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Bacterial Cell, PlantCell, Animal Cell,

Antibiotics &Viruses

diane mary grace

baguio

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BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE

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PLANT CELL STRUCTURE

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ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE

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PARTSBACTERIAL

CELLPLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

Nucleus Absent Present Present

Cilia Absent It is ver rare Present

S!a"e Eit!er roun#,ro# shaped ors"iral

Rectan%ular '(e#s!a"e)

Roun# irre%ulars!a"e)

C!loro"last Absent

Plant cells !ave

c!loro"lasts

because t!e ma*e

t!eir o+n oo#

Animal cells #on-t

!ave c!loro"lasts

Cto"lasm Present Present Present

En#o"lasmicReticulum Smoot!

an# Rou%!)Absent Present Present

Ribosomes Present Present Present

Mitoc!on#ria Absent Present Present

Vacuole Absent

.ne, lar%e central

vacuole ta*in% u"

/01 o cell

volume2

.ne or more small

vacuoles muc!

smaller t!an "lant

cells)2

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PARTSBACTERIAL

CELLPLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

Centrioles Absent

.nl "resent in

lo+er "lant

orms2

Present in all

animal cells

Plasti#s Absent Present Absent

3ol%i A""aratus Absent Present Present

Cell +all Present Present Absent

PlasmaMembrane

PresentCell +all an# a

cell membrane

.nl cell

membrane

Microtubules4

Micro'lamentsAbsent Present Present

5la%ella PresentMa be oun# in

some cells

Ma be oun# in

some cells

Lsosomes Absent

Lsosomes

usuall notevi#ent2

Lsosomes occur

in cto"lasm2

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6! is it t!at cell +alls are

consi#ere# as %oo# tar%ets orantibiotics li*e "enicillin7

Most antibiotics ac!ieve in *illin%

inectious bacteria b bin#in% tostructures t!at are onl oun# inbacterial cells2 Penicillin +or*s b#isru"tin% t!e snt!esis o cell +alls,

a structural eature o manbacterial cells t!at is entirel absentin !uman cells2

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6!at are Antibiotics7

8 are #ru%s t!at are +i#el use# +!ic!#isable or *ill inectious bacteria

naturall occurrin% c!emicals #erive#

rom certain un%i, bacteria, an# ot!eror%anisms t!at can #estro or in!ibit t!e%ro+t! o ot!er !armul microor%anisms

onl treat bacterial inections9 useless

a%ainst viral inections or e(am"le, t!ecommon col#) an# un%al inectionssuc! as rin%+orm)

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:o+ #o antibiotics +or*7

Antibiotics +or* to *ill bacteria2 Bacteria are sin%le8cell or%anisms2 I bacteria ma*e it "ast our immunesstems an# start re"ro#ucin% insi#e our bo#ies,t!e cause #isease2 6e +ant to *ill t!e bacteria toeliminate t!e #isease2

An antibiotic is a selectie poison2 It !as beenc!osen so t!at it +ill *ill t!e #esire# bacteria, butnot t!e cells in our bo#2 Eac! #i;erent t"e oantibiotic a;ects #i;erent bacteria in #i;erent +as2

5or e(am"le, an antibiotic mi%!t in!ibit abacterium-s abilit to turn %lucose into ener%, or itsabilit to construct its cell +all2 6!en t!is !a""ens,t!e bacterium #ies instea# o re"ro#ucin%2 At t!esame time, t!e antibiotic acts onl on t!e

bacterium-s cell8+all8buil#in% mec!anism, not on a-

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6!at are viruses7 Viruses are non8livin% microsco"ic "articles t!at attac* !ealt!

cells +it!in livin% t!in%s2

Virus "articles are about one8milliont! o an inc! 00

nanometers) lon%2 Viruses are about a t!ousan# times smallert!an bacteria, an# bacteria are muc! smaller t!an most !umancells2 Viruses are so small t!at most cannot be seen +it! a li%!t

microsco"e, but must be observe# +it! an electron microsco"e2

A virus "article, or irion, consists o a nucleic aci#set o %eneticinstructions), coat o "roteinsurroun#s t!e ?NA or RNA to "rotectit) an# a li"i# membranesurroun#s t!e "rotein coat )2

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Are t!e consi#ere# cells7

N!""

Viruses are not cells2 T!e #o not !ave a cellmembrane or ot!er com"onents o livin% cells2

Livin% !ost cells are re@uire# or t!eir re"ro#uction2

.utsi#e o t!e !ost, t!e act as nonlivin% c!emicals2

 T!e #o not metabolie or res"on# to stimuli2

 T!e !ave %enetic material an# can t!ereoremutate an# evolve2

 T!e orm "arasitic relations!i"s +it! livin%or%anisms9 t!e virus bene'ts at t!e e("ense o t!elivin% or%anism2

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:o+ #oes a virus inect a !ost cell7

 T"icall, a virus can enter a cell +!en eit!er a "art o t!e ca"si#or t!e s"i*es in t!e envelo"e matc! rece"tors in t!e !ost cell2

All viruses !ave some t"e o "rotein on t!e outsi#e coat orenvelo"e t!at eels or reco%nies t!e "ro"er !ost cells)2 T!is"rotein attac!es t!e virus to t!e membrane o t!e !ost cell2 Someenvelo"e# viruses can #issolve ri%!t t!rou%! t!e cell membrane

o t!e !ost because bot! t!e virus envelo"e an# t!e cellmembrane are ma#e o li"i#s2

 T!ose viruses t!at #o not enter t!e cell must inect t!eir contents%enetic instructions, enmes) into t!e !ost cell2 T!ose virusest!at #issolve into a cell sim"l release t!eir contents once insi#et!e !ost2 In eit!er case, t!e results are t!e same2

E(am"lesD

Inuena inects cells linin% t!e res"irator tracts2

Poliomelitis virus inects nerve cells2

 Tobacco mosaic virus inects tobacco leaves2

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Ltic an# Lso%enic Ccles

Lytic Cycle

A viral re"lication ccle resultin% in t!e release o ne+ viruses blsis brea*in% o"en) o t!e !ost cell2

Lysogenic Cycle A bacterio"!a%e re"lication ccle in +!ic! t!e viral %enomeF is

incor"orate# into t!e bacterial !ost c!romosome as a"ro"!a%eFF2 Ne+ "!a%es are not "ro#uce#, an# t!e !ost cell isnot *ille# or luse# unless t!e viral %enome leaves t!e !ostc!romosome2

F%enome G a com"lete !a"loi# ) set o an or%anismHs %enes9 anor%anismHs %enetic material

FF"ro"!a%e 8 "!a%e ?NA t!at !as inserte# b %enetic recombination intot!e ?NA o "ro*arotic c!romosome

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