status withdrawal from society OUm &D8D!) OQD 8 =U K E Y D ... 11/Revision Sheets...au tonmy ,s elf-...
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A psychotic disorder where people lose their sense of reality. Covers 1% of the population. Hallucinations (see/hear things that aren’t there) thought disturbances Disorganised speech Catatonic behaviour (doesn’t respond) Delusions (errors in reality Dopamine Hypothesis - Dopamine system is overactive - high levels of dopamine binding to receptors Brain dysfunction - Less blood flow in frontal lobe (responsible for logic, reasoning, problem solving etc.) - Reduced volume of hippocampus (poor cognitive functioning & accessing/processing memories) - ‘Label’ of schizophrenia could lead to the condition worsening - due to the associated stigma around mental illness -> discrimination - Person withdraws from society (due to symptoms & fear of discrimination) then... - Leads to rejection by society -> leads to further deterioration of mental health withdrawal from society rejection by society Ignores nurture - importance of upbringing & life events Reductionist- focuses too much on brain abnormalities ignores nature - biological factors (brain dysfunction & hormones) doesn't explain cause & effect - just effect of diagnosis A mood disorder where people have persistent feelings of sadness over a long period of time. Low mood (sadness) Feeling hopeless Low self-esteem No motivation/lack of interest in things Suicidal thoughts - We behave in a certain way for survival reasons - When we lose a level of status we can lose confidence in our abilities (depressed state). - If we to try to regain our rank we may suffer further losses which would be detrimental for our survival (be rejected from the social group). Therefore depression allows us to accept a subordinate role & reduces further conflict. Ignores nurture - e.g. other life factors (e.g. trauma) Reductionist- ignores complex nature of depression Higher status (winner) Lower status (loser) - Depression is the result of an Activating event, which leads to irrational Beliefs, which then cause negative Consequences. - According to Ellis the ‘B’ is the most important part of the model. - Depression = result of irrational beliefs, individuals who are prone to depression will perceive events in a more negative way than other people. Ignores nature - disregards role of chemical processes in the brain Free will- puts responsibility solely on patient Good mental health = high self-esteem, autonomy, self-actualisation, accurate perception of reality Mental Health Act (1959) - aims to reduce stigma & discrimination Difficult to measure as not all problems diagnosed. Statistics: 1 in 4 in UK, affects both sex equally, but men develop sz. earlier than women. Asians more likely to develop depression. KEY DEBATES - NATURE (biological) vs. NURTURE (learned/society) - REDUCTIONISM (nature theories) vs. HOLISM - FREE WILL (ABC Model) vs. DETERMINISM (Social Rank) To see whether amphetamines affect PFC and WCST performance. 10 chronic schizophrenics from same hospital Lab experiment (double-blind) - repeated measures design Participant received dose of amphetamine or placebo Completed the Card sort test (PFC task) and BAR task (control task) on a computer whilst having SPECT scan * Did same 2-4 days later but swapped (double-blind) * No difference in BAR task (control) Small difference between amphetamine & placebo in the WCST as some areas of the prefrontal cortex were active Amphetamines shown to increase the ability of the prefrontal cortex to focus in the WCST. Sample too small (can't be generalised) & culturally biased (unrepresentative) Ethical issues: using brain scans for research not medical reasons. To see whether Facebook use predicted depression. 854 journalism students from US university (68% female) Heavy Facebook users = stronger feelings of envy. Size of the network of FB friends not related to envy. FB envy was a predictor of depression. Use of FB- not directly lead to depression. But, FB envy can lead to depression. Questionnaire (online survey) Completed questionnaire: 1. Facebook usage and surveillance 2. Envy Scale 3. Depression symptoms *Facebook surveillance involves looking at friends’ status’ but not commenting or posting own information. Sample culturally biased (unrepresentative & can't be generalised) Self-report: participants could have lied due to social desirability. Wisconsin Card Sort test (WCST)- frontal lobe function Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) – severity of depression PET scan - shows blood flow in the brain Depression: anti-depressant drugs increase the number of neurotransmitters in the brain (serotonin or noradrenaline). Excess serotonin helps the neurons communicate better, which helps people feel less depressed. Schizophrenia: anti-psychotic drugs act by blocking some of the dopamine receptors. By reducing the level of dopamine, it reduces the effects of the psychotic episode. CBT – aims to change how the individual thinks & behaves- to confront the negative irrational thoughts and how they impact on the individual. Uses Ellis’ A-B-C model and adds D= Disputing (questioning) the persons irrational beliefs and E= Effect of changing the interpretation of an event. Created by @stephhill58
Transcript of status withdrawal from society OUm &D8D!) OQD 8 =U K E Y D ... 11/Revision Sheets...au tonmy ,s elf-...
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMSS C H I Z O P H R E N I A
S Y M P T O M S
K E Y C O N C E P T S
A P P L I C A T I O N S O F R E S E A R C H
A psychotic disorderwhere people losetheir sense of reality.Covers 1% of thepopulation.
Hallucinations (see/hear things that aren’t there) thought disturbancesDisorganised speechCatatonic behaviour (doesn’t respond)Delusions (errors in reality
D E F I N I T I O N
B I O L O G I C A L T H E O R YDopamine Hypothesis - Dopamine system is overactive - high levels ofdopamine binding to receptorsBrain dysfunction - Less blood flow in frontal lobe (responsible for logic,reasoning, problem solving etc.)- Reduced volume of hippocampus (poor cognitivefunctioning & accessing/processing memories)
S O C I A L D R I F T T H E O R Y- ‘Label’ of schizophrenia could lead to the condition worsening - due to theassociated stigma around mental illness -> discrimination- Person withdraws from society (due tosymptoms & fear of discrimination) then...- Leads to rejection by society -> leads tofurther deterioration of mental health
withdrawal from society
rejection by society
Ignores nurture -importance ofupbringing & lifeeventsReductionist-focuses too muchon brainabnormalities
L I M I T A T I O N S
L I M I T A T I O N Signores nature -biological factors(brain dysfunction& hormones)doesn't explaincause & effect -just effect ofdiagnosis
D E F I N I T I O N S Y M P T O M S
M O D E L L I M I T A T I O N S
L I M I T A T I O N SS O C I A L R A N K T H E O R Y ( E v o l u t i o n )
C L I N I C A L D E P R E S S I O N
A mood disorderwhere people havepersistent feelings ofsadness over a longperiod of time.
Low mood (sadness)Feeling hopelessLow self-esteemNo motivation/lack of interest in thingsSuicidal thoughts
- We behave in a certain way for survival reasons- When we lose a level of status we can loseconfidence in our abilities (depressed state). - If we to try to regain our rank we may sufferfurther losses which would be detrimental for oursurvival (be rejected from the social group). Therefore depression allows us to accept asubordinate role & reduces further conflict.
Ignores nurture -e.g. other lifefactors (e.g.trauma) Reductionist-ignores complexnature ofdepression
Higherstatus
(winner)
Lowerstatus(loser)
- Depression is the result of an Activating event,which leads to irrational Beliefs, which then causenegative Consequences. - According to Ellis the ‘B’ is the most important part ofthe model.- Depression = result of irrational beliefs, individualswho are prone to depression will perceive events in amore negative way than other people.
Ignores nature -disregards role ofchemicalprocesses in thebrain Free will- putsresponsibilitysolely on patient
Good mental health = high self-esteem,autonomy, self-actualisation, accurateperception of realityMental Health Act (1959) - aims to reducestigma & discriminationDifficult to measure as not all problemsdiagnosed. Statistics: 1 in 4 in UK, affects bothsex equally, but men develop sz. earlier thanwomen. Asians more likely to developdepression.M E N T A L H E A L T H C O N T I N U U M
KEY DEBATES- NATURE (biological) vs. NURTURE (learned/society)- REDUCTIONISM (nature theories) vs. HOLISM- FREE WILL (ABC Model) vs. DETERMINISM (Social Rank)
D A N I E L S E T A L . ( 1 9 9 1 ) S T U D Y I N T O T H E E F F E C T S O F
A M P H E T A M I N E S O N S C H I Z O P H R E N I A
T A N D O C E T A L . ( 2 0 1 5 ) S T U D Y I N T O F A C E B O O K &
D E P R E S S I O N
A I M
S A M P L E
R E S E A R C H M E T H O D / D E S I G N
P R O C E D U R E
F I N D I N G S & C O N C L U S I O N
To see whether amphetamines affect PFC and WCST performance.
10 chronic schizophrenicsfrom same hospital
Lab experiment (double-blind) -repeated measures design
Participant received dose of amphetamine or placebo
Completed the Card sort test (PFCtask) and BAR task (control task) on acomputer whilst having SPECT scan* Did same 2-4 days later butswapped (double-blind) *
No difference in BAR task (control) Small difference betweenamphetamine & placebo in the WCSTas some areas of the prefrontalcortex were activeAmphetamines shown to increasethe ability of the prefrontal cortexto focus in the WCST.
L I M I T A T I O N S O F S T U D YSample too small (can't begeneralised) & culturally biased(unrepresentative)Ethical issues: using brain scans forresearch not medical reasons.
A I M
S A M P L E
To see whether Facebook use predicted depression.
854 journalism students fromUS university (68% female)
F I N D I N G S & C O N C L U S I O NHeavy Facebook users = strongerfeelings of envy.Size of the network of FB friendsnot related to envy. FB envy was apredictor of depression.Use of FB- not directly lead todepression. But, FB envy canlead to depression.
R E S E A R C H M E T H O D / D E S I G NQuestionnaire (online survey)
P R O C E D U R ECompleted questionnaire:1. Facebook usage and surveillance 2. Envy Scale3. Depression symptoms*Facebook surveillance involves lookingat friends’ status’ but not commenting orposting own information.
L I M I T A T I O N S O F S T U D YSample culturally biased(unrepresentative & can't begeneralised) Self-report: participants could havelied due to social desirability.
Wisconsin Card Sort test (WCST)- frontal lobefunctionBeck Depression Inventory (BDI) – severity ofdepression PET scan - shows blood flow in the brain
N E U R O P S Y C H O L O G I C A L T E S T S & S C A N S
Depression: anti-depressant drugs increase thenumber of neurotransmitters in the brain (serotonin ornoradrenaline). Excess serotonin helps the neuronscommunicate better, which helps people feel lessdepressed.Schizophrenia: anti-psychotic drugs act by blockingsome of the dopamine receptors. By reducing thelevel of dopamine, it reduces the effects of thepsychotic episode.
U S E O F D R U G S T O T R E A T C O N D I T I O N S
P S Y C H O T H E R A P Y – t a l k i n g t h e r a p i e s ( n o
d r u g s )CBT – aims to change how the individual thinks &behaves- to confront the negative irrational thoughtsand how they impact on the individual. Uses Ellis’ A-B-C model and adds D= Disputing (questioning) the persons irrational beliefs and E= Effect of changing the interpretation of an event.
Created by @stephhi l l58
