STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA, STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA, PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLSPLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

Dr. Rama Rao MallaDr. Rama Rao MallaHead, Dept. of BiochemistryHead, Dept. of BiochemistryInstitute of ScienceInstitute of ScienceGITAM UniversityGITAM University

1.1. Cell Biology by David E.SadavaCell Biology by David E.Sadava2.2. Microbiology by Pelczar Microbiology by Pelczar 3.3. Plant physiology by Lincoln Taiz & Eduardo ZeigerPlant physiology by Lincoln Taiz & Eduardo Zeiger

CELLSCELLS

• SMALLEST LIVING SMALLEST LIVING UNITUNIT• MOST ARE MOST ARE MICROSCOPICMICROSCOPIC

DISCOVERY OF CELLSDISCOVERY OF CELLS• ROBERT HOOKE (MID-1600S)ROBERT HOOKE (MID-1600S)

• OBSERVED SLIVER OF CORKOBSERVED SLIVER OF CORK• SAW “ROW OF EMPTY BOXES”SAW “ROW OF EMPTY BOXES”• COINED THE TERM CELLCOINED THE TERM CELL

CELL THEORYCELL THEORY

• (1839)THEODOR SCHWANN & MATTHIAS (1839)THEODOR SCHWANN & MATTHIAS SCHLEIDENSCHLEIDEN““ ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLSALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS”

• (50 YRS. LATER) RUDOLF VIRCHOW(50 YRS. LATER) RUDOLF VIRCHOW““ALL CELLS COME FROM CELLSALL CELLS COME FROM CELLS””

PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORYPRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY

• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLSALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS

• SMALLEST LIVING UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION SMALLEST LIVING UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ALL ORGANISMS IS THE CELLOF ALL ORGANISMS IS THE CELL

• ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PREEXISTING CELLSALL CELLS ARISE FROM PREEXISTING CELLS ((THIS PRINCIPLE DISCARDED THE IDEA OF THIS PRINCIPLE DISCARDED THE IDEA OF

SPONTANEOUS GENERATIONSPONTANEOUS GENERATION))

CELL SIZECELL SIZE

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CELLSCELLS

• A SURROUNDING MEMBRANEA SURROUNDING MEMBRANE• PROTOPLASM – CELL CONTENTS IN THICK FLUIDPROTOPLASM – CELL CONTENTS IN THICK FLUID• ORGANELLES – STRUCTURES FOR CELL FUNCTIONORGANELLES – STRUCTURES FOR CELL FUNCTION• CONTROL CENTER WITH DNACONTROL CENTER WITH DNA

CELL TYPESCELL TYPES

PROKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• NUCLEUS BOUND BY MEMBRANENUCLEUS BOUND BY MEMBRANE• INCLUDE FUNGI, PROTISTS, PLANT, INCLUDE FUNGI, PROTISTS, PLANT,

AND ANIMAL CELLSAND ANIMAL CELLS• POSSESS MANY ORGANELLESPOSSESS MANY ORGANELLES

Protozoan

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL CELLANIMAL CELL

GENERAL STRUCTURE O PLANT GENERAL STRUCTURE O PLANT CELLCELL

ORGANELLES• CELLULAR MACHINERY CELLULAR MACHINERY • TWO GENERAL KINDSTWO GENERAL KINDS

• DERIVED FROM MEMBRANESDERIVED FROM MEMBRANES• BACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLESBACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLES

PLASMA MEMBRANE• CONTAINS CELL CONTENTSCONTAINS CELL CONTENTS• DOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINSDOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• POLARPOLAR• HYDROPHYLIC HEADHYDROPHYLIC HEAD• HYDROPHOBIC TAILHYDROPHOBIC TAIL

• INTERACTS WITH INTERACTS WITH WATERWATER

MOVEMENT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

• A FEW MOLECULES MOVE FREELYA FEW MOLECULES MOVE FREELY• WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, AMMONIA, OXYGENWATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, AMMONIA, OXYGEN

• CARRIER PROTEINS TRANSPORT SOME MOLECULESCARRIER PROTEINS TRANSPORT SOME MOLECULES• PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN LIPID BILAYERPROTEINS EMBEDDED IN LIPID BILAYER• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL – DESCRIBES FLUID NATURE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL – DESCRIBES FLUID NATURE

OF A LIPID BILAYER WITH PROTEINSOF A LIPID BILAYER WITH PROTEINS

MEMBRANE PROTEINS1. CHANNELS OR TRANSPORTERS1. CHANNELS OR TRANSPORTERS

• MOVE MOLECULES IN ONE DIRECTIONMOVE MOLECULES IN ONE DIRECTION

2. RECEPTORS 2. RECEPTORS • RECOGNIZE CERTAIN CHEMICALSRECOGNIZE CERTAIN CHEMICALS

3. GLYCOPROTEINS 3. GLYCOPROTEINS • IDENTIFY CELL TYPEIDENTIFY CELL TYPE

4. ENZYMES4. ENZYMES • CATALYZE PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCESCATALYZE PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCES

CELL WALLS• FOUND IN PLANTS, FUNGI, & MANY PROTISTSFOUND IN PLANTS, FUNGI, & MANY PROTISTS• SURROUNDS PLASMA MEMBRANESURROUNDS PLASMA MEMBRANE

• PLANTS – MOSTLY CELLULOSEPLANTS – MOSTLY CELLULOSE• FUNGI – CONTAIN CHITINFUNGI – CONTAIN CHITIN

CYTOPLASM• VISCOUS FLUID CONTAINING ORGANELLESVISCOUS FLUID CONTAINING ORGANELLES

• COMPONENTS OF CYTOPLASMCOMPONENTS OF CYTOPLASM• INTERCONNECTED FILAMENTS & FIBERS INTERCONNECTED FILAMENTS & FIBERS

• FLUID = CYTOSOLFLUID = CYTOSOL

• ORGANELLES (NOT NUCLEUS)ORGANELLES (NOT NUCLEUS)

• STORAGE SUBSTANCESSTORAGE SUBSTANCES

CYTOSKELETON• FILAMENTS & FIBERSFILAMENTS & FIBERS

• MADE OF 3 FIBER MADE OF 3 FIBER TYPESTYPES• MICROFILAMENTSMICROFILAMENTS• MICROTUBULESMICROTUBULES• INTERMEDIATE INTERMEDIATE

FILAMENTSFILAMENTS• 3 FUNCTIONS:3 FUNCTIONS:

• MECHANICAL MECHANICAL SUPPORTSUPPORT

• ANCHOR ANCHOR ORGANELLESORGANELLES

• HELP MOVE HELP MOVE SUBSTANCESSUBSTANCES

CILIA & FLAGELLA• PROVIDE MOTILITYPROVIDE MOTILITY• CILIA CILIA • SHORTSHORT• USED TO MOVE USED TO MOVE

SUBSTANCES OUTSIDE SUBSTANCES OUTSIDE HUMAN CELLSHUMAN CELLS

• FLAGELLA FLAGELLA • WHIP-LIKE EXTENSIONSWHIP-LIKE EXTENSIONS• FOUND ON SPERM FOUND ON SPERM

CELLSCELLS• BASAL BODIES LIKE BASAL BODIES LIKE • CENTRIOLESCENTRIOLES

CILIA & FLAGELLA STRUCTURE• BUNDLES OF MICROTUBULESBUNDLES OF MICROTUBULES• WITH PLASMA MEMBRANEWITH PLASMA MEMBRANE

CENTRIOLES• PAIRS OF MICROTUBULAR STRUCTURESPAIRS OF MICROTUBULAR STRUCTURES• PLAY A ROLE IN CELL DIVISIONPLAY A ROLE IN CELL DIVISION

MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES• FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS WITHIN CYTOPLASMFUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS WITHIN CYTOPLASM• BOUND BY MEMBRANESBOUND BY MEMBRANES

NUCLEUS

• CONTROL CENTER CONTROL CENTER OF CELLOF CELL• CONTAINS CONTAINS • NUCLEAR NUCLEAR

MEMBRANE MEMBRANE • CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES• NUCLEOLUS NUCLEOLUS

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

• SEPARATES NUCLEUS FROM REST OF CELLSEPARATES NUCLEUS FROM REST OF CELL

• DOUBLE MEMBRANEDOUBLE MEMBRANE

• HAS PORESHAS PORES

DNA

• HEREDITARY MATERIALHEREDITARY MATERIAL

• CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES• DNADNA• PROTIENSPROTIENS

NUCLEOLUS

• MOST CELLS HAVE 2 OR MOREMOST CELLS HAVE 2 OR MORE• DIRECTS SYNTHESIS OF RNADIRECTS SYNTHESIS OF RNA• FORMS RIBOSOMESFORMS RIBOSOMES

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• NETWORK OF INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANESNETWORK OF INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANES

• HELPS MOVE SUBSTANCES WITHIN CELLSHELPS MOVE SUBSTANCES WITHIN CELLS

• TWO TYPESTWO TYPES• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMSMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM• RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO RIBOSOMES ATTACHED TO

SURFACESURFACE• MANUFACTURE PROTIENSMANUFACTURE PROTIENS

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM

• RIBOSOMES NOT RIBOSOMES NOT ATTACHED ATTACHED

• HAS ENZYMES THAT HAS ENZYMES THAT HELP SYNTHESIS OF HELP SYNTHESIS OF • CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES• LIPIDS LIPIDS

GOLGI APPARATUS• INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIS OF PLANT CELL WALLINVOLVED IN SYNTHESIS OF PLANT CELL WALL• PACKAGING & SHIPPING STATION OF CELLPACKAGING & SHIPPING STATION OF CELL

GOLGI APPARATUS FUNCTION1. MOLECULES LIKE PROTEINS COME IN 1. MOLECULES LIKE PROTEINS COME IN

VESICLESVESICLES

2. VESICLES FUSE WITH GOLGI MEMBRANE2. VESICLES FUSE WITH GOLGI MEMBRANE

3. MOLECULES MAY BE MODIFIED BY GOLGI3. MOLECULES MAY BE MODIFIED BY GOLGI4. MOLECULES PINCHED-OFF IN SEPARATE 4. MOLECULES PINCHED-OFF IN SEPARATE VESICLEVESICLE

5. VESICLE LEAVES GOLGI APPARATUS5. VESICLE LEAVES GOLGI APPARATUS

6. VESICLES MAY COMBINE WITH PLASMA MEMBRANE 6. VESICLES MAY COMBINE WITH PLASMA MEMBRANE TO SECRETE CONTENTSTO SECRETE CONTENTS

LYSOSOMES• CONTAIN DIGESTIVE ENZYMESCONTAIN DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

• FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS • AID IN CELL RENEWALAID IN CELL RENEWAL• BREAK DOWN OLD CELL PARTS BREAK DOWN OLD CELL PARTS • DIGESTS INVADERSDIGESTS INVADERS

VACUOLES• MEMBRANE BOUND STORAGE SACSMEMBRANE BOUND STORAGE SACS• MORE COMMON IN PLANTS THAN ANIMALSMORE COMMON IN PLANTS THAN ANIMALS• CONTENTS CONTENTS

• WATERWATER• FOODFOOD• WASTESWASTES

BACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLES• DERIVED FROM SYMBIOTIC DERIVED FROM SYMBIOTIC

BACTERIABACTERIA

• RELEASE & STORE ENERGYRELEASE & STORE ENERGY

• TYPETYPES • MITOCHONDRIA MITOCHONDRIA (RELEASE ENERGY) (RELEASE ENERGY) • CHLOROPLASTS CHLOROPLASTS (STORE ENERGY)(STORE ENERGY)

MITOCHONDRIA

• HAVE THEIR OWN DNAHAVE THEIR OWN DNA• BOUND BY DOUBLE MEMBRANEBOUND BY DOUBLE MEMBRANE

• BREAK DOWN FUEL MOLECULES BREAK DOWN FUEL MOLECULES ((CELLULAR RESPIRATION)CELLULAR RESPIRATION)

• GLUCOSEGLUCOSE• FATTY ACIDSFATTY ACIDS

• RELEASE ENERGYRELEASE ENERGY• ATPATP

CHLOROPLASTS

• DERIVED FORM PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIADERIVED FORM PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA• SOLAR ENERGY CAPTURING ORGANELLESOLAR ENERGY CAPTURING ORGANELLE

• TAKES PLACE IN THE CHLOROPLASTTAKES PLACE IN THE CHLOROPLAST• MAKES CELLULAR FOOD – GLUCOSEMAKES CELLULAR FOOD – GLUCOSE

PHOTOSYNTHPHOTOSYNTHESISESIS

PROKARYOTIC CELLS• FIRST CELL TYPE ON EARTHFIRST CELL TYPE ON EARTH• CELL TYPE OF BACTERIA AND ARCHAEACELL TYPE OF BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

PROKARYOTIC CELLS• NO MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUSNO MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS• NUCLEOID = REGION OF DNA CONCENTRATIONNUCLEOID = REGION OF DNA CONCENTRATION• ORGANELLES NOT BOUND BY MEMBRANESORGANELLES NOT BOUND BY MEMBRANES

SHAPE OF SHAPE OF BACTERIABACTERIA

• BACILLUS: ROD SHAPEDBACILLUS: ROD SHAPED• COCCUS: SPHERICAL COCCUS: SPHERICAL (ROUND)(ROUND)• VIBRIO: COMMA SHAPED VIBRIO: COMMA SHAPED WITH FLAGELLAWITH FLAGELLA• SPIRILLUM: SPIRAL SPIRILLUM: SPIRAL SHAPESHAPE• SPIROCHETE: WORMLIKE SPIROCHETE: WORMLIKE SPIRAL SHAPESPIRAL SHAPE 40

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• No nucleus or membrane-bound No nucleus or membrane-bound organellesorganelles

• Contain ribosomesContain ribosomes• Single, circular chromosome in Single, circular chromosome in

nucleoid regionnucleoid region

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• ADHERE BACTERIA TO ADHERE BACTERIA TO SURFACESSURFACES

• USED IN CONJUGATION USED IN CONJUGATION FOR EXCHANGE OF FOR EXCHANGE OF GENETIC INFORMATIONGENETIC INFORMATION

• AID FLOTATION BY AID FLOTATION BY INCREASING INCREASING BUOYANCYBUOYANCY

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• INFOLDINGS INFOLDINGS OF OF CELL MEMBRANE IS CELL MEMBRANE IS CALLED CALLED MESOSOMESMESOSOMES

• IT CARRY ONIT CARRY ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR & CELLULAR RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

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