STUDY GUIDE 2nd YEAR MBBS -...

[ STUDY GUIDE 2nd YEAR MBBS ]

2019

WAH MEDICAL COLLEGEWAH CANTTDepartment of Medical Education

WAH MEDICAL COLLEGE MODULE CODE: Y2M2

Study Guide for Foundation Module

Course Code :Y2M21 Over view 2

2 Introduction to the study Guide. 3

3 Teaching and learning methodologies (MITs). 4

4 Assessment strategies 5

5 Structured summary of foundation Module 6

6 Course content 7

Anatomy 7

Broad outline of topics

Los

MIT

ETA

Reference books

Physiology 37

Los

MITs

ETA

Reference Books

Biochemistry 42

Los

MITs

ETAs

Reference Books

7 Time Table 45

2


Over view.

Module name Foundation module

Year 1

Duration 8 weeks course work +2 weeks end of module exam )

Module development committee

Chairperson Prof. Dr Ayisha Qureshi

Module In charge Dr. Sumera Gul

Members/ Resource persons Anatomy: Dr. Kaukab Anjum

Physiology : Dr. Sumera Gul

Biochemistry : Dr. Zahid Mehmood

Study guide developed By Department of Medical Education

Wah Medical College

under Supervision of

Prof. Dr. Musarat Ramzan

Resource person for Study Guide Dr. Ayesha Younas

3

In case of any query: regarding your course work. Feel free to contact concerned resource persons for each department.


Commonly used abbreviations in the study guide

1. MIT Modes of Information Transfer.

These are the methodologies through which you will be taught by your instructors. These can

include.

LGIS: Long class interactive session

CBL: Case based learning.

Practicals

Demonstrations

Dissection

SGDs: Small group discussions format.

2. LOs :

Learning objectives are statements that define the expected goal of your course, lesson or activity

in terms of demonstrable skills or knowledge that will be acquired by you as a result of

instruction. In simple words, these are the things that you must know after learning a particular

topic.

3. ETA: Expected time allocation (ETA) for any learning activity.

2. INTRODUCTION: Dear Students, we at the Department of Medical Education, Wah Medical College, have developed

this study guide specially for you. This study guide is an aid to

Inform students how their learning programs have been organized in this module

Help students organize and manage their studies throughout the module

Guide students on assessment methods, rules and regulations.

Communicates information on organization and management of the module. This will

help the student to contact the right person in case of any difficulty.

Defining the objectives which are expected to be achieved at the end of the module.

Identifying the learning strategies such as lectures, small group teachings, clinical skills,

demonstration, tutorial and case based learning that will be implemented to achieve the

module objectives.

Providing a list of learning resources such as books, and journals for students to consult

in order to maximize their learning.

Providing information on the assessment methods that will be held to determine every

student’s achievement of objectives.

4


3. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODOLOGIES In this module, the following teaching/ learning methods are used to promote better

understanding:

Large group Interactive sessions

Small Group Discussion

Case-Based Learning

Practicals

Self-Directed Study

Large Group Interactive Sessions

In large group , the lecture introduction a topic or common clinical conditions and

explains the underlying phenomena through questions , pictures, videos of patients

interviews, exercises, etc. Students are actively involved in the learning process.

Small Group Discussion

This format helps students to clarify concepts acquired skills or attitudes. Sessions are

structured with the help of specific exercises such as patient case, interviews or

discussion topics. Students exchange opinions and apply knowledge gained from

lectures, tutorials and self-study. The facilitator’s role is to ask probing questions,

summarize, or rephrase to help clarify concepts.

Case-Based Learning

This is a small group discussion format where learning is focused around a series of

question based on a clinical scenario. Students’ discuss an answer the questions applying

relevant knowledge gained in clinical and basic health science during the module.

Practical

Basic science practical related to Anatomy, Biochemistry, Pathology, Pharmacology and

Physiology are scheduled for student learning.

Self-Directed Study

5


Students’ assume responsibilities of their own learning through individual study, sharing

and discussing with peers, seeking information from learning Resource Center, teachers

and resource persons with and outside the college. Students can utilize the time within the

college schedule hours for self-study.

4. Assessment strategies During the module the students shall be continually formatively assessed.

The weightage of internal assessment shall be 30% in 1st professional MBBS

Examination.

There shall be three modular and one pre-annual examination.

The scores of tests at the end of each modular assessment and pre-annual

examination shall be used for calculation of the internal assessment.

Module and Pre-Annual Examination:

There will be three module examinations, one at the end of each module.

There will be only one pre-annual examination.

The structure of the paper of all the module examination and pre-annual will be

same as that for annual examination though syllabus will be different.

The syllabus for modular examination will be announced by the department at

least 02 weeks prior to examination.

Pre-annual examination will be from whole syllabus.

The date sheet for module and pre-annual examinations will be published by

examination branch of college while the examinations will be conducted by the

respective department.

The result will be submitted to NUMS examination branch for incorporation in

internal assessment before annual examination.

Annual Professional Examination:

The university shall take the 1st professional Examination as per PM&DC

guidelines at the end of the academic year.

Each subject section has table of specification of module. Pre-annual and annual

examination.

6


Annual theory and practical Examination shall be of 200 marks each in: Anatomy,

Physiology and Biochemistry.

The pass score shall be 50% in theory and practical separately.

5. Structure Summary of Module 2 - 2 nd year

MODULES BLOCKS THEMES

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY

Y2M2 1. Brain and spinal cord

2. Nervous system

Gross anatomyBrain and neuro AnatomyEmbryologyDevelopment of

CNS Sukll Development of

genital system

Histology Nervous system Special senses Reproductive

system

Sensory physiology

Motor physiology

Higher mental functions

ANS

Xenobiotics Metabolism

of proteins and amino acids

Nucleotide metabolism

Biochemical genetics

7


1. Course content

CURRICULUM (NEUROANATOMY) 2ND MODULE 2ND YEAR MBBS (Y2M2) 2018-2019

2. GROSS ANATOMY

S. No LEARNING OUTCOMES LEARNING OBJECTIVES MIT

Tim

e al

loca

ted

(hrs

)

Nam

e of

inst

ruct

or

Mod

e of

ass

essm

ent

Theo

ry/

OSC

E/ V

iva

Voce

Ref:

S.N

euro

nato

my

ed:7

th

pg. n

o:By the end of this module, the student should be able to interpret the common clinical conditions with relevance to Neuroanatomy:

By the end of session, the student should be able to:

LGIS

/ SG

D/ C

BL/

Prac

tical

/ Tu

toria

l

1. Organization of the nervous System

Describe the major divisions of the central nervous system.

LGIS 1 hr

All lecturers

Theory 02

Explain the components of the peripheral nervous system.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 10

Enlist the functions of each component of central and peripheral nervous system

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 02

Enumerate contents of the vertebral canal.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 04

Define ventricle and enumerate ventricles of brain and spinal cord

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 04

Name coverings of brain and spinal cord

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 10

Apply the knowledge of neuroanatomy to explain the clinical scenarios related to intracranial hemorrhages.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 23

Summarize the process of lumbar puncture.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 19

Enumerate the structures through which a needle will pass while performing spinal tap.

LGIS All lecturers

Viva 20

Demonstrate the SGD 1 All OSCE 03

8


structural anatomy of major divisions of central and peripheral nervous system in prosected specimens/models.

hr lecturers

Demonstrate the position for spinal tap

SGD All lecturers

OSCE 20

2. Neurobiology of the neuron and neuroglia.

Explain the structure of neuron LGIS 1 hr

All lecturers

Theory 34

Distinguish between anterograde and retrograde transport in neuronal cell body and its processes

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 41

Define neuroglia and enlist its different types.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 53

Summarize the structural features, location and functions of the neuroglial cells.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 55

Analyze the reaction of neuron and neuroglia to injury

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 61

Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis and herpes zoster.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 63

3. Structure of nerve and Concept of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

Distinguish between myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers.

LGIS 1 hr

All lecturers

Theory 71,78

Describe the process of myelination

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 71

Classify sensory receptors in to functional types

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 87

Enumerate encapsulated and non-encapsulated nerve endings.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 86,89

Explain the regeneration of axons in central nervous system and peripheral nerves.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 108

Conclude the response of neuron to injuries with special reference to myasthenia gravis.

LGIS All lecturers

Theory 117,115

Compile the factors upon which the satisfactory regeneration of axons depend in peripheral nerevs.

LGIS

Give, in own words, the regeneration of axons in the central nervous system.

4. Interior of skull and vault Explain and demonstrate the anatomical position of skull with

SGD 4 hrs

All lecturers

Viva

9


special emphasis on planes of anatomical position.Describe the boundaries of cranial fossae

SGD All lecturers

Viva 193

Summarize the important features of individual bones forming the cranial fossae.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 187

Describe the gross features of individual fossae.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 194

Itemize and recognize the important sutures and fontanelle on vault.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 187

State the structures that form impressions on the interior of cranial vault.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 188

Name the foramina of individual fossae and enumerate their contents.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 196

Demonstrate the anatomical position of skull and important features of bones forming boundaries of fossae on the given bone.

Demonstrate the impressions on the interior of cranial vault.

Demonstrate the foramina of anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.

5. Spinal cord Describe the composition of vertebral column (general characteristics of vertebra, intervertebral discs, ligaments and joints of vertebral column).

SGD 4 hrs

All lecturers

Viva 133

Explain the gross appearance/ structure of spinal cord

SGD All lecturers

Viva 137

Describe the nerve cell groups in the anterior, posterior and lateral gray columns.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 139

Illustrate the arrangements of ascending and descending tracts (white matter) in spinal cord

SGD All lecturers

Theory 143,153

10


Enumerate the major ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 151,162

Explain the given clinical conditions related to ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord.

o Tabes dorsaliso Pyramidal

tracts(upper motor neuron)lesions

o Extrapyramidal tracts(upper motor neuron)lesions

o Lower motor neuron lesions

o Acute spinal cord injuries

o Spinal shock syndrome

o Destructive spinal cord syndromes

Complete cord transection syndrome

Anterior cord syndrome

Central cord syndrome

Brown sequard syndrome

Syringomyelia

Poliomyelitis Multiple

sclerosis

SGD All lecturers

Theory 167

Simplify the clinical presentation of injuries of spinal cord

SGD All lecturers

Theory 165

Illustrate the cross section of spinal cord at different vertebral levels showing the arrangement of gray and white matter.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 140

Illustrate the transverse section of spinal cord at various levels

SGD All lecturers

Theory 140

6. Ascending Tracts Of Spinal Summarize the anatomical SGD 2 All Viva 143

11


Cord organization and functions of ascending tracts.

hrs lecturers

Trace following pathways of superficial and deep sensations indicating the location of first, second and third order neurons.

o Pain and temperature pathways

o Light touch and pressure pathways

o Discriminative touch, vibratory sense and conscious muscle joint sense.

o Muscle joint sense pathways to the cerebellum

Posterior spinocerebellar tract

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

Cuneocerebellar

o Spinotectal tracto Spinoreticular tracto Spino-olivary tracto Visceral sensory

tracts

SGD All lecturers

Theory 144

Illustrate the transverse section of spinal cord at the mid-cervical region showing the general arrangement of the ascending tracts.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 143

7. Descending Tracts Of Spinal Cord

Describe the anatomical organization and functions of descending tracts.

SGD 2 hrs

All lecturers

Theory 153

Outline the pathways of voluntary movements

SGD All lecturers

Theory 153

Trace following pathways of voluntary movements indicating the location of first, second and third order neurons.

o Cortico spinal tractso Reticulospinal tracto Tectospinal tract

SGD All lecturers

Theory 155

12


o Rubrospinalo Vestibulospinalo Olivospianlo Descending

autonomic fiberso Intersegmental tract

Illustrate the transverse section of spinal cord at the mid-cervical region showing the general arrangement of the descending tracts.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 143

9. Medulla oblongata Describe gross appearance of the medulla oblongata.

SGD 4 hrs

All lecturers

Theory 197

Explain the internal structure of the medulla.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 198

Analyze medulla oblongata at different levels showing the major structures at each level.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 201

Justify the significance of raised pressure in posterior cranial fossa to its effects on medulla oblongata.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 216

Apply the knowledge of neuroanatomy to explain the following clinical scenarios:

o Arnold-chiari malformation

o Medial medullary syndrome

o lateral medullary syndrome of Wallenberg

SGD All lecturers

Theory 217

Identify the gross features of medulla oblongata on a given model.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 201

Mark the nerves on the anterior aspect of medulla oblongata.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 203

Illustrate transverse section of medulla at the level of inferior olivary nuclei showing the extent of the lesion producing the lateral

SGD All lecturers

Theory 203

13


and medial medullary syndromes.

Illustrate the cross section of medulla at following levels:

o Decussation of pyramids

o Decussation of medial lemniscus

o Middle of the olivary nucleus

o Superior part of olivary nucleus just inferior to pons

SGD All lecturers

Theory 203

Identify the different ascending and descending pathways in cross sections of medulla oblongata.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 203

10.Pons Describe the gross features of Pons.

SGD 2 hrs

All lecturers

Viva 206

Explain the internal structure of Pons.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 208

Demonstrate different levels of pons showing major structures at each level.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 207,209

Analyze the anatomical structures involved in Pontine hemorrhage and infarction of pons.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 218

Enumerate the signs and symptoms of astrocytoma of the pons.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 218

Demonstrate the gross features of Pons on a given model.

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

207

Identify the different ascending and descending pathways in cross sections of Pons.

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

209

Illustrate cross sections of pons at level of facial colliculus and trigeminal nuclei.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 207,209

Mark the nerves on the anterior aspect of pons.

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

206

14


Illustrate posterior surface of brainstem showing the floor of fourth ventricle

SGD All lecturers

Theory 207

11.Mid Brain Describe the gross appearance of mid brain.

SGD 2 hrs

All lecturers

Viva 210

Explain the internal structure of mid brain.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 210

Compare cross sections of mid brain at the level of superior colliculus with inferior colliculus showing major structures at each level.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 213

Analyze the anatomical structures involved in vascular lesions of mid brain.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 220

Justify, how the blockage of cerebral aqueduct will produce lesions of midbrain structures?

SGD All lecturers

Viva 219

Enumerate the clinical consequences of trauma to midbrain

SGD All lecturers

Theory 219

Identify the gross features of mid brain on a given model.

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

211

Distinguish different ascending and descending pathways in cross sections of mid brain.

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

213

Illustrate cross sections of mid brain

SGD All lecturers

Theory 213

12.Cerebellum Describe the gross features of cerebellum.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 231

Classify phylogenetic divisions of cerebellum and its functions.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 231

Explain the structure of the cerebellar cortex.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 231

Define peduncle and name cerebellar peduncles.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 237

Enumerate afferent and efferent fibers of superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 237

Enlist intracerebellar nuclei. SGD All lecturers

Theory 233

15


List types of fibers constituting white matter of cerebellum and explain their routes of entry and exit.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 235

Summarize and demonstrate the pathways carrying afferent and efferent fibers to and from the cerebellum.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 237

Enlist disturbances of voluntary movements, reflexes, ocular movements, speech, posture and gait resulting due to lesions of cerebellum.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

243

Conclude the effect of lesions of cerebellum on tone of muscles.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

243

Demonstrate different parts of cerebellum on given model.

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

232

Illustrate flattened view of cerebellar cortex showing the main cerebellar lobes.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 233

13.Interpeduncular fossa Enumerate the nerves having ventral, dorsal and lateral attachment on brain stem

SGD 1 hr

All lecturers

Theory 198

Enlist boundaries and contents of interpeduncular fossa.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 254

Demonstrate the boundaries of interpeduncular fossa on given model

SGD All lecturers

Viva 256

Identify the nerves on ventral, dorsal and lateral aspect of brain stem

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

211

14.Cerebrum Recognize subdivisions of cerebrum on given model

SGD 4 hrs

All lecturers

Viva 257

List the structures forming the surfaces and roof of diencephalon.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 252

Recognize the location of thalamus and list the structures forming the boundaries of

SGD All lecturers

Viva 252

16


thalamus.

Explain the components of epithalamus.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 255

Describe the location and relations of hypothalamus

SGD All lecturers

Viva 256

Describe the walls of third ventricle.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

257

Demonstrate the gross features of diencephalon on a given model

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

253

15.General appearance Cerebral hemispheres

Describe the general appearance of cerebral hemispheres.

SGD 4 hrs

All lecturers

Viva 257

Enlist main sulci and gyri of cerebral hemispheres and describe the extent of each of them.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

258

Explain the divisions of cerebral lobes on superolateral, medial and inferior surfaces of cerebral hemispheres.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 260

Enumerate the structure comprising internal structure of the cerebral hemispheres.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

262

Enumerate fibers making up the white matter of cerebral hemispheres and describe each of them.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 265

Explain the effects of lesions of different parts of internal capsule

SGD All lecturers

Theory 273

Describe the cause, signs and symptoms and formation of senile plaques in Alzheimer disease.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 273

Apply knowledge of neuroanatomy to relate the lesions of internal capsule to its clinical presentation.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 273

Mark main sulci and gyri on lobes of cerebral hemispheres.

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

259

Demonstrate commissure, SGD All Viva/ 267

17


projection and association fibers on brain prosected specimen

lecturers OSCE

Illustrate the horizontal section of the cerebral hemisphere showing relationship and different parts of internal capsule.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 269

16.Structure and functional localization of the cerebral cortex.

Enumerate the layers of the cerebral cortex.

SGD 6 hrs

All lecturers

Viva 286

Enlist nerve cells in layers of cerebral cortex.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 285

Explain nerve fibers of cerebral cortex.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 285

Describe the cortical areas in following lobes of cerebral hemispheres.

o Frontal lobeo Parietal lobeo Temporal lobeo Occipital lobe

SGD All lecturers

Theory 288

Localize motor and sensory areas of cerebral hemispheres.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/OSCE

289

Explain the phenomenon of cerebral dominance.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 295

Summarize the location and boundaries of insula along with its functions.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

294

Describe the effects of lesions in the Motor cortex on voluntary movements and speech.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 296

Describe the changes in personality due to lesions in the frontal eye field of cerebral hemisphere.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 296

Enumerate types of aphasia and describe the lesions of speech areas responsible for producing aphasia.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 296

Summarize the sign and symptoms due to lesions of sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex and somesthetic association

SGD All lecturers

Theory 297

18


areas.

Explain the effects of lesion in the primary and secondary visual cortex.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 297

Illustrate diagrams showing probable pathways involved in reading a sentence and repeating it out loud.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 293

Illustrate diagrams showing probable pathways involved in hearing a question and answering it.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 294

Illustrate the lateral and medial views of cerebral hemispheres showing motor and sensory areas.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 290

17.Reticular formation Describe the general arrangement of reticular formation.

.

SGD 2 hrs

All lecturers

Theory 305

Enlist afferent and efferent projections of reticular formation

SGD All lecturers

Theory 305

Enumerate the functions of reticular formation

SGD All lecturers

Theory 305

Justify how different levels of consciousness are affected by lesions of reticular formation.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 312

18.Limbic system Enumerate components of limbic system

SGD All lecturers

Theory 308

Describe the constituents of hippocampal formation

SGD All lecturers

Theory 307

Enlist connecting pathways of the limbic system

SGD All lecturers

Theory 310

Enumerate afferent and efferent connections of the hippocampus

SGD All lecturers

Theory 310

Summarize functions of the limbic system.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 311

Compile the effects of destruction of amygdaloid complex on behavior.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 312

19


Demonstrate different components of limbic system on given model

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

308

19.Basal ganglia Enlist terminology commonly used to describe the basal nuclei.

SGD 2 hrs

All lecturers

Theory 317

Describe different nuclei constituting basal ganglia

SGD All lecturers

Theory 317

Explain connections and functions of basal ganglia

SGD All lecturers

Theory 320

Enlist hyper kinetic disorders related with basal nuclei.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 322

Describe Parkinson disease regarding etiology, characteristics signs and symptoms, types and treatment

SGD All lecturers

Theory 322

Demonstrate different components of basal ganglia on given model/specimen

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

318

20.Cranial nerevs Enumerate the cranial nerves and classify them into sensory, motor and mixed nerves.

SGD 6 hrs

All lecturers

Theory 333

Enlist the motor and sensory nuclei of cranial nerves.Describe the nuclei, connection and intracranial course of all cranial nerves.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 335

Summarize the clinical features due to lesions of cranial nerves.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

358

Apply the knowledge of neuroanatomy to explain the clinical scenarios regarding:

o Lesions of the visual pathway

Circumferential blindness

Total blindness

Nasal hemianopia

Bitemporal hemianopia

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

SGD All lecturers

Theory 358,360

20


o Lesions of oculomotor nerve, trochlear and abducent nerves.

Internal strabismus

External strabismus

Internal ophthalmoplegia

External ophthalmoplegia

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia

o Trigemminal neuralgia

o Lesions of facial nerve

Upper motor neuron defects

lower motor neuron defects

Bells palsy Correlate the

anatomical relationship od facial nerve with other structure to localization of lesion

Lesions of vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerevs

Demonstrate different cranial nerves on given model/specimen

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

332

22.Thalamus and hypothalamus

Describe the general appearance, divisions, nuclei and connections

SGD 4 hrs

All lecturers

Theory/viva

372

21


of thalamus.Explain the general appearance, divisions and connections of hypothalamus.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

383

Enumerate nuclei in medial and lateral zones of hypothalamus.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 383

Enlist afferent and efferent connections of hypothalamus.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 385,387

Summarize the connections of hypothalamus with the pituitary gland.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 388

Explain the following clinical disorders associated with Thalamic and hypothalamic lesions.

o Obesity and wasting

o Sexual disorderso Hyper and

hypothermiao Diabetes

insipiduso Emotional

disorders.o Thalamic paino Thalamic hand

SGD All lecturers

Theory 392

Illustrate diagram showing thalamic nuclei and important thalamocortical projections.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 255

Autonomic Nervous System

Describe the organization of autonomic nervous system.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 397

Explain autonomic ganglia. SGD All lecturers

Theory 400

Enlist the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic system.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 397

Compile the effects of activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system by giving examples

SGD All lecturers

Theory 404

Describe the formation of spinal nerve and distribution of ventral and dorsal rami.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 12

22


Summarize the etiology and signs and symptoms of Horner syndrome.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 417

Explain urinary bladder dysfunction following spinal cord injuries.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 418

Illustrate a diagram showing the location of ganglia, preganglionic and post ganglionic fibers of parasympathetic nervous system

SGD All lecturers

theory 399

23.Meninges of brain Define meninges of brain and list its layers.

SGD 4 hrs

All lecturers

Theory/viva

428

Demonstrate meninges of brain on the given model

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

Describe the dural reflections in brain with special emphasis on the following;

o Falx cerebrio tentorium cerebellio falxcerebelli.o Diaphragma sellaeo Trigemminal cave

SGD All lecturers

Theory 428

Explain the meninges of spinal cord

SGD All lecturers

Theory 436

Enumerate the nerves and blood vessels supplying the meninges.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

432

Differentiate among different varieties of intracranial hemorrhages.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 439

Enlist different types of headaches.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 439

Analyze the functional significance of meninges of brain and spinal cord

SGD All lecturers

Theory 438

Mark the attachments of meninges on given specimen.

SGD All lecturers

Viva/OSCE

429

Demonstrate the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments of tentorium cerebelli in a

SGD All lecturers

Viva 431

23


prosected specimen.24.Dural venous sinuses Define dural venous sinus. SGD 4

hrsAll lecturers

Theory/viva

432

Enumerate paired and unpaired dural venous sinuses

SGD All lecturers

Theory 432

Explain the attachments of dural venous sinuses of brain.

SGD All lecturers

Viva 432

Describe the location, important relations. Communications of cavernous sinus.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 434

Enumerate structures passing through walls and through the cavernous sinus.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 434

Trace the route of venous drainage from different dural venous sinuses in to internal jugular vein.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 432

Analyze the importance of facial vein connection with dural venous sinuses.

SGD All lecturers

Theory/viva

439

Illustrate the important relations of cavernous sinus.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 433

25.Ventricular system and the cerebrospinal fluid

Enumerate ventricles of brain and spinal cord.

SGD 6 hrs

All lecturers

Theory/viva

446

Describe the relations and boundaries of each ventricle

SGD All lecturers

Theory 446

Describe the formation of choroid plexus of each ventricle.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 449

Enumerate functions of CSF SGD All lecturers

Theory 458

Explain formation, circulation and absorption of CSF.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 458,459

Define arachnoid villous and explain the role of arachnoid villi in absorption of CSF.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 460

Summarize the formation of different barriers of brain.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 462,463

Define hydrocephalus and enumerate its different varieties.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 466

Describe different varieties of hydrocephalus along with their causes and signs and symptoms.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 466

24


List the causes of overproduction and blockage of CSF

SGD All lecturers

Theory 466,467

Demonstrate queckenstedt sign in localizing blockage of subarachnoid space in vertebral canal.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 467

Illustrate the floor of fourth ventricle.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 455

Illustrate different components of blood-brain barriers

SGD All lecturers

Theory 464

Illustrate relationship of subarachnoid space to cerebral blood vessel.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 458

26.Blood supply of brain stem and spinal cord

Describe the blood supply of different parts of brain and spinal cord.

SGD 4 hrs

All lecturers

Theory 475

Describe the blood supply of different parts of cerebrum

SGD All lecturers

Theory 476

Explain the external and internal veins of brain.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 479

Explain the formation and importance of veins of brain.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 479

Enumerate the vessels taking part in the formation of circle of willis and summarize its importance.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 481

Relate the interruption of cerebral circulation to cerebral artery syndromes due to anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery occlusion.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 483

Enlist the diseases that can alter cerebral blood flow.

SGD All lecturers

Theory 483

Illustrate circle of Willis.SGD All

lecturersTheory 481

27.Radiographs, MRI and CT scan of CNS

Expalin the appearance of different parts of brain in

Normal radiographs MRI CT scan

LGIS 2 hrs

Clinical lecture

486

Identify different parts of brain in Normal radiographs MRI

LGIS Clinical lecture

486

25


T scanLaiq Hussain Medical Histology Ed 6th Pg.

1. Describe the histology Of Nervous Tissue.

Explain the histological features of nervous tissue

LGIS 4 hrs

Dr Nomana

Theory 109

Summarize the histological features of neuron and neuroglia.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 109-111

Classify neurons according to their morphology, function and length of their axons. Enlist two examples of each.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 111

Define neuroglia. Enlist different types of neuroglia.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 120-122

Differentiate between types of cell transport in cell body and its processes.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory Jun. Ed 14th Pg:166

Summarize the structural features, location and functions of the neuroglial cells.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 120-122

Explain the myelinated nerve fibers of central and peripheral nervous system

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 111-113

Describe the unmyelinated nerve fibers of central and peripheral nervous system

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 111-113

Differentiate between myelinated and un-myelinated nerve fibers.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory Jun. Ed 14th Pg:182,184

Summarize the process of myelination.

LGIS Dr Nomana


Describe terminations of somatic and visceral efferent nerve fibers.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 114

Classify sensory receptors in to functional types.Enumerate encapsulated and non-encapsulated nerve endings.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 114-117

Enlist encapsulated and non-encapsulated nerve endings and summarize histological features

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 115-117

26


of each.Classify synapses. Describe chemical synapses.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 117-119

Enumerate connective tissue components of peripheral nerves and give, in own words, their characteristic histological features

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 119

Define ganglia. Differentiate between sensory and autonomic ganglia in tabulated form.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 119-120

Explain the regeneration of axons in central nervous system and peripheral nerves.

LGIS Dr Nomana


Explain the histological features of meninges.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 123-124

Apply knowledge of histology to explain the clinical scenarios related to multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and neuron injuries.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 174,173,163 and 188

Identify the type of nervous tissue on given slides under microscope.

Practical

2 hrs

Dr Sadaf OSCE

Illustarte the identified structures with the help of eosin and Haematoxylin pencils.

Theory/OSCE

4. Explain the histological features of Spinal Cord

Describe the histological features of white and grey matter of spinal cord.

LGIS 1 hr

Dr Nomana

Theory 129-130

Identify the microscopic features of spinal cord on a given slide and enlist two points of identification.

Practical

2 hrs

Dr Sadaf OSCE

Illustrate histological features of spinal cord with the help of H&E pencils.

Theory/OSCE

7. Explain the histological features of Cerebrum and cerebellum.

Enumerate layers of cerebral cortex. Enlist different cell types of layers of cerebral cortex.

LGIS 1hr Dr Nomana

Theory 125-126

Describe the histological features of cerebral cortex.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 125-126

Enumerate layers of cerebellar cortex. Enlist different cell types of layers of cerebellar cortex.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 127-129

27


Describe different cells and layers of cerebellumIdentify the histological features of cerebrum and cerebellum under microscope and enlist two points of identification

Practical

2 hrs

Dr Sadaf OSCE

Illustrate histological features of cerebrum.

Practical

Theory/OSCE

Illustrate histological features of cerebellum.

Practical

Theory/OSCE

8. Explain the histological features of ear.

Describe histological structure of the following with the help of a labelled diagram:

o External earo Middle ear

.

LGIS 3 hrs

Dr Nomana

Theory 285-286

Describe membranous labyrinth LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 286

Enumerate the sensory areas of membranous labyrinth.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 286

Enlist and explain main cell types of crista ampullaris.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 286-287

Describe major cell types of organ of corti.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 289-290

Apply the knowledge of histology to explain following clinical conditions:

1. Vertigo2. Otitis media3. Motion

sickness4. Deafness5. Cochlear

implants.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory Jun. Ed 14th Pg:No516510510517521

Identify the slides of these structures under microscope.

Practical Dr Sadaf

OSCE

Illustrate histology of cochlea on histology notebook.

2 hrs

OSCE

Illustrate diagram of crista ampullaris and macula.

Theory/OSCE

28


12.Explain the histological features of eye

Describe the histological structure of the following with the help of diagram:

o Retinao Corneao Sclerao Choroido Iriso Lenso Vitreous bodyo Accessory

structures of eye.

LGIS 4 hrs

Dr Nomana

Theory 273-284

Enumerate different layers of retina

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 278

Enlist elements of the neural retina.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 279

List functions of the retinal pigment epithelium.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 278

Differentiate between photoreceptors in tabulated form.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 279-281

Explain histological feature of direct, conducting and association neurons of retina.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 281-282

Summarize histological features of supporting cells of retina.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 282

Explain following clinical conditions.

1. Glaucoma2. Cataract3. Presbyopia4. Retinal

detachment5. Age related

macular degeneration.

6. conjunctivitis7. Stye

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory Jun. Ed 14th

Pg. No496498498501506506508

29


Illustrate various components of eye.

Practical

2 hrs

Dr Sadaf Theory/OSCE

Identify different components of eye under microscope and list two points of identification

Practical

OSCE

15.Explain the histological features of different components of male reproductive system

Describe the histological features of the followingmale reproductive organs

o Testiso Epididymiso Vas deferenso Seminal vesicleo Prostate

LGIS 3 hrs

Dr Nomana

Theory 247-256

Enumerate intra testicular and excretory genital ducts.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 251-252

Tabulate the main histological differences amongst different intra testicular ducts.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 251-252

Tabulate the main histological differences amongst different extra testicular ducts.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 252-255

Describe seminiferous epithelium LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 247-249

Explain the histological features of sertoli cells and enumerate the functions of sertoli cells

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 249-250

Enlist components of blood testis barrier and summarize the functions of this barrier.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 250

Describe histological feature of prostate gland and seminal vesicles.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 254-255

Apply the knowledge of histology to explain the clinical scenarios regarding the following conditions.

1. Hydrocele and cryptorchidism

2. Vasectomy3. Immotile cilia

syndrome4. Benign

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory Jun. Ed 14th Pg:No440451448455455

30


prostatic hypertrophy

5. Carcinoma of prostate

Illustrate various components of male reproductive system on histology notebook

o Testiso Epididymiso Vas deferenso Seminal vesicleo Prostate

Practical

4 hrs


18.Explain the histological features of different components of female reproductive system.

Describe the histological feature of following female reproductive organs

Ovary Fallopian tube Uterus Cervix Vagina

LGIS 3 hrs

Dr Nomana

Theory 259-272

Define ovarian cycle and summarize its phases.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 259-260

Describe histological features of various developmental stages of ovarian follicles.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 260-263

Explain corpus luteum and summarize histological features of its cells.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 263-264

Summarize the duct system and parenchyma of mammary gland.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 271

Describe the variations in the structure of the mammary glands in different phases.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 271-272

Give, in own words, the histological features of three layers of uterine wall.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 265

Define menstrual cycle and give, in tabulated form, the histological differences between three phases of menstrual phase.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory 266-268

Apply the knowledge of histology to explain the clinical scenarios regarding the following conditions.

1. Polycystic ovarian syndromes

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory Jun. Ed 14th Pg: No

464465471471476

31


(PCOS)2. Follicular

cysts3. Salpingitis4. Ectopic

pregnancy5. Endometriosi

s6. Placenta

previa7. Cervical

carcinoma8. Mammary

carcinomas.

481483486

Illustrate the structure of primordial and growing follicles.

LGIS Dr Nomana

Theory

Illustrate following components of reproductive system.

o Ovaryo Fallopian tubeo Uteruso Cervixo Vagina

Practical

4 hrs


Langman’s Med Embryology.Ed 13th Pg.

1. Describe the development of central nervous system

Describe the development of neural tube with reference to neurulation, vesicles, brain flexures and ventricles.

LGIS 7 hrs

Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 306

Describe the development of spinal cord.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 307-308

Summarize the histogenesis of spinal cord.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 307-308

Explain the histological differentiation of nerve cells, glial and neural crest cells.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 309-311

Describe the positional changes of the spinal cord.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 313-314

Describe the formation of alar and basal plates.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 308

32


Describe the developmental changes in alar and basal plates in brainstem.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 317-323

Name the source of development of neural crest cells and enumerate the derivatives of neural crest cells.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 311

Describe the molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 314-315

Explain the development of spinal nerves.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 311-313

Describe the clinical conditions relevant to the development of neural tube defects like Spina bifida, spina bifida occculta, spina bifida cystica and spina bifida with meningomyelocele.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 315-317

Enumerate the derivatives of rhombencephalon, mesencephalon and prosencephalon.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory/Viva

317-328

Enumerate the functional nuclear columns and identify the type of fibers each one contains

Dr Zubia Athar

Describe the development of the following

a. medulla oblongatab. Midbrainc. Ponsd. Cerebellume. Diencephalon

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory317-319321-322320320-321322-328

Describe the development of pituitary and pineal gland.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 323-324

Describe the clinical conditions relevant to the development of pituitary gland.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 324

Describe the molecular regulation of brain development.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 328-329

33


Apply the knowledge of embryology to describe the clinical scenarios regarding:

Holoprosencephaly Schizencephaly Exencephaly Hydrocephalus Microcephaly

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 330-333

Enumerate the cranial nerves with their composition (brain region, type and innervation).

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 335

Briefly explain the development of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 315-318

Summarize in a tabulated for the contribution of neural crest cells and placodes to ganglia of the cranial nerevs

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 315

Describe the development of suprarenal gland.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 338,340

Explain congenital megacolon. LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 340

Demonstrate different parts of brain and spinal cord on the given model.

Models spotting

Dr Zubia Athar

Viva/OSCE

Expalin development of viscerocranium

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 146-147

Describe the stages of differentiation of neurocranium into membranous neurocranium and chondrocranium.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 145-146

Describe the importance of fontanelle of skull in new born with reference to:

o Normal ossification of the skull

o Changes in intracranial pressure

o Newborn Cranium.

o Closure of different fontanelle

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 145-146

34


Describe the clinical abnormalities caused by premature closure of one or more sutures.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 147-148

Explain the clinical condition caused by failure of the cranial neuropore to close.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 147

Enlist different types of skeletal dysplasias and explain achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia.

LGIS Dr Zubia Athar

Theory 148

2. Describe development of l genital system

Explain the indifferent stage of gonad development..

LGIS 2 hrs

Dr. Uzma Shahid

Theory 261-262

Explain the development of testis LGIS Dr. Uzma Shahid

Theory 262-263

Summarize descent of testis during development.

LGIS Dr. Uzma Shahid

Theory 272

Describe cryptorchidism LGIS Dr. Uzma Shahid

Theory 275

Summarize the development of ovaries


Theory 263-264

Describe the indifferent stage of genital ducts development.


Theory 264

Explain the development of genital ducts in the male


Theory 264,266

Explain the development of genital ducts in the female


Theory 266

Describe the indifferent stage of external genitalia development.


Theory 270

Explain the development of external genitalia in the male


Theory 270-271

Explain the development of external genitalia in the female


Theory 272

Describe the differentiation of male and female external genitalia from genital swellings


Theory 270-272

Enlist common anomalies of the male genitalia.


Theory 271-271

Describe the embryological basis and clinical presentation of hypospadias.


Theory 271-272

Enumerate the derivatives of mesonephric duct, paramesonephric duct and urogenital sinus in males and


Theory

35


females.

Apply the knowledge of embryology to explain the basis and clinical presentation of following disorders of sexual development:

o Ambiguous genitalia

o Hermaphrodites


Theory 273

Enumerate the causes of sexual ambiguity and describe the most common cause. (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia)


Theory 273

Explain gonadal dysgenesis. LGIS Dr. Uzma Shahid

Theory 274

Demonstrate different genital ducts on the given model.

Spotting

Dr. Uzma Shahid

Viva/OSCE

Demonstrate different components of male reproductive system on the given model.

Dr. Uzma Shahid

Apply the knowledge of embryology to explain the following congenital anomalies:

o Duplications of the uterus

o Uterus didelphyso Uterus arcuatuso Uterus bicornis.o Vaginal atresia


Theory 269

Identify different components of reproductive system on diagram.

Dr. Uzma Shahid

OSCE

Demonstrate different parts of female reproductive system on the given model.

Models spotting

Dr. Uzma Shahid

Theory

CURRICULUM (CNS) 2ND MODULE 2ND YEAR MBBS (Y2M2) 2018-2019

36


PHYSIOLOGY


Tim

e al

loca

ted

(hrs

)

Nam

e of

inst

ruct

or

Mod

e of

ass

essm

ent

The

ory/

OSC

E/ V

iva

Voc

e

By the end of this module, the student should be able to:


LG

IS/ S

GD

/ C

BL

/ Pra

ctic

al/

Tut

oria

l

1. Interpret the physiological mechanisms controlling the functions of Central Nervous System

Explain types of synapses—chemical and electrical and physiologic anatomy of the synapse and chemical substances that function as synaptic transmitters

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Discuss the electrical events during neuronal excitation and electrical events during neuronal inhibition

LGIS Theory

Summarize the transmission and processing of signals in neuronal pools, relaying of signals through neuronal pools prolongation of a signal by aneuronal pool, after discharge, synaptic fatigue

LGIS Theory

4. Interpret the physiological mechanisms controlling the functions of Central Nervous System in relationship with sensorysystem

Discuss the types of sensory receptors and the sensory stimuli and differential sensitivity of receptors

LGIS/CBL

1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Explain the transduction of sensory stimuli into nerve impulses

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Describe the local electrical currents at nerve endings— receptor potentials, adaptation of receptors

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Enlist the nerve fibers that transmit different types of signals, and their physiologic classification

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Explain the transmission of signals of different intensity in nerve tracts—spatial and temporal summation

LGIS Theory

Compare the stability and unstability of neurons LGIS Theory

Explain the transmission and processing of signals in Neuronal pool. (Convergence, Divergence, Afterdischarge)

LGIS Theory

11. Explain the functional anatomy of dorsal column medial leminiscal system and anterolateral pathway

LGIS/CBL

1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

37


Discuss the detection and transmission of tactile sensations

LGIS/CBL

Describe the sensations carried by different sensory tracts

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Differentiate between different sensory tracts

LGIS/CBL

Theory

15. Discuss the somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association areas

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

16. Explain the types of pain and their qualities—fast pain and slow pain

LGIS/CBL

1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Describe the pain receptors and their stimulation

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Explain the dual pathways for transmission of pain signals into the central nervous system

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Discuss the referred pain and visceral pain LGIS Theory

19. Discuss the pain suppression system in the brain and spinal cord

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Explain the brain’s opiate system—endorphins and enkephalins

LGIS Theory

21. Discuss the clinical abnormalities of pain and other somatic sensations

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Explain the thermal sensations, thermal receptors and their excitation and transmission of thermal signals in the nervous system

LGIS Theory

23. Appraise the physiological mechanisms controlling the functions of Central Nervous System in relationship with motor system

Explain organization of the spinal cord for motor functions

LGIS 2 hrs

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Discuss the muscle sensory receptors—muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs—and their roles in muscle control

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Explain the receptor function of the muscle spindle and muscle stretch reflex

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Elucidate the role of the muscle spindle in voluntary motor activity

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Explain clinical applications of the stretch reflex and golgi tendon reflex

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Discuss the function of the muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs in conjunction with

LGIS/CBL

Theory

38


motor control from higher levels of the brain

29. Explain the flexor reflex and the withdrawal reflexes and crossed extensor reflex

LGIS/CBL

2 hrs

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Explain the reciprocal inhibition and reciprocal innervation

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Discuss the reflexes of posture and locomotion and postural and locomotive reflexes of the cord

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Describe the spinal cord reflexes that cause muscle spasm

LGIS Theory

33. To be able to explain spinal cord transection and spinal shock

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

34. Explain primary motor cortex premotor area, supplementary motor area

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Summarise the transmission of signals from the motor cortex to the muscles

LGIS Theory

Discuss extrapyramidal system and excitation of the spinal cord motor control areas by the primary motor cortex and red nucleus

LGIS Theory

Explain the role of the brain stem in controlling motor function and support of the body against gravity

LGIS Theory

38. Explain the contributions of the cerebellum and Its motor functions

LGIS/CBL

3 hrs

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Summarize anatomical functional areas of the cerebellum

LGIS/CBL

Theory

Describe neuronal circuit of the cerebellum LGIS/CBL

Theory

Discuss the functional unit of cerebellar cortex

LGIS

Explain the function of cerebellum in control of motor control

LGIS/CBL

Describe the role of climbing fibers LGISDiscuss the clinical abnormalities of the cerebellum in these spaces

LGIS Theory

45. Correlate the function of the basal ganglia in executing patterns of motor activity

LGIS/CBL

2 hrs

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Summarize the parts and circuits of basal ganglia

LGIS

Explain the role of the basal ganglia for cognitive control of sequences of motor patterns

LGIS Theory

Discuss the function of the basal LGIS Theory

39


ganglia to change the timing and to scale the intensity of movements

Explain the functions of specific neurotransmitter substances in the basal ganglia

LGIS Theory

50. Discuss the vestibular apparatus and function of the utricle and saccule in the maintenance of static equilibrium

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Sumera Gul

Theory

Discuss the detection of head rotation by the semicircular ducts

LGIS Theory

Explain the vestibular mechanisms for stabilizing the eyes

LGIS Theory

Discuss other factors concerned with equilibrium

LGIS Theory

54. Discuss the functions of specific cortical areas and association areas

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

Explain the comprehensive interpretative function of the posterior superior temporal lobe- Wernicke’s Area

LGIS Theory

Describe the physiological anatomy of the cerebral cortex

LGIS Theory

Explain the functions of brain in communications- language and input

LGIS Theory

Explain various aphasias LGIS Theory

Explain the functions of the parieto- occipitotemporal cortex in the nondominant hemisphere

LGIS Theory

60. Discuss the blood supply of the brain LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Sumera Gul

TheoryExplain the formation and absorption of CSF

LGIS Theory

Describe the functions of CSF LGIS TheoryDiscuss the effects of higher pressures of CSF

LGIS Theory

64. Discuss the pathophysiology and symptoms of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease.

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Ayisha Qureshi

Theory

65. . Discuss higher intellectual functions of the prefrontal Association areas

LGIS 2 hr

Dr. Sumera Gul

Theory

Dicuss the functions of Corpus Collosum in memory

Theory

Explain the memory—roles of synaptic facilitation and synaptic inhibition

LGIS Theory

Discuss the short-term memory, intermediate long-term memory and consolidation of memory

LGIS Theory

40


69. Describe slow-wave sleep and REM Sleep (paradoxical sleep, desynchronized sleep)

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Sumera Gul

Theory

Explain the basic theories of sleep and physiologic effects of sleep

LGIS Theory

Discuss the origin of brain waves and their features

LGIS Theory

72. Explain the effect of varying levels of cerebral activity on the frequency of the EEG

LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Sumera Gul

Theory

Discuss the changes in the EEG at different stages of wakefulness and sleep

LGIS Theory

Differentiate epilepsy, grand mal epilepsy petit mal epilepsy, focal epilepsy

LGIS Theory

75. Explain the normal body temperatures LGIS 1 hr

Dr. Somia Iqbal

TheoryExplain the mechanisms of heat production and heat loss

LGIS Theory

Explain the regulation of body temperature—role of the hypothalamus

LGIS Theory

Discuss the neuronal effector mechanisms that decrease or increase body temperature

LGIS Theory

Explain the concept of a “set-point” for temperature control

LGIS Theory

Elucidate the behavioral control of body temperature

LGIS Theory

Describe the abnormalities of body temperature regulation and fever

LGIS Theory

82. Explain the physiological anatomy of limbic system and thalamus

LGIS 2 hr

Dr. Sumaira Iqbal

Theory

Explain the functional roles of:– Hypothalamus– Thalamus– Hippocampus– Amygdala

LGIS Theory

Explain the lesions of various parts of limbic system

LGIS Theory

85. Interpret the physiological mechanisms controlling the autonomic nervous system

Explain the general organization and physiological anatomy of ANS

LGIS 2 hr

Dr. Sumera Gul

Theory

Explain different, neurotransmitters, receptors and effector organs of ANS

LGIS Theory

Discuss various functions of ANS LGIS TheoryDescribe autonomic reflexes LGIS TheoryExplain the various drugs effecting ANS LGIS Theory

CURRICULUM (Biochemistry) 2ND MODULE 2ND YEAR MBBS (Y2M2) 2018-2019

41



Tim

e al

loca

ted

(hrs

)

Nam

e of

inst

ruct

or

Mod

e of

ass

essm

ent

Theo

ry/

OSC

E/ V

iva

Voce

Refe

renc

e

By the end of this module, the student should be able to


LGIS

/ SG

D/

CBL/

1. Understand the detailed metabolism of nucleosides and nucleotides, with their biochemical/ clinical significance

Describe the chemistry of nucleotides and types of nucleotides including typical and atypical nucleotides.

LGIS 3 hr Mrs.Rabia Theory LippincottEd.7,pgno.291

Explainthe synthesisof nucleotides. LGIS Mrs.Rabia Theory

Describe the salvage pathway of nucleotides.

LGIS Mrs.Rabia Theory

Describe the degradation of purines and related diseases.


Describe the degradation of pyrimidines and related diseases.


To correlate their knowledge with different clinical conditions to interpret them.


2. Understand the detailed Metabolism of xenobiotics and the biochemical mechanisms involved as well as the significance of this process.

Explain different xenobiotics and Cytochrome P450 .

LGIS 4 hr Prof.Touqeer

Theory HarperEd.28,pg.no.1196

Illustrate the phase1 and phase 2 reactions of metabolism of xenobiotics.

LGIS Prof.Touqeer

Theory

Distinguish between ER and mitochondrial hydroxylation and its significance..

LGIS Prof.Touqeer

Theory

summarizes some principal features of cytochrome P450s.

LGIS Prof.Touqeer

Theory

3 Understand concepts of Biochemical genetics, cancerbiology,some genetic disorders and common molecular biology techniques.

Understand DNA Strucrure and its organization in eukaryotes and prokaryotes along with its replication

LGIS 10 hrs

Mrs.Rabia Theory LippincottEd.7,pgno.395Elaborate three types of RNA and

prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.


Understand post transcriptional modifications and translation of genetic code.


Explain regulation of gene expression. LGIS Mrs.Rabia Theory

42


Describe DNA repair mechanisms and some types of mutations.


Illustrate the biochemical basis of some genetic disorders including Thalassemia,sickle cell anemia and some metabolic defects.


Summarize PCR,DNA cloning,Southernb,lotting,probesand RFLP


Understand concept of gene expression prenatal diagnosis and gene therapy.


Correlate their knowledge with different clinical conditions to interpret their diagnosis and under lying biochemical causes.


4 Understand the metabolism of proteins and amino acids and the related biochemical disorders.

Explain amino acid oxidation, metabolic fate of amino acids,trsamination and deamination.

LGIS 8hrs Dr.Zahid Theory LippincottEd.7,pgno.245

Illustrate the transport of ammonia and formation of urea and its regulation.

LGIS Dr.Zahid Theory

Understand the hyperammonemia and defects in enzymes related with urea cycle.


Illustrate integration and regulation of metabolic pathways in different tissues.


Correlate their knowledge with different clinical conditions to interpret the diagnosis and under lying biochemical causes in relation to amino acids.


5 Understand the synthesis and degradation of neurotransmitters.

Understand the chemistry ,synthesis and degradation of serotonin and histamine along with their clinical significance.

LGIS 4hrs Dr.Zahid Theory LippincottEd.7,pgno.285

7.Time Table

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