TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1....

41
1?C'!=31!O3a ?C'!=31!O3a ?#W+)3=+==YM ?#W+)3=+==YM =!O35 =!O35 TD TD 7?=K+C+=O3a ?C'!=31!O33 ?#W+)3=+==YM =!O35 A? G?C'?%9+ 3 C!1%3G3_ Distr. GENERAL TD/B/42(1)/8 3 July 1995 RUSSIAN Original: ENGLISH E?%+G A? G?C'?%9+ 3 C!1%3G3_ E@D@8 &H@D"b F,FF4b A,D&"b R"FH\ /,>,&", 11 F,>Hb$Db 1995 (@*" AJ>8H 4 BD,*&"D4H,:\>@6 B@&,FH84 *>b A?;?U[ _=7G!) A!9+EG3=E7?;I =!C?)I 32<,>,>4b & ^8@>@<48, @88JB4D@&">>@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44 )@8:"* F,8D,H"D4"H" _=7G!) _____________________________________________________________________________ IB@HD,$:b,<Z, @$@2>"R,>4b 4 42:@0,>4, <"H,D4":" & >"FH@bV,< *@8J<,>H, >, @2>"R"`H &ZD"0,>4b F@ FH@D@>Z E,8D,H"D4"H" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 8"8@(@ $Z H@ >4 $Z:@ <>,>4b @H>@F4H,:\>@ BD"&@&@(@ FH"HJF" FHD">Z, H,DD4H@D44, (@D@*" 4:4 D"6@>" 4:4 4N &:"FH,6, 4:4 *,:4<4H"P44 4N (D">4P. GE.95-52296 (R)

Transcript of TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1....

Page 1: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

1?C'!=31!O3a?C'!=31!O3a?#W+)3=+==YM?#W+)3=+==YM =!O35=!O35 TDTD

7?=K+C+=O3a ?C'!=31!O33?#W+)3=+==YM =!O35A? G?C'?%9+ 3 C!1%3G3_

Distr.GENERAL

TD/B/42(1)/83 July 1995

RUSSIANOriginal: ENGLISH

E?%+G A? G?C'?%9+ 3 C!1%3G3_

E@D@8 &H@D"b F,FF4b

A,D&"b R"FH\

/,>,&", 11 F,>Hb$Db 1995 (@*"

AJ>8H 4 BD,*&"D4H,:\>@6 B@&,FH84 *>b

A?;?U[ _=7G!) A!9+EG3=E7?;I =!C?)I

32<,>,>4b & ^8@>@<48, @88JB4D@&">>@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44

)@8:"* F,8D,H"D4"H" _=7G!)

_____________________________________________________________________________

IB@HD,$:b,<Z, @$@2>"R,>4b 4 42:@0,>4, <"H,D4":" & >"FH@bV,< *@8J<,>H, >, @2>"R"`H

&ZD"0,>4b F@ FH@D@>Z E,8D,H"D4"H" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 8"8@(@ $Z H@ >4 $Z:@

<>,>4b @H>@F4H,:\>@ BD"&@&@(@ FH"HJF" FHD">Z, H,DD4H@D44, (@D@*" 4:4 D"6@>" 4:4 4N

&:"FH,6, 4:4 *,:4<4H"P44 4N (D">4P.

GE.95-52296 (R)

Page 2: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 2

E?)+C/!=3+

AJ>8HZAJ>8HZ

AD,*4F:@&4,AD,*4F:@&4, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 4

Q"FH\Q"FH\ I A?E9+)=3+A?E9+)=3+ 31;+=+=3a31;+=+=3a %% A!9+EG3=E7?5A!9+EG3=E7?5 ]7?=?;37+]7?=?;37+

(1993-1995 '?)Y'?)Y) EE 1!?EGC+=3+;1!?EGC+=3+; %=3;!=3a%=3;!=3a =!=!

G+=)+=O3aMG+=)+=O3aM %% ?#9!EG3?#9!EG3 Q!EG=YMQ!EG=YM 3=%+EG3O353=%+EG3O35 . . . . . . . 5 - 47

A. A@:4H4R,F84, JF:@&4b, &:4b`V4, >" F@FH@b>4,

B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 17

1. ?FJV,FH&:,>4, 42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F84N

^8@>@<4R,F84N F@(:"T,>46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 9

2. A,DFB,8H4&Z B":,FH4>F8@- "D"$F8@(@

^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 11

3. =@&"b B":,FH4>F8"b 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>"b $"2"

& ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 4 F@P4":\>@6 FL,D"N . . . . . . . . . . 12 - 14

4. ;>@(@FH@D@>>4, 4 *&JFH@D@>>4, BD@(D"<<Z

B@<@V4 & P,:bN D"2&4H4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 - 17

B. E@FH@b>4, ^8@>@<484: @F>@&>Z, H,>*,>P44 4

42<,>,>4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 - 28

C. M"D"8H,D>Z, @F@$,>>@FH4 R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46

& B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 - 41

1. =@&"b >@D<"H4&>@- BD"&@&"b @F>@&" D,(J:4D@&">4b

R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 - 33

2. 3>FH4HJP4@>":\>"b, H,N>4R,F8"b 4 &FB@<@("H,:\>"b

$"2" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - 40

3. Q"FH>Z, 4>&,FH4P4@>>Z, B@H@84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 - 47

Q"FH\Q"FH\ II A+CEA+7G3%YA+CEA+7G3%Y IEG?5Q3%?'?IEG?5Q3%?'? C!1%3G3aC!1%3G3a A!9+EG3=E7?5A!9+EG3=E7?5

]7?=?;373]7?=?;373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 - 70

A. 1"*"R4 D"2&4H4b >,2"&4F4<@6 B":,FH4>F8@6

^8@>@<484 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 - 52

Page 3: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 3

E?)+C/!=3+ ( @8@>R">4,)

AJ>8HZAJ>8HZ

B. ;"8D@^8@>@<4R,F84, "FB,8HZ JFH@6R4&@(@ D@FH" . . . . . . . . 53 - 61

C. ?F>@&>Z, F,8H@D":\>Z, BD@$:,<Z FHDJ8HJD>ZN

BD,@$D"2@&">46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 - 70

Q"FH\Q"FH\ III ?#1?C?#1?C M?)!M?)! C!#?GYC!#?GY E+7C+G!C3!G!E+7C+G!C3!G! _=7G!)_=7G!) %% ?#9!EG3?#9!EG3

A?;?U3A?;?U3 A!9+EG3=E7?;IA!9+EG3=E7?;I =!C?)I=!C?)I, 1994-1995 '?)Y'?)Y,EE ?E?#Y;?E?#Y; !7O+=G?;!7O+=G?; =!=! AC?'C!;;+AC?'C!;;+ )+aG+9[=?EG3)+aG+9[=?EG3

%% ?#9!EG3?#9!EG3 G+M=3Q+E7?'?G+M=3Q+E7?'? E?GCI)=3Q+EG%!E?GCI)=3Q+EG%! .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 - 79

A. ?HF:,04&">4, B@F:,*>4N 42<,>,>46 & B":,FH4>F8@6

^8@>@<48, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 - 72

B. KJ>*"<,>H":\>@, 42JR,>4, BD4@D4H,H>ZN @$:"FH,6/&@BD@F@& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 - 75

C. AD@(D"<<" *,bH,:\>@FH4 & @$:"FH4 H,N>4R,F8@(@

F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 - 78

D. 7@@D*4>"P4b 4 F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ & F4FH,<,

?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Page 4: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 4

AD,*4F:@&4,

1. % F@@H&,HFH&44 F B@:@0,>4b<4 D,2@:`P44 146 (VI) 7@>L,D,>P44 F D,T,>4,<,BD4>bHZ< & 7"DH"N,>,, " H"80, F D,T,>4,< 47/455 ',>,D":\>@6 !FF"<$:,4 @ B@<@V4

_=7G!) B":,FH4>F8@<J >"D@*J & >"FH@bV,< *@8:"*, 42:"("`HFb &Z&@*Z, F*,:">>Z, >"

@F>@&, ">":42" 4 42JR,>4b 42<,>,>46 & ^8@>@<48, @88JB4D@&">>@6 B":,FH4>F8@6

H,DD4H@D44 1/, BD,0*, &F,(@ & B,D4@* F 4`:b 1994 (@*" B@ 4`>\ 1995 (@*". 7"8 4 &

BD,*Z*JV4N ,0,(@*>ZN *@8:"*"N, (@H@&4&T4NFb F,8D,H"D4"H@< _=7G!) B@ ^H@<J &@BD@FJ

F 1985 (@*", & >"FH@bV,< *@8:"*, ">":424DJ`HFb B@F:,*>4, F*&4(4, 2"HD"(4&"`V4,

B":,FH4>F8J` ^8@>@<48J, " H"80, N@* D"$@HZ F,8D,H"D4"H" & @$:"FH4 B@<@V4

B":,FH4>F8@<J >"D@*J.

2. ?(D@<>@, &:4b>4, >" $@:\T4>FH&@ "FB,8H@& ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 >" H,DD4H@D44

BD@*@:0"`H @8"2Z&"H\ B@:4H4R,F84, F@$ZH4b, BD@4FN@*bV4, & D,(4@>,. % R"FH>@FH4, &

BD@T:@< (@*J BD@*@:0":@F\ @FJV,FH&:,>4, 42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F84N F@(:"T,>46

1993-1994 (@*@& 2/, B@FH,B,>>@ $D":" >" F,$b &F` B@:>@HJ @H&,HFH&,>>@FH4 2" B@:@0,>4,

*,: >" H,DD4H@D44 B":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b 4 &,:4F\ B,D,(@&@DZ @ F"<@JBD"&:,>4b F

F,8H@D" '"2" 4 3,D4N@>" >" @FH"&TJ`Fb R"FH\ 1"B"*>@(@ $,D,(". ]H4 &@BD@FZ 4 F&b2">>Z,

F >4<4 F@$ZH4b @8"2":4F\ & P,>HD, &>4<">4b 2"4>H,D,F@&">>ZN FH@D@> 4 BD,&D"H4:4F\ &

L"8H@DZ, H,F>@ F&b2">>Z, F D"2&4H4,< B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 4 ,, $J*JV4<4

B,DFB,8H4&"<4. E 1993 (@*" *@FH40,>4b $:40>,&@FH@R>@(@ <4D>@(@ BD@P,FF" FH":4

,*4>FH&,>>@6 8@>8D,H>@6 4 D,":\>@6 @F>@&@6 *:b &@FFH">@&:,>4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 &

D"<8"N <4D>@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" F 32D"4:,< 4 F "D"$F84<4 F@F,*b<4 A":,FH4>Z. ?*>"8@

BD4 @(D@<>ZN B@HD,$>@FHbN 4 $@:\T4N >"*,0*"N, &@2:"("`V4NFb >" ^H@H BD@P,FF,BD@*&40,>4, &B,D,* 4*,H <,*:,>>@. ):b B":,FH4>F8@(@ >"D@*" <>@(4, 42 @04*",<ZN

^8@>@<4R,F84N *4&4*,>*@& <4D>@(@ BD@P,FF" &F, ,V, @FH"`HFb R4FH@ H,@D,H4R,F84<4

P,:b<4.

3. =,&24D"b >" BD,BbHFH&4b, &@2>48T4, >" BJH4 <4D>@(@ BD@P,FF", @04&:,>4b 4

&@FFH">@&:,>4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484, 8 >"FH@bV,<J &D,<,>4 *@FH4(>JH FJV,FH&,>>Z6

BD@(D,FF, " $@:,, *@:(@FD@R>Z, B,DFB,8H4&Z ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ 4 F@P4":\>@(@ D"2&4H4b

BD,*FH"&:b`HFb 8"8 >48@(*" $:"(@BD4bH>Z<4. E:@04:"F\ F@(:"F@&">>"b 4 *@FH"H@R>@

R,H8"b @F>@&" *:b &ZD"$@H84 ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 B@:4H484, >"R":4 L@D<4D@&"H\Fb HD,$J`V4,Fb

4>FH4HJP4@>":\>Z, 4 @B,D"H4&>Z, <,N">42<Z, >"R":4 *,6FH&@&"H\ <,0*J>"D@*>Z,

BD@(D"<<Z RD,2&ZR"6>@6 B@<@V4, 2>"R4H,:\>@ J:JRT4:4F\ JF:@&4b *:b D"2&,DHZ&">4b

8DJB>ZN 4>4P4"H4& & @$:"FH4 R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46, &8:`R"b &@2<@0>@FH4 D"2&4H4b

42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F8@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&". 1"8D,B:,>4, ^H4N B@24H4&>ZN H,>*,>P46 &

F@R,H">44 F JD,(J:4D@&">4,< @FH"`V4NFb B@8" >, D,T,>>Z<4 B@:4H4R,F84N &@BD@F@&

*@:0>@ F@2*"H\ $@:,, $:"(@BD4bH>Z, JF:@&4b *:b JFH@6R4&@(@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ 4 F@P4":\>@(@

D"2&4H4b A":,FH4>Z.

4. % ^H@6 F&b24 & R"FH4 I >"FH@bV,(@ *@8:"*" 8D"H8@ @B4FZ&"`HFb @F>@&>Z, 42<,>,>4b &

^8@>@<48, B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44, BD@4FT,*T4, & B@F:,*>,, &D,<b, & H@< R4F:,

4<,`V4,Fb *">>Z, @ F@FH@b>44 4 D"2&4H44 ^8@>@<484. ?F@$@, &>4<">4, J*,:b,HFb

Page 5: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 5

B@F:,*>4< H,>*,>P4b< & @$:"FH4 R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46 & B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48,.% R"FH4 II 42:"(",HFb D,2`<, &Z&@*@&, F*,:">>ZN B@ D,2J:\H"H"< 4FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@(@

BD@,8H" F,8D,H"D4"H" _=7G!), B@F&bV,>>@(@ ">":42J FD,*>,- 4 *@:(@FD@R>ZN B,DFB,8H4&

JFH@6R4&@(@ D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484. % R"FH4 III @B4FZ&",HFb BD@(D,FF,*@FH4(>JHZ6 & D"$@H, F,8D,H"D4"H" & *,:, @8"2">4b B@<@V4 B":,FH4>F8@<J >"D@*J 2"

D"FF<"HD4&",<Z6 B,D4@*. %&4*J >"FJV>ZN B@HD,$>@FH,6 B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44

&>4<">4, 2"@FHDb,HFb >" *,bH,:\>@FH4 B@ :4>44 BD@(D"<<Z F,8D,H"D4"H" & @$:"FH4

H,N>4R,F8@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" & 4>H,D,F"N B@**,D084 B":,FH4>F8@6 H@D(@&:4, 4>&,FH4P46 4

F&b2">>ZN F >4<4 F,8H@D@& JF:J(, @BD,*,:,>>Z, ^:,<,>HZ 8@H@DZN >"R":4 @FJV,FH&:bH\Fb F

F,D,*4>Z 1995 (@*".

Page 6: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 6

Q"FH\ I

A?E9+)=3+ 31;+=+=3a % A!9+EG3=E7?5 ]7?=?;37+ (1993-1995 '?)Y)E 1!?EGC+=3+; %=3;!=3a =! G+=)+=O3aM % ?#9!EG3 Q!EG=YM

3=%+EG3O35

A. A@:4H4R,F84, JF:@&4b, &:4b`V4, >" F@FH@b>4,

B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484

1. ?FJV,FH&:,>4, 42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F84N F@(:"T,>46

5. 7"8 @H<,R":@F\ F,8D,H"D4"H@< & 1994 (@*J, & 42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F84N F@(:"T,>4bN

1993-1994 (@*@& F@P4":\>@- ^8@>@<4R,F8@<J D"2&4H4` BD4*",HFb @(D@<>@, 2>"R,>4, 8"8 &

8"R,FH&, FD,*FH&", H"8 4 & 8"R,FH&, 8@>,R>@6 P,:4 <4D>@(@ BD@P,FF" 3/. A,DFB,8H4&Z,@H8DZ&T4,Fb $:"(@*"Db ^H4< F@(:"T,>4b<, " H"80, (D">*4@2>Z, F@P4":\>@- ^8@>@<4R,F84,

P,:4 4 BD@(D"<<Z &@FFH">@&:,>4b ^8@>@<484, D"2D"$@H">>Z, & ^H@6 F&b24, B@D@*4:4

Hb0,:@, $D,<b *:b 2"4>H,D,F@&">>ZN FH@D@>, B@F8@:\8J @H >4N @04*"`H *@FH40,>4b

@VJH4<ZN D,2J:\H"H@& & 8@D@H84, FD@84. % JF:@&4bN JFH@6R4&@(@ *"&:,>4b, 8@H@D@,

F@2*"&":@F\ >" BD@Hb0,>44 (@*" HJD$J:,>H>@6 B@:4H4R,F8@6 @$FH">@&8@6 4 F4HJ"P4,6 &

@$:"FH4 $,2@B"F>@FH4, *4D,8H4&>Z, @D(">Z 4 BD,*FH"&4H,:4 FH@D@>, &,*JV4, B,D,(@&@DZ,*@$4:4F\ BD@(D,FF" & $@:\T4>FH&, @$:"FH,6, @N&"R,>>ZN <4D>Z<4 F@(:"T,>4b<4,B"D"::,:\>@ &,*b B,D,(@&@DZ B@ >,JD,(J:4D@&">>Z< &@BD@F"<. ?(D@<>,6T,, 2>"R,>4, &

^H@6 F&b24 4<,,H D"FBD@FHD">,>4, FL,DZ *,6FH&4b &D,<,>>ZN *@(@&@D,>>@FH,6 >" @FH":\>J`

@88JB4D@&">>J` H,DD4H@D4`; *@FH40,>4, F@(:"T,>4b B@ ^H@<J &@BD@FJ >"<,R,>@ >" 4`:\

1995 (@*". 94T\ B@F:, @FJV,FH&:,>4b &F,N *@(@&@D,>>@FH,6 >" B,D,N@*>Z6 B,D4@*, & H@<

R4F:, B@ B,D,*4F:@8"P44 F4: 32D"4:b >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 B@ B":,FH4>F84< &Z$@D"<,BD,*B@:"(",HFb >"R"H\ B,D,(@&@DZ B@ F:@0>Z< &@BD@F"< " @8@>R"H,:\>@(@ FH"HJF""( F 1996 (@*"). G"84< @$D"2@<, &:4b>4, 2"8:`R,>>ZN >,*"&>@ ^8@>@<4R,F84N F@(:"T,>46

:JRT, &F,(@ @P,>4&"H\ R,D,2 BD42<J J0, *@FH4(>JH@(@ D,":\>@(@ BD@(D,FF" 4 H@6

*4FH">P44, 8@H@DJ` ,V, BD,*FH@4H BD@6H4, " H"80, F JR,H@< FB"*" & ^8@>@<48, & B,D4@*,BD,*T,FH&@&"&T46 1993 (@*J.

6. ?F>@&>Z, @F@$,>>@FH4 BbH4:,H>,(@ B,D,N@*>@(@ B,D4@*", BD,*JF<@HD,>>@(@ &

32D"4:\8@- A":,FH4>F8@6 *,8:"D"P44 BD4>P4B@&, @$@2>"R4:4F\ B@F:, <"b 1994 (@*", 8@(*"

$Z:@ B@*B4F">@ F@(:"T,>4, B@ F,8H@DJ '"2" 4 3,D4N@>J. A":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b

( A!) 4 / BD4>b:" >" F,$b B@:>@<@R4b & (D"0*">F8@6, B@:4H4R,F8@6 4 ^8@>@<4R,F8@6

FL,D, 4 FL,D, $,2@B"F>@FH4 & F,8H@D, '"2" 4 3,D4N@>,, >"R":4 LJ>8P4@>4D@&"H\ ,,

@F>@&>Z, JRD,0*,>4b. ?$,FB,R4&",HFb F@$:`*,>4, BD4>P4B@& 4 BD"8H4R,F84N

*@(@&@D,>>@FH,6, 2"8D,B:,>>ZN & 42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F8@< AD@H@8@:, @$ ^8@>@<4R,F84N

@H>@T,>4bN. % *,8"$D, 1994 (@*" A! BD4>b:" >" F,$b >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J B@:>@<@R4b &

BbH4 F,8H@D"N: & FL,D, @$D"2@&">4b, 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b, F@P4":\>@(@ @$,FB,R,>4b, HJD42<"

4 >":@(@@$:@0,>4b 5/. % <", 1995 (@*" $Z:" *@FH4(>JH" *@(@&@D,>>@FH\ @ B,D,*"R,

B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 B@:>@<@R46 >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J ,V, & Db*, F,8H@D@&, &8:`R"b

F,:\F8@, N@2b6FH&@, ^>,D(,H48J 4 FH"H4FH48J. 1"<,H>Z6 BD@(D,FF $Z: *@FH4(>JH & FL,D,

H@D(@&:4, & $">8@&F8@< *,:, 4 & FL,D, (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN L4>">F@&.

Page 7: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 7

7. %B,D&Z, B@:JR4: D,":\>@, BD42>">4, BD4>P4B F&@$@*>@6 H@D(@&:4 BD@*J8P4,6

@$D"$"HZ&"`V,6 BD@<ZT:,>>@FH4 4 $@:\T4>FH&@< F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>ZN H@&"D@& <,0*J

H,DD4H@D4,6 4 32D"4:,<, F@2*">" @F>@&" *:b D"FT4D,>4b 4 *4&,DF4L48"P44 B":,FH4>F8@6

H@D(@&:4 F "D"$F84<4 B"DH>,D"<4. 7 F,D,*4>, 1995 (@*" >" H,DD4H@D44 @H8DZ:@F\ F&ZT,

40 @H*,:,>46 12 "D"$F84N 4 B":,FH4>F84N $">8@&, $:"(@*"Db R,<J 2>"R4H,:\>@

"8H4&424D@&":Fb BD@P,FF F@2*">4b >@&ZN 8@<B">46. %F, ^H@ F@BD@&@0*":@F\ @04&:,>4,<

D"$@HZ $`*0,H>@- L4>">F@&@6 F4FH,<Z, &8:`R"b D"P4@>":42"P4` F$@D" (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN

*@N@*@& 4 L@D<4D@&">4b FH"H,6 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN D"FN@*@&. % 1995 (@*J >"R":

LJ>8P4@>4D@&"H\ <,N">42< ,0,<,FbR>ZN D"FR,H@& B@ >":@(J >" *@$"&:,>>J` FH@4<@FH\

( =)E) <,0*J 32D"4:,< 4 B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P4,6, BD4R,<, F@(:"F>@ F@@$V,>4b<,FL,D" ,(@ @N&"H" 4 8DJ( B@:\2J`V4NFb 4< FJ$X,8H@& D"FT4Db,HFb; $:"(@*"Db R4FH@<J

B@:@04H,:\>@<J F":\*@ D"FR,H@& B@ =)E & B@:\2J B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 J*":@F\

*@$4H\Fb J&,:4R,>4b FD,*FH& & *@N@*>@6 R"FH4 B":,FH4>F8@(@ $`*0,H" 6/. 1" B,D4@* F

<"b 1994 (@*" B@ <"DH 1995 (@*" B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 BD4R4H":@F\ $@:,,

50 <:>. *@::. & 8"R,FH&, R4FHZN B@FHJB:,>46 B@ =)E @H H@D(@&:4 F 32D"4:,< 4 R,D,2

32D"4:\ ( B@ F,8H@DJ '"2" - F <"b 1994 (@*", " B@ 1"B"*>@<J $,D,(J - F *,8"$Db

1994 (@*") >"Db*J F 22 <:>. *@::. B@ FH"H\, "8P42>ZN >":@(@&, JB:"R,>>ZN

B":,FH4>F84<4 B@HD,$4H,:b<4 42D"4:\F84< B@FH"&V48"< 7/. 7 <"` 1995 (@*" &@BD@F @

&@2<,V,>44 ^H4N >":@(@& B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 $Z: @8@>R"H,:\>@ JD,(J:4D@&">, 4

32D"4:\ BD@42&,: B,D&Z, B:"H,04 8/.

8. =,F<@HDb >" ^H4 4 *DJ(4, *@FH40,>4b, *@ F,D,*4>Z 1995 (@*" $,FB,D,$@6>@<J

LJ>8P4@>4D@&">4` >@&@(@ <,N">42<" ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 B@:4H484 BD@*@:0": <,T"H\ Db*

BD,BbHFH&46. 7"8 @H<,R":@F\, 8 F,D,*4>, 1995 (@*" >"<,R":@F\ @FJV,FH&4H\ R"FH\ &"0>ZN

8@<B@>,>H@& F@(:"T,>4b >" B,D,N@*>Z6 B,D4@*, & H@< R4F:, B@:@0,>4b @ B,D,*&40,>44

:`*,6 4 B,D,<,V,>44 H@&"D@& <,0*J F"<@JBD"&:b`V4<4Fb D"6@>"<4, 32D"4:,< 4

@FH":\>Z<4 FHD">"<4 <4D". ?(D">4R,>>@FH\ &:"FH>ZN B@:>@<@R46 B":,FH4>F8@6

"*<4>4FHD"P44 *@ >"FH@bV,(@ &D,<,>4 4 2"*,D084 F D"FT4D,>4,< FL,DZ *,6FH&4b

F@(:"T,>46 @ F"<@JBD"&:,>44 ,V, $@:,, @F:@0>4:4 &ZB@:>,>4, 2"*"R JBD"&:,>4b

^8@>@<48@6 4 2"Hb>J:4 BD@P,FF D,L@D<Z ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 B@:4H484 4 B,D,FHD@684

^8@>@<484. 7D@<, H@(@, <,*:,>>@ T:@ F@2*">4, 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>ZN <,N">42<@& 4

D,(J:bH4&>@6 @F>@&Z, >,@$N@*4<@6 *:b @FJV,FH&:,>4b ^8@>@<4R,F84N F@(:"T,>46.AD@$:,<Z, F&b2">>Z, F F@2*">4,< 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6 @F>@&Z & JF:@&4bN @HFJHFH&4b ,*4>@(@

BD"&@&@(@, B@:4H4R,F8@(@ 4 (,@(D"L4R,F8@(@ BD@FHD">FH&", @8"2":4F\ 8@:@FF":\>Z<4.)4D,8H4&>Z, @D(">Z 4 @$V,FH&,>>@FH\ >" BD@Hb0,>44 $@:\T,6 R"FH4 ^H@(@ B,D4@*"

@$D"V":4 @F>@&>@, &>4<">4, >" "8H4&42"P4` <,0*J>"D@*>@6 BD@(D"<<Z RD,2&ZR"6>@6

B@<@V4. ]H@ @H&:,8":@ &>4<">4, @H D,T,>4b *DJ(4N &@BD@F@&, " >4284, H,<BZ

@FJV,FH&:,>4b <,D@BD4bH46 B@ <,0*J>"D@*>@6 BD@(D"<<, B@<@V4 @H>`*\ >, FB@F@$FH&@&":4

@B,D"H4&>@<J BD@&,*,>4` D,L@D< B@:4H484 4 F@2*">4` >@&ZN BD,*BD4bH46 & R"FH>@<

F,8H@D, ( F<. >40,).

9. ;,DZ, BD4>4<"&T4,Fb 32D"4:,< 4FN@*b 42 F@@$D"0,>46 $,2@B"F>@FH4, H"80,

@8"2Z&":4 >,("H4&>@, &:4b>4, >" B":,FH4>F8J` ^8@>@<48J & D"FF<"HD4&",<Z6 B,D4@*.% R"FH>@FH4, >,@*>@8D"H>@ BD4>4<"&T4,Fb D,T,>4b @ 2"8DZH44 (D">4P F,8H@D" '"2" 4

Page 8: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 8

1"B"*>@(@ $,D,(" B@ F@@$D"0,>4b<, *48HJ,<Z< $,2@B"F>@FH\`, BD4&,:4 8 2>"R4H,:\>@<J

F@8D"V,>4` R4F:" B":,FH4>F84N HDJ*bV4NFb, *@BJF8",<ZN >" H,DD4H@D4` 32D"4:b, &Z2&":4

D,28@, B"*,>4, @$X,<" *@N@*@& @H D"$@HZ & 32D"4:,, BD4&,:4 8 $:@84D@&">4` H@D(@&ZN

B@H@8@&, >"BD"&:b&T4NFb >" H,DD4H@D4` 4 F >,,, 8 B"*,>4` P,> >" H@&"DZ <,FH>@(@

BD@42&@*FH&", " H"80, 8 F>40,>4` 4>&,FH4P4@>>@6 "8H4&>@FH4 4 8 JNJ*T,>4` B,DFB,8H4&

>" $:40"6T,, $J*JV,,. ]H4 D,T,>4b >,("H4&>@ F8"2":4F\ >" $@:\T,6 R"FH4 >"F,:,>4b

F,8H@D" '"2", " H"80, >" &>,T>,H@D(@&ZN F&b2bN, 8@H@DZ, 2"&4FbH @H F&@$@*>@(@ *@FHJB" 8

DZ>8"< & 32D"4:,, >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & 2"DJ$,0>ZN FHD">"N 9/. C,T,>4, @ 2"8DZH44

H,DD4H@D44 *,6FH&@&":@ >" BD@Hb0,>44 >,F8@:\84N <,FbP,&, " & <", 1995 (@*" $Z:4

@$Xb&:,>Z <,DZ B@ :4$,D":42"P44 D,04<" B,D,<,V,>4b D"$@R,6 F4:Z 4 H@&"D@& >"

H,DD4H@D4` 4 F >,, 10/. AD,*B@:"(",HFb, RH@ *:b B,D,F<@HD" >,8@H@DZN B@:@0,>46

42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F84N ^8@>@<4R,F84N F@(:"T,>46, 4FN@*b 42 >@&ZN B@HD,$>@FH,6

A":,FH4>Z, & F,D,*4>, 1995 (@*" $J*,H F@2&"> E@&<,FH>Z6 ^8@>@<4R,F846 8@<4H,H 11/.

2. A,DFB,8H4&Z B":,FH4>F8@- "D"$F8@(@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&"

10. 7"8 B@*R,D84&":@F\ & BD,*Z*JV4N *@8:"*"N 4 4FF:,*@&">4bN F,8D,H"D4"H", F&b24 F

"D"$F84< D,(4@>@< 4<,`H @(D@<>@, 2>"R,>4, *:b $@:\T4>FH&" ^8@>@<4R,F84N 4 F@P4":\>ZN

F,8H@D@& A":,FH4>Z; & R"FH>@FH4, 042>,>>@ &"0>J` D@:\ & J:JRT,>44 B,DFB,8H4&

D"2&4H4b A":,FH4>Z 4(D"`H H@D(@&:b F 3@D*">4,6 4 HD">24H R,D,2 ,, H,DD4H@D4`.% b>&"D, 1995 (@*" 3@D*">4b 4 A":,FH4>" B@*B4F":4 Db* " D"<@R>ZN F@(:"T,>46" @

H@D(@&:, 4 *DJ(4N ^8@>@<4R,F84N F&b2bN 12/, 8@H@DZ<4 BD,*JF<"HD4&",HFb $@:,, "8H4&>@,

D"2&,DHZ&">4, F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" B@ FD"&>,>4` F *@&@:\>@ F8D@<>Z<4 F&b2b<4, 8@H@DZ, $Z:4

N"D"8H,D>Z<4 *:b @H>@T,>46 <,0*J >4<4 F 1988 (@*". % <", 1995 (@*" $Z:4

B@*B4F">Z *,H":424D@&">>Z, BD@H@8@:Z B@ @FJV,FH&:,>4` >,8@H@DZN 42 ^H4N F@(:"T,>46,&8:`R"b F@(:"T,>4, @ H@&"D>@6 H@D(@&:, <,0*J 3@D*">4,6 4 B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D4,6. %

BD@H@8@:, @ H@D(@&:, BD,*JF<@HD,>" JB@Db*@R,>>"b FN,<" FH4<J:@& *:b D"2&4H4b 4@D*">F8@-B":,FH4>F8@6 H@D(@&:4 & B,D,N@*>Z6 B,D4@*, 8@H@D"b @F>@&">" >" H"D4L>ZN 42XbH4bN 4

F84*8"N >" $"2, BD,*,:\>ZN JD@&>,6 4 @F>@&>ZN H@&"D>ZN 8"H,(@D46, @BD,*,:,>>ZN &

42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F84N ^8@>@<4R,F84N F@(:"T,>4bN 1994 (@*". #Z:4 D"2D"$@H">Z *&"

FB4F8", & 8@H@DZ, $Z:4 &8:`R,>Z & @$V,6 F:@0>@FH4 75 B@24P46 4@D*">F8@(@ ^8FB@DH"

BD@*J8P44 @$D"$"HZ&"`V,6 BD@<ZT:,>>@FH4, 8@H@DZ, @F&@$@0*,>Z @H B":,FH4>F84N

H"<@0,>>ZN B@T:4>; ,V, B@ @*>@<J FB4F8J @H 4@D*">F84N H"<@0,>>ZN B@T:4> 4 *DJ(4N

F$@D@& 4 >":@(@& ( ">":@(4R>@(@ N"D"8H,D", 2" 4F8:`R,>4,< <,FH>ZN BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN

>":@(@& 4 >":@(@& F BD@*"0) @F&@$@0*"`HFb 27 B@24P46 B":,FH4>F8@(@ ^8FB@DH" BD@*J8P44

@$D"$"HZ&"`V,6 BD@<ZT:,>>@FH4; & R,H&,DHZ6 FB4F@8 &8:`R,>Z 14 B@24P46

B":,FH4>F8@(@ ^8FB@DH" BD@<ZT:,>>ZN H@&"D@&, 8@H@DZ, @F&@$@0*"`HFb H@:\8@ @H

H"<@0,>>ZN B@T:4> 3@D*">44. G@D(@&:b F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>Z<4 H@&"D"<4 <,0*J *&J<b

FH@D@>"<4 B@:>@FH\` @F&@$@0*,>" @H B@T:4>, F$@D@& 4 >":@(@& 4 $J*,H D,(J:4D@&"H\Fb >"

@F>@&, F,2@>>ZN (D"L48@&, D"2D"$"HZ&",<ZN F@&<,FH>Z< 8@<4H,H@< ^8FB,DH@&. #Z:4

F@(:"F@&">Z <,DZ B@ @F&4*,H,:\FH&@&">4` BD@4FN@0*,>4b B":,FH4>F84N 4 4@D*">F84N

^8FB@DH>ZN H@&"D@&; 8D@<, H@(@, *:b B@@VD,>4b &2"4<>@(@ ^8FB@DH" 2"B:">4D@&">@

BD@&,*,>4, H@D(@&ZN &ZFH"&@8- bD<"D@8. % N@*, *":\>,6T4N B,D,(@&@D@& $J*JH D"FF<@HD,>Z

Page 9: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 9

>,JD,(J:4D@&">>Z, &@BD@FZ HD">24H>@6 H@D(@&:4 4 4<B@DH>ZN 2"8JB@8 A":,FH4>@6

4@D*">F84N >,LH,N4<4R,F84N H@&"D@&.

11. ?BD,*,:,>>Z6 BD@(D,FF $Z: *@FH4(>JH 4 & D"2&4H44 ,(4B,HF8@- B":,FH4>F84N

^8@>@<4R,F84N @H>@T,>46, N@Hb @8@>R"H,:\>Z, 4<B:,<,>H"P4@>>Z, F@(:"T,>4b ,V,

BD,*FH@4H B@*B4F"H\. E@&F,< >,*"&>@ >" F@&,V">44, BD@&,*,>>@< >" JD@&>, <4>4FHD@&,$Z: @$FJ0*,> Db* &@BD@F@&, BD,*FH"&:b`V4N &2"4<>Z6 4>H,D,F 13/ . 7 >4< @H>@FbHFb:B,DFB,8H4&Z D"FT4D,>4b H@D(@&:4 >" @F>@&, &2"4<>ZN BD,L,D,>P4":\>ZN JFHJB@8 &

F@@H&,HFH&44 F BD4>P4B"<4 ':@$":\>@6 F4FH,<Z H@D(@&ZN BD,L,D,>P46 <,0*J

D"2&4&"`V4<4Fb FHD">"<4 ( 'EGA), & 8@H@D@6 JR"FH&J`H 4 +(4B,H, 4 A":,FH4>";@H8DZH4, B@(D">4R>@(@ BJ>8H" & C"L"N, *:b H@&"D>@6 H@D(@&:4 <,0*J B":,FH4>F8@6

H,DD4H@D4,6 4 +(4BH@<; F@2*">4, B@(D">4R>@6 BD@<ZT:,>>@6 2@>Z ^8FB@DH>@6

B,D,D"$@H84 4 F@&<,FH>@6 2@>Z $,FB@T:4>>@6 H@D(@&:4; @D(">42"P4b H@D(@&ZN &ZFH"&@8-bD<"D@8; JBD@V,>4, BD@P,*JD 4<B@DH>ZN 2"8JB@8 A":,FH4>@6 ,(4B,HF8@(@ P,<,>H"; "

H"80, BD@F\$" A":,FH4>Z @ BD,*@FH"&:,>44 ,6 & "D,>*J B4DF" & @*>@< 42 $:40"6T4N 8

>,6 ,(4B,HF84N <@DF84N B@DH@& *:b @$:,(R,>4b B,D,&@2@8 H@&"D@& >" H,DD4H@D4` 4 R,D,2

>,,. ?*>@&D,<,>>@ @BD,*,:,>>Z, D,2J:\H"HZ BD4>,F:4 4 BD,*BD4>4<"&T4,Fb B@* ^(4*@6

B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 JF4:4b B@ @H8DZH4` DZ>8@& & "D"$F84N (@FJ*"DFH&"N 1":4&"

*:b B":,FH4>F8@(@ BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ 4 F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ ^8FB@DH": & F,D,*4>, 1995 (@*"

&B,D&Z, 2"B:">4D@&">@ BD@&,*,>4, H@D(@&@6 &ZFH"&84- bD<"D84 & )J$",. % 1995 (@*J

E"J*@&F8"b !D"&4b @$Xb&4:" @ H@<, RH@ @H>Z>,, B@F:, B,D,DZ&", F@FH"&:b&T,(@ >,F8@:\8@

:,H, <@0,H $ZH\ &@2@$>@&:,> 4<B@DH " B":,FH4>F84N >"P4@>":\>ZN H@&"D@&" 14 /. %

8@>,R>@< 4H@(, JFB,N ^H4N &"0>ZN 4>4P4"H4& 2"&4F4H, & R"FH>@FH4, @H JD,(J:4D@&">4b

&@BD@F" @ HD">24H>ZN B,D,&@28"N B":,FH4>F84N ^8FB@DH>ZN H@&"D@& R,D,2 F@F,*>4, FHD">Z.E8@D,6T"b D"2D"$@H8" 4 @FJV,FH&:,>4, F@(:"T,>46 <,0*J A":,FH4>@6 4 "D"$F84<4

FHD">"<4 BD,*FH"&:b`H F@$@6 &@BD@F, 8@H@D@<J (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z, *,bH,:4 4

BD,*BD4>4<"H,:\F84, 8DJ(4 >" H,DD4H@D44 4 & D,(4@>, BD4*"`H 8@:@FF":\>@, 2>"R,>4, &

F&,H, B@:4H4R,F84N 4 ^8@>@<4R,F84N H,>*,>P46, F8:"*Z&"`V4NFb >" D,(4@>":\>@< 4

<,0*J>"D@*>@< JD@&>,. )@ H,N B@D, B@8" >, $J*JH F@2*">Z R,H84, 4 ^LL,8H4&>Z,

<,N">42<Z, D,(J:4DJ`V4, H@D(@&Z, F&b24 4 $@:,, @$V4, "FB,8HZ ^8@>@<4R,F84N

@H>@T,>46 <,0*J H,DD4H@D4,6 4 ,, "D"$F84<4 F@F,*b<4, B,DFB,8H4&Z D,@D(">42"P44 4

@04&:,>4b B":,FH4>F8@6 H@D(@&:4 F HD"*4P4@>>Z<4 B"DH>,D"<4 $J*JH FR4H"H\Fb

@(D">4R,>>Z<4.

3. =@&"b B":,FH4>F8"b 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>"b $"2" & ^8@>@<4R,F8@6

4 F@P4":\>@6 FL,D,

12. =@&Z, B@:4H4R,F84, JF:@&4b, F8:"*Z&"`V4,Fb B@F:, B@*B4F">4b 42D"4:\F8@-B":,FH4>F84N F@(:"T,>46, >"T:4 F&@, BD@b&:,>4, 4 & L@D<4D@&">44 J>48":\>@6, FJ(J$@

B":,FH4>F8@6 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6 $"2Z *:b &ZD"$@H84 ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 B@:4H484 4 JBD"&:,>4b

^8@>@<48@6 >" JD@&>, (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ 4 R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D@&. =" B,D,N@*>@< ^H"B, B,D,*

B":,FH4>F84< >"D@*@< @H8DZ&"`HFb N@D@T4, B,DFB,8H4&Z *:b B@FH,B,>>@(@ 4 B@^H"B>@(@

F@2*">4b >@&ZN BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN 4 >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN 4>FH4HJH@&. %@ (:"&J J(:" ^H@6

D"$@HZ FH"&4HFb B@4F8 " 2@:@H@6 F,D,*4>Z" <,0*J >Z>,T>4<4 D,":\>@FHb<4, L"8H4R,F84<4

Page 10: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 10

B@HD,$>@FHb<4 4 R"b>4b<4, " H"80, B@:@0,>4b<4 F@(:"T,>46 F 32D"4:,< 4 *DJ(4<4

FH@D@>"<4. %"0>Z< B@24H4&>Z< ^:,<,>H@< BD@P,FF" D"2&4H4b A":,FH4>Z F 1993 (@*"

<@0>@ FR4H"H\ B@FH,B,>>J` HD">FL@D<"P4` @$V,FH&,>>@(@ JFHD@6FH&" >" B":,FH4>F8@6

H,DD4H@D44, & D"<8"N 8@H@D@6 B":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b &<,FH, F F"<Z<4 D"2>Z<4

F:@b<4 B":,FH4>F8@(@ >"D@*" ( &8:`R"b B":,FH4>F8J` @$V4>J 2" DJ$,0@<) &B,D&Z,

BD4FHJB",H 8 D,T,>4` 2"*"R L@D<4D@&">4b >"P44 >" B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44. IFB,N &

^H@< BD@P,FF, F@,*4>,>4b 4 F:4b>4b :`*F84N D,FJDF@& A":,FH4>Z F >@&@6 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@6

4 R"FH>@6 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6 $"2@6 B@F:J04H &"0>Z< &8:"*@< & 2"8D,B:,>4, *@FH40,>46

<4D>@(@ BD@P,FF" 4 & @$,FB,R,>4, JB@Db*@R,>>@(@ BD@H,8">4b B,D,N@*>@(@ BD@P,FF".

13. E"<@, 8@>8D,H>@, BD@b&:,>4, ^H@(@ BD@P,FF" F 1994 (@*" - B,D,N@* LJ>8P46

F"<@JBD"&:,>4b >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@ 8 B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44. 7 >"FH@bV,<J &D,<,>4

B":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b F@2*":" 16 <4>4FH,DFH&, " H"80, Db* BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN

JRD,0*,>46, 4<,`V4N @L4P4":\>Z6 FH"HJF. M@Hb & >"FH@bV,, &D,<b B":,FH4>F8"b

"*<4>4FHD"P4b @FJV,FH&:b,H &F` B@:>@HJ &:"FH4 H@:\8@ & F,8H@D, '"2" 4 & 3,D4N@>,, @>"

J0, BD4>b:" >" F,$b @H&,HFH&,>>@FH\ 2" Db* F,8H@D@& >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4, 8"8

BD,*B@:"(",HFb, & 8@>,R>@< FR,H, $J*,H @FJV,FH&:bH\ `D4F*48P4` B@ @H>@T,>4` 8@ &F,<J

B":,FH4>F8@<J >"F,:,>4` >" H,DD4H@D44. % B,D&Z6 (@* F&@,6 D"$@HZ B":,FH4>F8"b

"*<4>4FHD"P4b 2">4<":"F\ B@*(@H@&8@6 BD@(D"<< D"$@HZ, 42ZF8">4,< D,FJDF@&, D"2D"$@H8@6

2"8@>@& 4 >@D<"H4&>ZN B@:@0,>46, J8@<B:,8H@&">4,< TH"H@& <4>4FH,DFH&, " H"80,

<@$4:42"P4,6 F4: B,D&@(@ & 4FH@D44 B":,FH4>F8@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&" >" H,DD4H@D44 >" D,T,>4,

2"*"R &@FFH">@&:,>4b ^8@>@<484. M@Hb & >,8@H@DZN F:JR"bN ,V, *",H @ F,$, 2>"H\

@HFJHFH&4, R,H8@(@ 4 @*>@2>"R>@(@ D"2*,:,>4b B@:>@<@R46 4 FB,P4":42"P44, " &:4b>4, 4

^LL,8H4&>@FH\ D"$@HZ (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN &,*@<FH& B@ FJ$X,8H4&>Z< 4 @$X,8H4&>Z< BD4R4>"<

@FH"`HFb @(D">4R,>>Z<4, H,< >, <,>,, B":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b *@$4:"F\ &"0>ZN

JFB,N@& & 2"8:"*Z&">44 @F>@& *:b B":,FH4>F8@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&", (@H@&@(@ B@:>@FH\` @H*"H\

F,$b F:J0$, @$V,FH&J 4 D,T4H,:\>@ BD4*,D04&"`V,(@Fb BD4>P4B@& HD">FB"D,H>@FH4 4

^LL,8H4&>@FH4.

14. A"D"::,:\>@ F @04&:,>4,< (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ F,8H@D" 2"<,H>Z, F*&4(4 BD@42@T:4 4 &

JFHD@6FH&, B":,FH4>F8@(@ (D"0*">F8@(@ @$V,FH&". E 80- N (@*@& $Z:" F@2*">" T4D@8"b

F,H\ B":,FH4>F84N >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN @D(">42"P46 ( =A?), BD,*@FH"&:b&T4N P,:Z6 Db*

JF:J( & @$:"FH4 D"2&4H4b & JF:@&4bN @88JB"P44. S4DbV,,Fb JR"FH4, B":,FH4>F8@6

"*<4>4FHD"P44 & @8"2">44 F@P4":\>ZN JF:J( 4 ,, BD4Hb2">4b >" *,L4P4H>Z, &>JHD,>>4, 4

<,0*J>"D@*>Z, D,FJDFZ B@2&@:4:4 B,D,@P,>4H\ D@:\ =A? 4 N"D"8H,D 4N @H>@T,>46 F

(@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z<4 @D(">"<4, " H"80, BD4FHJB4H\ 8 D"P4@>":42"P44 4N *,bH,:\>@FH4.% ^H@6 F&b24 =A? >,@$N@*4<@ R,H8@ @BD,*,:4H\ F&@` FB,P4":42"P4` H"84< @$D"2@<,RH@$Z @>4 <@(:4 F@*,6FH&@&"H\ D,T,>4` F@(:"F@&">>ZN BD4@D4H,H>ZN 2"*"R & @$:"FH4

D"2&4H4b, *@B@:>bH\ 4 B@*8D,B:bH\ & ^H4N &@BD@F"N D"$@HJ BD"&4H,:\FH&". #@("HZ6 @BZH,>"8@B:,>>Z6 =A?, @F@$,>>@ & B,D4@* 4>H4L"*Z, 4 >":4R4, J >4N BD@R>ZN 8@D>,6 &

B":,FH4>F8@< (D"0*">F8@< @$V,FH&, F&4*,H,:\FH&J`H @ H@<, RH@ @>4 & F@FH@b>44 &>,FH4

&"0>Z6 &8:"* & JF4:4b B@ &@FFH">@&:,>4` 4 D"2&4H4` A":,FH4>Z. G,< &D,<,>,< &F,

$@:,, D"FH,H D,":\>"b 4 B@H,>P4":\>"b D@:\ F,8H@D" R"FH>ZN BD,*BD4bH46 & FHD@4H,:\FH&,

>@&@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484. % 8@>H,8FH, J(:J$:b`V,6Fb :4$,D":42"P44 4 &@ &F, $@:,,

Page 11: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 11

$:"(@BD4bH>ZN JF:@&4bN N@2b6FH&,>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 J B":,FH4>F84N BD,*BD4>4<"H,:,6,$"24DJ`V4NFb >" F"<@6 H,DD4H@D44 4 2" DJ$,0@<, B@b&4:4F\ FH4<J:Z *:b J8D,B:,>4b 4

D"FT4D,>4b FJV,FH&J`V4N @$X,8H@& 4 4>FH4HJH@&, " H"80, *:b @D(">42"P44 >@&ZN

BD,*BD4bH46 2" FR,H <@$4:42"P44 2>"R4H,:\>ZN 8"B4H":\>ZN D,FJDF@& ( F<. D"2*,: C>40,). ?BZH 4 D,FJDFZ B":,FH4>F8@(@ R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D", 8@H@DZ6 B,D,04: 2" F&@`

4FH@D4` & D,(4@>, 4 &2:,HZ, 4 B"*,>4b, &B,D&Z, @$X,*4>b`HFb & D"<8"N >@&ZN

4>FH4HJP4@>":\>ZN L@D<, 8@H@DZ, B@:>Z D,T4<@FH4 B@F&bH4H\ F,$b D"2&4H4` B":,FH4>F8@6

^8@>@<484 4 @$,FB,R4H\ BD4 ^H@< *JN F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" 4 *@&,D4, F@ FH@D@>Z @$V,FH&".

4. ;>@(@FH@D@>>4, 4 *&JFH@D@>>4, BD@(D"<<Z B@<@V4 & P,:bN D"2&4H4b

15. % @8Hb$D, 1993 (@*" *:b @8"2">4b B@<@V4 A":,FH4>, & JF4:4bN B@ &@FFH">@&:,>4` 4

D"2&4H4` >"R":@F\ @FJV,FH&:,>4, 8DJB>@6 <,0*J>"D@*>@6 BD@(D"<<Z. =" B,D4@*

1994-1998 (@*@& @$V46 @$X,< &2>@F@&, @$Xb&:,>>ZN 38 *&JFH@D@>>4<4 4 <>@(@FH@D@>>4<4

*@>@D"<4, F@FH"&4: @8@:@ 2,4 <:D*. *@::. ES!, 42 8@H@DZN 1,5 <:D*. *@::.BD,*FH"&:b`H F@$@6 $,2&@2<,2*>J` B@<@V\, " 900 <:>. *@::. - 8D,*4HZ 4 ("D">H44 15/.% ^H@6 F&b24 F B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P4,6 $Z:" F@(:"F@&">" AD@(D"<<" RD,2&ZR"6>@6

B@<@V4 ( AQA) >" 1994-1996 (@*Z F P,:,&Z< B@8"2"H,:,< B@ D"FN@*"< & D"2<,D,

1 235 <:>. *@::. ES!, &8:`R"b (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z, 4>&,FH4P44 - 600 <:>. *@::.,B@**,D08J R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D" - 300 <:>. *@::., B@**,D08J & L@D<, L4>">F4D@&">4b

B,D&@>"R":\>ZN D"FN@*@& P,>HD":\>@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&" 4 =A? - 260 <:>. *@::. 4

H,N>4R,F8J` B@<@V\ - B@Db*8" 75 <:>. *@::. ]H" BD@(D"<<" @FJV,FH&:b,HFb B@*

DJ8@&@*FH&@< EB,P4":\>@(@ 8@<4H,H" B@ F&b24 ( E7E) *@>@D@&, %F,<4D>@(@ $">8"

( &ZB@:>b`V,(@ LJ>8P44 F,8D,H"D4"H") 4 A":,FH4>F8@(@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ F@&,H" B@ D"2&4H4`

4 D,8@>FHDJ8P44 ( A]ECC). E,8H@D":\>Z, 4 *DJ(4, 8D4H,D44, JFH">@&:,>>Z, *:b AQA,F@$:`*":4F\, @*>"8@ B@ D"2:4R>Z< B@:4H4R,F84< 4 H,N>4R,F84< BD4R4>"< ( F@ FH@D@>Z 8"8

*@>@D@&, H"8 4 B@:JR"H,:,6 B@<@V4) H,<BZ 4 <"FTH"$Z @FJV,FH&:,>4b BD@(D"<<Z

@8"2":4F\ >, H"84<4, 8"8 @04*":@F\ 16/. % F&@` @R,D,*\, ^H@ &Z2Z&",H &F, $@:\T,,

$,FB@8@6FH&@ J B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44, 8@H@D"b D"FFR4HZ&":" >" @B,D"H4&>@, @8"2">4,

<,0*J>"D@*>@6 B@<@V4, D"FF<"HD4&"b ,, & 8"R,FH&, &"0>@(@ 8@<B@>,>H" JF4:46 B@

J8D,B:,>4` *@&,D4b >"F,:,>4b 8 <4D>@<J BD@P,FFJ 4 B@ JF8@D,>4` F@P4":\>@-^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D"2&4H4b H,DD4H@D44.

16. A@ 4FH,R,>44 B,D&@(@ (@*" @FJV,FH&:,>4b (1994 (@*) <@0>@ @H<,H4H\ @BD,*,:,>>Z,

&4*4<Z, 4 8@>8D,H>Z, BD42>"84 B,D&@>"R":\>@(@ BD@(D,FF" & &ZB@:>,>44 <,0*J>"D@*>@6

BD@(D"<<Z B@<@V4, N@Hb D,T,>Z ,V, >, &F, BD@$:,<Z. =,&24D"b >" H@, RH@ @$V46

@$X,< @$Xb&:,>>ZN &2>@F@& >" 1994 (@* F@FH"&4: 827 <:>. *@::. ( @F>@&>J` <"FFJ

8@H@DZN BD,*B@:"(":@F\ &Z*,:4H\ >" 4>&,FH4P4@>>Z, BD@,8HZ 4 B@8DZH4, H,8JV4N

$`*0,H>ZN D"FN@*@&), L"8H4R,F8"b FJ<<" &ZB:"H & 1994 (@*J F@FH"&4:" :4T\

239 <:>. *@::., H. ,. 33% @H BD4>bHZN @$b2"H,:\FH&. +F:4 F@B@FH"&4H\ B@8"2"H,:4

B@<@V4 F B@HD,$>@FHb<4, @BD,*,:,>>Z<4 & AQA, H@ B@:JR4HFb, RH@ B,D,R4F:,>>ZN &

1994 (@*J FD,*FH& >, N&"H4:@ >" B@8DZH4, 54% JFH">@&:,>>ZN 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN B@HD,$>@FH,6

4 32% H,8JV4N D"FN@*@&. AD,*&"D4H,:\>Z, *">>Z, 2" 1995 (@* F&4*,H,:\FH&J`H @

&@2<@0>@FH4 B@&ZT,>4b ^LL,8H4&>@FH4 @FJV,FH&:,>4b BD@(D"<<Z:

Page 12: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 12

@$V"b FJ<<" @$Xb&:,>>ZN &2>@F@& >" 1995 (@* F@FH"&:b,H F&ZT, 520 <:>. *@::., "

D"FR,H>Z, B@HD,$>@FH4 AQA & ^H@< 0, (@*J D"&>Z B@Db*8" 400 <:>. *@::.

17. +F:4 B":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b 4 <,FH>"b ^8@>@<48" F<@(JH @$,FB,R4H\ @F&@,>4,

$@:\T,(@ @$X,<" D,FJDF@&, H@ B,D,R4F:,>4, >,&ZB:"R,>>ZN FD,*FH& 2" 1994 (@* 4

BD,*@FH"&:,>4, & @$Xb&:,>>ZN @$X,<"N B@<@V4 & 1995 (@*J *@:0>@ &>,FH4 &,F@<Z6 &8:"*

& @04&:,>4, B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484. ID@84 1994 (@*" *@:0>Z B@<@R\ JF8@D,>4`

BD,*@FH"&:,>4b @$Xb&:,>>@6 B@<@V4 4 JFHD">,>4` >,8@H@DZN 42 J0, B@&FHD,R"&T4NFb

BD@$:,<. E@(:"F>@ F@@$V,>4b<, 8 H"84< BD@$:,<"< @H>@FbHFb 17/: <,0F,8H@D":\>"b

>,F$":">F4D@&">>@FH\ <,0*J @$b2"H,:\FH&"<4 B@ @8"2">4` B@<@V4 4 D,":\>Z<4

B@HD,$>@FHb<4, 8@H@D"b @$XbF>b,HFb FHD,<:,>4,< *@>@D@& F@FD,*@H@R4H\ &>4<">4, >"

@BD,*,:,>>ZN F,8H@D"N 4 >,*@FH"H@R>@ N@D@T@ @H:"0,>>@6 8@@D*4>"P4,6 4N *,bH,:\>@FH4;42<,>,>4, F,8H@D":\>ZN BD4@D4H,H@& & JF:@&4bN ^&@:`P44 BD@(D"<< D"2&4H4b,D"2D"$"HZ&",<ZN B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P4,6; F:4T8@< $ZFHD@, B,D,8:`R,>4, F @8"2">4b

$,2&@2<,2*>@6 B@<@V4 >" L4>">F4D@&">4, 8D,*4H@&; 4 R,D,FRJD @BH4<4FH4R>Z, @P,>84

H,<B@& F&,DHZ&">4b L4>">F4D@&">4b H,8JV4N 2"HD"H, @F@$,>>@ D"FN@*@& P,>HD":\>@(@

"BB"D"H" B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 4 2"HD"H >" &ZB:"HJ @8:"*@& F@HDJ*>48"< B@:4P44.)@>@DZ J0, @$D"H4:4 &>4<">4, >" &@2D@FTJ` ^LL,8H4&>@FH\ JRD,0*,>46 A!. AD4

J:JRT,>44 8@@D*4>"P44 *,6FH&46 *@>@D@& 4 B@:JR"H,:,6 B@<@V4 R,D,2 E7E 4 ;,FH>Z6

8@<4H,H B@ 8@@D*4>"P44 B@<@V4 ( ;77A) ^H@ B@2&@:4H D,T4H\ J0, JB@<b>JHZ, 4

F<,0>Z, F >4<4 BD@$:,<Z. %"0>J` D@:\ & ^H@< *,:, F 1994 (@*" >"R": 4(D"H\

EB,P4":\>Z6 8@@D*4>"H@D ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 >" @88JB4D@&">>@6 H,DD4H@D44

( E7??=). E7??= JRD,*4: Db* BD4@D4H,H>ZN F,8H@D":\>ZN (DJBB, H,F>@ F&b2">>ZN F

<,N">42<"<4 E7E, & P,:bN @$,FB,R,>4b 8@<B:,8F>@(@ JR"FH4b ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN

="P46 & BD,*@FH"&:,>44 <,0*J>"D@*>@6 B@<@V4. % F@R,H">44 F J0, @FJV,FH&:b,<Z<4

BD@(D"<<"<4 AD@(D"<<Z D"2&4H4b ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 ( AC??=) 4

#:40>,&@FH@R>@(@ "(,>HFH&" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 *:b B@<@V4 B":,FH4>F84<

$,0,>P"< 4 @D(">42"P44 D"$@H ( #!A?C) ^H4 <,DZ, 8"8 @04*",HFb, B@2&@:bH J:JRT4H\

@8"2">4, B@<@V4 JRD,0*,>4b<4 ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 4 @$,FB,R4H\

*,6FH&,>>Z, 8">":Z *:b L4>">F4D@&">4b F@ FH@D@>Z *@>@D@&.

%. E@FH@b>4, ^8@>@<484: @F>@&>Z, H,>*,>P44 4 42<,>,>4b

18. =,F<@HDb >" H@, RH@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@<J D"2&4H4` B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44 BD4*",HFb &F,

$@:\T,, 2>"R,>4,, BD@$:,<" >,N&"H84 *@FH@&,D>ZN 4 F@B@FH"&4<ZN *">>ZN @ L"8H4R,F8@<

F@FH@b>44 ^8@>@<484 >48@(*" >, FH@b:" FH@:\ @FHD@. 1"2@D & $"2, FH"H4FH4R,F84N *">>ZN

B@ B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48, F@ &D,<,> 4>H4L"*Z J&,:4R4:Fb, B@F8@:\8J @$FH">@&8"

BD,BbHFH&@&":" @FJV,FH&:,>4` F$@D" *">>ZN 42D"4:\F84<4 &:"FHb<4 4 &F, "8H4&>,,

BD4T:@F\ BD4$,("H\ & <,H@*48, "(D,(4D@&">>ZN @P,>@8. E H,N B@D ":\H,D>"H4&>Z,

B":,FH4>F84, @P,>84 FH":4 $@:,, >"*,0>Z<4, N@Hb <,0*J 42D"4:\F84<4, B":,FH4>F84<4 4

<,0*J>"D@*>Z<4 @P,>@R>Z<4 *">>Z<4 @ F@FH@b>44 4 LJ>8P4@>4D@&">44 B":,FH4>F8@6

^8@>@<484 F@ND">b`HFb 2>"R4H,:\>Z, D"FN@0*,>4b. E 1993 (@*" @H&,HFH&,>>@FH\ 2"

FH"H4FH4R,F8J` D"$@HJ >" H,DD4H@D44 B@FH,B,>>@ $,D,H >" F,$b >@&@, A":,FH4>F8@,

P,>HD":\>@, FH"H4FH4R,F8@, $`D@ ( AOE#). AOE# B@:@04:@ <>@(@@$,V"`V,, >"R":@

Page 13: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 13

F@2*">4` &F,@$X,<:`V,6 B":,FH4>F8@6 FH"H4FH4R,F8@6 F4FH,<Z, $:"(@*"Db R,<J, &@2<@0>@,J*"FHFb JFHD">4H\ <>@(4, 42 2"2@D@& 4 D"FN@0*,>46 & B":,FH4>F84N F@P4":\>@-^8@>@<4R,F84N *">>ZN 18/.

19. % @HFJHFH&4, >"*,0>ZN *">>ZN $@:\T4>FH&@ FB,P4":4FH@& F8:@>b,HFb 8 H@<J, RH@ &

B@F:,*>,, &D,<b, @F@$,>>@ & B,D&@6 B@:@&4>, 1995 (@*", *:b LJ>8P4@>4D@&">4b

B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 @FH"&":Fb N"D"8H,D>Z< Db* F,D\,2>ZN FHDJ8HJD>ZN 4 P48:4R,F84N

BD@$:,<, 8@H@DZ, $Z:4 BD4FJV4 ,6 *@:(4, (@*Z 19/. ]8@>@<4R,F84, &Z(@*Z, 8@H@DZ,,8"8 @04*":@F\, *@:0,> $Z: BD4>,FH4 <4D>Z6 BD@P,FF: B@&ZT,>4, JD@&>b 2">bH@FH4,*@N@*@& 4 @$X,<" 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46, - & >@&ZN ^8@>@<4R,F84N JF:@&4bN <"H,D4":42J`HFb

8D"6>, <,*:,>>@, " JD@&,>\ 042>4 >"F,:,>4b D,28@ JB": 20/. 1" 8@D@H846 B,D4@*,BD@T,*T46 F 1993 (@*", &>JHD,>>bb ^8@>@<48" ,V, >, F<@(:" "*,8&"H>@ 4 B@F:,*@&"H,:\>@

@HD,"(4D@&"H\ >" >@&Z, B@:4H4R,F84, JF:@&4b 4 &@2<@0>@FH4. AD@42&@*FH&,>>Z, F,8H@DZ

^8@>@<484 B@- BD,0>,<J FHDJ8HJD>@ B@8" >, @L@D<4:4F\, @FH"`HFb D"2D@2>,>>Z<4 4

B@*&,D0,>Z &@2*,6FH&4` &>,T>4N B@HDbF,>46 4 D"2DJT4H,:\>ZN F4:. ):b FHDJ8HJDZ

F@&@8JB>@(@ FBD@F" N"D"8H,D>Z JFH@6R4&Z, *4F$":">FZ 4 *,L4P4H D,FJDF@&, B@F8@:\8J

B":,FH4>F8"b ^8@>@<48" >, <@0,H $ZFHD@ B,D,FHD@4HFb >" 42<,>4&T4,Fb &>,T>4, JF:@&4b.M@Hb B":,FH4>F8"b ^8@>@<48" 4 B@8"2":", RH@ @>" & F@FH@b>44 @$,FB,R4H\

*4&,DF4L4P4D@&">>@, BD@42&@*FH&@ 4 D@FH, *@FH"&T4,Fb ,6 & >"F:,*FH&@ *,L4P4HZ

BD@*@:0"`H $:@84D@&"H\ ,, @04&:,>4, 4 JFH@6R4&Z6 D@FH.

20. +*4>FH&,>>Z<4 @D4,>H4D@&@R>Z<4 "(D,(4D@&">>Z<4 8@:4R,FH&,>>Z<4 B@8"2"H,:b<4

D"2&4H4b ^8@>@<484 *@ 1994 (@*" @FH"`HFb @P,>@R>Z, *">>Z,, BD,*@FH"&:b,<Z,

32D"4:\F84< P,>HD":\>Z< FH"H4FH4R,F84< $`D@ ( 3OE#) 21 /. A@ @P,>8"< 3OE#,&":@&@6 &>JHD,>>46 BD@*J8H ( %%A) & 1992 4 1993 (@*"N D@F FD,*>,(@*@&Z<4 H,<B"<4,F@FH"&:b&T4<4 12% >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 15% & F,8H@D, '"2", " & 1994 (@*J $:"(@*"Db

$@("H@<J JD@0"` @:4&@8 H,<B ,(@ BD4D@FH" >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J F@FH"&4: 20%. )">>Z, @

%%A, @R4V,>>Z, @H ^H@(@ P48:4R,F8@(@ L"8H@D", " H"80, *">>Z, B@ F,8H@DJ '"2", >"

8@H@DZ6 & BD@T:@< BD4N@*4:"F\ @*>" R,H&,DH\ %%A H,DD4H@D44, @HFJHFH&J`H. 3FN@*b 42

HD"*4P4@>>@ &ZF@84N FD,*>,(@*@&ZN H,<B@& D@FH" >"F,:,>4b, F@FH"&4&T4N 4,5% & 1992 4

1993 (@*"N, 3OE# D"FFR4H":, RH@ FD,*>,(@*@&Z, H,<BZ BD4D@FH" %%A >" *JTJ >"F,:,>4b

F@FH"&:b:4 & ^H@H B,D4@* >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2" F@@H&,HFH&,>>@ 7 4 9%.?P,>84 *@N@*@& >" *JTJ >"F,:,>4b & F,8H@D, '"2" &"D\4DJ`HFb @H 1 400 *@::. &

1993 (@*J B@ D"FR,H"< 3OE# 22/ *@ 900 *@::. & 1994 (@*J 4 500 *@::. & 1995 (@*J

F@(:"F>@ D"FR,H"< <,0*J>"D@*>ZN >"$:`*"H,:,6 23/.

21. ="Db*J F @D4,>H4D@&@R>Z<4 B@8"2"H,:b<4 &>JHD,>>,(@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D@FH"

& 1992-1994 (@*"N F:,*J,H @H<,H4H\ F@ND">b`VJ`Fb @(D@<>J` D@:\ &>,T>4N DZ>8@&

( & @F@$,>>@FH4 32D"4:b) & 8"R,FH&, L"8H@D@&, *@B@:>b`V4N &>JHD,>>46 BD@*J8H 4

&>JHD,>>4, *@N@*Z. % R"FH>@FH4, L"8H@D>Z, *@N@*Z, B@:JR",<Z, B":,FH4>P"<4,D"$@H"`V4<4 & 32D"4:,, & BD@T:@< F@FH"&:b:4 & F@&@8JB>@< &":@&@< >"P4@>":\>@<

BD@*J8H, ( %=A) A":,FH4>Z 25-30%, " & F,8H@D, '"2" *"0, >,F8@:\8@ $@:\T,. C,T,>4b

@ 2"8DZH44 H,DD4H@D44, BD4>4<"&T4,Fb F>"R":" & 1993 (@*J, " 2"H,< & 1995 (@*J,F8"2":4F\ >, H@:\8@ >" B":,FH4>F8@6 &>,T>,6 H@D(@&:,, >@ 4 >" 042>,>>@ &"0>ZN *:b

Page 14: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 14

B":,FH4>P,& L"8H@D>ZN *@N@*"N @H D"$@HZ & 32D"4:,. ]H@H 4FH@R>48 *@N@*@& ,V, $@:,,

FJ24:Fb & D,2J:\H"H, H@(@, RH@ F 1993 (@*" BD@42@T:@ D,28@, F@8D"V,>4, R4F:"

B":,FH4>P,&, 2">bHZN & F,:\F8@< N@2b6FH&, 4 & FHD@4H,:\FH&, 32D"4:b, 8@H@DZ6

B,D,8:`R4:Fb >" 4<B@DH 4>@FHD">>@6 D"$@R,6 F4:Z 42 FHD"> %@FH@R>@6 +&D@BZ 4 _(@-%@FH@R>@6 !244. +F:4 *@ 1988 (@*" & 32D"4:, D"$@H":@ @8@:@ 120 000 B":,FH4>P,&, H@

&B@F:,*FH&44 ^H@ R4F:@ JFH@6R4&@ J<,>\T":@F\ 4 8 1994 (@*J *@FH4(:@ 50 000 R,:@&,8.A@ F@FH@b>4` >" F,D,*4>J 1995 (@*", B@F:, R"FH4R>@(@ @H8DZH4b H,DD4H@D44, D"2D,T,>4b

>" D"$@HJ & 32D"4:, 4<,:4 >, $@:,, 30 000 B":,FH4>P,& 24/. % B,D4@*Z B@:>@(@

2"8DZH4b (D">4P H,DD4H@D44 & 1995 (@*J B":,FH4>F8"b ^8@>@<48", F@(:"F>@ @P,>8"<,,0,<,FbR>@ H,Db:" @8@:@ 30 <:>. *@::. & &4*, >,*@B@:JR,>>ZN L"8H@D>ZN *@N@*@& 25/.+F:4 & 1987 (@*J R4FHZ6 BD4H@8 L"8H@D>ZN *@N@*@& >" H,DD4H@D4` ,0,<,FbR>@ F@FH"&:b:

F&ZT, 60 <:>. *@::., H@ 8 1994 (@*J @> F@8D"H4:Fb >"B@:@&4>J, " 8 F,D,*4>, 1995 (@*"

J<,>\T4:Fb ,V, 2>"R4H,:\>,, 26/.

22. % F4:J H@(@, RH@ &>JHD,>>bb ^8@>@<48" B@- BD,0>,<J >, & F@FH@b>44 @$,FB,R4H\

D"$@H@6 FHD,<4H,:\>@ D"FHJVJ` "D<4` HDJ*", BDb<Z< F:,*FH&4,< F@8D"V,>4b *@N@*@& @H

D"$@HZ & 32D"4:, FH":@ B@&ZT,>4, JD@&>b &>JHD,>>,6 $,2D"$@H4PZ, " H"80, *":\>,6T,,

B"*,>4, JD@&>b D"FB@:"(",<ZN *@N@*@& *@<"T>4N N@2b6FH& 4 B@HD,$4H,:\F84N D"FN@*@&,@F@$,>>@ & F,8H@D, '"2". ?P,>84 JD@&>,6 $,2D"$@H4PZ, F@FH"&:b,<Z, D"2>Z<4

4FH@R>48"<4, B@- BD,0>,<J D"2>bHFb, RH@ @$XbF>b,HFb <,H@*4R,F84<4 4 FH"H4FH4R,F84<4

D"FN@0*,>4b<4. +F:4, B@ @P,>8"< 3OE#, JD@&,>\ $,2D"$@H4PZ >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J &

1994 (@*J $Z: D"&,> 8%, H@, F@(:"F>@ B@F:,*>4< B":,FH4>F84< *">>Z<, @> F@FH"&:b,H @H

40-47% >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J *@ 55-58% & F,8H@D, '"2" 27/. % 2"&4F4<@FH4 @H >":4R4b

4:4 @HFJHFH&4b J HDJ*bV4NFb *@FHJB" 8 D"$@H, & 32D"4:, <,0*J>"D@*>Z, 4FH@R>484

BD4&@*bH F&@4 @P,>84 JD@&>b $,2D"$@H4PZ & *4"B"2@>, @H 11 *@ 30% >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4

@H 17 *@ 33% & F,8H@D, '"2" 28/. AD@(D"<<Z @$V,FH&,>>ZN D"$@H & F,8H@D, '"2"

B@<@(:4 HDJ*@JFHD@4H\ R"FH\ F&@$@*>@6 D"$@R,6 F4:Z, 4 & >"FH@bV,, &D,<b &,*,HFb

B@*(@H@&8" 8 @D(">42"P44 B@(D">4R>ZN BD@<ZT:,>>ZN 2@>, 8@H@DZ, BD42&">Z, &

R"FH>@FH4, D,T"H\ 2"*"R4 F@2*">4b D"$@R4N <,FH. G,< >, <,>,, & >"FH@bV,, &D,<b

BD@$:,<" $,2D"$@H4PZ @FH",HFb 8D4H4R,F8@6, 4 8@>8D,H>Z, BD@(D"<<Z &D,<,>>@(@

HDJ*@JFHD@6FH&" >"F,:,>4b H,DD4H@D44 b&:b`HFb F"<Z<4 &ZF@8@BD4@D4H,H>Z<4 2"*"R"<4 &

F4:J ^8@>@<4R,F84N, F@P4":\>ZN 4 B@:4H4R,F84N BD4R4>.

23. ?F>@&>@6 B,D&4R>Z6 F,8H@D - F,:\F8@, N@2b6FH&@ - B@- BD,0>,<J B@*&,D0,>

P48:4R,F84< 8@:,$">4b<, 8@H@DZ, @$JF:@&:,>Z H,<, RH@ JD@0"6 @:4&@8 F@$4D",HFb *&"0*Z

& (@*. E,:\F8@, N@2b6FH&@ B@- BD,0>,<J FH":84&",HFb F BD@$:,<"<4 >,JFH@6R4&@FH4

&>JHD,>>4N 4 &>,T>4N DZ>8@&, @HFJHFH&4b R,H84N @D4,>H4D@& & B@:4H48, 4:4

>,"*,8&"H>@FH4 DZ>@R>ZN F4(>":@&, @BD,*,:b`V4N FD,*>,FD@R>Z, B,DFB,8H4&Z FHDJ8HJD>ZN

BD,@$D"2@&">46 4 &>JHD,>>4N D,L@D<. G"84< @$D"2@<, J&,:4R,>4, @$X,<"

F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ BD@42&@*FH&" 4:4 B@&ZT,>4, BD@42&@*4H,:\>@FH4 HDJ*" & ^H@6 @HD"F:4

>, BD4>@F4H >,2"<,*:4H,:\>@ F@&@8JB>@(@ &Z4(DZT" *:b ^8@>@<484, 4 B,DFB,8H4&Z *:b

^H@(@ 042>,>>@ &"0>@(@ F,8H@D" B@8" >, &F,:b`H @BH4<42<". % R"FH>@FH4, $"D\,DZ,&@2*&4(>JHZ, >" BJHbN H@D(@&:4 & F,2@> 1994/95 (@*", BD4&,:4 8 @$D"2@&">4`

$,FBD,P,*,>H>ZN 42:4T8@& 4 8 B@DR, F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@6 BD@*J8P44, RH@ @H>`*\ >,

Page 15: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 15

FB@F@$FH&@&":@ @FJV,FH&:,>4` 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46 & F,:\F8@, N@2b6FH&@, D"FT4D,>4` 4

D"2&4H4` ^H@(@ F,8H@D".

24. %H@D4R>Z, F,8H@DZ, @F@$,>>@ @$D"$"HZ&"`V"b BD@<ZT:,>>@FH\, BD@*,<@>FHD4D@&":4

F&@` FB@F@$>@FH\ &>,FH4 &8:"* &@ &>JHD,>>,, BD@42&@*FH&@ 4 & L@D<4D@&">4,

<,0F,8H@D":\>ZN F&b2,6 ( 8"8 BDb<ZN, H"8 4 @$D"H>ZN). %<,FH, F H,< 4>&,FH4P44 & ^H4N

@HD"F:bN @FH"`HFb &,F\<" F8D@<>Z<4 4 @(D">4R,>>Z<4, 4 b&>@, BD,*B@RH,>4, @H*",HFb

FB,8J:bH4&>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4, F $ZFHDZ< @$@D@H@< 4 <4>4<":\>Z< D4F8@< ( F<. D"2*,: C>40,). EJ$B@*Db*>Z, F&b24 F 42D"4:\F8@6 BD@<ZT:,>>@FH\` F*,:":4 <>@(4, <,:84, 4

FD,*>4, @$D"$"HZ&"`V4, BD,*BD4bH4b >" H,DD4H@D44 @F@$,>>@ Jb2&4<Z<4 *:b B@F:,*FH&46

2"8DZH4b (D">4P F 32D"4:,<, 8@H@DZ6 b&:b,HFb *:b >4N @F>@&>Z< 4FH@R>48@< FZD\b 4

DZ>8@< F$ZH" 29/. E 2"8DZH4,< (D">4P H,DD4H@D44 B@HD,$4H,:\F846 FBD@F F>424:Fb &

D,2J:\H"H, D,28@(@ B"*,>4b JD@&>b D"FB@:"(",<ZN *@N@*@&, " FHDJ8HJD" 42*,D0,8/ P,> >"

<>@(4, B@HD,$4H,:\F84, 4 $"2@&Z, H@&"DZ @8"2":"F\ *,L@D<4D@&">>@6 & F4:J BD@$:,<,F&b2">>ZN F >,F$":">F4D@&">>@FH\` FBD@F" 4 BD,*:@0,>4b. O,>Z >" 4<B@DH>J`

BD@*J8P4`, H"8J`, 8"8 <J8", F"N"D, P,<,>H, RJ(J> 4 8@D< *:b F8@H", &@2D@F:4 >" 150 4

$@:,, BD@P,>H@&; P,>Z >" <,FH>J` BD@*J8P4` JB":4 *@ $,FBD,P,*,>H>@ >4284N

JD@&>,6 30/.

25. G"84< @$D"2@<, B":,FH4>F8"b @$D"$"HZ&"`V"b BD@<ZT:,>>@FH\ ,V, *@:0>"

D,":42@&"H\ >" BD"8H48, F&@` B@H,>P4":\>@ *4>"<4R>J` D@:\ & >Z>,T>4N JF:@&4bN, 8@(*"

@F>@&>"b *@:b &>JHD,>>,(@ BD@42&@*FH&" B@- BD,0>,<J BD4N@*4HFb >" FHD@4H,:\FH&@ 4

F,8H@DZ JF:J(. EHD@4H,:\FH&J @H*",HFb @F@$@, BD,*B@RH,>4,; ^H@ @$XbF>b,HFb @FHD@6

>,N&"H8@6 04:\b, " H"80, FD"&>4H,:\>@6 BD@FH@H@6 4 >"*,0>@FH\` 4>&,FH4P46 & 04:4V>@,

FHD@4H,:\FH&@. % F&b24 F &Z*,:,>4,< <,0*J>"D@*>@6 B@<@V4, " H"80, F >,@$N@*4<@FH\`

&@FFH">@&:,>4b 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ 4 FD@R>@(@ F@2*">4b D"$@R4N <,FH, R,(@ <@0>@ *@$4H\Fb F

B@<@V\` BD@(D"<< @$V,FH&,>>ZN D"$@H, >"R":@F\ @FJV,FH&:,>4, >@&ZN 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN

BD@,8H@& & F@P4":\>@6 4 8@<<J>":\>@6 FL,D, ( 8">":42"P4b, &@*@F>"$0,>4,, *@D@0>@,

FHD@4H,:\FH&@, F@@DJ0,>4, 2*">46 @$V,FH&,>>@(@ B@:\2@&">4b 4 H. B.). A":,FH4>F84,

BD,*BD4bH4b FL,DZ JF:J( BD@*,<@>FHD4D@&":4 $@:\TJ` (4$8@FH\ 4 *4>"<42< & *,:,

BD4FB@F@$:,>4b 8 >@&Z< &@2<@0>@FHb< 4 8 HJD$J:,>H>Z< DZ>@R>Z< JF:@&4b<; ,F:4 &

$@:\T4>FH&, @HD"F:,6 >"$:`*":"F\ FH"(>"P4b, H@ & >,8@H@DZN @HD"F:bN FL,DZ

D"FBD,*,:,>4b, BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN, F@P4":\>ZN 4 :4R>ZN JF:J( F 1993 (@*" @H<,R",HFb

H,>*,>P4b 8 D@FHJ 31/. 7"8 4 & BD@T:@<, D@FH F,8H@D" JF:J( & B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48,

BD,*FH"&:b: F@$@6 ":\H,D>"H4&J BD@<ZT:,>>@<J D@FHJ, " >, b&:b:Fb ,(@ F:,*FH&4,<,B@$@R>Z< D,2J:\H"H@< 4:4 *"0, BD4R4>@6.

26. ?*>@6 42 BD@$:,<, 8@H@DZ, &Z2Z&"`H F,D\,2>@, $,FB@8@6FH&@ F 1994 (@*", b&:b,HFb

&@BD@F @ B":,FH4>F8@6 &>,T>,6 H@D(@&:,. M@Hb BD@4FT,*T4, & B@F:,*>,, &D,<b F*&4(4

@H8DZ&"`H >@&Z, &@2<@0>@FH4 *:b D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@(@ ^8FB@DH" 4 *4&,DF4L48"P44

4FH@R>48@& 4<B@DH>ZN 2"8JB@8, $@:\T4>FH&@ H,N>4R,F84N 4 "*<4>4FHD"H4&>ZN <,N">42<@&,>,@$N@*4<ZN *:b JF8@D,>4b ^H@(@ BD@P,FF", 8 F,D,*4>, 1995 (@*" H"8 4 >, >"R":4

LJ>8P4@>4D@&"H\. C"2&4H4` B":,FH4>F8@6 &>,T>,6 H@D(@&:4 B@- BD,0>,<J <,T",H Db*

L"8H@D@&, 8@H@DZ, >"R":4 R"FH4R>@ JFHD">bH\Fb :4T\ & 4`>, 1995 (@*". 7 >4<

Page 16: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 16

@H>@FbHFb: >,@H:"0,>>@FH\ F4FH,<Z @$F:J04&">4b B":,FH4>F8@(@ ^8FB@DH" >" ,&D@B,6F84, 4

>@&Z, DZ>84; <,*:,>>Z, H,<BZ &ZD"$@H84 >@&ZN H@D(@&ZN F@(:"T,>46 F 32D"4:,<,3@D*">4,6 4 +(4BH@<, RH@ FB@F@$FH&J,H F@ND">,>4` FH"HJF- 8&@, F:@04&T,(@Fb *@

1993 (@*"; 2"*,D084, F&b2">>Z, F F@2*">4,< &2"4<@BD4,<:,<ZN <,N">42<@& @$,FB,R,>4b

$,2@B"F>@FH4, B@(D">4R>@(@ 8@>HD@:b 4 HD">24H" <,0*J B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D4,6 4

32D"4:,<, " H"80, F &>,T>4<4 DZ>8"<4; 46 >"8@>,P, &@2*,6FH&4, 2"8DZH4b (D">4P >"

H@D(@&:`, 8@H@D@, @HD4P"H,:\>@ F8"2":@F\ >" B":,FH4>F8@< ^8FB@DH, & 32D"4:\, >" 4<B@DH,

4 ^8FB@DH, R,D,2 H,DD4H@D4` 32D"4:b ( >" DZ>84 "D"$F84N FHD"> 4 & *DJ(4, FHD">Z <4D")," H"80, >" &>JHD,>>,6 H@D(@&:, <,0*J 1"B"*>Z< $,D,(@< 4 F,8H@D@< '"2".

27. E@(:"F>@ 4<,`V4<Fb *">>Z< @ H@D(@&ZN B@H@8"N 2" ^H@H B,D4@*, 4<B@DH H@&"D@& 42

32D"4:b >" B":,FH4>F8J` H,DD4H@D4` & 1994 (@*J F@8D"H4:Fb >" 20% - *@

815 <:>. *@::., " ^8FB@DH B":,FH4>F84N H@&"D@& & 32D"4:\ JB": >" 25% - *@

130 <:>. *@::"D@& 32/. +V, @*>4< F&4*,H,:\FH&@< &@2>48T4N BD@$:,< b&:b,HFb

F:,*J`V46 BD4<,D: & B,D4@*, 8@(*" (D">4PZ $Z:4 2"8DZHZ, @8@:@ 1 000 8@>H,6>,D@& F

H@&"D"<4, 2"8JB:,>>Z<4 2" DJ$,0@< 4 >"BD"&:b&T4<4Fb R,D,2 32D"4:\ >" B":,FH4>F8J`

H,DD4H@D4`, F@(:"F>@ F@@$V,>4b<, @8"2":4F\ 2"*,D0">>Z<4 & 42D"4:\F84N <@DF84N B@DH"N

& @04*">44 @H8DZH4b (D">4P 33/. % ^H@H 0, B,D4@* F@H>4 (DJ2@&48@& F H@&"D"<4,4<B@DH4DJ,<Z<4 42 +(4BH"/ R,D,2 +(4B,H, @8"2":4F\ >, & F@FH@b>44 BD@>48>JH\ >"

H,DD4H@D4` F,8H@D" '"2", 4 & F"<Z6 D"2("D F,2@>" >" H,DD4H@D44 F,8H@D" @FH":4F\

>,&Z&,2,>>Z<4 >"BD"&:b&T4,Fb >" ^8FB@DH P4HDJF@&Z, 4 @&@V4, &8:`R"b H,, 8@H@DZ,

*@:0>Z $Z:4 B@FH"&:bH\Fb B@ F@(:"T,>4b< @ F&@$@*>@6 H@D(@&:, F 32D"4:,<.

28. ? <"FTH"$"N F@8D"V,>4b B":,FH4>F8@(@ ^8FB@DH" & 3@D*">4` 4 >" DZ>84 "D"$F84N

FHD"> *@ 1995 (@*" F&4*,H,:\FH&J`H *">>Z, @ &&@2, B":,FH4>F84N F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>ZN

H@&"D@& >" H,DD4H@D4` 3@D*">44 *:b F$ZH" >" DZ>8, ^H@6 FHD">Z 4 *:b *":\>,6T,(@

&Z&@2" 34/. % 1987 (@*J F @88JB4D@&">>@6 H,DD4H@D44 & 3@D*">4` $Z:@ &&,2,>@ &

@$V,6 F:@0>@FH4 115 000 H@>> @&@V,6 4 LDJ8H@&. 7 1993 (@*J >" 4@D*">F846 DZ>@8

B@FHJB4:@ :4T\ 16 000 H B":,FH4>F84N LDJ8H@& 4 @&@V,6, N@Hb ^8FB@DH P4HDJF@&ZN 42

F,8H@D" '"2" & "D"$F84, FHD">Z 1":4&" J&,:4R4:Fb *@ 44 000 H@>>. % 1994 (@*J &

3@D*">44 $Z:@ D,":42@&">@ :4T\ 6 400 H @&@V,6 4 LDJ8H@&, &Z&,2,>>ZN F H,DD4H@D44, "

^8FB@DH P4HDJF@&ZN 42 F,8H@D" '"2" & "D"$F84, FHD">Z @FH":Fb >" BD,0>,< JD@&>,. ]H4

F*&4(4 & ^8FB@DH>ZN F&b2bN A":,FH4>Z F HD"*4P4@>>Z<4 DZ>8"<4 @HR"FH4 BD,*FH"&:b`H

F@$@6 BD@*@:0,>4, B@>40"H,:\>@6 H,>*,>P44, &@2>48T,6 & >"R":, 80- N (@*@& B@*

&:4b>4,< JF:@&46 >" &>,T>4N DZ>8"N, L"8H@D@&, F&b2">>ZN F <,FH>Z< BD@42&@*FH&@<,BD,*:@0,>4,< 4 42*,D08"<4, " H"80, B@* &@2*,6FH&4,< >,"*,8&"H>@6 F4FH,<Z F$ZH". %

B@F:,*>4, (@*Z ^H" H,>*,>P4b FH":" @HD"0"H\ H"80, B@:4H4R,F84, D,":\>@FH4 4 L"8H

BD@>48>@&,>4b $@:,, 8@>8JD,>H@FB@F@$>ZN H@&"D@& >" DZ>84 "D"$F84N FHD">. A@<4<@

JF4:46, >"P,:,>>ZN >" 2"&@,&">4, >4T4 *:b BD@*J8P44 @$D"$"HZ&"`V,6 BD@<ZT:,>>@FH4

A":,FH4>Z >" ^8FB@DH>ZN DZ>8"N, &>4<">4, F:,*J,H H"80, 2"@FHD4H\ >" >,@$N@*4<@FH4

&@FFH">@&:,>4b BD,0>,(@ BD,L,D,>P4":\>@(@ FH"HJF" B":,FH4>F8@(@ F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@

^8FB@DH" >" DZ>8"N "D"$F84N FHD">.

Page 17: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 17

C. M"D"8H,D>Z, @F@$,>>@FH4 R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46 & B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48,

29. 7"8 J0, @H<,R":@F\, & L@8JF, <,0*J>"D@*>@6 BD@(D"<<Z B@<@V4 B":,FH4>F8@6

H,DD4H@D44 >"N@*4HFb &@FFH">@&:,>4, BD4T,*T,6 & JB"*@8 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ; 2"*"R" 0,

@04&:,>4b N@2b6FH&,>>ZN F,8H@D@& A":,FH4>Z, 8"8 BD"&4:@, D"FF<"HD4&",HFb & 8"R,FH&,

LJ>8P44 R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D" 4 F H@R84 2D,>4b 8"B4H":42"P44, 4 F H@R84 2D,>4b JBD"&:,>4b.=" ^H@< 240*,HFb ^8@>@<4R,F8"b B@:4H48" B":,FH4>F8@(@ DJ8@&@*FH&", >"T,*T"b @HD"0,>4,

& AD@(D"<<, D"2&4H4b A":,FH4>Z ( ACA), (*, 8:`R,&"b D@:\ & L@DF4D@&">44 JF4:46 &

@$:"FH4 D"2&4H4b @H&@*4HFb R"FH>@<J F,8H@DJ. % >"FH@bV,< D"2*,:, *@8:"*" @$@$V"`HFb

@F>@&>Z, &Z&@*Z, F*,:">>Z, & 4FF:,*@&">44 F,8D,H"D4"H" B@ R"FH>Z< 4>&,FH4P4b< >"

B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44, F P,:\`, & R"FH>@FH4, @$,FB,R,>4b BD@R>@(@ LJ>*"<,>H" *:b

BD@(D"<<Z *,bH,:\>@FH4 _=7G!) & @$:"FH4 H,N>4R,F8@6 B@<@V4 & 4>H,D,F"N B@**,D084

B":,FH4>F8@6 H@D(@&:4 4 4>&,FH4P46 ( F<. R"FH\ III) 35 /.

1. =@&"b >@D<"H4&>@- BD"&@&"b @F>@&" D,(J:4D@&">4b R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46

30. ;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 4>H,D,F 8 ^8@>@<4R,F84< *4&4*,>*"< $:40>,&@FH@R>@(@ <4D>@(@

BD@P,FF" B@&:,8 2" F@$@6 FJV,FH&,>>Z, 42<,>,>4b & B@:4H4R,F84N JF:@&4bN, &:4b`V4N >"

D"2&4H4, R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D". A,D&@>"R":\>Z6 H@:R@8 4< *":" :4$,D":42"P4b B@:4H484

32D"4:b & @H>@T,>44 ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D"2&4H4b A":,FH4>Z, >"R"&T"bFb & 1991 (@*J 4

2"HD@>J&T"b BD@P,*JDZ &Z*"R4 :4P,>246 >" BD,*BD4>4<"H,:\F8J` *,bH,:\>@FH\,D,(J:4D@&">4, D,04<" &>,T>,6 H@D(@&:4, >":@(@&J` B@:4H48J 4 <,DZ $,2@B"F>@FH4,&:4b`V4, >" 4>&,FH4P4@>>Z6 8:4<"H. A":,FH4>F8@- 42D"4:\F84, F@(:"T,>4b 1994 (@*"

B@*(@H@&4:4 B@R&J *:b *":\>,6T4N LJ>*"<,>H":\>ZN 42<,>,>46, 8"F"`V4NFb H"84N &"0>ZN

&@BD@F@&, 8"8 H@D(@&:b, >":@(4, L4>">FZ, &@BD@FZ HDJ*" 4 JBD"&:,>4b <,FH>@6

^8@>@<48@6 & P,:@<. M@Hb B@24H4&>Z, F*&4(4, BD@42@T,*T4, F 1993 (@*", B@D@*4:4

>"*,0*J 4 4>H,D,F J *,:@&ZN 8DJ(@& 4 T4D@8@6 @$V,FH&,>>@FH4, P,:Z6 Db* L"8H@D@& &F,

0, @8"2": >,("H4&>@, &:4b>4, >" 4>&,FH4P4@>>Z6 8:4<"H ( F<. D"2*,: A &ZT,).

31. ?$V"b >@D<"H4&>@- BD"&@&"b @F>@&" D,(J:4D@&">4b ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 >"

H,DD4H@D44 ,V, >, B@*&,D(:"F\ 8@<B:,8F>@6 D,L@D<,. EJV,FH&@&">4, D"2>ZN BD"&@&ZN

F4FH,<, 8@H@DZ, >, $Z:4 J>4L4P4D@&">Z 4 <@*,D>424D@&">Z, F@2*",H F:@0>@FH4 &

8@<<,DR,F8@6 FL,D,, @F@$,>>@ & H"84N @$:"FHbN, 8"8 JRD,0*,>4, 4 D,(4FHD"P4b 8@<B">46,BD@P,*JDZ &Z*"R4 :4P,>246 4 >":@(@@$:@0,>4,. 1"8@>Z, D,(J:4DJ`V4, 4>&,FH4P4@>>J`

*,bH,:\>@FH\ >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J, *@ B@F:,*>,(@ &D,<,>4 &8:`R":4 & F,$b 4@D*">F846

1"8@> 1967 (@*" @ B@@VD,>44 8"B4H":\>ZN &:@0,>46 4 42D"4:\F84, &@,>>Z, BD48"2Z 13424 1055 ( 8@H@DZ, BD4<,>b:4F\ H"80, & @H>@T,>44 F,8H@D" '"2"). =,*"&>@ B":,FH4>F8"b

"*<4>4FHD"P4b @*@$D4:" 1"8@> @ B@@VD,>44 4>&,FH4P46, & 8@H@D@< BD,*JF<"HD4&",HFb

P,:Z6 Db* >":@(@&ZN :\(@H 4 *@FH"H@R>@ :4$,D":\>Z6 D,04< B,D,&@*" BD4$Z:,6 36/.1"8@> b&:b,HFb :"8@>4R>Z< 4 &,F\<" 8@>8D,H>Z<; @> @N&"HZ&",H BD@,8HZ &@ &F,N

@$:"FHbN, BD,*JF<"HD4&"b @*4>"8@&Z6 D,04< *:b 4>&,FH@D@& &F,N >"P4@>":\>@FH,6.% 2"8@>, 2"8D,B:,>Z ("D">H44 BD@H4& >"P4@>":42"P44, ^8FBD@BD4"P44 4 D,8&424P44.=":@(@&Z, :\(@HZ &8:`R"`H & F,$b F84*84 F >":@(@& >" 4<B@DH 4 F *@N@*@& 8@DB@D"P46 &

F@R,H">44 F >":@(@&Z<4 :\(@H"<4 & F:JR", 4FB@:\2@&">4b B":,FH4>F8@6 D"$@R,6 F4:Z.

Page 18: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 18

% 2"8@>, @(@&@D,> P,:Z6 8@<B:,8F :\(@H 4 HD,$@&">46, 8@H@DZ, 2"&4FbH @H JD@&>b

8"B4H":42"P44. AD4 @FJV,FH&:,>44 JH&,D0*,>>ZN 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN BD@,8H@&

BD,*JF<"HD4&"`HFb " >":@(@&Z, 8">48J:Z" FD@8@< @H *&JN *@ BbH4 :,H & 2"&4F4<@FH4 @H

@$X,<" 8"B4H":" 4 B@H,>P4":" BD@,8H" F H@R84 2D,>4b @$,FB,R,>4b 2">bH@FH4. C"&>Z<

@$D"2@< ("D">H4DJ,HFb B,D,&@* 4>&":`H>@(@ ^8&4&":,>H" BD4$Z:,6 4 8"B4H":"

>,B":,FH4>P,&. =" @F>@&">44 ^H@(@ 2"8@>" $Z:" F@2*">" ;,0&,*@<FH&,>>"b 8@<4FF4b B@

8"B4H":@&:@0,>4b< *:b 8@>HD@:b 2" F@$:`*,>4,< ,(@ B@:@0,>46, 8@H@D"b >"*,:,>"

T4D@84<4 *4F8D,P4@>>Z<4 B@:>@<@R4b<4.

32. 32D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F84, F@(:"T,>4b @$,FB,R4:4 &@2<@0>@FH\ *:b B,D,FHD@684 4

D"FT4D,>4b L4>">F@&@6 F4FH,<Z H,DD4H@D44, 8@H@D"b & >"FH@bV,, &D,<b D"2&4H"

>,*@FH"H@R>@. ):b D"2&4H4b L4>">F@&@6 F4FH,<Z HD,$J,HFb BD@&,*,>4, LJ>*"<,>H":\>@6

D,L@D<Z, >"BD"&:,>>@6 >" B@@VD,>4, F@2*">4b >@&ZN 4>FH4HJH@&, D"FT4D,>4, J0,

FJV,FH&J`V4N, >" B@@VD,>4, 8@>8JD,>P44, @$,FB,R,>4, *@&,D4b 8 L4>">F@&@6 F4FH,<, 4

B@&ZT,>4, ^LL,8H4&>@FH4 D"$@HZ 2&,>" L4>">F@&ZN B@FD,*>48@&. A":,FH4>F8"b

"*<4>4FHD"P4b BD,*BD4>b:" @BD,*,:,>>Z, B,D&Z, T"(4 & ^H@< >"BD"&:,>44 4 BD@&,:"

JFB,T>Z, B,D,(@&@DZ F 3@D*">4,6 B@ *,>,0>@- 8D,*4H>Z< 4 $">8@&F84< &@BD@F"<.1"8:`R4H,:\>@, F@(:"T,>4, >"N@*4HFb & B@:>@< F@@H&,HFH&44 F #"2,:\F84< 8@>8@D*"H@< 4

@BD,*,:b,H R,H84, BD"&4:" *,bH,:\>@FH4 J0, FJV,FH&J`V4N $">8@& >" H,DD4H@D44. +V,

@*>@6 <,D@6 D,L@D<Z b&4:@F\ F@2*">4, A":,FH4>F8@(@ JBD"&:,>4b *,>,0>@- 8D,*4H>@(@

D,(J:4D@&">4b ( AI)7), 8@H@D@, $J*,H 4(D"H\ &"0>J` D@:\ & JFHD">,>44 L"8H@D@&

>,@BD,*,:,>>@FH4, F&b2">>ZN F D,(J:4D@&">4,< $">8@&F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 >"*2@D@< 2" >,6.M@Hb AI)7 4 J*":@F\ *@$4H\Fb JH&,D0*,>4b >,8@H@D@(@ *@&,D4b 8 B":,FH4>F8@6 L4>">F@&@6

F4FH,<,, ,<J ,V, BD,*FH@4H "8H4&>@ B@*8:`R4H\Fb 8@ &F,<J 8@<B:,8FJ <,D@BD4bH46 B@

D,(J:4D@&">4` $">8@&F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 >"*2@DJ 2" >,6, B@<4<@ &Z*"R4 :4P,>246 >@&Z<

@H*,:,>4b< $">8@& & F,8H@D, '"2" 4 3,D4N@>,. )&, ^H4 <,DZ & F@R,H">44 F F@(:"T,>4,<

<,0*J #">8@< 32D"4:b 4 O,>HD":\>Z< $">8@< 3@D*">44, B@*B4F">>Z< & *,8"$D,

1993 (@*", &>,F:4 &8:"* & :4$,D":42"P4` D,04<" $">8@&F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4.

33. =" B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44 @HFJHFH&J,H @D(">42@&">>Z6 L@>*@&Z6 DZ>@8, 4 B@8" >,H

F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N 2"8@>@& 4 D,(J:4DJ`V4N JRD,0*,>46, 8@H@DZ, @$ZR>@ &FHD,R"`HFb &

:`$@6 FHD">, F D"2&4&"`V,6Fb F@&D,<,>>@6 ^8@>@<48@6. %ZBJF8 4 BD@*"0" "8P46

BJ$:4R>ZN 8@DB@D"P46 &F, ,V, D,(J:4DJ`HFb 4@D*">F84< 1"8@>@< @ 8@<B">4bN 1964 (@*"

BD4<,>4H,:\>@ 8 L4D<"<, 2"D,(4FHD4D@&">>Z< >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J, 4 B":,FH4>F84<

1"8@>@< @ 8@<B">4bN 1929 (@*" BD4<,>4H,:\>@ 8 L4D<"<, 2"D,(4FHD4D@&">>Z< & F,8H@D,

'"2". =4 @*4> 42 ^H4N 2"8@>@& >, BD4<,>b,HFb 8 H,< P,>>Z< $J<"("<, 8JB:b- BD@*"0"

8@H@DZN @FJV,FH&:b,HFb & >,@L4P4":\>@< B@Db*8, 4:4 R,D,2 @H*,:,>4b F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N

8@<B">46. A@F8@:\8J @D(">42@&">>Z6 DZ>@8 @HFJHFH&J,H, >,H 4 FH"H4FH4R,F84N *">>ZN @

8@:4R,FH&, 4:4 FH@4<@FH4 @$D"V"`V4NFb "8P46, >@, FJ*b B@ &F,<J, @$X,< ^H@6 H@D(@&:4

@R,>\ <":. =" H,DD4H@D44 >, *,6FH&J,H >48"84N B@:@0,>46, D,(J:4DJ`V4N @8"2">4,

D,(4FHD"P4@>>@- *,B@24H"D>ZN JF:J(, 4 *"0, F @(D">4R,>>@6 L4>">F@&@6 4>L@D<"P4,6

<@0>@ @2>"8@<4H\Fb :4T\ H@(*", 8@(*" L4D<Z BJ$:48J`H F&@4 @8@>R"H,:\>Z, @HR,HZ.A@F:,*>4, B@:4H4R,F84, F@$ZH4b B@$J*4:4 >,8@H@DZN 4>&,FH@D@& 2">bH\Fb 42JR,>4,< 4*,4

F@2*">4b @D(">42@&">>@(@ L@>*@&@(@ DZ>8" >" H,DD4H@D44. 3N H@:8",H 8 ^H@<J @(D@<>"b

Page 19: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 19

B@BJ:bD>@FH\ "8P46 >@&ZN L4D<, 8@H@D"b F&4*,H,:\FH&J,H @*>@&D,<,>>@ @ &ZF@8@6

:48&4*>@FH4 4 @ *,L4P4H, 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN D,FJDF@& & *4>"D"N.

2. 3>FH4HJP4@>":\>"b, H,N>4R,F8"b 4 &FB@<@("H,:\>"b $"2"

34. +V, *@ 42D"4:\F8@6 @88JB"P44 >" @F>@&">44 F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N <,FH>ZN 2"8@>@& >"

1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2" $Z:4 F@2*">Z H@D(@&Z, B":"HZ, >@ 4N LJ>8P44 $Z:4

@(D">4R,>>Z<4, " &@2*,6FH&4, >" ^8@>@<48J - >4RH@0>Z<. 1" B@F:,*>4, >,F8@:\8@ :,H -B@F:, 42$D">4b & F@&,HZ B":"H BD,*FH"&4H,:,6 >@&@(@ B@8@:,>4b <@:@*ZN ^>,D(4R>ZN

:4*,D@& <,FH>@(@ $42>,F" - 4N D@:\ BD,H,DB,:" 2>"R4H,:\>Z, 42<,>,>4b. G@D(@&Z, B":"HZ

&F, "8H4&>,, B@*8:`R"`HFb 8 &ZB@:>,>4` F"<ZN D"2>@@$D"2>ZN LJ>8P46, F&b2">>ZN F

@$F:J04&">4,< <,FH>ZN *,:@&ZN 8DJ(@&. ?>4 B@:JR4:4 BD42>">4, $@:\T4>FH&"

4>@FHD">>ZN *@>@D@&, H@D(@&ZN *,:,("P46, L4>">F@&ZN JRD,0*,>46, BD,*BD4>4<"H,:\F84N

L4D< 4 4>&,FH@D@& 4 & ^H@6 F&b24 &2b:4 >" F,$b @H&,HFH&,>>@FH\ 2" &Z*"RJ F&4*,H,:\FH& @

BD@4FN@0*,>44 BD4 ^8FB@DH, B":,FH4>F84N H@&"D@& >" <,0*J>"D@*>Z, DZ>84. % >@&ZN

JF:@&4bN H@D(@&Z< B":"H"< BD,*FH"&4:"F\ &@2<@0>@FH\ 4(D"H\ &"0>J` B@FD,*>4R,F8J` D@:\

BD4 @8"2">44 JF:J( F@@H&,HFH&J`V4< JRD,0*,>4b< B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 4

F@*,6FH&@&"H\ *":\>,6T,<J D"2&4H4` <,0*J>"D@*>@6 H@D(@&:4.

35. #@:\T4>FH&@ @$ZR>ZN >@H"D4":\>ZN 4 4>ZN `D4*4R,F84N JF:J( BD,*@FH"&:b,HFb

8@>H@D"<4 & 8DJB>ZN (@D@*"N & D"2:4R>ZN D"6@>"N, 8@H@DZ, >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J

B@*R4>b`HFb 42D"4:\F8@6 (D"0*">F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 ( O3%!)), " & F,8H@D, '"2" 4

3,D4N@>, - B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44. A@F8@:\8J D"2*,:,>4, B@:>@<@R46 & D"2:4R>ZN

2@>"N H,DD4H@D44 &F, ,V, *@ 8@>P" >, @BD,*,:,>@, >@&Z< L4D<"< BD4N@*4HFb

D,(4FHD4D@&"H\Fb @H*,:\>@ & @D(">"N O3%!) 4 B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 & 3,D4N@>, 4 &

F,8H@D, '"2". #JN(":H,DF84, 4 "J*4H@DF84, 8@>H@DZ >" H,DD4H@D44 F (@*"<4 >"8@B4:4

@BZH & JD,(J:4D@&">44 *,:, F&b2">>ZN F >":@(@@$:@0,>4,<, <,0*J L4D<"<4 4 &:"FHb<4.%<,FH, F H,< 4< >, N&"H",H @BZH" & BD,*@FH"&:,>44 *DJ(4N JF:J(, H"84N, 8"8 BD@&,*,>4,

D,&4246, &,*,>4, $JN(":H,DF8@(@ JR,H" 4 JBD"&:,>4, L4>">F@&Z<4 D,FJDF"<4.#JN(":H,DF84, 4 "J*4H@DF84, FH">*"DHZ ,V, BD,*FH@4H @$>@&4H\, F H,< RH@$Z F 4N

B@<@V\` <@0>@ $Z:@ BD,*@FH"&:bH\ DJ8@&@*FH&J 8@<B">46 4 4>&,FH@D"< >,@$N@*4<J` 4

H@R>J` 4>L@D<"P4`. A@F:,*>4, F@$ZH4b B@$J*4:4 <,0*J>"D@*>Z, $JN(":H,DF84, L4D<Z 8

&ZN@*J >" <,FH>Z6 DZ>@8 4 BD4&,:4 8 "8H4&42"P44 JF4:46 B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44,D"$@H>48@& >"J84 4 FB,P4":4FH@&- BD"8H48@& & @$:"FH4 <@*,D>42"P44, FH">*"DH42"P44 4

D,(J:4D@&">4b $JN(":H,DF8@(@ *,:".

36. #:"(@*"Db D"FT4D,>4` $">8@&F8@(@ F,8H@D" >" H,DD4H@D44 B@F:, 1993 (@*"

@$@FHD4:"F\ 8@>8JD,>P4b >" <,FH>@< L4>">F@&@< DZ>8, 4 D"FT4D4:Fb *@FHJB B":,FH4>P,& 8

HD"*4P4@>>Z< $">8@&F84< JF:J("<. C@FH R4F:" $">8@& >" H,DD4H@D44 *@:0,> BD4&,FH4 8

JF4:,>4` 8@>8JD,>P44, B@&ZT,>4` 8"R,FH&" 4 D"FT4D,>4` FB,8HD" L4>">F@&ZN JF:J(.]H@ *@:0>@ J:JRT4H\ JF:@&4b *@FHJB" $@:,, T4D@84N F:@,& >"F,:,>4b 8 $">8@&F84<

JF:J("< 4, & F&@` @R,D,*\, B@&ZF4H\ ^LL,8H4&>@FH\ L4>">F@&@(@ B@FD,*>4R,FH&". ?*>"8@

>" BJH4 D"2&4H4b ^H@(@ F,8H@D" &F, ,V, 4<,`HFb BD,BbHFH&4b, H. ,. D"$@H" BD,*FH@4H ,V,

>,<":"b. #">84 2*,F\ >,&,:484, 0,FH8@ @(D">4R,>Z & F&@4N &@2<@0>@FHbN, FH":84&"`HFb

Page 20: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 20

F BD@$:,<"<4 >,@BD,*,:,>>@FH4 N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ 8:4<"H" 4 4FBZHZ&"`H HDJ*>@FH4 & *,:,

@D(">42"P44 &>JHD,>>,(@ JBD"&:,>4b. ?H<,R"`HFb 2"*,D084 BD4 @FJV,FH&:,>44 FH">*"DH>ZN

$">8@&F84N @B,D"P46 F T4D@8@6 8:4,>HJD@6, @(D">4R,> H"80, @$X,< @8"2Z&",<ZN

>,HD"*4P4@>>ZN JF:J(, H"84N, 8"8 B,DF@>4L4P4D@&">>@, JBD"&:,>4, 4>&,FH4P4b<4, $42>,F-8@>F":H4>(, &ZBJF8 8D,*4H>ZN 8"DH@R,8 4 " ">*,DD"6H4>(".

37. #ZHJ,H <>,>4,, RH@ <,FH>Z, $">84 BD@&@*bH R,D,FRJD 8@>F,D&"H4&>J` 8D,*4H>J`

B@:4H48J 4 4<,`H & F&@,< D"FB@Db0,>44 >,$@:\T@6 F@&@8JB>Z6 @$X,< *,B@24H@&. ]H@

F&b2">@, & R"FH>@FH4, F 0,FH8@FH\` @(D">4R,>46 & @H>@T,>44 @B,D"P46, @$JF:@&:,>>@6

F:@0>@6 BD4D@*@6 >Z>,T>4N `D4*4R,F84N <,N">42<@&, 4<,`V4N B,D,N@*>Z6 N"D"8H,D.7D@<, H@(@, & JF:@&4bN J<,>\T,>4b @$X,<" F$,D,0,>46 4, F:,*@&"H,:\>@, D@FH" FH@4<@FH4

8D,*4H" >":4P@ BD42>"84 RD,2<,D>@ &ZF@8@(@ FBD@F" >" 8D,*4H>Z, D,FJDFZ. =,L@D<":\>ZN

$">8@&F84N <,N">42<@& <>@0,FH&@, >@ 2"B@:>4H\ ^HJ >4TJ @>4 >, & F@FH@b>44 & F4:J

F&@4N <":,>\84N D"2<,D@&, D"2D@2>,>>@FH4 4 @HFJHFH&4b F4FH,<Z 4N D,(J:4D@&">4b. C">,,

>48"84, FHD"N@&Z, &2>@FZ ( &ZB:"R4&",<Z, (:"&>Z< @$D"2@< 42D"4:\F84< L4D<"<) >,

4>&,FH4D@&":4F\ >" <,FH>@< DZ>8,, >@ F 1993 (@*" "8H4&>@FH\ FHD"N@&@(@ F,8H@D" >"R":"

&@2D"FH"H\ 4 @N&"H FHD"N@&Z<4 JF:J("<4 8@<B">46, 2">bHZN & D,8@>FHDJ8P4@>>ZN BD@,8H"N,8"8 @04*",HFb, $J*,H FB@F@$FH&@&"H\ D"FT4D,>4` DZ>8" FHD"N@&">4b 4 B@&ZT,>4`

^LL,8H4&>@FH4 L4>">F@&@(@ B@FD,*>4R,FH&".

38. %@H J0, <>@(4, (@*Z B":,FH4>F846 R"FH>Z6 F,8H@D *,6FH&J,H, >, 4<,b *@FHJB" 8

F@&D,<,>>Z< F4FH,<"< DZ>@R>@6 4>L@D<"P44, H. ,. & JF:@&4bN *,L4P4H" 4>L@D<"P44 @

&>,T>4N DZ>8"N 4 @HFJHFH&4b *@FHJB" 8 F@@H&,HFH&J`V4< JF:J("< 8@<B\`H,D>ZN F,H,6.7@>FJ:\FH&", D"FB@:@0,>>Z, 2" DJ$,0@<, *@:0>Z< @$D"2@< >, @F>"V,>Z, RH@$Z

&ZB@:>bH\ @$ZR>Z, LJ>8P44 " 8@<<,DR,F84N "HH"T,". 7D@<, H@(@, 8 B:@N@<J 8"R,FH&J

DZ>@R>@6 4>L@D<"P44 BD4$"&:b,HFb 4 >42846 JD@&,>\ 2>">4b ">(:46F8@(@ b2Z8" & *,:@&ZN

8DJ("N, BD,*FH"&4H,:4 8@H@DZN *@:(4, (@*Z 4FN@*4:4 42 H@(@, RH@ & 4N 4>H,D,F"N :JRT,

42JR"H\ 4&D4H. AD@$:,<Z *,L4P4H" DZ>@R>@6 4>L@D<"P44 @VJV"`HFb 4 >" <,FH>ZN

DZ>8"N, BD,0*, &F,(@ >" @BH@&ZN DZ>8"N F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@6 BD@*J8P44, (*, & F4:J

B:@N@6 F&b24 <,0*J JR"FH>48"<4 H@D(@&ZN @B,D"P46 P,>Z $Z&"`H F@&,DT,>>@ D"2>Z<4.C,8:"<" 4 <"D8,H4>( D"2&4&":4F\ & JF:@&4bN 0,FH84N ^8@>@<4R,F84N 4 B@:4H4R,F84N

@(D">4R,>46, BD4<,>b&T4NFb & @H>@T,>44 R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D". % @HFJHFH&4, <,FH>ZN H,:,-4 D"*4@&,V"H,:\>ZN FH">P46 (:"&>Z< D,8:"<>Z< L@DJ<@<, 8@H@DZ6 4FB@:\2J,HFb *,:@&Z<4

8DJ("<4, b&:b`HFb <,FH>Z, ("2,HZ. % B@F:,*>,, &D,<b &@2<@0>@FH4 D"2&,DHZ&">4b

D,8:"<>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 FH":4 T4D,, B@F8@:\8J @H8DZ:4F\ >@&Z, B,DFB,8H4&Z 4FB@:\2@&">4b

4@D*">F84N FD,*FH& <"FF@&@6 4>L@D<"P44, " H"80, >@&ZN <,FH>ZN 8@<<,DR,F84N 4

@L4P4":\>ZN H,:,- 4 D"*4@FH">P46, ("2,H 4 0JD>":@&.

39. #@:\T4>FH&@ B":,FH4>F84N L4D<, 8@H@DZ, @$ZR>@ BD,*FH"&:b`H F@$@6 <,:84,

F,<,6>Z, BD,*BD4bH4b, >, FR4H"`H $42>,F- 8@>F":H4>( &"0>Z< *:b F,$b, 4 & ^H@6 F&b24 >"

H,DD4H@D44 @HFJHFH&J`H BD@L,FF4@>":\>Z, L4D<Z, BD,*@FH"&:b`V4, H"84, JF:J(4. ?*>"8@

& B@F:,*>4, *&" (@*" B@HD,$>@FH\ & H"8@(@ D@*" JF:J("N &@2D@F:", RH@ BD4&,:@ 8

JRD,0*,>4` B,D&ZN H"84N L4D<. A@ <>,>4` B@*"&:b`V,(@ $@:\T4>FH&" :4*,D@& *,:@&ZN

8DJ(@&, @F@$,>>@ $"24DJ`V4NFb 2" BD,*,:"<4 H,DD4H@D44, BD@L,FF4@>":\>Z6 JD@&,>\

Page 21: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 21

$@:\T4>FH&" L4D< >,&ZF@8, B@ 8D"6>,6 <,D, B@ FD"&>,>4` F <,0*J>"D@*>Z<4

FH">*"DH"<4. =,8@H@DZ, $">84 4 &,*JV4, 4>&,FH4P4@>>Z, L4D<Z F@R:4 P,:,F@@$D"2>Z<

JRD,*4H\ F&@4 F@$FH&,>>Z, 8@>F":H4>(@&Z, 8@>H@DZ, 8@H@DZ, BD,*@FH"&:b`H JF:J(4 4

*DJ(4< BD,*FH"&4H,:b< *,:@&ZN 8DJ(@&.

40. A,D,* R"FH>Z< F,8H@D@< B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44 &F,(*" @FHD@ FH@b:" BD@$:,<"

8"R,FH&" JBD"&:,>4b 8@<<,DR,F84<4 BD,*BD4bH4b<4, 8@H@D"b JFJ(J$:b,HFb ,V, 4 F,<,6>Z<

N"D"8H,D@< <>@(4N 42 >4N. M@Hb JD@&,>\ H,N>4R,F8@6 4 JBD"&:,>R,F8@6 8&":4L48"P44

$@:\T4>FH&" <,>,*0,D@& >,&ZF@8, @F@$,>>@ & &@BD@F"N, F&b2">>ZN F <,0*J>"D@*>@6

H@D(@&:,6, D"$@H"b & 8D"6>, F:@0>ZN JF:@&4bN, @>4 &ZD"$@H":4 J F,$b B@D"24H,:\>Z,

>"&Z84 &Z04&">4b. A":,FH4>F84, BD,*BD4bH4b >"8@B4:4 $@("HZ6 @BZH D"$@HZ & JF:@&4bN

42D"4:\F8@6 ^8@>@<484 4 F ,(@ *,:@&Z< F,8H@D@<, RH@ b&:b,HFb *:b >4N &"0>Z< "8H4&@<

& 8@>H,8FH, D,(4@>":\>@(@ ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&". 1" B@F:,*>4, *&" (@*"

B@HD,$>@FH4 R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D" & B@*(@H@&8, JBD"&:,>R,F84N 8"*D@& &@2D@F:4. #">84,HD">F>"P4@>":\>Z, 8@DB@D"P44 4 JRD,0*,>4b, 2">4<"`V4,Fb @8"2">4,< B@<@V4 & P,:bN

D"2&4H4b, >"R":4 F&@` *,bH,:\>@FH\ 2*,F\ F H@(@, RH@ FH":4 >">4<"H\ JBD"&:,>R,F84N

D"$@H>48@& FH"DT,(@ 2&,>" *:b F&@4N >@&ZN @H*,:,>46 >" H,DD4H@D44 & *DJ(4N FHD">"N.% F4:J >,N&"H84 JBD"&:,>R,F84N 8"*D@& >" H,DD4H@D44 >"R":4 "8H4&>@ F@2*"&"H\Fb JR,$>Z,

2"&,*,>4b 4 8JDFZ B@* ^(4*@6 >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN @D(">42"P46 ( =A?), B":,FH4>F8@6

"*<4>4FHD"P44 4 J>4&,DF4H,H@&.

3. Q"FH>Z, 4>&,FH4P4@>>Z, B@H@84

41. 3>&,FH4P4@>>Z, D,FJDFZ >" B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44 L@D<4DJ`HFb 2" FR,H HD,N

@F>@&>ZN 4FH@R>48@&: JRD,0*,>46 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ F,8H@D", F,8H@D" BD,*BD4bH46 4

*@<"T>4N N@2b6FH&. A,D&Z6 42 ^H4N 4FH@R>48@& b&:b,HFb >,2>"R4H,:\>Z<: *@ 1993 (@*"

>" >,(@ BD4N@*4:@F\ @8@:@ 15% @$V,(@ @$X,<" &":@&ZN &>JHD,>>4N 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46.E$,D,0,>4b 8@DB@D"P46 H"80, b&:b`HFb >4RH@0>Z<4 & F4:J >,$:"(@BD4bH>@(@

4>&,FH4P4@>>@(@ 8:4<"H". G"84< @$D"2@<, 8:`R,&J` D@:\ & 8"R,FH&, 4FH@R>48" R"FH>ZN

4>&,FH4P46 4(D",H F,8H@D *@<@N@2b6FH&, >" 8@H@DZ6 BD4N@*4HFb B@Db*8" 85% &":@&ZN

&>JHD,>>4N 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46. 32- 2" BD,@$:"*">4b F,<,6>@6 L@D<Z F@$FH&,>>@FH4 &

F,8H@D, BD,*BD4bH46 H@D<@24HFb F@2*">4, B@:>@P,>>ZN 8@DB@D"P46 4 F@&D,<,>>ZN DZ>8@&

8"B4H":", " ^H@ BD,BbHFH&J,H D@FHJ 4 <@*,D>42"P44 L4D<, @F@$,>>@ & BD@<ZT:,>>@FH4.

42. E 1967 (@*" *,2"(D,(4D@&">>Z, *">>Z, @ FHDJ8HJD, &":@&ZN &>JHD,>>4N

8"B4H":@&:@0,>46 @HFJHFH&J`H. ?*>"8@ *">>Z,, BJ$:48J,<Z, 32D"4:,<, F&4*,H,:\FH&J`H @

H@<, RH@ B@Db*8" 85% &":@&ZN &>JHD,>>4N &:@0,>46 & @F>@&>@6 8"B4H": >"BD"&:b,HFb &

FHD@4H,:\FH&@, BD,0*, &F,(@ 04:4V>@, FHD@4H,:\FH&@. E@(:"F>@ @P,>8"<, *@:b

FHD@4H,:\FH&" & %%A F@FH"&:b,H RJH\ <,>,, 20%, RH@ >"<>@(@ &ZT, B@ FD"&>,>4` F

F@F,*>4<4 "D"$F84<4 FHD">"<4 ( & +(4BH,, 3@D*">44, 94&">, 4 E4D44 >" >,(@ BD4N@*4HFb

5% 4:4 *"0, <,>\T,) 37 /. ]H@ @$XbF>b,HFb Db*@< L"8H@D@&, & H@< R4F:, @(D@<>Z<

2>"R,>4,<, BD4*"&",<Z< >":4R4` J F,<\4 F@$FH&,>>@(@ *@<", @FHD,6T4< 4 FHD,<4H,:\>@

J(:J$:b`V4<Fb 04:4V>Z< 8D424F@<, J&,:4R,>4,< F$,D,0,>46 $:"(@*"Db D@FHJ *@N@*@& *@

1986 (@*", " H"80, @HFJHFH&4,< ":\H,D>"H4&>ZN &@2<@0>@FH,6 *:b 4>&,FH4P46. % B,D4@*

Page 22: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 22

F 1968 B@ 1991 (@* >" FHD@4H,:\FH&@ BD4N@*4:Fb 81% F@&@8JB>ZN R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46;8 @FH":\>Z< FH"H\b< R"FH>ZN 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46 @H>@FbHFb <"T4>Z, HD">FB@DH>@, 4 *DJ(@,

@$@DJ*@&">4,. %:@0,>4b & @F>@&>@6 8"B4H": >, B@FB,&":4 2" "<@DH42"P4,6, & D,2J:\H"H,

R,(@ JD@&,>\ 2"(DJ284 BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN <@V>@FH,6 J<,>\T":Fb. =,0,:">4, >"BD"&:bH\

FD,*FH&" >" <@*,D>42"P4` BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN "8H4&@& @$XbF>b,HFb @(D">4R,>>Z< B@H,>P4":@<

DZ>8" 4 >,^LL,8H4&>@6 D"$@H@6 $">8@&F8@(@ F,8H@D". Q"FH>Z, L4D<Z FHD,<bHFb &FbR,F84

F>424H\ >"8:"*>Z, 4 @B,D"P4@>>Z, D"FN@*Z, *"0, F&b2">>Z, F D"2&4H4,< :`*F84N

D,FJDF@&. G"8"b B@24P4b >,("H4&>@ F8"2Z&",HFb >" 8"R,FH&, 4 P,>@&@6

8@>8JD,>H@FB@F@$>@FH4.

43. ?04*":@F\, RH@ B@F:, B@*B4F">4b 42D"4:\F8@- B":,FH4>F84N F@(:"T,>46 BD@42@6*,H

FJV,FH&,>>@, J&,:4R,>4, R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN B@H@8@&. E 1993 (@*" & >"*,0*,

B@:JR4H\ BD4$Z:4 4 $J*JR4 &*@N>@&:,>>Z<4 N@*@< B@:4H4R,F84N F@$ZH46, HZFbR4

B":,FH4>P,&, BD@04&"`V4N 2" DJ$,0@<, 4 4>@FHD">>ZN 4>&,FH@D@& B@F,H4:4 B":,FH4>F8J`

H,DD4H@D4`, BD4R,< $@:\T4>FH&@ 42 >4N &B,D&Z,, & B@4F8, 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN &@2<@0>@FH,6.ED,*4 B@F,H4&T4N H,DD4H@D4` B@H,>P4":\>ZN 4>&,FH@D@& - BD,*FH"&4H,:4 F"<ZN D"2>ZN

>"P4@>":\>@FH,6, >@ $@:\T4>FH&@ 42 >4N - ^H@ B":,FH4>PZ, BD@04&"`V4, 2" DJ$,0@<.7@>8D,H>ZN *">>ZN, B@ 8@H@DZ< <@0>@ $Z:@ $Z FJ*4H\ @ H@<, & R,< 0, D,":\>@

&ZD"24:"F\ ^H" 4>&,FH4P4@>>"b ^6L@D4b, B@8" >,H, >@ ,FH\ @F>@&">4b FR4H"H\, RH@ @$X,<

>@&ZN R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46, 8@H@DZ, L"8H4R,F84 $Z:4 D"2<,V,>Z >" H,DD4H@D44 2"

B@F:,*>4, *&" (@*", >,&,:48. %<,FH, F H,< <>@(4, >@&Z, 4>&,FH@DZ, J$,0*,>>Z, & H@<,RH@ $J*JV,, @H8DZ&",H N@D@T4, B,DFB,8H4&Z, >"R":4 (@H@&4H\ F@@H&,HFH&J`VJ`

@D(">42"P4@>>@- H,N>4R,F8J` 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDJ, RH@$Z FD"2J &8:`R4H\Fb & 4>&,FH4P4@>>J`

*,bH,:\>@FH\, 8"8 H@:\8@ *:b ^H@(@ F:@0"HFb $:"(@BD4bH>Z, JF:@&4b.

44. % R4F:@ >@&ZN L4D<, @$D"2@&"&T4NFb >" H,DD4H@D44, &N@*bH $">84, FHD"N@&Z,

8@<B">44, FHD@4H,:\>Z, L4D<Z, BD,*BD4bH4b FL,DZ JF:J( 4 H@D(@&Z, BD,*BD4bH4b

T4D@8@(@ BD@L4:b. % 1992 (@*J 8@>(:@<,D"H@<, JRD,0*,>>Z< B":,FH4>F84<4 ^<4(D">H"<4

4 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>Z<4 4>&,FH@D"<4, $Z:@ F@2*">@ 8DJB>@, 4>&,FH4P4@>>@, BD,*BD4bH4, F

B,D&@>"R":\>Z< "8P4@>,D>Z< 8"B4H":@< & D"2<,D, 200 <:>. *@::"D@&. ):b @$,FB,R,>4b

<"8F4<":\>@6 ^LL,8H4&>@FH4 ,(@ *,bH,:\>@FH4 (@:@&>"b 8@DB@D"P4b JRD,*4:" HD4 *@R,D>4N

BD,*BD4bH4b, 8@H@DZ, 2">4<"`HFb FHD@4H,:\FH&@<, HJD42<@< 4 BD@<ZT:,>>@6

*,bH,:\>@FH\`. % H"84N @$:"FHbN, 8"8 FHD@4H,:\FH&@, BD@<ZT:,>>Z, 2@>Z 4 HJD42<,2"B:">4D@&">@ <>@0,FH&@ BD@,8H@&, 4 >,8@H@DZ, 42 >4N J0, >"R":4 @FJV,FH&:bH\Fb;BD,*JF<"HD4&",HFb F@2*">4, >@&ZN BD,*BD4bH46 & ^>,D(,H48,, FL,D, H,:,8@<<J>48"P46,FHD@4H,:\FH&, 4 & @$:"FH4 JBD"&:,>4b 2@>"<4 ^8FB@DH>@6 B,D,D"$@H84. G"8"b 0,

8@DB@D"H4&>"b <@*,:\ 4FB@:\2J,HFb 4 Db*@< *DJ(4N N@:*4>(@&ZN 8@<B">46, 8@H@DZ, $Z:4

F@2*">Z 2" B@F:,*>4, *&" (@*" 4 8@H@DZ, >"N@*bHFb & F@$FH&,>>@FH4 4 L4>">F4DJ`HFb

(:"&>Z< @$D"2@< B":,FH4>F84<4 4>&,FH@D"<4- ^8FB"HD4">H"<4 BD4 "8H4&>@< JR"FH44 *,:@&ZN

8DJ(@& >" F"<@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44.

45. EBD@F >" >@&@, FHD@4H,:\FH&@ 2" B@F:,*>4, *&" (@*" 2>"R4H,:\>@ &@2D@F, BD4R,< >,

H@:\8@ & F4:J @$@FHD,>4b BD@$:,<Z 04:\b *:b 04H,:,6 H,DD4H@D44, >@ 4 &F:,*FH&4,

Page 23: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 23

BD4H@8" B":,FH4>P,&, BD@04&"&T4N 2" DJ$,0@<, " H"80, $ZFHD@(@ F@2*">4b JRD,0*,>46

B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44, =A? 4 JRD,0*,>46- *@>@D@&, 8@H@DZ, >J0*"`HFb &

Page 24: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 24

B@<,V,>4bN. E@(:"F>@ BD@(>@2"<, & $:40"6T,< $J*JV,< ^H@H FBD@F &@2D"FH,H ,V,

$@:\T,. %F:,*FH&4, @H<,R"`V,(@Fb & >"FH@bV,, &D,<b 4 BD@(>@24DJ,<@(@ D@FH" FBD@F" >"

2*">4b 4 F@@DJ0,>4b P,>Z >" >,*&404<@FH\ 4 D"2<,DZ "D,>*>@6 B:"HZ & B@F:,*>4, *&"

(@*" D,28@ B@*F8@R4:4. A@<4<@ ^H@(@ D,2846 D@FH P,> @HR"FH4 @$JF:@&:,>

*,L@D<4D@&">>Z< F@FH@b>4,< DZ>8" FHD@4H,:\>@6 H,N>484 4 <"H,D4":@&, " H"80,

@(D">4R,>4b<4 & @H>@T,>44 D"FT4D,>4b FHD@4H,:\FH&" & (@D@*F84N 4 BD4(@D@*>ZN D"6@>"N.

46. =,&24D"b >" H@, RH@ F 1967 (@*" B":,FH4>F84, BD,*BD4bH4b B@FH@b>>@ 4<,:4 *,:@ F

42D"4:\F84<4 L4D<"<4, @>4 &@2*,D04&":4F\ @H F@2*">4b B@:>@8D@&>ZN F@&<,FH>ZN

BD,*BD4bH46 F 42D"4:\Hb>"<4, & 8@H@DZN BD,*JF<"HD4&":@F\ $Z F@&<,FH>@, &:"*,>4,

8"B4H":@< 4 F@&<,FH>@, JBD"&:,>4,. )@ 1993 (@*" B":,FH4>F8"b @$V,FH&,>>@FH\ FR4H":",RH@ F@2*">4, H"84N F@&<,FH>ZN BD,*BD4bH46 BD,*FH"&:b:@ $Z F@$@6 @R,>\ 8DJB>Z6 T"( &

>@D<":42"P44 @H>@T,>46 F 32D"4:,<, " ^H@ & H@ &D,<b $Z:@ >,&@2<@0>@. ?*>"8@ F

1993 (@*" @H>@T,>4, B":,FH4>P,& 8 F@&<,FH>Z< BD,*BD4bH4b< F 32D"4:,< 42<,>4:@F\.A":,FH4>F8@, DJ8@&@*FH&@ BD42>":@, RH@ F@&<,FH>Z, BD,*BD4bH4b F 32D"4:,< 8"8 &

8@<<,DR,F8@6 FL,D,, H"8 4 & (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@< F,8H@D, BD,*FH"&:b`H F@$@6 >,@HX,<:,<Z6

8@<B@>,>H <4D>@(@ BD@P,FF". M@Hb B":,FH4>F84, BD,*BD4>4<"H,:4 &F, ,V, BD@b&:b`H

@FH@D@0>@FH\, @>4 BD,8D"F>@ @H*"`H F,$, @HR,H & B@H,>P4":\>@6 &Z(@*>@FH4 F@2*">4b

F@&<,FH>ZN BD,*BD4bH46 F 42D"4:\F84<4 F@F,*b<4, B@F8@:\8J ^H@ B@2&@:4H @$,FB,R4H\ ,V,

$@:\TJ` &2"4<@*@B@:>b,<@FH\ ^8@>@<48 4 D"FT4D4H\ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@.

47. ):b *":\>,6T,(@ J:JRT,>4b 4>&,FH4P4@>>@(@ 8:4<"H" >" H,DD4H@D44 HD,$J,HFb P,:Z6

Db* D,L@D< <"8D@^8@>@<4R,F8@6 4 H@D(@&@6 B@:4H484 & L@D<4DJ`V,6Fb B":,FH4>F8@6

^8@>@<48,. ?>4 *@:0>Z B@*8D,B:bH\Fb <,D"<4, >"BD"&:,>>Z<4 >" B@&ZT,>4,

^LL,8H4&>@FH4 D"$@HZ (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN 4 R"FH>ZN JRD,0*,>46, 8@H@DZ, F@*,6FH&J`H

D"2&4H4` R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D". EB@F@$>@FH\ B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 @F&"4&"H\ *@&@:\>@

2>"R4H,:\>Z6 BD4H@8 4>&,FH4P46 4 @$,FB,R4&"H\ BD4 ^H@< BD4,<:,<Z6 JD@&,>\ *@N@*@& @H

&:@0,>46 &@ <>@(@< 2"&4F4H H"80, @H F,D\,2>ZN F,8H@D":\>ZN BD,@$D"2@&">46 &@

&>JHD,>>,6 ^8@>@<48,. ]H4 BD,@$D"2@&">4b HD,$J`HFb *:b H@(@, RH@$Z B":,FH4>F8"b

^8@>@<48" <@(:" ^LL,8H4&>@ BD4FB@F@$4H\Fb 8 JF:@&4b< F&@$@*>@6 <,0*J>"D@*>@6 H@D(@&:4

4 & H@ 0, &D,<b J<,>\T4H\ F&@` Jb2&4<@FH\ B,D,* :4P@< &>,T>4N B@HDbF,>46. % ^H@6

F&b24 *:b B@&ZT,>4b D@:4 R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46 & D"2&4H44 B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484

BD,*JF<"HD4&",HFb P,:Z6 Db* B@:4H4R,F84N, 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>ZN 4 FHDJ8HJD>ZN D,L@D< 38/.

Page 25: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 25

Q"FH\ II

A+CEA+7G3%Y IEG?5Q3%?'? C!1%3G3a A!9+EG3=E7?5 ]7?=?;373 39/

48. 7@(*" B":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b BD4FHJB4:" 8 @FJV,FH&:,>4` F&@4N LJ>8P46 & <",

1994 (@*", ^8@>@<4R,F8"b F4HJ"P4b N"D"8H,D42@&":"F\ >":4R4,< *4FBD@B@DP46 4

>"DJT,>4,< F&b2,6 >" &F,N DZ>8"N, RH@ JFJ(J$:b:@F\ BD"8H4R,F84 B@:>Z< D"2&":@<

(@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ F,8H@D". A,D,N@* &:"FH4 8 B":,FH4>F8@<J >"D@*J 4 F@2*">4, F4FH,<Z

B":,FH4>F8@(@ F"<@JBD"&:,>4b @H8DZ&"`H B,D,* ^8@>@<48@6 >@&Z, B,DFB,8H4&Z. 1*,F\

HD,$J`HFb HD4 ^:,<,>H": &ZBD"&:,>4, "F4<<,HD44, F&b2">>@6 F 4>H,(D"P4,6 A":,FH4>Z &

42D"4:\F8J` ^8@>@<48J; F@2*">4, H"8@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44, 8@H@D"b >"BD"&:b:"

$Z &F, F4:Z >" D,8@>FHDJ8P4` ^8@>@<484 4 @D(">42"P4` N@2b6FH&" 4FN@*b 42

>"P4@>":\>ZN BD4@D4H,H@&; " H"80, ("D">H44 H@(@, RH@ <,0*J>"D@*>@, F@@$V,FH&@

J&,:4R4H L4>">F@&J` B@<@V\. E JR,H@< &2"4<@F&b24 4 &2"4<@*,6FH&4b <,0*J ^H4<4

^:,<,>H"<4 F,8D,H"D4"H _=7G!) @D(">42@&": <,0F,8H@D":\>Z6 4FF:,*@&"H,:\F846 BD@,8H,& D"<8"N 8@H@D@(@ $Z:4 BD@">":424D@&">Z B,DFB,8H4&Z JFH@6R4&@(@ D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@6

^8@>@<484 & B,D4@* F 1990 B@ 2010 (@*. % R"FH4 II D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb @F>@&>Z, &Z&@*Z,8"F"`V4,Fb <"8D@^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ 4 <,0F,8H@D":\>@(@ JD@&>,6, & R"FH>@FH4

<"8D@^8@>@<4R,F8@6 >,F$":">F4D@&">>@FH4 4 FHDJ8HJD>@6 >,@L@D<:,>>@FH4 F,8H@D@&, "

H"80, B@:4H484, 8@H@DJ` >,@$N@*4<@ BD@&@*4H\ *:b 4FBD"&:,>4b F:@04&T,6Fb F4HJ"P44.

A. 1"*"R4 D"2&4H4b >,2"&4F4<@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484

49. % B,D&@6 R"FH4 <,0F,8H@D":\>@(@ BD@,8H" $Z:4 BD@">":424D@&">Z (:"&>Z, @F@$,>>@FH4

H,N >,$:"(@BD4bH>ZN ^8@>@<4R,F84N JF:@&46, 8@H@DZ, F:@04:4F\ & B,D4@* @88JB"P44 F

1967 (@*"; ^H@ $Z:@ F*,:">@ *:b @BD,*,:,>4b N"D"8H,D>ZN R,DH F@&D,<,>>@6 B":,FH4>F8@6

^8@>@<484, " H"80, ^:,<,>H@& FHD"H,(44 &@FFH">@&:,>4b 4 D,8@>FHDJ8P44 40/. 7"8

BD,*FH"&:b,HFb, >"4$@:,, F4:\>@, &:4b>4, >" ^8@>@<48J *@ 1993 (@*" @8"2Z&":4

F:,*J`V4, R,HZD, L"8H@D": @(D">4R,>4b, 8"F"`V4,Fb 4FB@:\2@&">4b BD4D@*>ZN D,FJDF@&,*,bH,:\>@FH4 BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN F,8H@D@& 4 H@D(@&:4, B,D,8"R4&">4, D,FJDF@& & 32D"4:\ 4

2"$D@T,>>@FH\ (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ F,8H@D".

50. % 8@>,R>@< 4H@(, &F, ^H@ BD4&,:@ 8 FJV,FH&,>>@<J @F:"$:,>4` HD"*4P4@>>ZN

BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN F,8H@D@& B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 4 8 @$D"2@&">4` <"8D@^8@>@<4R,F84N

*4FBD@B@DP46 *&JN 8"H,(@D46: &@- B,D&ZN, 8 >,N&"H8, D,FJDF@& 4 >,F$":">F4D@&">>@FH4

DZ>8" HDJ*", " &@- &H@DZN, 8 JF4:,>4` 2"&4F4<@FH4 @H &>,T>4N 4FH@R>48@& *@N@*".=,N&"H8" D,FJDF@& BD@b&:b,HFb & @HD4P"H,:\>@< F":\*@ H@D(@&@(@ $":">F", " H"80, &

*,L@D<4D@&">>@FH4 $":">F" 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46 4 F$,D,0,>46. 1,D8":\>Z< @HD"0,>4,<

>,N&"H84 D,FJDF@& b&:b,HFb >,F$":">F4D@&">>@FH\ DZ>8" HDJ*", BD@b&:b`V"bFb & D@FH,

BD,*:@0,>4b D"$@R,6 F4:Z 4 & @(D">4R,>>@FH4 &@2<@0>@FH,6 HDJ*@JFHD@6FH&" &

@H,R,FH&,>>@6 ^8@>@<48,. A@F:,*>46 L"8H@D &ZD"0",HFb & $@:\T@< R4F:, B":,FH4>P,&,D"$@H"`V4N & 32D"4:, 4 *DJ(4N 2"DJ$,0>ZN FHD">"N, " H"80, & &ZF@8@< JD@&>,

&>JHD,>>,6 $,2D"$@H4PZ.

Page 26: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 26

51. % >"FH@bV,, &D,<b B,D,* B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P4,6 FH@bH *&, 8@:@FF":\>Z, 2"*"R4,8@H@DZ, HD,$J`H >,2"<,*:4H,:\>ZN *,6FH&46 4 D,T,>4, 8@H@DZN $J*,H @BD,*,:bH\ JFB,N

JF4:46 & @$:"FH4 D"2&4H4b & *@:(@FD@R>@6 B,DFB,8H4&,: L@D<4D@&">4, >@&ZN 4>FH4HJH@&

B":,FH4>F8@6 (D"0*">F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 4 "8H4&42"P4b D"$@HZ J0, F@2*">>ZN JRD,0*,>46;" H"80, $@D\$" F $,2D"$@H4P,6. E:,*J,H >"*,bH\Fb, RH@ BD4 D,T,>44 ^H4N *&JN 2"*"R

B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 J*"FHFb 42$,0"H\ F@$:"2>", @H 8@H@D@(@ >, J*,D0":4F\ <>@(4,

>@&Z, >,2"&4F4<Z, FHD">Z; D,R\ 4*,H @ D"2&,DHZ&">44 BD@(D"<<Z F@2*">4b JRD,0*,>46

BD,0*, &F,(@ F P,:\` >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@(@ HDJ*@JFHD@6FH&" :`*,6. %<,FH@ ^H@(@ *&,

&ZT,J8"2">>Z, BD@$:,<Z F:,*J,H D,T"H\ F JR,H@< 4<B,D"H4&@& BD@(D"<<Z &@FFH">@&:,>4b 4

D,8@>FHDJ8P44 ^8@>@<484. ),bH,:\>@FH\ B@ L@D<4D@&">4` 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6 $"2Z 4

$@D\$, F $,2D"$@H4P,6 *@:0>" $ZH\ >"P,:,>" >" B@&ZT,>4, B@H,>P4":" R"FH>ZN

BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN F,8H@D@&. AD4@D4H,H>@, 2>"R,>4, F:,*J,H BD4*"H\ *,bH,:\>@FH4, 8@H@D"b

B@<@(":" $Z D,T"H\ *&@b8J` 2"*"RJ @$,FB,R,>4b BD@42&@*4H,:\>@6 2">bH@FH4 4 D"FT4D,>4b

4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ, @$F:J04&"`V,6 R"FH>Z6 F,8H@D.

52. % ^H@6 F&b24 >"4$@:,, &"0>Z<4 BD@,8H"<4 $J*JH BD@,8HZ, F&b2">>Z, F >"D"V4&">4,<

F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>ZN D,FJDF@&. 7 ^H@6 8"H,(@D44 @H>@FbHFb BD@(D"<<Z <,:4@D"P44

2,<,:\, D"FFR4H">>Z, >" D"FT4D,>4, B:@V"*,6, BD4(@*>ZN *:b 8J:\H4&"P44, J:JRT,>4,

&@*@F>"$0,>4b 2" FR,H <@*,D>42"P44 "DH,24">F84N F8&"04>, $JD,>4b >@&ZN F8&"04> 4

FHD@4H,:\FH&" D,2,D&J"D@&. % H@ 0, &D,<b *:b FH4<J:4D@&">4b BD@<ZT:,>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4

HD,$J,HFb J:JRT,>4, ^>,D(@F>"$0,>4b, <@*,D>42"P4b HD">FB@DH>@6 F4FH,<Z 4 @FJV,FH&:,>4,

8DJB>ZN &:@0,>46 & FL,DJ F&b24. 3 >"8@>,P, @(D@<>@, 2>"R,>4, *:b F@P4":\>@(@ 4

^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D"2&4H4b & FD,*>,FD@R>@6 4 *@:(@FD@R>@6 B,DFB,8H4&, $J*JH 4<,H\

JF@&,DT,>FH&@&">4, 4 <@*,D>42"P4b F4FH,< @$D"2@&">4b 4 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b.

B. ;"8D@^8@>@<4R,F84, "FB,8HZ JFH@6R4&@(@ D@FH"

53. % D"<8"N <,0F,8H@D":\>@(@ BD@,8H" _=7G!) $Z:4 BD@">":424D@&">Z H"80,

B,DFB,8H4&Z B,D,&@*" B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 >" D,:\FZ $ZFHD@(@, JFH@6R4&@(@ 4

>,2"&4F4<@(@ D"2&4H4b. ]H@ $Z:@ F*,:">@ >" *&JN JD@&>bN. %@- B,D&ZN, $Z: BD@&,*,>

H,N>4R,F846 ">":42, >" @F>@&, 8@H@D@(@ $Z:4 F@FH"&:,>Z BD4$:424H,:\>Z, @P,>84 @$X,<"

&>,T>4N D,FJDF@& 4 FD@8@&, >,@$N@*4<ZN *:b B,D,&@*" ^8@>@<484 >" BJH\ JFH@6R4&@(@

D"2&4H4b. %@- &H@DZN, $Z:" BD@&,*,>" @P,>8" BD,*:@0,>46 B@ D,L@D<, L4F8":\>@6,L4>">F@&@6 4 H@D(@&ZN F4FH,< F H@R84 2D,>4b H,N JF:@&46, 8@H@DZ, @>4 <@(JH F@2*"H\ *:b

*@FH40,>4b @BD,*,:,>>ZN H,N>4R,F84N D,2J:\H"H@&.

54. =" B,D&@< JD@&>, *:b @P,>84 $J*JV4N ":\H,D>"H4& $Z: BD4<,>,> ">":42 FP,>"D4,&,&Z&@*Z 8@H@D@(@ $Z:4 @BJ$:48@&">Z & 4FF:,*@&">44 F,8D,H"D4"H", @2"(:"&:,>>@<

" A,DFB,8H4&Z JFH@6R4&@(@ D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 &

F,8H@D, '"2", 1990-2010 (@*Z: 8@:4R,FH&,>>"b @F>@&" ">":42"" 41 /. ]H" @F>@&"

@BD,*,:,>" >" $"2, >,8@H@DZN B"D"<,HD@& 4 BD@(>@24DJ,<ZN H,>*,>P46 B@ 8:`R,&Z<

*,<@(D"L4R,F84<, HDJ*@&Z< 4 ^8@>@<4R,F84< B,D,<,>>Z< >" B,D4@* 1991-2010 (@*@& &

D"<8"N $"2@&@(@ FP,>"D4b 4 Db*" ":\H,D>"H4&>ZN FP,>"D4,&. A@ @*>@<J 42 ":\H,D>"H4&>ZN

FP,>"D4,& & 8"R,FH&, B@FZ:84 BD,*JF<@HD,>" BD@(D"<<" P,:,>"BD"&:,>>ZN <,D@BD4bH46 B@

Page 27: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 27

&@FFH">@&:,>4` 4 D,8@>FHDJ8P44 ^8@>@<484. +, @F>@&>Z<4 8@<B@>,>H"<4 b&:b`HFb:L@DF4D@&">4, R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46, B@@VD,>4, ^8FB@DH", D"P4@>":42"P4b 4<B@DH" >" @F>@&,

2"<,V,>4b, " >, BD@FH@(@ F@8D"V,>4b 2"8JB@8, B,D,@D4,>H"P4b FHDJ8HJDZ FBD@F" F

B@HD,$:,>4b >" 8"B4H":@&:@0,>4b, " H"80, D"FT4D,>4, (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ B@HD,$:,>4b 4

8"B4H":\>ZN 2"HD"H. % F:JR", @FJV,FH&:,>4b ^H@6 BD@(D"<<Z BD@(>@24DJ,HFb 2>"R4H,:\>@,

F>40,>4, JD@&>b $,2D"$@H4PZ 4 J:JRT,>4, B@:@0,>4b F D,FJDF"<4. ):b *@FH40,>4b H"84N

D,2J:\H"H@& D,T"`V,, 2>"R,>4, 4<,`H &>,T>bb B@<@V\ 4 4>&,FH4P44, N@Hb F@ &D,<,>,<

4N D@:\ $J*,H J<,>\T"H\Fb. ):b @$,FB,R,>4b H@(@, RH@$Z ^8@>@<48" >" *,:,

B@:@04H,:\>@ @HD,"(4D@&":" >" <,DZ B@ L@DF4D@&">4` D@FH", >,@$N@*4<Z @BD,*,:,>>Z,

42<,>,>4b & <"8D@^8@>@<4R,F8@6 B@:4H48,, & H@< R4F:, D,L@D<" L4F8":\>@6, L4>">F@&@6

4 H@D(@&@6 B@:4H484.

55. IFB,N ^H@6 BD@(D"<<Z D,8@>FHDJ8P44 B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 2"&4F4H @H &>,T>,6

B@<@V4, B@F8@:\8J >"P4@>":\>Z, F$,D,0,>4b & >"FH@bV,, &D,<b >,*@FH"H@R>@ &,:484,RH@$Z @$,FB,R4H\ L4>">F4D@&">4, &@FFH">@&:,>4b 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ, " ^8FB@DH >, &

F@FH@b>44 *"H\ >,@$N@*4<J` 4>@FHD">>J` &":`HJ. E *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z, &>,T>bb B@<@V\ B@

F"<@6 F&@,6 BD4D@*, b&:b,HFb &D,<,>>Z< FD,*FH&@<, 4 ,, JFB,N <@0,H 42<,DbH\Fb H,<, &

8"8@6 FH,B,>4 BD4 ^H@< FH4<J:4DJ,HFb D@FH ^8@>@<484 4 & 8"8@6 <,D, @>" @$,FB,R4&",H

B,D,N@* ^8@>@<484 >" F"<@@$,FB,R,>4, 2" FR,H >"D"V4&">4b >"P4@>":\>ZN F$,D,0,>46 4

^8FB@DH". G"84< @$D"2@<, R"FH\ &@2D"FH"`V4N *@N@*@& *@:0>" B,D,&@*4H\Fb &

F$,D,0,>4b, R"FH\ BD@*J8P44 BD4 D@FH, BD@42&@*FH&" *@:0>" ^8FB@DH4D@&"H\Fb, " H,<BZ

D@FH" 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46 4 ^8FB@DH" *@:0>Z @B,D,0"H\ H,<BZ D@FH" B@HD,$:,>4b 4

4<B@DH". E:,*@&"H,:\>@, >":4P@ >,@$N@*4<@FH\ & *&JN 8@<B:,8F"N <,D

<"8D@^8@>@<4R,F8@6 B@:4H484. %@- B,D&ZN, D,R\ 4*,H @ B@:4H48, &@2*,6FH&4b >"

BD,*:@0,>4, & P,:bN L@D<4D@&">4b FH4<J:@& 8 J&,:4R,>4` F$,D,0,>46 4 @$,FB,R,>4b 4N

@BH4<":\>@(@ D"FBD,*,:,>4b <,0*J D"2:4R>Z<4 H4B"<4 4>&,FH4P46. %H@D@6 8@<B:,8F <,D

@H>@F4HFb 8 B@:4H48, &@2*,6FH&4b >" FBD@F, 8@H@D"b 2"8:`R",HFb & @(D">4R,>44 8"8

4>L:bP44, H"8 4 @B,D,0"`V,(@ D@FH" P,> >,DZ>@R>@6 BD@*J8P44 B@ @H>@T,>4` 8

DZ>@R>Z< H@&"D"<.

56. % >"FH@bV,, &D,<b *:b F4FH,<Z (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN L4>">F@& N"D"8H,D>Z 2"&ZT,>>Z6

JD@&,>\ >":@(@@$:@0,>4b 4 2">40,>>Z6 JD@&,>\ (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN 2"HD"H. A":,FH4>PZ

B:"HbH F:4T8@< <>@(@ >":@(@&, BD4R,< $@:\T4, FJ<<Z, H@(*" 8"8 *@:b %=A,BD4N@*bV"bFb >" (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z, D"FN@*Z, >,&,:48". C"2>4P" <,0*J FJ<<@6 >":@(@& 4

(@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN D"FN@*@& F@FH"&:b,H " $`*0,H>Z6 42$ZH@8", 8@H@DZ6 >,("H4&>@ F8"2Z&",HFb

>" F@&@8JB>@< FBD@F, 4 ^8@>@<4R,F8@< D@FH,. 7D@<, H@(@, F"<" FHDJ8HJD" >":@(@&@6

F4FH,<Z b&>@ >, B@*N@*4H *:b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484. =,&24D"b >" D"2:4R4b <,0*J

^8@>@<48@6 A":,FH4>Z 4 ^8@>@<48@6 32D"4:b B@ D"2<,D"<, FHDJ8HJD, 4, RH@ ,V, $@:,,

&"0>@, B@ JD@&>` D"2&4H4b, FH"&84 BDb<ZN >":@(@& F :4R>ZN *@N@*@& 4 BD4$Z:,6

8@DB@D"P46 ">":@(4R>Z FH"&8"<, BD4<,>b,<Z< & 32D"4:,; 4*,>H4R>Z H"80, FH"&84

8@F&,>>ZN >":@(@& ( =)E).

57. 3H"8, >":4P@ >,@$N@*4<@FH\ & FD@R>@6 B,D,FHD@68, F4FH,<Z F JR,H@< >Z>,T>,(@

JD@&>b D"2&4H4b 4 B@HD,$>@FH,6 B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484. % P,:@< ^H" D,L@D<" *@:0>"

Page 28: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 28

$ZH\ >"BD"&:,>" >" F@8D"V,>4, 8@:4R,FH&" >":@(@&, J<,>\T,>4, @B@DZ >" B@*@N@*>Z, 4

&>,T>,H@D(@&Z, >":@(4, " H"80, >" D"FT4D,>4, >":@(@@$:@0,>4b, $"24DJ`V,(@Fb >"

B@HD,$:,>44; BD4 ^H@< @F>@&>"b R"FH\ >":@(@& *@:0>" 4<,H\ $@:,, ,*4>@@$D"2>Z, FH"&84," $"2Z >":@(@@$:@0,>4b B@ D"2>Z< H4B"< >":@(@& *@:0>Z $ZH\ 2>"R4H,:\>@ D"FT4D,>Z.AD4<,>4H,:\>@ 8 F4FH,<, (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN D"FN@*@& B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 >,@$N@*4<@

@BD,*,:4H\Fb & H@<, 8"84< @$D"2@< *@:0,> L@D<4D@&"H\Fb, 4FB@:>bH\Fb 4 8@>HD@:4D@&"H\Fb

$`*0,H & @D(">"N 8"8 4FB@:>4H,:\>@6, H"8 4 2"8@>@*"H,:\>@6 &:"FH4. G,< &D,<,>,<

&"0>@ @$,FB,R4H\ D"2J<>@, D"FBD,*,:,>4, D"FN@*@& 4FN@*b 42 B@HD,$>@FH,6 BD@(D"<<Z

&@FFH">@&:,>4b ^8@>@<484.

58. % >"FH@bV,, &D,<b BD@F:,04&"`HFb b&>Z, BD42>"84 H@(@, RH@ $">8@&F846 F,8H@D

F<@0,H &ZB@:>bH\ *&@6>J` D@:\: BD,*@FH"&:bH\ >,@$N@*4<Z, JF:J(4 *DJ(4< @HD"F:b<

N@2b6FH&,>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 @$,FB,R4&"H\ &>JHD,>>`` <@$4:42"P4` *,bH,:\>@FH4,>"P,:,>>@6 >" L@DF4D@&">4, D@FH". % B,D,N@*>Z6 B,D4@* >" B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44 &

8"R,FH&, 2"8@>>@(@ B:"H,0>@(@ FD,*FH&" $J*JH 4FB@:\2@&"H\Fb *&, &":`HZ - >@&Z6

( 42D"4:\F846) T,8,:\ 4 4@D*">F846 *4>"D, " AI)7 $J*,H &ZB@:>bH\ LJ>8P44

>"P4@>":\>@(@ JRD,0*,>4b, @H&,R"`V,(@ 2" 8@>HD@:\ >"* *,>,0>@- 8D,*4H>@6 4 $">8@&F8@6

*,bH,:\>@FH\`. AI)7 @$:"*",H <>@(4<4 LJ>8P4b<4, H4B4R>Z<4 *:b P,>HD":\>@(@ $">8",&8:`R"b LJ>8P4` >"*2@D" 2" &F,<4 L4>">F@&Z<4 JRD,0*,>4b<4, LJ>8P4` @$F:J04&">4b

B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 & 8"R,FH&, $">8@&F8@(@ @D(">" 4 2"8@>>@(@ L4>">F@&@(@ "(,>H"," H"80, LJ>8P4` 8D,*4H>@(@ JRD,0*,>4b B@F:,*>,6 4>FH">P44 *:b 8@<<,DR,F84N $">8@&

( LJ>8P44, 8@H@DZ, @>@ >, & F@FH@b>44 &ZB@:>bH\ & B@:>@< @$X,<, & F4:J @HFJHFH&4b

>"P4@>":\>@6 &":`HZ).

59. M@Hb *,>,0>@- 8D,*4H>Z, <,N">42<Z, *,6FH&J`V4, & B,D,N@*>Z6 B,D4@*,BD,*FH"&:b`H F@$@6 T"( &B,D,* B@ FD"&>,>4` F BD@T:Z<, @BH4<":\>Z<4 4N >"2&"H\ >48"8

>,:\2b. #@:,, H@(@, & ^H4N <,N">42<"N BD4FJHFH&J`H >,8@H@DZ, 42 >"4$@:,,

>,0,:"H,:\>ZN ^:,<,>H@& *&JN B@:bD>@ BD@H4&@B@:@0>ZN &":`H>ZN D,04<@&. ?HFJHFH&4,

>"P4@>":\>@6 &":`HZ *,:",H >,^LL,8H4&>@6 *,>,0>@- 8D,*4H>J` B@:4H48J, 8"8 ^H@ $Z&",H

BD4 D,04<, L48F4D@&">>ZN @$<,>>ZN 8JDF@&. % H@ 0, &D,<b >":4R4, *&JN&":`H>@(@

FH">*"DH" <@0,H BD4&,FH4 8 J&,:4R,>4` 42*,D0,8, F&b2">>ZN F 8@:,$">4b<4 &":`H>ZN

8JDF@&, RH@ H4B4R>@ *:b D,04<" (4$84N @$<,>>ZN 8JDF@&. 7D@<, H@(@, *&JN&":`H>Z6

D,04<, 8"8 BD"&4:@, FJ0",H &@2<@0>@FH4 8@<<,DR,F84N $">8@& & @$:"FH4

D,L4>">F4D@&">4b 4 42<,>,>4b FD@8@& B@("T,>4b *@:(@&ZN @$b2"H,:\FH& & F4:J H@(@, RH@

4N B@DHL,:4 @$ZR>@ b&:b`HFb >,F$":">F4D@&">>Z<4 B@ &":`H"<. % F4:J ^H@(@ @>4 <@(JH

>,@N@H>@ 4*H4 >" BD,*@FH"&:,>4, *@:(@FD@R>ZN 8D,*4H@&, 8@H@DZ, 4<,`H &"0>,6T,,

2>"R,>4, *:b 4>&,FH4P4@>>@(@ BD@P,FF" 4 D@FH". QH@ 8"F",HFb $J*JV4N &":`H>ZN

<,N">42<@&, H@ D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb BbH\ ":\H,D>"H4&>ZN &"D4">H@&: >,2"&4F4<"b B":,FH4>F8"b

&":`H"; 4@D*">F846 *4>"D; B":,FH4>F8"b &":`H", BD4&b2">>"b 8 4@D*">F8@<J *4>"DJ;B":,FH4>F8"b &":`H", BD4&b2">>"b 8 >@&@<J 42D"4:\F8@<J T,8,:`; 4:4 B":,FH4>F8"b

&":`H", BD4&b2">>"b 8 4@D*">F8@<J *4>"DJ 4 8 >@&@<J 42D"4:\F8@<J T,8,:`.

60. A"D"::,:\>@ F D,L@D<@6 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN L4>">F@& 4 &":`H>@6 F4FH,<Z >, <,>,,

&"0>@ @$,FB,R4H\ @04&:,>4,, B,D,@D4,>H"P4` 4 J8D,B:,>4, &>,T>,H@D(@&@(@ F,8H@D".

Page 29: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 29

% >"FH@bV,, &D,<b F,8H@D &>,T>,6 H@D(@&:4 b&:b,HFb F:"$@D"2&4HZ< 4 BD4N@*4H & JB"*@8,RH@ @$JF:@&:,>@ *,6FH&4,< *&JN &2"4<@F&b2">>ZN L"8H@D@&: @(D">4R,>>@FH\`

BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN &@2<@0>@FH,6 4 $"D\,D"<4 >" BJHbN H@D(@&:4. QH@$Z D"2@D&"H\ ^H@H

B@D@R>Z6 8DJ( 4 *@$4H\Fb D@FH" & H@D(@&:, 4 BD@42&@*FH&,, HD,$J`HFb FJV,FH&,>>Z,

BD,@$D"2@&">4b >" HD,N LD@>H"N: @H<,>" @(D">4R,>46 >" 4FB@:\2@&">4, BD4D@*>ZN

D,FJDF@&; D"FT4D,>4, &@2<@0>@FH,6 B":,FH4>F84N BD@42&@*4H,:,6 & @$:"FH4 4<B@DH>ZN

2"8JB@8 FZD\b, BD@<,0JH@R>@6 BD@*J8P44 4 FD,*FH& BD@42&@*FH&" B@ &Z(@*>ZN P,>"<;" H"80, @H8DZH4, DZ>8@& F@F,*>4N FHD"> *:b B":,FH4>F84N H@&"D@&.

61. A@F8@:\8J *:b FJV,FH&,>>@(@ J:JRT,>4b B@:@0,>4b >" ^H4N HD,N LD@>H"N B@HD,$J,HFb

&D,<b, $Z:@ $Z @T4$8@6 BZH"H\Fb @BD,*,:4H\ @BH4<":\>Z6 N"D"8H,D :`$ZN <,N">42<@&

H@D(@&:4 <,0*J A":,FH4>@6 4 ,, F@F,*b<4 $,2 JR,H" L"8H@D" &D,<,>4. %<,FH@ ^H@(@

>,@$N@*4<@ JFH">@&4H\ @BD,*,:,>>J` B@F:,*@&"H,:\>@FH\ & D"2&4H44 H@D(@&ZN @H>@T,>46 F

JR,H@< H@(@, >"F8@:\8@ $ZFHD@ B":,FH4>F8"b ^8@>@<48" $J*,H 42$"&:bH\Fb @H >"F:,*4b

D"2>@(@ D@*" @(D">4R,>46 4 B,D,8@F@&. % *@:(@FD@R>@6 B,DFB,8H4&, @BH4<":\>Z< H@D(@&Z<

D,04<@< *:b H"8@6 >,$@:\T@6 FHD">Z, F8@D,, &F,(@, $J*,H D,04<, $:42846 8 F&@$@*>@6

H@D(@&:,, >@ & >"FH@bV,, &D,<b D,04< F&@$@*>@6 H@D(@&:4 BD4&,: $Z :4T\ 8 J8@D,>,>4`

>,8@H@DZN >,("H4&>ZN "FB,8H@& >Z>,T>,6 F4HJ"P44. E:,*@&"H,:\>@, P,:\ B":,FH4>F8@6

&>,T>,6 H@D(@&:4 & FD,*>,FD@R>@6 B,DFB,8H4&, *@:0>" F@FH@bH\ & @04&:,>44 4 B,D,FHD@68,

&>,T>,H@D(@&@(@ F,8H@D", " & *@:(@FD@R>@6 B,DFB,8H4&, - & F@2*">44 D,04<" F&@$@*>@6

H@D(@&:4 F F@F,*b<4 A":,FH4>Z. C,04< F&@$@*>@6 H@D(@&:4 0,:"H,:,> & *@:(@FD@R>@6

B,DFB,8H4&, & F4:J H@(@, RH@ @> B@2&@:4H B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48, BD@&@*4H\ & 042>\

FHD"H,(4` D@FH", @D4,>H4DJ`VJ`Fb >" ^8FB@DH, 4 *"FH ,6 &@2<@0>@FH\ @F&@$@*4H\Fb @H

&>,T>,6 2"&4F4<@FH4.

E. ?F>@&>Z, F,8H@D":\>Z, BD@$:,<Z FHDJ8HJD>ZN BD,@$D"2@&">46

62. ?H @$2@D" @F>@&>ZN <"8D@^8@>@<4R,F84N "FB,8H@&, 8@H@DZ6 BD4&,*,> &ZT,, :@(4R>@

B,D,6H4 8 FHDJ8HJD>Z< BD@$:,<"<, F&b2">>Z< F BD@(D"<<@6 &@FFH">@&:,>4b ^8@>@<484.% R"FH>@FH4, & 4FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@< BD@,8H, F,8D,H"D4"H" BD@">":424D@&">Z B@:4H48" 4 <,DZ,8@H@DZ, >,@$N@*4<@ D,":42@&"H\ & @F>@&>ZN F,8H@D"N ( F,:\F8@, N@2b6FH&@,BD@<ZT:,>>@FH\, FHD@4H,:\FH&@, FL,D" JF:J( 4 8@<<J>":\>@, N@2b6FH&@) *:b

B@FHJB"H,:\>@(@ BD@*&40,>4b &B,D,* & *,:, D,8@>FHDJ8P44 4 &@FFH">@&:,>4b ^8@>@<484,>,*@BJV,>4b &@2>48>@&,>4b " J284N <,FH" 4 J2:@& FHDJ8HJD>@6 2"8D,B@V,>>@FH4, B"(J$>@

&:4b`V4N >" ^8@>@<48J, " H"80, *:b JFHD">,>4b H@6 D"2@$V,>>@FH4 <,0*J F,8H@D"<4,8@H@D"b b&:b,HFb N"D"8H,D>@6 & >"FH@bV,, &D,<b.

63. E JR,H@< >Z>,T>4N JF:@&46 4 @BZH" *DJ(4N FHD"> F F@B@FH"&4<@6 ^8@>@<48@6 <@0>@

F*,:"H\ &Z&@* @ H@<, RH@ *:b J8D,B:,>4b F&b2,6 <,0*J F,8H@D"<4 >,@$N@*4<@ B@*>bH\ D@:\

@$D"$"HZ&"`V,6 BD@<ZT:,>>@FH4 & ^8@>@<48,. % BD@P,FF, BD@*&40,>4b 8 ^H@6 P,:4

<@0>@ &Z*,:4H\ *&" ^H"B": >" @$@4N 42 >4N @(D@<>J` D@:\ 4(D",H F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>Z6

F,8H@D. =" B,D&@< ^H"B, <,D@BD4bH4b B@ L@DF4D@&">4` D@FH" <@0>@ F8@>P,>HD4D@&"H\ &

@F>@&>@< >" H"84N &@BD@F"N, 8"8 F@2*">4, 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ, " H"80, L@D<4D@&">4, >@&ZN

(@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN 4>FH4HJH@& 4 F4FH,<Z 8@<<J>":\>ZN JF:J(. =" ^H@6 FH"*44 >,@$N@*4<@

Page 30: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 30

BD4>bH\ P,:Z6 8@<B:,8F &2"4<@F&b2">>ZN <,D *:b D"FT4D,>4b F,:\F8@(@ N@2b6FH&" B@ *&J<

BD4R4>"<. %@- B,D&ZN, F JR,H@< FD"&>4H,:\>@ $@:\T@6 *@:4 D"FN@*@& >" BD@*J8HZ

B4H">4b & $`*0,H, H4B4R>@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 F,<\4, *@&@:\>@ &ZF@8@6 ^:"FH4R>@FH4 FBD@F"

>" BD@*@&@:\FH&4, B@ L"8H@DJ *@N@*", " H"80, @04*"`V,(@Fb J&,:4R,>4b R4F:,>>@FH4

>"F,:,>4b & F&b24 F BD4H@8@< B":,FH4>F84N D,B"HD4">H@& FBD@F >" BD@*@&@:\FH&,>>Z,

H@&"DZ FJV,FH&,>>@ &@2D"FH,H. ]H@H FBD@F >,@$N@*4<@ $J*,H J*@&:,H&@DbH\ 2" FR,H

J&,:4R,>4b &>JHD,>>,(@ BD,*:@0,>4b, RH@$Z >, *@BJFH4H\ F4:\>@(@ *"&:,>4b >"

@(D">4R,>>Z, 2"B"FZ 4>@FHD">>@6 &":`HZ 4 >" D,":\>J` 2"D"$@H>J` B:"HJ. %@- &H@DZN,B@F8@:\8J *,bH,:\>@FH\ B@ F@2*">4` 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ 4 L@D<4D@&">4` (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN

JRD,0*,>46 >, <@0,H @$,FB,R4H\ HDJ*@JFHD@6FH&@ $@:\T4>FH&" $,2D"$@H>ZN, &"0>J` D@:\ &

^H@< *,:, BD42&"> $J*,H FZ(D"H\ F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>Z6 F,8H@D.

64. IFB,T>@, 2"&,DT,>4, B,D&@(@ ^H"B", B@*D"2J<,&"`V,, F@2*">4, @F>@&>@6 R"FH4

$"2@&@6 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ 4 8@<<J>":\>ZN JF:J(, @2>"R",H, RH@ >" &H@D@< ^H"B, D@FH $J*,H

@$,FB,R4&"H\Fb 2" FR,H D"FT4D,>4b @$D"$"HZ&"`V,6 BD@<ZT:,>>@FH4 4 F,8H@D@& FL,DZ

JF:J(, RH@ & F&@` @R,D,*\ $J*,H @8"2Z&"H\ F,D\,2>@, *"&:,>4, >" F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>Z6

F,8H@D. E@ FH@D@>Z BD,*:@0,>4b *:b D"FT4D,>4b BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ BD@42&@*FH&" HD,$J,HFb

J&,:4R,>4, 2">bH@FH4 4 @$,FB,R,>4, FD"&>4H,:\>@ FH"$4:\>@6 D,":\>@6 2"D"$@H>@6 B:"HZ.?*>@&D,<,>>@ H@(@ 4 *DJ(@(@ <@0>@ *@$4H\Fb H@:\8@ & H@< F:JR",, ,F:4 B"D"::,:\>@ $J*,H

&@2D"FH"H\ BD@42&@*4H,:\>@FH\ HDJ*" & F,:\F8@< N@2b6FH&,: ^H@ B@2&@:4H &ZF&@$@*4H\

D"$@RJ` F4:J *:b (@D@*F84N F,8H@D@& 4 & H@ 0, &D,<b J&,:4R4H\ @$X,<

F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ BD@42&@*FH&" 4 F@ND">4H\ P,>Z >" BD@*@&@:\FH&4, >" FH"$4:\>@<

JD@&>,. +F:4 0, &,FH4 D,R\ @ FBD@F,, H@, JR4HZ&"b HDJ*>@FH4 F *@FHJB@< >" &>,T>4,

DZ>84 & 8D"H8@FD@R>@6 B,DFB,8H4&,, D"FT4D,>4, BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ BD@42&@*FH&" >,42$,0>@

$J*,H 8"8@,- H@ &D,<b 2"&4F,H\ @H FBD@F" & F,:\F84N D"6@>"N. G"84< @$D"2@<, B@&ZT,>4,

BD@42&@*4H,:\>@FH4 & F,:\F8@< N@2b6FH&, 4<,,H @(D@<>@, 2>"R,>4, *:b B@&ZT,>4b *@N@*@&

& F,:\F84N D"6@>"N 4, F:,*@&"H,:\>@, FBD@F" >" BD@<ZT:,>>Z, H@&"DZ.

65. 7"8 @H<,R":@F\ & BD,*Z*JV4N *@8:"*"N F,8D,H"D4"H", >4284, H,<BZ D"2&4H4b

F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ F,8H@D" 4 F*&4(4 & FHDJ8HJD, BD@42&@*FH&" 2" B@F:,*>4, (@*Z

@$JF:@&:,>Z &:4b>4,< 8@<B:,8F" H"84N &2"4<@F&b2">>ZN L"8H@D@&, 8"8 @(D">4R,>4b,8"F"`V4,Fb N@2b6FH&,>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4, 4 >,N&"H8" D,FJDF@&. ):b @04&:,>4b

F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ F,8H@D" 4 F@2*">4b &@2<@0>@FH,6 *:b H@(@, RH@$Z @> F<@( &ZB@:>bH\

F&@` D@:\ >" @$@4N ^H"B"N BD@(D"<<Z &@FFH">@&:,>4b ^8@>@<484, >,@$N@*4<@ B@FH,B,>>@,

JFHD">,>4, ^H4N @(D">4R,>46 4 BD@$:,<Z >,N&"H84 D,FJDF@&. ED,*4 @F>@&>ZN <,D,8@H@DZ, >,@$N@*4<@ BD4>bH\, <@0>@ >"2&"H\: L@D<4D@&">4, B@:4H484 4 4>FH4HJH@& *:b

B:">4D@&">4b F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 & P,:bN F@2*">4b F4FH,< <"D8,H4>(","(D@H,N>4R,F8@6 BD@B"(">*Z 4 &FB@<@("H,:\>ZN F4FH,<, " H"80, B,DFB,8H4&>@(@

B:">4D@&">4b; D"2D"$@H8J B@:4H484 JBD"&:,>4b 2,<,:\>Z<4 D,FJDF"<4 & @H>@T,>44

8"8 <,:4@D4D@&">>ZN, H"8 4 >,@D@T",<ZN 2,<,:\; D"2D"$@H8J B@:4H484 JBD"&:,>4b

&@*>Z<4 D,FJDF"<4 *:b D"FT4D,>4b &@*@F>"$0,>4b 4 ^LL,8H4&>@(@ 4FB@:\2@&">4b &@*Z;B@&ZT,>4, ^LL,8H4&>@FH4 <"D8,H4>(" & F,:\F8@< N@2b6FH&, 4 8@@D*4>"P4b; D"2&4H4,

:`*F84N D,FJDF@&, & @F@$,>>@FH4 B@*(@H@&8J BD,*BD4>4<"H,:\F84N 4 JBD"&:,>R,F84N 8"*D@&;

Page 31: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 31

" H"80, @D(">42"P4` 8JDF@& B@ F,:\F8@<J N@2b6FH&J & 8@::,*0"N 4 P,>HD"N

F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46.

66. ;@0>@ D"FFR4HZ&"H\ >" H@, RH@ >"Db*J F F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@6 D,L@D<@6 D"FT4D,>4`

BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ BD@42&@*FH&" $J*JH FB@F@$FH&@&"H\ JFHD">,>4, @(D">4R,>46, 2"HD"(4&"`V4N

@$D"$"HZ&"`VJ`@$D"$"HZ&"`VJ` BD@<ZT:,>>@FH\BD@<ZT:,>>@FH\, " H"80, "8H4&42"P4b *,bH,:\>@FH4 L4>">F@&@(@ F,8H@D",@$,FB,R4&"`V,(@ L4>">F@&@, B@FD,*>4R,FH&@ 4 JBD"&:,>4, D4F8"<4. %<,FH, F H,< *:b

BD@&,*,>4b (:J$@84N BD,@$D"2@&">46 & P,:bN FJV,FH&,>>@(@ J&,:4R,>4b ,(@ &8:"*" & %%A,H@D(@&:` 4 2">bH@FH\ B@HD,$J,HFb "8H4&42"P4b D@:4 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@(@ F,8H@D", &8:`R"b:F@2*">4, >,@$N@*4<@6 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ & FL,D, HD">FB@DH", F&b24 4 ^>,D(@F>"$0,>4b 4

8@>HD@:\ 2" F@2*">4,< BD@<ZT:,>>ZN 2@>; B@&ZT,>4, 8&":4L48"P44 8"*D@& 2" FR,H

&Z*,:,>4b $@:\T,(@ @$X,<" L4>">F@&ZN D,FJDF@& >" BD@L,FF4@>":\>@- H,N>4R,F8@,

@$D"2@&">4,; F@2*">4, >@D<"H4&>@- BD"&@&@6 4 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6 $"2Z *:b BD4&:,R,>4b

$@:\T,(@ @$X,<" 4>@FHD">>ZN 4>&,FH4P46, 8@H@DZ, *@:0>Z FB@F@$FH&@&"H\ B,D,*"R,

H,N>@:@(44, @$JR,>4` <,FH>@6 D"$@R,6 F4:Z 4 J&,:4R,>4` BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ ^8FB@DH";F@*,6FH&4, L@D<4D@&">4` F4FH,<Z B@**,D084, 8@H@D"b <@0,H @$,FB,R4&"H\ BD@<ZT:,>>Z,

BD,*BD4bH4b *@:(@FD@R>Z<4 8D,*4H"<4 *:b 4>&,FH4P4@>>ZN P,:,6, 4>L@D<"P4,6 @ &>,T>4N

DZ>8"N 4 H,N>4R,F84<4 D,8@<,>*"P4b<4.

67. #,*>"b $"2" BD4D@*>ZN D,FJDF@& 4 >,$@:\T4, D"2<,DZ B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 *,:"`H

^8FB@DH>J` @D4,>H"P4` @BH4<":\>Z< BJH,< *@:(@FD@R>@(@ D"2&4H4b BD@<ZT:,>>@(@

F,8H@D". ?*>"8@ & $:40"6T,, &D,<b &"0>"b D@:\ @H&@*4HFb <,D@BD4bH4b< B@ 2"<,V,>4`

4<B@DH". ]HJ *,bH,:\>@FH\ F:,*J,H B@@VDbH\ 4<,>>@ & H,N @HD"F:bN, & 8@H@DZN

@H,R,FH&,>>"b BD@*J8P4b <@0,H 2"<,>4H\ 4<B@DH $,2 4FB@:\2@&">4b DZR"(@& 2"V4HZ 4 FH"H\

8@>8JD,>H@FB@F@$>@6 $:"(@*"Db JFHD">,>4` *,6FH&J`V4N @(D">4R,>46 4 L@D<4D@&">4`

(@FJ*"DFH&,>>@6 F4FH,<Z B@**,D084. ]H" *,bH,:\>@FH\ $J*,H F@FD,*@H@R4&"H\Fb & @HD"F:bN

"(D@BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ 8@<B:,8F" 4 $J*,H @8"2Z&"H\ FH4<J:4DJ`V,, &@2*,6FH&4, >" D@FH 4

2">bH@FH\ &@ &F,6 ^8@>@<48, & F4:J H,F>ZN F&b2,6 ^H4N @HD"F:,6 F F,:\F84< N@2b6FH&@< 4

*@FH"H@R>@ &ZF@8@6 HDJ*@,<8@FH4 BD@42&@*4<@6 4<4 BD@*J8P44.

68. =Z>,T>4, JF:@&4b >" DZ>8, 04:\b04:\b F:@04:4F\ B@* &@2*,6FH&4,< 8D"6>, @(D">4R,>>@(@

BD,*:@0,>4b 4 >,BD,DZ&>@ D"FHJV,(@ FBD@F". ):b J*@&:,H&@D,>4b D"FHJV,(@ FBD@F" >"

04:\, & BD,*FH@bV4, (@*Z 2" FR,H J&,:4R,>4b BD,*:@0,>4b, " >, 4FB@:\2@&">4b P,>@&ZN

DZR"(@& >,@$N@*4<@ & FD@R>@< B@Db*8, FL@D<J:4D@&"H\ FHD"H,(4` & 04:4V>@< F,8H@D, &

P,:bN &ZBD"&:,>4b FJV,FH&J`V4N B,D,8@F@&, " H"80, F@2*">4b "*,8&"H>@6 F4FH,<Z *:b

$@:,, FBD"&,*:4&@(@ D"FBD,*,:,>4b D,FJDF@& 4 &Z(@*. C"2D"$@H8" 4 @FJV,FH&:,>4,

FHD"H,(44 & @$:"FH4 04:\b $J*JH BD,*FH"&:bH\ F@$@6 2"*"RJ 8@:@FF":\>@6 F:@0>@FH4 & F4:J

H@(@, RH@ >" BD@Hb0,>44 B@F:,*>4N 28 :,H (@FJ*"DFH&@ >, 4(D":@ >" H,DD4H@D44 >48"8@6

D@:4 & ^H@< F,8H@D,. EHD"H,(4b *@:0>" &8:`R"H\ & F,$b F:,*J`V4, ^:,<,>HZ: BD4>bH4,

B:">" & @$:"FH4 (D"*@FHD@4H,:\FH&" 4 JD$">42"P44 F JR,H@< B:@H>@FH4 >"F,:,>4b & D"2>ZN

D"6@>"N, B@H,>P4":" 4N ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D@FH" 4 4N B@HD,$>@FH,6 & 04:4V>@6

4>LD"FHDJ8HJD, F,8H@D"; JFHD">,>4, B,D,8@F@& >" DZ>8, FHD@4H,:\>ZN <"H,D4":@& BJH,<

B@@VD,>4b &>JHD,>>,(@ BD@42&@*FH&" 4 4<B@DH" H"84N <"H,D4":@& B@ &Z(@*>Z< P,>"<;B,D,F<@HD &F,N 2"8@>@&, 8"F"`V4NFb BD"& F@$FH&,>>@FH4 4 8@>HD@:b 2" "D,>*>@6 B:"H@6;

Page 32: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 32

" H"80, F@2*">4, F4FH,<Z L4>">F4D@&">4b 04:\b F @N&"H@< &F,N F@P4":\>ZN 8"H,(@D46

>"F,:,>4b.

69. A":,FH4>F846 F,8H@D JF:J(JF:J( $J*,H 4(D"H\ *&@b8J` D@:\ & BD@(D"<<, &@FFH">@&:,>4b

^8@>@<484. ?> $J*,H (,>,D4D@&"H\ <@V>Z6 D@FH F"< B@ F,$,, 4FB@:\2Jb B@H,>P4":

<>@(4N @HD"F:,6, &8:`R"b L4>">FZ, HJD42<, " H"80, P,:Z6 Db* @HD"F:,6

BD@42&@*FH&,>>ZN 4 D"FBD,*,:4H,:\>ZN JF:J( & R"FH>@< F,8H@D,. =, <,>,, &"0>" D@:\

F,8H@D" JF:J( 4 & FH4<J:4D@&">44 D@FH" & *DJ(4N F,8H@D"N. E&b2\, HD">FB@DH, D@2>4R>"b

H@D(@&:b, $">8@&F8@, 4 FHD"N@&@, *,:@ 4<,`H 8@:@FF":\>@, 2>"R,>4, *:b D@FH"

F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ 4 BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ BD@42&@*FH&", H@D(@&:4 4 4>@FHD">>ZN 4>&,FH4P46.E JR,H@< $@:\T@(@ 4FH@D4R,F8@(@ 4 D,:4(4@2>@(@ 2>"R,>4b A":,FH4>Z T4D@84, &@2<@0>@FH4

@H8DZ&"`HFb *:b D@FH" HJD42<". ?*>"8@ *:b BD,&D"V,>4b HJD42<" & F@&D,<,>>J`

4>*JFHD4` HD,$J,HFb <@*,D>42"P4b HD">FB@DH", (@FH4>4R>@(@ N@2b6FH&", F4FH,<Z

@$V,FH&,>>@(@ B4H">4b, 8"*D@&@6 $"2Z 4 @HD"F:,6, F&b2">>ZN F HJD42<@<. % H@ 0,

&D,<b 8&":4L4P4D@&">>Z, 8"*DZ HD,$J`HFb & H"84N @$:"FHbN, 8"8 L4>">F4D@&">4,

D"2&4H4b, F&b2\, HD">FB@DH 4 D@2>4R>"b H@D(@&:b. ?(D@<>@, 2>"R,>4, *:b D,8@>FHDJ8P44

R,HZD,N (:"&>ZN F,8H@D@& 4<,,H FJV,FH&,>>@, J:JRT,>4, D"$@HZ 8@<<J>":\>@(@ N@2b6FH&".;@0>@ @BD,*,:4H\ BD4@D4H,HZ *:b @FJV,FH&:,>4b 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46 & F:,*J`V4N @HD"F:bN:&@*@F>"$0,>4,, ^>,D(@F>"$0,>4,, F">4H"D4b, DZ>84 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN JF:J( 4 @$V,FH&,>>Z6

B@Db*@8.

70. % BD,*Z*JV4N BJ>8H"N &8D"HP, D"FF<@HD,>Z BD4@D4H,H>Z, 2"*"R4 & @H*,:\>ZN

F,8H@D"N, " H"80, @F>@&@B@:"("`V4, BD4>P4BZ *,6FH&46, 8@H@DZ, BD42&">Z B@<@R\ & *,:,

D"2D"$@H84 4 *@FH40,>4b P,:,6 &@FFH">@&:,>4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484. ]H" D"$@H"

*@:0>" $ZH\ >"BD"&:,>" >" H"8@, D"2&4H4, B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484, BD4 8@H@D@<

@$,FB,R4&":"F\ $Z 2">bH@FH\ D"$@R,6 F4:Z, *4&,DF4L48"P4b H@D(@&:4 4 "*,8&"H>Z, H,<BZ

D@FH" *@N@*@& >" *JTJ >"F,:,>4b. ]H@ *@:0>@ B@*8D,B:bH\Fb $@:,, FBD"&,*:4&Z<

D"FBD,*,:,>4,< $:"( D@FH" 4 D"2&4H4b <,0*J @H*,:\>Z<4 D,(4@>"<4 H,DDD4H@D44 4 <,0*J

:`*\<4 & F@R,H">44 F JFHD">,>4,< &>,T>,^8@>@<4R,F8@6 2"&4F4<@FH4 A":,FH4>Z 2" FR,H

JFH">@&:,>4b H,F>ZN F&b2,6 F@ &F,<4 F@F,*b<4. ):b *@FH40,>4b ^H4N P,:,6 HD,$J,HFb:D"2D"$@H8" R,H8@6 BD@(D"<<Z &@FFH">@&:,>4b ^8@>@<484 F B@<@V\` P,:@(@ 8@<B:,8F" <,D

^8@>@<4R,F8@6 B@:4H484; 42<,>,>4, >@D<"H4&>@- BD"&@&@6 F4FH,<Z D,(J:4D@&">4b

^8@>@<4R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4; L@D<4D@&">4, <>@0,FH&" >@&ZN (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN 4>FH4HJH@&

*:b D,(J:4D@&">4b 4 @$F:J04&">4b R"FH>@(@ F,8H@D", " H"80, F@2*">4, 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ;@FJV,FH&:,>4, BD@(D"<<Z & @$:"FH4 B@&ZT,>4b BD@42&@*4H,:\>@FH4 HDJ*". ]H4 @$V4,

>"BD"&:,>4b D"$@HZ BD,*FH"&:b`H F@$@6 <,0F,8H@D":\>J` @F>@&J *:b BD"8H4R,F84N *,6FH&46

4 D,L@D<.

Page 33: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 33

Q"FH\ III

?#1?C M?)! C!#?GY E+7C+G!C3!G! _=7G!) % ?#9!EG3 A?;?U3

A!9+EG3=E7?;I =!C?)I, 1994-1995 '?)Y, E ?E?#Y; !7O+=G?;

=! AC?'C!;;+ )+aG+9[=?EG3 % ?#9!EG3 G+M=3Q+E7?'?

E?GCI)=3Q+EG%!

71. % D"FF<"HD4&",<Z6 B,D4@* F,8D,H"D4"H F@FD,*@H@R4: F&@` D"$@HJ (:"&>Z< @$D"2@< >"

F@*,6FH&44 JF4:4b<, >"BD"&:,>>Z< >" F@2*">4, B":,FH4>F84N 4>FH4HJH@& 4 >" J8D,B:,>4,

4N H,N>4R,F8@(@ B@H,>P4":" & @$:"FH4 D"2D"$@H84 B@:4H484 4 JBD"&:,>4b ^8@>@<[email protected] ^H@6 P,:\` *,bH,:\>@FH\ &,:"F\ B@ F:,*J`V4< @F>@&>Z< >"BD"&:,>4b<:a) @HF:,04&">4, 42<,>,>46 & B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48, >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D,

'"2"; b) BD@&,*,>4, BD@(D"<<>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46 & BD4@D4H,H>ZN @$:"FHbN/ B@

BD4@D4H,H>Z< "FB,8H"< B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484, &8:`R"b F@FH"&:,>4, 4 &ZBJF8 Db*"

F,8H@D":\>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46, B@*(@H@&:,>>ZN & D"<8"N <,0F,8H@D":\>@(@ BD@,8H" B@ ">":42J

B,DFB,8H4& JFH@6R4&@(@ D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484; c) @8@>R"H,:\>"b D"2D"$@H8"

BD,*:"(",<@6 BD@(D"<<Z H,N>4R,F8@6 B@<@V4 B":,FH4>F8@<J >"D@*J & @$:"FHbN,@H>@FbV4NFb 8 8@<B,H,>P44 _=7G!); 4 d) 8@@D*4>"P4b *,bH,:\>@FH4 _=7G!) F

F@@H&,HFH&J`V4<4 JF4:4b<4 <,0*J>"D@*>@(@ F@@$V,FH&" F 4FB@:\2@&">4,< >,*"&>@

F@2*">>@(@ 8@@D*4>"P4@>>@(@ <,N">42<" F4FH,<Z ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46.% N@*, ^H@6 D"$@HZ B@**,D04&":4F\ H,F>Z, 8@>H"8HZ F A":,FH4>@6, F F@@H&,HFH&J`V4<4

8@<B,H,>H>Z<4 @D(">42"P4b<4 2"D@0*"`V,6Fb B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 ( A!) 4 F

*DJ(4<4 @D(">"<4.

A. ?HF:,04&">4, B@F:,*>4N 42<,>,>46 & B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48,

72. C"$@H" & ^H@6 @$:"FH4 $Z:" F@FD,*@H@R,>" >" ">":42, >@&ZN B@:4H4R,F84N JF:@&46,F:@04&T4NFb B@F:, B@*B4F">4b ),8:"D"P44 BD4>P4B@& 4 ^8@>@<4R,F84N F@(:"T,>46 <,0*J

32D"4:,< 4 A":,FH4>@6, >"*,:b`V4N B":,FH4>F846 >"D@* @BD,*,:,>>Z<4 B@:>@<@R4b<4 &

Db*, ^8@>@<4R,F84N 4 F@P4":\>ZN F,8H@D@& >" ,(@ H,DD4H@D44. ?F@$Z6 "8P,>H $Z: F*,:">

>" 42JR,>44 B@F:,*FH&46 B@*B4F">4b ^8@>@<4R,F84N F@(:"T,>46 <,0*J 32D"4:,< 4

A":,FH4>@6, L@D<4D@&">4b 4 J8D,B:,>4b P,>HD":\>@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44, >"

<"FTH"$"N <,0*J>"D@*>@6 B@<@V4, BD,*>"2>"R,>>@6 *:b B@**,D084 >"P4@>":\>ZN JF4:46

A":,FH4>Z B@ @04&:,>4` ^8@>@<484, " H"80, >" H,>*,>P4bN & 8:`R,&ZN @HD"F:bN

^8@>@<484. #Z:4 BD@">":424D@&">Z H"80, L"8H@DZ, 2"HD"(4&"`V4, R"FH>Z, 4>&,FH4P44

>" B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44.

B. KJ>*"<,>H":\>@, 42JR,>4, BD4@D4H,H>ZN @$:"FH,6/ &@BD@F@&

73. % @F>@&J D"$@HZ F,8D,H"D4"H" & ^H@6 @$:"FH4 $Z:4 B@:@0,>Z F:,*J`V4, *&"

F@@$D"0,>4b: a) BD@&,*,>4, LJ>*"<,>H":\>@(@ ">":42", F H,< RH@$Z B@<@R\

B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 4 <,0*J>"D@*>@<J F@@$V,FH&J & D"2D"$@H8, 4 D,":42"P44

B@:4H484 4 BD@(D"<< *,6FH&46 & BD4@D4H,H>ZN @$:"FHbN ^8@>@<484; 4 b) 42JR,>4,

B,DFB,8H4& *@:(@FD@R>@(@ D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484.

Page 34: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 34

74. % ^H@6 F&b24 & D"FF<"HD4&",<Z6 B,D4@* $Z: F&,DFH"> 4 @BJ$:48@&"> Db*

4FF:,*@&">46, B@*(@H@&:,>>ZN & D"<8"N <,0F,8H@D":\>@(@ BD@,8H". C,R\, & R"FH>@FH4,4*,H @ F:,*J`V4N 4FF:,*@&">4bN: " ="F,:,>4, 4 *,<@(D"L4R,F84, F*&4(4 >" 1"B"*>@<

$,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2" *@ 1990 (@*"" ("Population and demographic developments inthe West Bank and Gaza Strip until 1990") (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/1); " EL,D"

8@<<J>":\>ZN JF:J( >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2"" ("Public utilities in theWest Bank and Gaza Strip")(UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/2); " 1*@D@&\, >"F,:,>4b 4 F:J0$Z

2*D"&@@ND">,>4b >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2"" ("Health conditions andservices in the West Bank and Gaza Strip") (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/3);" EHD@4H,:\FH&@ 4 04:4V>@, N@2b6FH&@ >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2""("Construction and housing in the West Bank and Gaza Strip")(UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/4); " ':"&>Z, @F@$,>>@FH4 &>JHD,>>,6 4 &>,T>,6 H@&"D>@6 H@D(@&:4

1"B"*>@(@ $,D,(" 4 F,8H@D" '"2"" ("Main features of domestic and externalmerchandise trade of the West Bank and Gaza Strip") (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/5);" A,DFB,8H4&Z JFH@6R4&@(@ D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484 >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 &

F,8H@D, '"2", 1990-2010 (@*Z: 8@:4R,FH&,>>"b @F>@&" ">":42"" ("Prospects forsustained development of the Palestinian economy in the West Bank and GazaStrip, 1990-2010: a quantitative framework") (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/6); 4

" G,N>4R,F8@, *@B@:>,>4," (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/6/Add.1); " C"2&4H4, F,8H@D" JF:J( >"

1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2", 1967-1990 (@*Z" ("Developments in the servicessector in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, 1967-1990") (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/7);" ]8@:@(4R,F84, B,DFB,8H4&Z 4 B,DFB,8H4&Z D"2&4H4b >" 1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2""("Environment and development prospects in the West Bank and Gaza Strip")(UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/8); 4 " ?$2@D H,>*,>P46 >" DZ>8, HDJ*" 4 & @$:"FH4 2">bH@FH4 >"

1"B"*>@< $,D,(J 4 & F,8H@D, '"2"" ("Review of labour and employment trends in theWest Bank and Gaza Strip") (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/9). % >"FH@bV,, &D,<b 2"&,DT",HFb

B@*(@H@&8" Db*" *@B@:>4H,:\>ZN F,8H@D":\>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46, 8@H@DZ, $Z:4 @H@$D">Z *:b

42*">4b 4 8@H@DZ, $J*JH @BJ$:48@&">Z *@ 8@>P" 1995 (@*". ?>4 8"F"`HFb F@P4":\>@-^8@>@<4R,F8@6 FH"H4FH484, FL,DZ @$D"2@&">4b, (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN L4>">F@& 4 R"FH>ZN

4>&,FH4P46.

75. QH@ 8"F",HFb *@:(@FD@R>ZN B,DFB,8H4& D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484, H@ &

>"FH@bV,, &D,<b $:424HFb 8 2"&,DT,>4` B@*(@H@&8" @F>@&>@(@ 4FF:,*@&">4b, 8@H@D@, $Z:@

>"R"H@ & 1994 (@*J 4 8@H@D@, $J*,H @$X,*4>bH\ &H@DJ` 4 HD,H\` R"FH4 <,0F,8H@D":\>@(@

BD@,8H". ?F>@&>Z, H,24FZ ^H@(@ 4FF:,*@&">4b, & 8@H@D@< ">":424DJ`HFb $J*JV4,

B,DFB,8H4&Z, FHD"H,(44 4 @F>@&>Z, BD4>P4BZ *@:(@FD@R>@(@ D"2&4H4b B":,FH4>F8@6

^8@>@<484, 42:@0,>Z & R"FH4 II &ZT,.

C. AD@(D"<<" *,bH,:\>@FH4 & @$:"FH4 H,N>4R,F8@(@ F@HDJ*>4R,FH&"

76. A@F:, D"2D"$@H84 BD@,8H" BD@(D"<<Z *,bH,:\>@FH4 & @$:"FH4 H,N>4R,F8@(@

F@HDJ*>4R,FH&" & P,:bN B@**,D084 JF4:46 L@D<4DJ`V,6Fb B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44

F,8D,H"D4"H _=7G!) BD@&,: F B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P4,6 8@>FJ:\H"P44 @H>@F4H,:\>@

BD4@D4H,H@&, FL,DZ @N&"H", @D4,>H4D@& 4 <,H@*484 @FJV,FH&:,>4b BD@(D"<<Z 42/.

Page 35: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 35

% @8Hb$D, 1994 (@*" F,8D,H"D4"H &B,D&Z, F&b2":Fb F 42D"4:\F84<4 &:"FHb<4 4 @$D"H4:Fb 8

>4< F BD@F\$@6 *"H\ D"2D,T,>4, ,(@ F@HDJ*>48"< B@F,H4H\ B":,FH4>F8J` H,DD4H@D4`.A@F:, BD,*@FH"&:,>4b H"8@(@ D"2D,T,>4b & <"DH, 1995 (@*" FD"2J 0, $Z:4 BD4>bHZ <,DZ

*:b >"BD"&:,>4b <4FF44 >" 1"B"*>Z6 $,D,( 4 & F,8H@D '"2". E@@H&,HFH&,>>@ $Z:4

BD@&,*,>Z 8@>FJ:\H"P44 F BD,*FH"&4H,:b<4 D"2:4R>ZN <4>4FH,DFH& B":,FH4>F8@6

"*<4>4FHD"P44, @H*,:,>4b AC??= >" B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44, E7??=, " H"80, F Db*@<

*DJ(4N 2"4>H,D,F@&">>ZN FH@D@>. A@<4<@ ^H@(@, B@ D"2:4R>Z< "FB,8H"< BD,*:"(",<@6

BD@(D"<<Z, &8:`R"b &@2<@0>@FH4 ,, L4>">F4D@&">4b 42 *&JFH@D@>>4N 4 <>@(@FH@D@>>4N

4FH@R>48@&, $Z:4 BD@&,*,>Z 8@>FJ:\H"P44 F @L4P4":\>Z<4 BD,*FH"&4H,:b<4 A":,FH4>Z 4

A]ECC & GJ>4F,.

77. E JR,H@< 4H@(@& ^H4N 8@>FJ:\H"P46 BD,*:"(",<"b BD@(D"<<" $Z:" *@D"$@H">" 4

F&,DFH">", 4 & <", 1995 (@*" >" H,DD4H@D4` $Z:" >"BD"&:,>" B@&H@D>"b <4FF4b

F,8D,H"D4"H" *:b BD@&,*,>4b BD,*<,H>ZN 8@>FJ:\H"P46 B@ &@BD@F"<, 8"F"`V4<Fb R"FH>ZN

4>&,FH4P46. ':"&>"b P,:\ BD@(D"<<Z 2"8:`R",HFb & @8"2">44 B@**,D084 B":,FH4>F8@<J

>"D@*J & H"84N @$:"FHbN, 8"8 H@D(@&:b, L4>">FZ 4 HD">FB@DH. % R"FH>@FH4, @>"

>"BD"&:,>" >" F@*,6FH&4, D,T,>4` F:,*J`V4N &2"4<@F&b2">>ZN 2"*"R:

- J8D,B:,>4, H,N>4R,F8@(@, JBD"&:,>R,F8@(@ 4 4>L@D<"P4@>>@(@ B@H,>P4":"

B":,FH4>F84N (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN 4 R"FH>ZN JRD,0*,>46, @H&,R"`V4N 2" D"2D"$@H8J

4 @FJV,FH&:,>4, B@:4H484 4 BD@P,*JD & @$:"FH4 <,0*J>"D@*>@6 H@D(@&:4 4 &

F<,0>ZN @HD"F:bN;

- @BD,*,:,>4, &"D4">H@& B@:4H484/ FHD"H,(46, 8@H@DZ, B@2&@:4:4 $Z B":,FH4>F8@<J

F,:\F8@<J N@2b6FH&J, BD@<ZT:,>>@FH4 4 FL,D, JF:J( ^LL,8H4&>@ 4FB@:\2@&"H\

DZ>@R>Z, &@2<@0>@FH4, @H8DZ&"`V4,Fb >" FJ$D,(4@>":\>@<, D,(4@>":\>@< 4

<,0D,(4@>":\>@< JD@&>bN; @8"2">4, B@<@V4 & L@D<4D@&">44 B":,FH4>F8@(@

H"D4L>@(@ D,04<" 4 H"<@0,>>@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 & P,:bN >"D"V4&">4b

BD@42&@*FH&" 4 :4$,D":42"P44 H@D(@&:4;

- J8D,B:,>4, B@H,>P4":" FZD\,&ZN F,8H@D@& & P,:bN FH4<J:4D@&">4b

BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ BD@42&@*FH&" 4 *4&,DF4L48"P44 F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ 4

BD@<ZT:,>>@(@ ^8FB@DH";

- @8"2">4, B@<@V4 & F@2*">44 >,@$N@*4<@6 4>LD"FHDJ8HJDZ ( >@D<"H4&>@-BD"&@&@6, 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6, H,N>4R,F8@6 4 8"*D@&@6 $"2Z) & P,:bN

L@D<4D@&">4b "*,8&"H>@6 4 ^LL,8H4&>@6 HD">FB@DH>@6 F4FH,<Z *:b

@$F:J04&">4b H@D(@&:4, &8:`R"b F:J0$Z <@DF84N B,D,&@2@8, D"2&4H4,

8@<<,DR,F8@(@ <@DF8@(@ B@DH" & F,8H@D, '"2" 4 F@2*">4, F4FH,<Z F<,T">>ZN

B,D,&@2@8;

- D,L@D<" &F,6 >@D<"H4&>@- BD"&@&@6 F4FH,<Z >"Db*J F D,@D(">42"P4,6

4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6 $"2Z & P,:bN <@$4:42"P44 L4>">F@&ZN D,FJDF@&, B@@VD,>4b

Page 36: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 36

R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46 4 B@&ZT,>4b ^LL,8H4&>@FH4 D"$@HZ FL,DZ 8@<<J>":\>ZN

JF:J(;

- J8D,B:,>4, B":,FH4>F8@(@ H,N>4R,F8@(@ 4 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@(@ B@H,>P4":" &

@$:"FH4 JBD"&:,>4b L4>">F@&Z<4 B@H@8"<4, " H"80, @BH4<":\>@(@ 4FB@:\2@&">4b

D,FJDF@& F,8H@D" FHD"N@&">4b 4 4N ^LL,8H4&>@(@ D"FBD,*,:,>4b.

78. % >"FH@bV,, &D,<b BD@&@*4HFb 8":\8J:bP4b 2"HD"H >" 8@<B:,8F <,D@BD4bH46,>"BD"&:,>>ZN >" *@FH40,>4, ^H4N P,:,6. AD,*:"(",<"b BD@(D"<<" $J*,H BD,*FH"&:,>"

F>"R":" B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 >" @*@$D,>4,, " 2"H,< B@H,>P4":\>Z< *&JFH@D@>>4< 4

<>@(@FH@D@>>4< *@>@D"< *:b 42ZF8">4b FD,*FH& L4>">F4D@&">4b. A@F8@:\8J >" &F, ^H@

B@HD,$J,HFb >,8@H@D@, &D,<b, B":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b @$D"H4:"F\ 8 F,8D,H"D4"HJ

_=7G!) F BD@F\$@6 BD4>bH\ & D"<8"N ^H@6 BD@(D"<<Z FD@R>Z, <,DZ B@ >,8@H@DZ<

BD4@D4H,H>Z< >"BD"&:,>4b< BD,*:"(",<@6 BD@(D"<<Z, 8@H@DZ, &8:`R,>Z H"80, &

BD@(D"<<J D"$@HZ B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 >" 1995 (@*. ]H@ @H>@F4HFb, & R"FH>@FH4,8 F:,*J`V4< &@BD@F"<: >@D<"H4&>@- BD"&@&"b 4 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>"b $"2", " H"80,

4>FH4HJP4@>":\>Z, 4 BD@P,*JD>Z, "FB,8HZ 2"8@>" @ B@@VD,>44 R"FH>ZN 4>&,FH4P46; 2@>Z

^8FB@DH>@6 B,D,D"$@H84; BD@(D"<<Z B@@VD,>4b ^8FB@DH" 4 <"D8,H4>("; 2"8JB84 @F>@&>ZN

B@HD,$4H,:\F84N H@&"D@&; H@D(@&"b B@:4H48" F JR,H@< 4H@(@& IDJ(&"6F8@(@ D"J>*" 4

>,@$N@*4<@FH4 @04&:,>4b B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<484; D"2&4H4, F<,T">>ZN B,D,&@2@8,&8:`R"b D"2&4H4, 8@<<,DR,F8@(@ <@DF8@(@ B@DH" & F,8H@D, '"2" 4 JBD"&:,>4, B@DH@&Z<

N@2b6FH&@<. % F&b24 F @(D">4R,>>@FH\` D,FJDF@& F,8D,H"D4"H _=7G!) B@8" >, &

F@FH@b>44 J*@&:,H&@D4H\ BD,*&"D4H,:\>@ @P,>,>>Z, B@HD,$>@FH4 B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44

&@ &F,N @$:"FHbN, & 8@H@DZN 2"BD@T,>" B@<@V\. ?*>"8@ F,8D,H"D4"HJ J*":@F\

2"*,6FH&@&"H\ @F>@&>Z, @H*,:Z 4 BD@(D"<<Z & >,8@H@DZN 42 ^H4N @$:"FH,6. % ^H@6 F&b24

*:b FD@R>@(@ @8"2">4b B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 8@>FJ:\H"H4&>ZN JF:J( & R"FH4

@$:"FH,6, B@ 8@H@DZ< 2"BD@T,>" B@<@V\, & F,D,*4>, 1995 (@*" $Z:@ @D(">42@&">@

>,F8@:\8@ <4FF46. A@<4<@ BD,*@FH"&:,>4b >,@$N@*4<@6 FD@R>@6 H,N>4R,F8@6 B@<@V4 ^H4

<4FF44 D"2D"$@H":4 H"80, B"8,H &@2<@0>ZN @B,D"H4&>ZN <,D@BD4bH46 B@ D,":42"P44

B@FH"&:,>>ZN 2"*"R & 8"0*@6 @$:"FH4. 7"8 ^H@ BD,*JF<"HD4&",HFb & BD,*:"(",<@6

BD@(D"<<,, & 8@<B:,8F ^H4N <,D@BD4bH46 &8:`R,> T4D@846 8DJ( 8@>FJ:\H"H4&>ZN JF:J(,BD@(D"<<Z B@*(@H@&84 8"*D@& 4 D"$@R4N F@&,V">46, " H"80, 8D"H8@FD@R>Z, <4FF44

^8FB,DH@& & 8:`R,&ZN @$:"FHbN. E,8D,H"D4"H 0*,H J8"2">46 E@&,H" 4 D"FFR4HZ&",H >" ,(@

B@**,D08J & &@BD@F"N L4>">F4D@&">4b 4 @FJV,FH&:,>4b &ZT,@B4F">>@6 BD@(D"<<Z.

D. 7@@D*4>"P4b 4 F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ & F4FH,<, ?D(">42"P44

?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46

79. A@F:, >"2>"R,>4b EB,P4":\>@(@ 8@@D*4>"H@D" ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 >"

@88JB4D@&">>@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44 4 BD@&,*,>4b &F,N >,@$N@*4<ZN @D(">42"P4@>>ZN

<,D@BD4bH46 *:b H@(@, RH@$Z @> <@( &ZB@:>bH\ LJ>8P44 BD"8H4R,F8@(@ 8@@D*4>"H@D"

*,bH,:\>@FH4 @D(">42"P46 F4FH,<Z ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, F,8D,H"D4"H

_=7G!) "8H4&424D@&": F&@4 JF4:4b B@ D"2&4H4` F@HDJ*>4R,FH&". 6 "BD,:b 1995 (@*"

$Z:" BD@&,*,>" &FHD,R" <,0*J 4FB@:>b`V4< @$b2">>@FH4 ',>,D":\>@(@ F,8D,H"Db _=7G!)

Page 37: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 37

4 EB,P4":\>Z< 8@@D*4>"H@D@<. =" &FHD,R, $Z:4 D"FF<@HD,>Z &@2<@0>@FH4 JFH">@&:,>4b

$@:,, H,F>@(@ &2"4<@*,6FH&4b F@ EB,P4":\>Z< 8@@D*4>"H@D@< & @$:"FHbN, 4<,`V4N

@H>@T,>4, 8 D"$@H, F,8D,H"D4"H". 3FN@*b 42 T4D@8@(@ <">*"H" _=7G!) 4 ,, @BZH" &

&@BD@F"N H@D(@&:4 4 D"2&4H4b, &8:`R"b H"84, F&b2">>Z, F ^H4< @$:"FH4, 8"8 L4>">FZ,4>&,FH4P44, D"2&4H4, BD,*BD4bH46, JF:J(4, @8DJ0"`V"b FD,*", H,N>@:@(4b 4 *D.,F,8D,H"D4"H _=7G!) B@*8:`R4:Fb 8 D"$@H, BD4@D4H,H>ZN F,8H@D":\>ZN (DJBB ?D(">42"P44

?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 B@ H"84< "FB,8H"<, 8"8 R"FH>Z6 F,8H@D, H@D(@&:b 4 F@2*">4,

4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6 $"2Z. 7D@<, H@(@, F,8D,H"D4"H _=7G!) JFH">@&4: 8@>H"8HZ F

8@@D*4>"P4@>>Z<4 P,>HD"<4 F,8H@D":\>ZN D"$@R4N (DJBB *:b 8@@D*4>"P44 B@<@V4 >"

<,FH"N, BD,0*, &F,(@ B@ H"84< &@BD@F"<, 8"8 R"FH>Z6 F,8H@D, F@2*">4, 4>FH4HJP4@>":\>@6

$"2Z 4 HD">FB@DH. % @$@4N F:JR"bN F,8D,H"D4"H _=7G!) *,6FH&J,H R,D,2 AC??= 4

E7??=, 8@H@DZ, &ZB@:>b`H LJ>8P44 P,>HD@& B@ 8@@D*4>"P44 @F>@&>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 &

F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N @$:"FHbN. A@<4<@ ^H@(@ F,8D,H"D4"H _=7G!) &>,F F&@6 &8:"* 4 BD4>b:

JR"FH4, & F@&,V">4bN ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, B@F&bV,>>ZN &@BD@F"<, 8@H@DZ,

4<,`H @H>@T,>4, 8 ,(@ D"$@H, B@ @8"2">4` B@<@V4 B":,FH4>F8@6 ^8@>@<48,.

Page 38: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 38

AD4<,R">4b

1/ +F:4 >, J8"2">@ 4>@,, H@ B@* " @88JB4D@&">>@6 H,DD4H@D4,6", " B":,FH4>F8@6

H,DD4H@D4,6" 4:4 " H,DD4H@D4,6" & >"FH@bV,< *@8:"*, B@>4<",HFb @88JB4D@&">>"b

B":,FH4>F8"b H,DD4H@D4b ( H. ,. F,8H@D '"2" 4 1"B"*>Z6 $,D,(, &8:`R"b %@FH@R>Z6

3,DJF":4<).

2/ ),8:"D"P4b BD4>P4B@& @ &D,<,>>ZN <,D"N B@ F"<@JBD"&:,>4` ( @H 13 F,>Hb$Db

1993 (@*") 4 E@(:"T,>4, B@ F,8H@DJ '"2" 4 3,D4N@>J ( @H 4 <"b 1994 (@*"), &8:`R"b

BD4:@0,>>Z6 8 >,<J AD@H@8@: @$ ^8@>@<4R,F84N @H>@T,>4bN.

3/ E<. " 32<,>,>4b & ^8@>@<48, @88JB4D@&">>@6 B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44, &

R"FH>@FH4 &@ &>,T>,6 H@D(@&:,", TD/B/41(1)/3, BJ>8HZ 5-11.

4/ A":,FH4>F8"b "*<4>4FHD"P4b 42&,FH>" H"80, B@* >"2&">4,< A":,FH4>F8@(@

>"P4@>":\>@(@ @D(">" ( A=?), 8@H@DZ6 $Z: F@2*"> A":,FH4>@6 & @8Hb$D, 1993 (@*".

5/ 3F8:`R"b %@FH@R>Z6 3,DJF":4<, @8@>R"H,:\>Z6 FH"HJF 8@H@D@(@ >, JD,(J:4D@&">

& F@(:"T,>44 @ &D,<,>>ZN <,D"N 4 *@:0,> FH"H\ BD,*<,H@< B,D,(@&@D@& >"R4>"b F

1996 (@*".

6/ 3>L@D<"P4b, BD,*@FH"&:,>>"b >":@(@&Z< *,B"DH"<,>H@< <4>4FH,DFH&" L4>">F@&

B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44; F<. H"80, " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH", 28 <"b 1995 (@*".

7/ G"< 0,.

8/ " !:\- 7J*F", 2 4`>b 1995 (@*".

9/ E<. " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH", 29 <"DH" 1995 (@*".

10/ E<. " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH", 7 <"b 1995 (@*" 4 8 <"b 1995 (@*".

11/ E@(:"F>@ F@@$V,>4b<, 8@>H"8HZ B@ ^H@<J &@BD@FJ $Z:4 JFH">@&:,>Z & <",

1995 (@*", " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH", 22 <"b 1995 (@*".

12/ ]H4 D"<@R>Z, F@(:"T,>4b $Z:4 B@*B4F">Z 26 b>&"Db 1995 (@*" >" @F>@&,

BD@,8H@&, F@(:"F@&">>ZN & >"R":, 1994 (@*" ( F<. TD/B/40(1)/3, BJ>8HZ 16-18).

13/ E@&,V">4, E@&<,FH>@(@ 8@<4H,H" B@ H@D(@&:, <,0*J !D"$F8@6 C,FBJ$:48@6

+(4B,H 4 A":,FH4>F84< >"P4@>":\>Z< @D(">@<, 7"4D, 18 4 19 "BD,:b 1995 (@*".

14/ " !:\- 7J*F", 6 4`>b 1994 (@*".

Page 39: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 39

15/ )">>Z,, BD4&,*,>>Z, & ^H@< D"2*,:,, $Z:4 BD,*@FH"&:,>Z IBD"&:,>4,<

8@@D*4>"P44 4 B@@VD,>4b B@<@V4 A]ECC; F<. "Matrix of Donors’ Assistance tothe West Bank and Gaza" ( *,8"$D\ 1994 (@*").

16/ ="FH@bH,:\>"b >,@$N@*4<@FH\ @$,FB,R,>4b @B,D"H4&>@6 4 B@:>@<"FTH"$>@6

B@<@V4 *:b L4>">F4D@&">4b 8"8 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN 8"B4H":@&:@0,>46, H"8 4 H,8JV4N

$`*0,H>ZN D"FN@*@& $Z:" >, H"8 *"&>@ B@*H&,D0*,>" EB,P4":\>Z< 8@@D*4>"H@D@<

?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46 >" @88JB4D@&">>ZN H,DD4H@D4bN & B4F\<"N, "*D,F@&">>ZN

FHD">"<- *@>@D"<, @ R,< F@@$V",HFb & ("2,H, " '""D,P" @H 14 <"b 1995 (@*". E<. H"80,

4>H,D&\` F@ EB,P4":\>Z< 8@@D*4>"H@D@< & ("2,H"N " K"6>^>T: H"6<F" @H 21 >@b$Db

1994 (@*" 4 " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH" @H 1 <"DH" 1995 (@*".

17/ PECDAR, op. cit .

18/ E<. "Sources of economic and social statistics on the West Bank andGaza Strip", (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/10) ( (@H@&4HFb 8 42*">4`).

19/ E<., >"BD4<,D, Economist Intelligence Unit, "Israel and the occupiedterritories, 1994-95: Country Profile", (London, Economist IntelligenceUnit (EIU), 1994), " H"80, ,0,8&"DH":\>Z, " FHD">@&Z, @HR,HZ", & 8@H@DZN BD4&@*4HFb

$,FBD4FHD"FH>"b @P,>8" ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 F4HJ"P44 >" H,DD4H@D44.

20/ % 8@>P, 1994 (@*" EB,P4":\>Z6 8@@D*4>"H@D ?D(">42"P44 ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46

>" @88JB4D@&">>ZN H,DD4H@D4bN 2"b&4:, RH@ " <,0*J &@2:"("&T4<4Fb >" B@<@V\ >"*,0*"<4

4 BD"8H4R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH\` >" ^H@< B@BD4V, BD@:,(",H >"FH@:\8@ @(D@<>"b BD@B"FH\,RH@ ,F:4 *@>@DZ >, <@$4:42J`H F&@4 F4:Z >" BD,*@FH"&:,>4, B@<@V4, H@ <4D>Z6 BD@P,FF

B@H,DB4H 8D"N" (" K"6>^>T: H"6<F", 21 >@b$Db 1994 (@*").

21/ E<. " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH", 1 L,&D":b 1995 (@*"; Economist IntelligenceUnit, "Israel and the occupied territories: country report" (London, EIU,1995), I 8&"DH": 1995 (@*".

22/ " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH", 1 L,&D":b 1995 (@*".

23/ " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH", 29 <"DH" 1995 (@*".

24/ ;,0*J>"D@*>@, $`D@ HDJ*", " )@8:"* ',>,D":\>@(@ *4D,8H@D": *@$"&:,>4,"( /,>,&", 1995 (@*), FHD. 15-16.

25/ A@ *">>Z< B":,FH4>F8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44 4 >,2"&4F4<ZN >"$:`*"H,:,6, F<.,>"BD4<,D, Economist Intelligence Unit, "Country report", op. cit.

26/ %&4*J F:@04&T,6Fb F4HJ"P44 >"R":4 &Z*&4("H\Fb BD,*:@0,>4b @ H@<, RH@

32D"4:\ <@( $Z BD,*@FH"&:bH\ A":,FH4>, " 8@<B,>F"P4`" 2" B@:>@, BD,8D"V,>4, *@BJF8" 8

F,$, B":,FH4>F8@6 D"$@R,6 F4:Z & D"2<,D, 300 <:>. *@::. ,0,(@*>@; ^H@ BD4<,D>@ D"&>@

Page 40: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 40

" *,L4P4HJ *@N@*@&", 8@H@DZ6 @BD,*,:b,HFb 8"8 D"FFR4H">>"b >" (@*@&@6 @F>@&, FJ<<"

JHD"R,>>ZN B@FHJB:,>46 & D,2J:\H"H, 2"8DZH4b (D">4P H,DD4H@D44; F<. " )0,DJ2":,<

B@FH", 21 <"DH" 1995 (@*".

27/ " )0,DJ2":,< B@FH", 14 <"DH" 1995 (@*"; Economist Intelligence Unit,"Country report", op. cit.

28/ ;,0*J>"D@*>@, $`D@ HDJ*", " )@8:"*...", P4H. F@R., FHD. 18.

29/ % N@*, BD@&,*,>>@(@ >,*"&>@ @$F:,*@&">4b B":,FH4>F84N BD,*BD4bH46 >"

H,DD4H@D44 $Z:@ JFH">@&:,>@, RH@ >" FJ$B@*Db*>Z, F@(:"T,>4b F 32D"4:,< @B4D"`HFb

$@:,, 50% BD,*BD4bH46, " 60% BD,*BD4bH46 & H@6 4:4 4>@6 FH,B,>4 2"&4FbH @H DZ>8@& &

32D"4:,; F<. " !:\- 7J*F", 28 4`:b 1994 (@*".

30/ Economist Intelligence Unit, "Country report", op. cit.

31/ I(:J$:,>>Z6 ">":42 B@:@0,>4b & ^H@< F,8H@D, F<. "Developments in theservices sector in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 1967-1990"(UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/7).

32/ ;,0*J>"D@*>@, $`D@ HDJ*", " )@8:"*...", P4H. F@R., FHD. 13-14.

33/ 3>L@D<"P4b, BD,*@FH"&:,>>"b <4>4FH,DFH&@< ^8@>@<484 4 H@D(@&:4 B":,FH4>F8@6

"*<4>4FHD"P44 & <", 1995 (@*".

34/ )">>Z,, BD,*@FH"&:,>>Z, *,B"DH"<,>H@< 4FF:,*@&">46 4 ">":42" 4>FH4HJH"

F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@(@ <"D8,H4>(", !<<">, 1995 (@*; 4 E@`2@< BD@42&@*4H,:,6

P4HDJF@&ZN 8J:\HJD F,8H@D" '"2" & ,0,(@*>ZN *@8:"*"N ( 2" D"2>Z, (@*Z).

35/ ]H@ 4FF:,*@&">4, B:">4DJ,HFb @BJ$:48@&"H\ &@ &H@D@6 B@:@&4>, 1995 (@*";& BD,*&"D4H,:\>@< B@Db*8, @>@ @2"(:"&:,>@ " Q"FH>Z, 4>&,FH4P44 >" @88JB4D@&">>@6

B":,FH4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44: B@F:,*>4, H,>*,>P44 4 B,DFB,8H4&Z >" $:40"6T,, $J*JV,,"("Private investment in the occupied Palestinian territory: recent trendsand immediate prospects") (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/13). E"<@ 4FF:,*@&">4, 4 &Z&@*Z,BD4&@*4<Z, & >"FH@bV,< *@8:"*,, @F>@&">Z >" 4H@("N 4FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@6 D"$@HZ

F,8D,H"D4"H" B@ ^H@<J &@BD@FJ, " H"80, >" *">>ZN *@8:"*", B@*(@H@&:,>>@(@ 8@>FJ:\H">H@<

_=7G!) *- D@< M4T"<@< !&"DH">4 BD4 F@*,6FH&44 *- D" ="24D" !$*,:\8"D4<" ( @$" -F@HDJ*>484 !>- ="*0"NF8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H", ="$:JF, 1"B"*>Z6 $,D,().

36/ 30 "BD,:b 1995 (@*" ( B@ F@@$V,>4`, BD4&,*,>>@<J & ("2,H, " !:\- 7J*F" @H

3 <"b 1995 (@*").

37/ E<. _=7G!), " EBD"&@R>48 B@ FH"H4FH48, <,0*J>"D@*>@6 H@D(@&:4 4 D"2&4H4b,1992 (@*" ( =\`- 5@D8, ?D(">42"P4b ?$X,*4>,>>ZN ="P46, 1993 (@*), H"$:4PZ 6.3 4

6.4.

Page 41: TD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development€¦ · td/b/42(1)/8 page 4 ad,*4f:@&4, 1. % f@@h&,hfh&44 f b@:@0,>4bl,d,>p44 f d,t,>4,

TD/B/42(1)/8page 41

38/ E<. (:"&J IV 4FF:,*@&">4b F,8D,H"D4"H" B@ ^H@<J &@BD@FJ, 8@H@D@, (@H@&4HFb 8

&ZBJF8J (UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/13).

39/ ]H" R"FH\ @F>@&">" >" F&@*>@< 4FF:,*@&">44, B@*(@H@&:,>>@< 8@>FJ:\H">H@<

_=7G!) BD@L,FF@D@< K"*:@< ="84$@< ( J>4&,DF4H,H %"H,D:@@, 7">"*"), (*, BD4&,*,>Z

&Z&@*Z, F*,:">>Z, &@ &H@D@6 4 HD,H\,6 R"FHbN <,0F,8H@D":\>@(@ 4FF:,*@&"H,:\F8@(@

BD@,8H" F,8D,H"D4"H" _=7G!). % B@:>@< @$X,<, 4FF:,*@&">4, B:">4DJ,HFb @BJ$:48@&"H\

&@ &H@D@6 B@:@&4>, 1995 (@*".

40/ %Z&@*Z, F*,:">>Z, & B,D&@6 R"FH4 <,0F,8H@D":\>@(@ BD@,8H", BJ$:48@&":4F\ F

1993 (@*" & P,:@6 F,D44 4FF:,*@&">46 4 F,8H@D":\>ZN ">":4H4R,F84N <"H,D4":@&

F,8D,H"D4"H" _=7G!). ]H4 F,8H@D":\>Z, 4FF:,*@&">4b :,(:4 & @F>@&J BD@(D"<<Z

F,8D,H"D4"H" _=7G!) B@ @8"2">4` FD@R>@6 H,N>4R,F8@6 B@<@V4 B":,FH4>F8@<J >"D@*J &

H"84N @$:"FHbN, 8"8 H@D(@&:b, L4>">FZ, HD">FB@DH 4 F<,0>Z, @HD"F:4.

41/ UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/6 4 UNCTAD/ECDC/SEU/6/Add.1.

42/ A@*D@$>J` 4>L@D<"P4` @ BD,*:"(",<@6 BD@(D"<<, F<. TD/B/41(1)/3.

-----