Structure leads to function
-
Upload
leeanna-cota -
Category
Technology
-
view
536 -
download
0
Transcript of Structure leads to function
![Page 1: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Structure Leads to Function;The Cell Membrane
![Page 2: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Words…• STRUCTURE: the shape, organization,
and/or chemical makeup of an object• FUNCTION: what something does, its role• STRUCTURE always leads to FUNCTION!
![Page 3: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Familiar Examples…• Eating Utensils: Fork, Spoon, & Knife
– These have distinct shapes that determine their use
![Page 4: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A few microscopic examples…
• Microtubules
![Page 5: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A few microscopic examples…
• Proteins… in all their variety
![Page 6: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Take Home Message?
STRUCTURE LEADS
TO FUNCTION!!!!!
![Page 7: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Plasma (cell) Membrane• Structure: Made up of a lipid bilayer, proteins, &
cholesterol
![Page 8: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
• Functions:– Forms the principle barrier between the inside of
the cell and its environment– Protect the cell– Regulate traffic into and out of the cell– Support the creation of multiple concentration
gradients and an electrostatic gradient between the inside and outside of the cell
– Maintain the overall integrity of the cell, particularly in cold temperatures
![Page 9: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Structure of a Phospholipid
![Page 10: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chemical Structure• The chemical makeup of a phospholipid causes
multiple phospholipids to naturally align themselves in a characteristic bilayer shape (structure).– This is due to the chemical properties of the
phospholipid: the polar, hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail
• Function: hydrophilic region allows the plasma membrane to associate with water, other polar molecules, & hydrophilic proteins on the inside and outside of the cell
• Function: hydrophobic region creates a hydrophobic barrier to keep out large and/or polar/hydrophilic molecules
![Page 11: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Polar Head
• Structure: The “head” has a positively charged nitrogen atom and a negatively charged oxygen
• Function: The polarity of the head allows the membrane to associate easily with other polar molecules, such as H2O
![Page 12: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cholesterol Functions
• Function 1: Easily inserts into the plasma membrane between the tails of different phospholipids, thus filling in the gaps between phospholipids and helping to keep out other small molecules
• Function 2: Pay attention… it stiffens the membrane at “normal” temperatures, but keeps the membrane fluid at cold temperatures
![Page 13: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Membrane Proteins
• Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing them to associate with the plasma membrane in a variety of ways
• Come in all different shapes and thus, perform many different functions
• Specifically, help regulate traffic across the plasma membrane
![Page 14: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of Transport
• There are 2 main categories of transport:– Passive– Active
![Page 15: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• Does NOT require Energy• Gradient = “change in the value of a quantity
(as temperature, pressure,or concentration) with change in a given variable and especially per unit on a linear scale”
![Page 16: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Facilitated Diffusion
• A form of Passive Transport… • Facilitated: to help or allow• Channel proteins, • Along their concentration gradient
![Page 17: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Active Transport
• Necessary when transporting a particle against (up) its concentration gradient
• REQUIRES ENERGY– ATP
![Page 18: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
5 levels of organization
• 1.) Protoplasmic organization – Unicellular organisms: protozoa
• 2.) Cellular Organization – Sponges – Cells that are functionally differentiated and exhibit
a division of labor
• 3.) Tissue Level– Cells organized into layers which form tissue
![Page 20: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• 4.) Organs – Composed of one or more tissues.– Have more specialized funtion than tissue– Flatworms: reproductive organs, eyespots, feeding
structures
• 5.) System level – Organs work together to form systems: circulatory,
digestive, reproductive, respiratory
![Page 21: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Types of tissue
• Tissue: a group of similar cells specialized for the performance of a common function
![Page 22: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Epithelial tissue
• Epithelial– Absorb: lining of small
intestine – Transport: kidney tubules– Excrete: sweat glands– Protect: skin– Contain nerve cells for
sensory info• Tastebuds
• The structure relates to their function.
![Page 23: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Connective tissue
• Connective – Support and bind – Distributed throughout an
extracellular matrix – Loose connective tissue
• Elastic • Binds skin to muscle
– Fibrous connective tissue • Tendons (muscle to bone
or other muscle)• Ligaments (bones to
bones) – Adipose tissue:
• Store lipids • Form fat
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 24: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Muscle tissue • Muscle Tissue
– Allows movement • Skeletal• Smooth• Cardiac QuickTime™ and a
decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 25: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Nervous Tissue
• Nervous Tissue – Impulse-conducting
cells• Neurons
Qui ckTi me™ and a decompressor
are needed to see thi s pi cture.
![Page 26: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Organs
• Functional units of the body that are made up of more than one tissue – Heart– Lungs– Liver – Spleen – kidney
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 27: Structure leads to function](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070317/55642d02d8b42a06138b490a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Organ Systems
• Group of organs that complete a function – Work together
• Integumentary• Skeletal• Muscular• Nervous• Endocrine• Circulatory• Respiratory• Digestive• Reproductive
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.