm/kill others, and to teach others how to do so. In order to do this well, you need a solid understanding of both anatomy and physiology.

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Break

Terminal Learning Objective · 2015. 12. 14. · •Cellular •Tissue •Organ •Organ System...

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